In 1844, Tolstoy entered Kazan University to study oriental languages, but after three years he abandoned his studies, as he quickly became bored with it. When Tolstoy turned 23, he and his older brother Nikolai left to fight in the Caucasus. During Tolstoy's service, a writer awakens, and he begins his famous cycle - a trilogy, which describes moments from childhood to adolescence. Lev Nikolaevich also writes several autobiographical novels and short stories (such as “Cutting Wood”, “Cossacks”).
Once on his allotment, Lev Nikolaevich creates his own system of pedagogy and opens a school, and also begins to engage in educational activities. Completely fascinated by this type of activity, he goes to Europe to get acquainted with the schools. In 1862, Tolstoy married young Sofya Andreevna Bers - and immediately left with his wife for Yasnaya Polyana, where he was fully occupied with family life and household chores.
But by the autumn of 1863 he began work on his most fundamental work, War and Peace. Then, from 1873 to 1877, the novel Anna Karenina was created. During this period of time, Tolstoy’s worldview was fully formed, which bears the self-explanatory name - “Tolstoyism”, the whole essence of which is well depicted in such works of the writer as “The Kreutzer Sonata”, “What is your faith”, “Confession”.
And in 1899, the novel “Resurrection” was published, which describes the main provisions of the teachings of the brilliant author. Late in the autumn night, Tolstoy, who at that time was 82 years old, secretly leaves Yasnaya Polyana with his attending physician. But on the way, the writer falls ill and gets off the train at the Astapovo Ryazan-Ural station.
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Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy.
(1828-1910)
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Origin
A representative of the count branch of the Tolstoy noble family, descended from Peter's associate P. A. Tolstoy. The writer had extensive family connections in the world of the highest aristocracy.
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Childhood
“Happy, happy, irrevocable time of childhood! How can I love or cherish the memories of her? These memories refresh, elevate my soul and serve as a source of pleasure for me...
Leo Tolstoy was born on August 28, 1828 in the Krapivensky district of the Tula province, on his mother’s hereditary estate - Yasnaya Polyana. He was the fourth child in the family. His mother, née Princess Volkonskaya, died when Tolstoy was not yet two years old.
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But from the stories of family members, he had a good idea of “her spiritual appearance”: some of his mother’s traits (brilliant education, sensitivity to art, a penchant for reflection. Tolstoy’s father, a participant in the Patriotic War, was remembered by the writer for his good-natured, mocking character, love of reading, and hunting (died early (1837)).
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The children were raised by a distant relative, T. A. Ergolskaya, who had a huge influence on Tolstoy: “she taught me the spiritual pleasure of love.” Childhood memories always remained the most joyful for Tolstoy: family legends, first impressions of the life of a noble estate served as rich material for his works, and were reflected in the autobiographical story “Childhood.”
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Kazan University
When Tolstoy was 13 years old, the family moved to Kazan, to the house of a relative and guardian of the children, P. I. Yushkova. In 1844, Tolstoy entered Kazan University at the Department of Oriental Languages, Faculty of Philosophy. Then he transferred to the Faculty of Law, where he studied for less than two years: his studies did not arouse any keen interest in him and he passionately indulged in social entertainment.
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In the spring of 1847, having submitted a request for dismissal from the university “due to poor health and home circumstances,” Tolstoy left for Yasnaya Polyana with the firm intention of studying the entire course of legal sciences (in order to pass the exam as an external student), “practical medicine,” languages, agriculture, history, geographical statistics, write a dissertation and “achieve the highest degree of excellence in music and painting.”
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"The stormy life of adolescence"
After a summer in the countryside, disappointed by the unsuccessful experience of managing under new conditions favorable to the serfs (this attempt is depicted in the story “The Morning of the Landowner,” 1857), in the fall of 1847 Tolstoy went first to Moscow, then to St. Petersburg to take candidate exams at the university.
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His lifestyle during this period often changed: he spent days preparing and passing exams, he devoted himself passionately to music, he intended to start an official career, he dreamed of joining a horse guards regiment as a cadet. Religious sentiments, reaching the point of asceticism, alternated with carousing, cards, and trips to the gypsies.
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In the family he was considered “the most trifling fellow,” and he was able to repay the debts he incurred then only many years later. However, it was precisely these years that were colored by intense introspection and struggle with oneself, which is reflected in the diary that Tolstoy kept throughout his life. At the same time, he had a serious desire to write and the first unfinished artistic sketches appeared.
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"War and Freedom"
The Caucasian nature and the patriarchal simplicity of Cossack life, which struck Tolstoy in contrast with the life of the noble circle and with the painful reflection of a person in an educated society, provided material for the autobiographical story “Cossacks” (1852-63). Caucasian impressions were also reflected in the stories “Raid” (1853), “Cutting Wood” (1855), as well as in the later story “Hadji Murat” (1896-1904, published in 1912).
In 1851, his elder brother Nikolai, an officer in the active army, persuaded Tolstoy to go together to the Caucasus. For almost three years, Lev Nikoalaevich Tolstoy lived in a Cossack village on the banks of the Terek, traveling to Kizlyar, Tiflis, Vladikavkaz and participating in hostilities (at first voluntarily, then he was recruited).
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Returning to Russia, Tolstoy wrote in his diary that he fell in love with this “wild land, in which the two most opposite things - war and freedom - are so strangely and poetically combined.” In the Caucasus, Tolstoy wrote the story “Childhood” and sent it to the Sovremennik magazine without revealing his name (published in 1852 under the initials L.N.; together with the later stories “Adolescence”, 1852-54, and “Youth”, 1855 -57, compiled an autobiographical trilogy). Tolstoy's literary debut immediately brought real recognition.
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Crimean campaign
In 1854, Leo Tolstoy was assigned to the Danube Army in Bucharest. Boring life at the headquarters soon forced him to transfer to the Crimean Army, to besieged Sevastopol, where he commanded a battery on the 4th Bastion, showing rare personal courage (awarded the Order of St. Anne and medals).
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Tolstoy was captured by new impressions and literary plans (he was going to publish a magazine for soldiers, among other things); here he began to write a series of “Sevastopol stories”, which were soon published and had enormous success (even Alexander II read the essay “Sevastopol in December”.
The first works amazed literary critics with the boldness of psychological analysis and a detailed picture of the “dialectics of the soul” (N. G. Chernyshevsky).
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Some of the ideas that appeared during these years make it possible to discern in the young artillery officer the late Tolstoy the preacher: he dreamed of “founding a new religion” - “the religion of Christ, but purified of faith and mystery, a practical religion.”
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Among writers
After the end of the Crimean War, Tolstoy left the army and returned to Russia. Arriving home, the author enjoyed great popularity on the literary scene of St. Petersburg.
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In November 1855, L. Tolstoy arrived in St. Petersburg and immediately entered the Sovremennik circle (Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov, Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev, Alexander Nikolaevich Ostrovsky, Ivan Aleksandrovich Goncharov and others), where he was greeted as “the great hope of Russian literature” (Nekrasov) .
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“These people disgusted me, and I disgusted myself.”
Tolstoy took part in dinners and readings, in the establishment of the Literary Fund, became involved in disputes and conflicts among writers, but felt like a stranger in this environment, which he described in detail later in “Confession” (1879-82):
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Abroad
In the fall of 1856, Tolstoy, having retired, left for Yasnaya Polyana, and in 1857, declaring himself an anarchist, he left for Paris. Once there, he lost all his money and was forced to return home to Russia.
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He visited France, Italy, Switzerland, Germany (Swiss impressions are reflected in the story “Lucerne”), returned to Moscow in the fall, then to Yasnaya Polyana.
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Folk school
Returning to Russia in 1862, Tolstoy published the first of 12 issues of the thematic magazine Yasnaya Polyana. In the same year, he married the daughter of a doctor named Sofya Andreevna Bers.
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In 1859, Leo Tolstoy opened a school for peasant children in the village, helped set up more than 20 schools in the vicinity of Yasnaya Polyana, and this activity fascinated Tolstoy so much that in 1860 he went abroad for the second time to get acquainted with the schools of Europe.
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Tolstoy outlined his own ideas in special articles, arguing that the basis of education should be “the freedom of the student” and the rejection of violence in teaching.
In 1862 he published the pedagogical magazine “Yasnaya Polyana” with books for reading as an appendix, which became in Russia the same classic examples of children's and folk literature as those compiled by him in the early 1870s. "ABC" and "New ABC".
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Turning point (1880s)
The course of the revolution that took place in the consciousness of Leo Tolstoy was reflected in artistic creativity, primarily in the experiences of the heroes, in the spiritual insight that refracts their lives.
These characters occupy a central place in the stories “The Death of Ivan Ilyich” (1884-86), “The Kreutzer Sonata” (1887-89, published in Russia in 1891), “Father Sergius” (1890-98, published in 1912), the drama “ Living Corpse" (1900, unfinished, published in 1911), in the story "After the Ball" (1903, published in 1911).
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The writer’s new worldview is reflected in “Confession.” In general, he “felt that what he stood on had given way, that what he had lived on was no longer there.” The natural result was the thought of suicide: “I, a happy man, hid the cord from myself so as not to hang myself on the crossbar between the cabinets in my room, where I was alone every day, undressing, and stopped going hunting with a gun so as not to be too tempted an easy way to rid yourself of life. “I myself didn’t know what I wanted: I was afraid of life, I tried to get away from it and, meanwhile, I hoped for something else from it,” Tolstoy wrote.
Slide 26
Lev Nikolaevich sought the meaning of life in the study of philosophy, in getting to know the results of the exact sciences. He tried to simplify as much as possible, to live a life close to nature and agricultural life.
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Gradually, Tolstoy abandons the whims and comforts of a rich life (simplification), does a lot of physical labor, dresses in simple clothes, becomes a vegetarian, gives his entire large fortune to his family, and renounces literary property rights.
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On the basis of a sincere desire for moral improvement, the third period of Tolstoy’s literary activity is being created, the distinctive feature of which is the denial of all established forms of state, social and religious life.
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In the late autumn of 1910, at night, secretly from his family, 82-year-old Tolstoy, accompanied only by his personal doctor D.P. Makovitsky, left Yasnaya Polyana.
Letter from L.N. Tolstoy left for his wife before leaving Yasnaya Polyana. 1910 October 28. Yasnaya Polyana. My departure will upset you. I regret this, but understand and believe that I could not have done otherwise. My situation in the house is becoming, has become, unbearable. Besides everything else, I can no longer live in the conditions of luxury in which I lived, and I do what old people of my age usually do: they leave worldly life to live in solitude and silence the last days of their lives. Please understand this and don't follow me if you find out where I am. Your arrival will only worsen your and my situation, but will not change my decision. I thank you for your honest 48-year life with me and ask you to forgive me for everything that I was guilty of before you, just as I sincerely forgive you for everything that you could be guilty of before me. I advise you to make peace with the new position in which my departure puts you, and not to have any ill feelings against me. If you want to tell me anything, tell Sasha, she will know where I am and will send me what I need; she cannot say where I am, because I made her promise not to tell this to anyone. Lev Tolstoy. 28 of October. I instructed Sasha to collect my things and manuscripts and send them to me. L.T.
The word is a great thing. Great because with a word you can unite people, with a word you can separate them, with a word you can serve love, but with a word you can serve enmity and hatred. Beware of such a word that divides people. Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy
Biography of Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy (1828 - 1910)
PEDIGREE
Great-grandfather Andrei Ivanovich served as president of the Chief Moscow Magistrate. His two sons served the Fatherland: Pyotr Andreevich - an associate of Peter I, Ilya Andreevich - an officer of the Preobrazhensky Regiment. He married the daughter of the Minister of War, Pelageya Nikolaevna Gorchakova.
The son of Ilya Andreevich, Nikolai Ilyich Tolstoy, a participant in the War of 1812, in 1820 married Maria Nikolaevna Volkonskaya, the daughter of a retired general close to Catherine II. The family had children Nikolai, Sergei, Dmitry, Lev (August 28, 1828) and Maria
CHILDHOOD
Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy was born in Yasnaya Polyana on August 28, 1828. When Lyovushka was 2 years old, her mother died. The closest person was a distant relative of Pelageya Nikolaevna’s grandmother, Tatyana Aleksandrovna Ergolskaya.
STUDIES
Moving to Kazan in 1841. Here in 1844 L. Tolstoy entered Kazan University. He attends classes at the Faculty of Philosophy (Department of Arabic-Turkish Literature) for a year and at Law for two years. In 1847, L.N. Tolstoy left the University
THE CAUCASUS AND THE CRIMINAL WAR
In 1851, together with his older brother Nikolai L. Tolstoy, he left for the Caucasus to join the active army, where he served first as a volunteer and then as a junior artillery officer.
With the beginning of the Russian-Turkish War, L. Tolstoy submits a memo on his transfer to the Danube Army. As an artillery officer of the fourth bastion, he participated in the defense of Sevastopol. He returned home at the end of 1855 with the Order of St. Anne “For Bravery” and medals “For the Defense of Sevastopol.”
Literary activity of the first half of the 1850s.
1852 - the story “Childhood”, published in Sovremennik, later “Adolescence” (1854) and “Youth” (1856) were published in it. In 1855, L. Tolstoy completed work on “Sevastopol Stories”
Literary activity of the second half of the 50s.
Returning from Sevastopol, Leo Tolstoy plunged into the literary environment of St. Petersburg. In 1857 and 1860-61, L.N. Tolstoy made foreign trips to European countries. However, I did not find peace of mind here. 1857 – stories “Albert”, “From the Notes of Prince Nekhlyudov”, story “Lucerne” 1859 – story “Three Deaths”
Pedagogical activity
Back in 1849, L.N. Tolstoy began classes with peasant children. In 1859 he opened a school in Yasnaya Polyana. In 1872, L. Tolstoy wrote “The ABC,” which was published 28 times during the writer’s lifetime.
Life and creative maturity (1860-1870s)
1863-69 – “War and Peace” 1873-77 – “Anna Karenina”. According to the writer, in the first work, “folk thought” was dear to him, in the second, “family thought.” Soon after publication, both novels were translated into foreign languages.
SPIRITUAL CRISIS
1882 The autobiographical work “Confession” was completed: “I renounced the life of our circle...” In 1880-1890, Leo Tolstoy created a number of religious works in which he outlined his understanding of Christian doctrine. In 1901, the Holy Synod excommunicated Leo Tolstoy from the church.
Literary activity of 1880-1890
At the beginning of the 1889s, Leo Tolstoy’s views on art changed significantly. He came to the conclusion that he should write not “for the masters”, but for “Ignatius and their children” 1889-1899 - “Resurrection” 1886 - “The Death of Ivan Ilyich” 1887-89 “Kreutzer Sonata” 1896 1904 - “Hadji Murat » 1903 – “After the Ball”
FAMILY LIFE
In 1862, Lev Nikolaevich married the daughter of a Moscow doctor, Sofya Andreevna Bers. After the wedding, the newlyweds immediately leave for Yasnaya Polyana.
Sofya Andreevna in Yasnaya Polyana for many years becomes the housekeeper, secretary of her husband, teacher of children and keeper of the hearth.
Of the 13 children, seven survived. (In the photo: Mikhail, Lev Nikolaevich, Vanechka, Lev, Sasha, Andrey, Tatyana, Sofya Andreevna, Maria) Two losses were especially noticeable: the death of the last child Vanechka (1895) and the writer’s beloved daughter Maria (1906).
Last years.
Relations with his wife and children were tense. They finally deteriorated after a secretly written will, according to which the family was deprived of the right to the literary heritage of the writer.
On the night of October 27-28, 1910, Leo Tolstoy secretly left his home and went to the south of Russia, where he planned to stay with peasant friends. He died in the house of the head of the Astapovo station on November 7, 1910 at 6:50 am.
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The works of Alexei Konstantinovich Tolstoy The presentation was prepared by the primary school teacher of the MBOU "Mainsky Multidisciplinary Lyceum" O.V. Demina.
Father - Count Konstantin Petrovich Tolstoy (1779-1870), the elder brother of the artist F. P. Tolstoy.
Mother - Anna Alekseevna Perovskaya, pupil (illegitimate daughter) of Count A.K. Razumovsky. Marriage to father A.K. Tolstoy was unhappy; There was an open break between the spouses.
Instead of his father, Alexei was raised by his maternal uncle A. A. Perovsky (Anton Pogorelsky), who composed for his nephew the fairy tale “The Black Hen” about the adventures of a boy named Alyosha.
Childhood Alexey spent his early childhood in Ukraine, on his uncle’s estate.
Travel to Germany In 1826 A.K. Tolstoy went to Germany with his mother and uncle Antony Pogorelsky. His memory was particularly impressed by his visit to Goethe in Weimar and the fact that he sat on the great old man’s lap.
Meeting with Alexander II At eight years old, Tolstoy, along with her mother and uncle, moved to St. Petersburg. Through a friend of Perovsky, the boy was introduced to the then eight-year-old heir to the throne, later Emperor Alexander II, and was among the children who came to the Tsarevich on Sundays to play. Relations with the royal family continued throughout Tolstoy's life.
In 1834, Tolstoy was assigned as a “student” to the Moscow archives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Since 1837, he served in the Russian mission in Germany, in 1840 he received service in St. Petersburg at the royal court, and in 1843 - the court rank of chamber cadet.
Creativity A.K. Tolstoy In the late 1830s - early 1840s, two science fiction stories were written (in French) - “The Family of the Ghoul” and “Meeting after Three Hundred Years.” In May 1841, Tolstoy first appeared in print, publishing as a separate book, under the pseudonym “Krasnorogsky” (from the name of the Krasny Rog estate), the fantastic story “The Ghoul”. V. G. Belinsky responded very favorably to the story, seeing in it “all the signs of a still too young, but nevertheless remarkable talent.”
Genre diversity of A.K.’s lyrics Tolstoy The main thing in poetry Tolstoy considered beauty and love, which are present in everyday life. The poems are permeated with longing for beauty, sadness for the unique value of earthly things, real human love - “A tear trembles in your jealous gaze...” (1858), “In the land of rays, invisible to our eyes” (1856), “In the middle of a noisy ball, by chance...” (1851) and others.
Romance “Among the Noisy Ball...” In 1878, 3 years after the death of A.K. Tolstoy, Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky wrote music for the poems “Amidst the Noisy Ball...”, music as pure, gentle and chaste as the poems.
Autumn. Our entire poor garden is crumbling, Yellowed leaves are flying in the wind; Only in the distance they show off, there at the bottom of the valleys, Bright red brushes of withering rowan trees. A.K. Tolstoy
Historical images in the works of A.K. Tolstoy In his works, he pays a lot of attention to the era of the ancient cities of Kyiv and Novgorod and the era of the reign of Ivan the Terrible. These are the novel “Prince Silver”, the tragedy “The Death of Ivan the Terrible” (1866), “Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich” (1868), “Tsar Boris” (1870).
Poetic legends When creating his ideals, Tolstoy did not care about historical authenticity, resorting to free speculation, so the result was not so much pictures of history as colorful poetic legends. At the same time as real people, heroes of legends appear in epics and ballads - Ilya Muromets, Alyosha Popovich, Sadko and others. All characters are created according to the same principle, the boundaries between history and folklore are deliberately erased.
The poem “Ilya Muromets” The poet glorifies in the epic hero wisdom, inner restraint, combined with heroic power and strength.
Historical drama “Posadnik” The latest work by A.K. Tolstoy became a drama from the ancient Novgorod history “Posadnik”. Work on it began immediately after the end of the trilogy, but he did not have time to complete it. Alexey Tolstoy died on October 10, 1875 in his estate Krasny Rog, Chernigov province.
Museum-estate of Alexei Tolstoy, located in Krasny Rog. In the village of Krasny Rog, fifty kilometers from Bryansk, there is the former estate of the most famous poet, prose writer and playwright in Russia, Alexei Konstantinovich Tolstoy. Currently there is an estate museum here.
The poet's grave and monument in the village. Red Horn
Check yourself In what city was A.K. born? Tolstoy? Name the names of famous relatives of A.K. Tolstoy. What work did Anton Pogorelsky dedicated to A.K. Tolstoy? What was the name of the romance by P.I. Tchaikovsky, written to poems by A.K. Tolstoy? Where was A.K. buried? Tolstoy? What topics does A.K. touch on? Tolstoy in his works? The images of which heroes are reflected in the works of A.K. Tolstoy? What was the name of the work that A.K. Tolstoy didn't have time to finish?
Historical truth and the powerful imagination of the writer, combined, create the illusion of the full life of a long-past time. Peter's personality turned out to be extraordinary and in itself began to influence the era. Peter becomes the center of the application of current forces, finds himself at the head of the class struggle between the local nobility and the emerging bourgeoisie. The era needs a man like Peter, and he himself sought to use his powers. There was interaction here.
The historical novel "Peter 1" is an inexhaustible source of detailed and very interesting information about the time of Peter the Great, about social conflicts, state and cultural reforms, about life, customs and people of that turbulent era. And most importantly, it is a source of imaginative ideas about a long-gone life, revived by generous and cheerful talent. The stamp of the writer’s unique talent lies on the entire narrative of the era of Peter, therefore, together with historical knowledge and direct artistic impressions of the novel, we develop a vivid idea of the writer himself, his creative personality, and the peculiarities of his approach to life.