- V. Astafiev(morality in answer to the question: why violent death? In the story “Belogrudka“The children destroyed the brood of a white-breasted marten, and she, mad with grief, takes revenge on the entire surrounding world, exterminating poultry in two neighboring villages, until she herself dies from a gun charge.)
Novels “The Fish Tsar”, “Last Bow” (anxiety about the native land).
- S.A. Yesenin. Poems about nature. (“Birch”, “Powder”, “Dozed off” golden stars." The feeling of the unity of man with the natural world, its plant-animal origin)
- B. Vasiliev “Don’t shoot white swans"(the main character Yegor Polushkin infinitely loves nature, always works conscientiously, lives peacefully, but always turns out to be guilty. The reason for this is that Yegor could not disturb the harmony of nature, he was afraid to invade the living world. But people did not understand him, they considered him unfit to life. He said that man is not the king of nature, but her eldest son. In the end he dies at the hands of those who do not understand the beauty of nature, who are accustomed only to conquer it. But a son grows up who can replace his father and will begin to respect him. take care of your native land.)
- Ch. Aitmatov “The Scaffold”(man destroys the colorful and populous world of nature with his own hands. The writer warns that the senseless extermination of animals is a threat to earthly prosperity. The position of the “king” in relation to animals is fraught with tragedy.
*In the novel by A.S. Pushkin’s “Eugene Onegin” the main character could not find spiritual harmony, cope with the “Russian blues”, also because he was indifferent to nature. And the “sweet ideal” of the author, Tatyana, felt like a part of nature (“She loved to warn the sunrise on the balcony…”) and therefore showed herself to be a spiritually strong person in a difficult life situation.
*The rebellious lyrical hero of M.Yu.’s poetry, tuned to conflict and eternal struggle. Lermontov finds harmony only by merging with nature: “I go out alone onto the road; Through the fog the flinty path shines; The night is quiet. The desert listens to God, And star speaks to star.”
* Full name Tyutchev wrote:
Not what you think, nature:
Not a cast, not a soulless face -
She has a soul, she has freedom,
It has love, it has language...
*The famous writer and publicist S. Zalygin writes that “nature once sheltered man in its house, but he decided that he was the sole owner, and created his own supernatural house in the house of nature. And now he has no choice but to shelter nature in this house of his.”
*Russian writer Yu. Bondarev wrote: “Sometimes it seems to complacent humanity that, like a universal commander, it has subjugated, conquered, curbed nature... Man forgets that in a long war, victory is deceptive, and wise nature is too patient. But in due time everything comes to an end. Nature menacingly raises her punishing sword.”
* Ch. Aitmatov in his novel “The Scaffold” showed that the destruction of the natural world leads to dangerous human deformation. And this happens everywhere. What is happening in the Moyunkum savannah is a global problem, not a local one.
The problem of a person’s attitude to the landscape, to the external appearance of his native places, to his small homeland with its natural world
* Our great-grandfathers worshiped the Sun, Rain, Wind. Every tree, every blade of grass, every flower meant something special and unique. Our ancestors believed in the harmony of Mother Nature and were happy. We have lost this faith. Our generation owes a huge debt to our children and grandchildren. V. Fedorov wrote:
To save yourself and the world,
We need, without wasting years,
Forget all cults and introduce
The infallible cult of nature.
*I was struck by the story told by the famous writer Yu. Bondarev about a cut down birch tree, which, dying, painfully groaned in death pain, like a person.
*The well-known modern publicist V. Belov wrote that meeting with one’s small homeland, with the places where one spent one’s childhood, brings a person a feeling of joy and happiness. The author recalled his childhood, believing that it was the past in his native village that did not allow him to grow old, healing his soul with its green silence.
*The secret of comprehending beauty, according to the famous publicist V. Soloukhin, lies in admiring life and nature. The beauty scattered in the world will enrich us spiritually if we learn to contemplate it. The author is sure that you need to stop in front of her, “without thinking about time,” only then will she “invite you as an interlocutor.”
*The great Russian writer K. Paustovsky wrote that “you need to immerse yourself in nature, as if you plunged your face into a pile of rain-wet leaves and felt their luxurious coolness, their smell, their breath. Simply put, nature must be loved, and this love will find the right ways to express itself with the greatest strength.”
*Modern publicist, writer Yu. Gribov argued that “beauty lives in the heart of every person and it is very important to awaken it, not to let it die without waking up.”Friendship
If you don’t take care of your clothes, they will be torn; if you don’t take care of your friendship, they will end in ruins. Tuvan proverb
A cowardly friend is more dangerous than an enemy, because you fear an enemy, but rely on a friend. Russian proverb
A friend in need is a friend indeed. Russian proverb
Human needs human,
So that the soul can open up in communication
And absorb the light of your treasures.
Human needs human. N.KonoplyovaStory
By studying the old, you learn the new. Japanese proverb.
If you shoot at the past with a gun, the future will shoot at you with a cannon. Eastern proverb
2. The problem of preserving historical memory . The epigraph to this topic could be the words of the academicianD.S. Likhacheva : “Memory is active. It does not leave a person indifferent, inactive. It controls the mind and heart of a person. Memory resists the destructive power of time. This is the greatest significance of memory.”The theme of those innocently repressed and tortured during the years of Stalin's terror is especially prominent. People must learn the truth, no matter how cruel it may be. The revival of our history is painful. In the story “The Golden Cloud Spent the Night” by A. Pristavkin, the writer strives to convey with utmost accuracy the atmosphere that reigned in our country during the years of repression. Even the air was poisoned by general suspicion and fear, when for one careless word a person was thrown into prison, declared an “enemy of the people,” and his family was destroyed. He carefully examines the influence of the situation on people, their psychology, and tries to find the answer to the question of what happened to us. Today, memory education is no less important for us. We all run away from life, without looking back, in a hurry. And we don’t notice how our personal history goes further and further. How many of us know our ancestry? Many people cannot even name their grandfather. And they immediately ask the question in surprise: “Why is this necessary? What are we, princes? Is Russia really only famous for its princes? After all, there were heroic soldiers, and masters - golden hands, and just honest people! From here, from this ignorance, all the main troubles of our society come.
* K. Balmont wrote:
You can leave everything you cherish, You can stop loving everything without a trace,
But you can’t cool down on the past. But you can’t forget about the past.
*In the story “Farewell to Matera,” V. Rasputin talks about a small village standing in the middle of the mighty Siberian Angara River. According to the plan, the island should be flooded. It seems to local residents that “the world has been broken in half.” The author painfully shows that with the loss of roots and traditions, irreparable things can happen - an overflow of lack of spirituality, a shallowness of morality and a loss of humanity.
The arrogant footman Yasha from A. Chekhov’s play “The Cherry Orchard” does not remember his mother and dreams of leaving for Paris as soon as possible. He is the living embodiment of unconsciousness.
Ch. Aitmatov in his novel “Burany Stop Station” tells the legend about the Mankurts. Mankurts are people forcibly deprived of memory. One of them kills his mother, who was trying to free her son from unconsciousness. And over the steppe her desperate cry sounds: “Remember your name!”
- Bazarov, who disdains the “old men”, denies their moral principles, dies from a trifling scratch. And this dramatic ending shows the lifelessness of those who have broken away from the “soil”, from the traditions of their people. – Futurists – rejection of the past
6. The problem of disrespectful attitude of youth towards old age and old people. The problem of loneliness.
V. Rasputin “The Last Term”... Children who came from the city gathered at the bedside of their dying mother. Before her death, the mother seems to go to the place of judgment. She sees that there is no previous mutual understanding between her and the children, the children are separated, they have forgotten about the moral lessons they received in childhood. Anna passes away from life, difficult and simple, with dignity, and her children still have time to live. The story ends tragically. Hurrying about some of their business, the children leave their mother to die alone. Unable to bear such a terrible blow, she dies that same night. Rasputin reproaches the children of the collective farmer for insincerity, moral coldness, forgetfulness and vanity.
K. G. Paustovsky's story “Telegram” is not a banal story about a lonely old woman and an inattentive daughter. Paustovsky shows that Nastya is not soulless: she sympathizes with Timofeev, spends a lot of time organizing his exhibition. How could it happen that Nastya, who cares about others, shows inattention to her own mother? It turns out that it is one thing to be passionate about work, to do it with all your heart, to give it all your strength, physical and mental, and another thing to remember about your loved ones, about your mother - the most sacred being in the world, not limiting yourself only to money transfers and short notes. Nastya failed to achieve harmony between worries about those “distant” and love for the person closest to her. This is the tragedy of her situation, this is the reason for the feeling of irreparable guilt, the unbearable heaviness that visits her after the death of her mother and which will settle in her soul forever.
3. The problem of assessing talent by contemporaries . M. Bulgakov (the fate of the Master and his novel), misunderstanding of creativity by contemporaries,Vysotsky’s songs, not officially recognized, distributed in the form of amateur recordings, performed by the author at semi-legal concerts and just at parties, “went to the people”, became known throughout the country, were disassembled into quotes, and individual phrases turned into proverbs.
4., the problem of Russian character. At the center of the stories, novels, and poems of many Russian writers and poets is the problem of the Russian national character. In the works of B. Polevoy “The Tale of a Real Man”, B. Vasiliev “And the Dawns Here Are Quiet”, M. Sholokhov “The Fate of a Man”, V. Rasputin “Fire”, A. Solzhenitsyn “Matrenin’s Dvor” In search of the Russian national character Solzhenitsyn looks into “the very interior of Russia” and finds a person who perfectly preserves himself in the inhuman conditions of reality - Matryona Vasilievna Grigorieva. According to Solzhenitsyn, independence, openness, sincerity, and goodwill towards people are natural to the national character. She “couldn’t refuse” anyone. At the same time, she did not experience even a hint of envy if she saw abundance in others, was sincerely happy for people, and understood the uselessness of material wealth. She considered all this stupidity and did not approve. People were stupid, not understanding the true value of life and arguing over the hut of the deceased Matryona)
Work
If you want to eat rolls, don’t sit on the stove. Russian proverb
He who has a fire in his chest, has everything in his hands that burns. Russian proverb
The most difficult courage is the courage of everyday, long-term work. V.A. Sukhomlinsky
Labor feeds a person, but laziness spoils him. Russian proverb
Customs
Whatever nation you live in, adhere to that custom. Russian proverb
Drug addiction problem.
Drug use (as once alcohol use) has become a virtually universal problem.
Aitmatov was one of the first to raise this topic in fiction.
Indeed, Ch. Aitmatov was the first to openly say that drug addiction exists and is gaining strength. And you and I must know the nature of this phenomenon, the ways of its spread, the possibilities of combating it.
The problem of drug addiction in Russia: statistical data
Every year, 70 thousand Russians die from drugs.b) Growth dynamics
Parents of drug addicts have a very hard time dealing with their children's illnesses. For parents, this is a great grief, severe stress, shame, shame, and huge expenses. Because of this, the parents of drug addicts also do not live out their lives and die prematurely from illnesses.
In addition, many drug addicts contribute to the spread of drug addiction among their friends, who also become suicide bombers.
Secondly, the destruction of the population occurs without murder, without blood and violence. There is no need to waste time, money and labor on a neutron bomb and military action. Drug addicts will do everything with their own hands
.
The problem of love for one's country
IN . G. Rasputin “French Lessons” (1973), “Live and Remember” (1974), “Farewell to Matera” (1976) According to V. Rasputin, the formation of a person’s consciousness begins with love for his small homeland, love is manifested in knowledge of the details of the domestic history, in respectful preservation in memory of his small homeland, in a sense of responsibility for the past, present and future of his land. The writer rightly believes that the Russian person sees the highest meaning of his life in serving the Fatherland. It is very important for everyone to feel not like a random person on Earth, but a successor and continuation of their people. In the story “Farewell to Matera,” a vivid embodiment of the people’s character is the image of Daria, who surpasses her fellow villagers in strength of spirit, strength of character, and independence; she stands out among her mother’s old women “with her strict and fair character,” primarily because she managed to preserve in herself those qualities that were characteristic of her ancestors. This appeal of the heroine to the experience of the past testifies to the precious feeling of the family given to her, the feeling that only “in a small share she now lives on earth.”
The son cannot look calmly
On my dear mother's grief,
There will be no worthy citizen
I have a cold heart for my homeland. N.A.Nekrasov
While we are burning with freedom,
While hearts are alive for honor,
My friend, let's dedicate it to the Fatherland
Souls have wonderful impulses. A.S. Pushkin
If every person on his piece of land did everything he could, how beautiful our land would be.
A.P.Chekhov
A person is, first of all, a son of his country, a citizen of his fatherland V.G. Belinsky
Without a feeling of your country - especially, very dear and sweet in every detail - there is no real human character. K.G.Paustovsky
You can't understand Russia with your mind,
The general arshin cannot be measured:
She will become special -
You can only believe in Russia. F.I.Tyutchev
A man cannot live without his homeland
The outstanding Russian singer Fyodor Chaliapin, forced to leave Russia, always carried a box with him. No one had any idea what was in it. Only many years later did relatives learn that Chaliapin kept a handful of his native land in this box. No wonder they say: the native land is sweet in a handful. Obviously, the great singer, who passionately loved his homeland, needed to feel the closeness and warmth of his native land
Leo Tolstoy in his novel “War and Peace” reveals the “military secret” - the reason. which helped Russia in the Patriotic War of 1812 to defeat the hordes of French invaders. If in other countries Napoleon fought against armies, then in Russia the entire people opposed him. People of different classes, different ranks, different nationalities rallied in the fight against a common enemy, and no one can cope with such a powerful force.
The great Russian writer I. Turgenev called himself Antey, because it was his love for his homeland that gave him moral strength.
7.The problem of choosing a profession
. Freedom of choice and meaningful pursuit of one’s calling is one of the newest privileges of humanity; the choice is influenced by many factors (the opinion of parents and friends, social status, the state of the labor market, His Majesty’s chance), but the last word usually remains with us. Dmitry Kharatyan, for example, who had not thought about an acting career, was invited to a screen test by a girl he knew. And of all the contenders, director Vladimir Menshov chose Kharatyan for the main role in the film “The Hoax.” Conclusion Choosing a profession is as important for a young person as food, rest, sleep, etc. By taking a step towards a profession suitable for himself, a young man takes a new step in his life. His entire future life depends on his choice. And there is nothing wrong with the fact that a young man has chosen a profession that is not suitable for himself. You can fix everything in life if you try. But if a person the first time chooses a profession that suits him and enters a university, and then works in his own special way, then the person’s life can be considered successful.
And the main thing is never to lose heart. There is always a way out of any situation. The main thing is to believe and know that whether you will be successful or not depends not on your success at school, but on the person himself. Therefore, if you did poorly at school, do not think that you will not do anything good in life. If you want, you can achieve more than your classmates who only got straight A's.
Russian language
Take care of our language, our beautiful Russian language, this treasure, this heritage passed on to us by our predecessors, among whom Pushkin again shines! Treat this powerful instrument with respect: in the hands of skilled people it is capable of performing miracles... Take care of the purity of the language as if it were a shrine!
I.S. Turgenev
You can do wonders with the Russian language. There is nothing in life and in our consciousness that could not be conveyed in Russian words... There are no sounds, colors, images and thoughts - complex and simple - for which there would not be an exact expression in our language. K.G.Paustovsky
8. The problem of human action
. Beauty will save the world...” - said F. M. Dostoevsky, meaning the inner content of this quality, a certain harmony. Hence, a beautiful deed, according to the writer, must meet God’s commandments and must be good.
Which of the characters in Dostoevsky's novel acted truly beautifully?
The main character of the work, Rodion Raskolnikov, did many good deeds. He is a kind person by nature who takes other people’s pain hard and always helps people. So Raskolnikov saves children from the fire, gives his last money to the Marmeladovs, tries to protect a drunken girl from men pestering her, worries about his sister, Dunya, tries to prevent her marriage with Luzhin in order to protect her from humiliation., loves and pities his mother, tries not to bother her. her with her problems. But Raskolnikov’s trouble is that he chose a completely inappropriate means to achieve such global goals. Unlike Raskolnikov, Sonya does truly beautiful things. She sacrifices herself for the sake of her loved ones because she loves them. Yes, Sonya is a harlot, but she did not have the opportunity to quickly earn money honestly, and her family was dying of hunger. This woman destroys herself, but her soul remains pure, because she believes in God and tries to do good to everyone, loving and compassionate in a Christian way.
Sonya's most beautiful act is saving Raskolnikov...
Sonya Marmeladova's whole life is self-sacrifice. With the power of her love, she elevates Raskolnikov to herself, helps him overcome his sin and resurrect. The actions of Sonya Marmeladova express all the beauty of human action.
To the heroes of L.N. Tolstoy is highly characterized by the feeling of the need to conform his life to certain moral criteria, the absence of discord between his actions and his own conscience. Undoubtedly, this is the position of the author, who often deliberately takes his heroes through difficult life trials so that they can realize their actions and develop strong moral principles in their souls. These convictions, hard-earned from the heart, will not allow the heroes in the future to go contrary to what they consciously learned from everyday difficulties. Pierre Bezukhov, one of the writer’s favorite heroes, becomes a particularly illustrative example of the unity of thought and action. Being at odds with his wife, feeling disgusted with the life in the world that they lead, worrying after their duel with Dolokhov. Pierre involuntarily asks eternal, but so important questions for him: “What is bad? What well? Why live, and what am I?” And when one of the smartest Masonic figures calls on him to change his life and purify himself by serving good, to benefit his neighbor, Pierre sincerely believed “in the possibility of the brotherhood of people united with the goal of supporting each other on the path of virtue.” And Pierre does everything to achieve this goal. what he considers necessary: donates money to the brotherhood, establishes schools, hospitals and shelters, tries to make the life of peasant women with small children easier. His actions are always in harmony with his conscience, and the feeling of rightness gives him confidence in life.
9. The problem of moral duty, moral choice.
A.S. Pushkin “Eugene Onegin” (Tatiana’s choice of husband, her adherence to moral duty); L.N. Tolstoy “War and Peace” (choice of Andrei B., Pierre);
B. Vasiliev “Not on the lists.” The works make us think about the questions that everyone strives to answer for themselves: what is behind a high moral choice - what are the forces of the human mind, soul, destiny, what helps a person to resist, show amazing, amazing vitality, helps to live and die “like a human being”?
Let us remember the main character of M. Sholokhov’s work “The Fate of Man”. Despite the difficulties and trials that befell him, he always remained true to himself and his homeland. Nothing broke his spiritual strength or eradicated his sense of duty.
V. Vysotsky has many poems in which a person faces a choice and needs courage and will to win:
Yes, we can turn around, go around the cliff, But we choose the difficult path,
Dangerous, like a military path.
IN Wars are started by politicians, but led by the people. This is especially true for the Patriotic Wars. The idea of the popular nature of war lies at the heart of the epic novelL. Tolstoy “War and Peace”.
Let us recall the famous comparison of two fencers. The duel between them was initially conducted according to all the rules of fencing combat, but suddenly one of the opponents, feeling wounded and realizing that this was a serious matter and concerned his life, threw down his sword, took the first club he came across and began to “nail” it. Tolstoy's thought is clear: the course of military operations does not depend on the rules invented by politicians and military leaders, but on some inner feeling that unites people. In war, this is the spirit of the army, the spirit of the people, this is what Tolstoy called “the hidden warmth of patriotism.”
The turning point in the Great Patriotic War occurred during the Battle of Stalingrad, when “the Russian soldier was ready to tear a bone from the skeleton and go with it to the fascist” (A. Platonov). The unity of the people, their resilience is the true reason for the victory. In the novelY. Bondareva “Hot Snow” the most tragic moments of the war are reflected, when Manstein’s brutal tanks rush towards the group encircled in Stalingrad. Young artillerymen, yesterday's boys, are holding back the onslaught of the Nazis with superhuman efforts. The sky was bloody smoked, the snow was melting from bullets, the earth was burning underfoot, but the Russian soldier survived - he did not allow the tanks to break through. For this feat, General Bessonov, disregarding all conventions, without award papers, presented orders and medals to the remaining soldiers. “What I can, what I can…” he says bitterly, approaching the next soldier.War and Peace
Listen up, people, and sound the alarm! Block the road to a deadly war.
Let there be no more grief or tears Under the roar of guns and the groans of birches.
Sofia Skorokhod
This is the price my country paid for the peace of the Earth,
That no insane force can be defeated. E. Lavrentieva
11. The problem of the moral strength of a common soldier
N The bearer of people's morality in war is, for example, Valega, the orderly of Lieutenant Kerzhentsev from the storyV. Nekrasov “In the trenches of Stalingrad” » . He is barely familiar with reading and writing, confuses the multiplication table, will not really explain what socialism is, but for his homeland, for his comrades, for a rickety shack in Altai, for Stalin, whom he has never seen, he will fight to the last bullet. And the cartridges will run out - with fists, teeth. Sitting in a trench, he will scold the foreman more than the Germans. And when it comes down to it, he will show these Germans where the crayfish spend the winter. A simple peasant guy, who is only eighteen years old. Kerzhentsev is confident that a soldier like Valega will never betray, will not leave the wounded on the battlefield and will beat the enemy mercilessly.
12. The problem of the heroic everyday life of war
G The heroic everyday life of war is an oxymoronic metaphor that connects the incompatible. The war ceases to seem like something out of the ordinary. You get used to death. Only sometimes it will amaze you with its suddenness. There is such an episodeV. Nekrasova (“In the trenches of Stalingrad”) : the killed fighter lies on his back, arms outstretched, and a still smoking cigarette butt is stuck to his lip. A minute ago there was still life, thoughts, desires, now there was death. And it’s simply unbearable for the hero of the novel to see this... As for the heroes of “In the Trenches of Stalingrad,” Karnaukhov is a fan of Jack London, the division commander also loves Martin Eden, some draw, some write poetry. The Volga foams from shells and bombs, but the people on the shore do not change their spiritual passions. Perhaps that is why the Nazis did not manage to crush them, throw them beyond the Volga, and dry up their souls and minds.
Literature and poetry
… Not the poet who knows how to weave rhymes And, creaking his pens, does not spare paper: Good poetry is not so easy to write... A.S. Pushkin
Our literature is our pride, the best that we have created as a nation. It contains all of philosophy, it captures great impulses of the spirit; in this marvelous, fabulously quickly built temple, to this day the minds of great beauty and strength, the hearts of holy purity - the minds and hearts of true artists - burn brightly. A.M.Gorky
To be a poet means the same thing, If you don’t violate the truths of life, To scar yourself on your delicate skin, To caress other people’s souls with the blood of feelings. S.A. Yesenin
The joy of working on a book is the joy of victory over time, over space. It seems to me that real writers always have a piece of something fabulous in their feeling of joy from a completed work. K.G.Paustovsky
The power, wisdom and beauty of literature reveals itself in all its breadth only to an enlightened and knowledgeable person. K.P. Paustovsky - The word is a great thing. Great because with a word you can unite people, with a word you can separate them, with a word you can serve love, but with a word you can serve enmity and hatred. L.N. Tolstoy
Mind, knowledge, book, science
The mind is a garment that never wears out; knowledge is a spring that you can never exhaust Kyrgyz proverb
The sun rises - nature comes to life, you read a book - the mind enlightens. Mongolian proverb
Books are a spiritual testament from one generation to another, advice from a dying old man to a young man beginning to live, an order passed on to a sentry going on vacation, to a sentry taking his place A.I. Herzen
Reading good books is a conversation with the best people of past times, and, moreover, such a conversation when they tell us only their best thoughts. R.Descartes
The role of books in human life
*According to the famous writer F. Iskander, “the main and constant sign of the success of a work of art is the desire to return to it, reread it and repeat the pleasure.”
*The famous writer and publicist Yu. Olesha wrote: “We read a wonderful book more than once in our lives and each time, as it were, anew, and this is the amazing fate of the authors of golden books... They are timeless.”
*M. Gorky wrote: “I owe everything good in me to books.”
* There are many examples in Russian literature of the positive influence of reading on the formation of a person’s personality. Thus, from the first part of M. Gorky’s trilogy “Childhood” we learn that books helped the hero of the work overcome the “lead abominations of life” and become human.
good and evil
If you repay good with good - well done, if you respond to evil with good - you are a sage. Turkmen proverb
You can live in a house where the stove smokes, but you can’t live in a house where anger rages. Japanese proverb
In “White Robes,” V. Dudintsev tried to answer the question: how to recognize good and evil, how to distinguish the white robes of good from the camouflage thrown over evil.
Good Speech
Good speech is good to listen to. Russian proverb
Speech is the image of the soul. Latin proverb
Oral literature fades away,
Conversational beauty;
Retreating into the unknown
Russian miracle speeches.
Hundreds of native and apt words,
Locked up
Like birds in cages
They doze in thick dictionaries.
Let them out of there
Return to everyday life,
So that speech - a human miracle -
Not poor these days. V. Shefner
The development of language follows the development of folk life N.G. Chernyshevsky
The obscurity of the word is an invariable sign of the obscurity of thought. L.N. Tolstoy
A wound inflicted by a sword will heal, but not by a tongue.
Armenian proverb
We can't predict
How our word will respond -
And we are given sympathy,
How grace is given to us... F.I. Tyutchev
Conscience, morality
There is only one undoubted happiness in life - to live for another. L.N. Tolstoy
Everything in a person should be beautiful: his face, his clothes, his soul, and his thoughts. A.P.Chekhov
Gratitude is the least of virtues, ingratitude is the worst of vices English proverb
Life without a goal is a man without a head. Assyrian proverb
As you do to others, they will do to you. Assyrian proverb
Judge not lest ye be judged. From the Sermon on the Mount of Jesus Christ
Youth, youth
Youth is the main force, the fundamental power of humanity of tomorrow. A.V.Lunacharsky
Life gives every person a huge invaluable gift - youth, full of strength, youth, full of aspirations, desires and aspirations for knowledge, for struggle, full of hopes and hopes N.A. Ostrovsky
Whoever in his youth did not connect himself with strong ties to a great and wonderful cause, or at least to simple, but honest and useful work, can consider his youth lost without a trace, no matter how fun it was and no matter how many pleasant memories it left. . D.I.Pisarev
Will, freedom
Only he is worthy of life and freedom,
Who goes to battle for them every day. Goethe
The meaning of life, duty, profession
Why deep knowledge, thirst for glory,
Talent and ardent love of freedom,
When we cannot use them. M.Yu.Lermontov
A person who has fulfilled his duty is a rather lofty concept. And the one about whom this is said must perceive this as a high and at the same time accurate assessment of his activities or his actions. K.M.Simonov
All works are good - choose according to your taste. V.V. Mayakovsky
Learn to live even when life becomes unbearable. Make it useful. N. Ostrovsky
The most precious thing a person has is life. It is given to him once, and he must live it in such a way that there is no excruciating pain for the years spent aimlessly, so that the shame does not burn for the mean and petty past... N. Ostrovsky
The best pleasure, the highest joy of life is to feel needed and close to people. A.M.Gorky
Everything beautiful on earth comes from the sun, and everything good comes from man. M.M. Prishvin
The wise power of a builder is hidden in every person, and it must be given free rein to develop and flourish so that it enriches the earth with even greater miracles. A.M.Gorky
Great will is not only the ability to desire and achieve something, but also the ability to force oneself and give up something when necessary. Will is not just a desire and its satisfaction, but it is a desire and a stop, and a desire and a refusal. A.S. Makarenko
I would be glad to serve, but being served is sickening.
Words by Chatsky from A.S. Griboedov’s comedy “Woe from Wit”
Human! It's great! It sounds... proud. A.M.Gorky
About mother poets have already found the words,
Equalizing it to the Fatherland...
O woman!.. O mother!.. You are the salt of the earth!
Without a mother, the field of life would die out.
You illuminated the world for artists,
Revealing your wondrous forms...
Shakespeare without Desdemona is not Shakespeare,
And heaven would become hell without Beatrice! T. Zumakulova
Woman is a great word. She has the purity of a girl, she has the dedication of a friend, she has the feat of a mother.
N.A.Nekrasov
All the pride in the world comes from mothers. Without the sun, flowers do not bloom, without love there is no happiness, without a woman there is no love, without a mother there is neither a poet nor a hero! A.M.Gorky
Heroism, exploits
Let you die!.. But in the song of the brave and strong in spirit you will always be a living example, a proud call to freedom, to light!... A.M. Gorky
There is always room for exploits in life. A.M.Gorky
Feat, like talent, shortens the path to the goal. A. Leonov
Great people and heroes most fully express the image of their people, and their names live on for centuries. J. Lafitte
A hero is a person who, at a decisive moment, does what needs to be done in the interests of human society. Yu. Fuchik
Let's not forget those heroes
What lies in the damp ground,
Giving my life on the battlefield
For the people, for you and me... S.V. Mikhalkov
At important epochs of life, sometimes a spark of heroism flares up in the most ordinary person, hitherto unknown to smolder in his chest, and then he accomplishes deeds that he had never even dreamed of before. M.Yu.Lermontov
Art
Art is the highest manifestation of power in man. L.N. Tolstoy
Simplicity, truth, naturalness - these are the three great principles of beauty in all works of art by K. Gluck
Sports, movement
Movement is the storehouse of life. Plutarch
HUMAN RESPONSIBILITY
Today man, only he alone, is responsible for everything on earth. For thousands of years he fought nature as an enemy. Now he is responsible for her as the eldest... Who is this man? This is all of us together and each of us individually.
D.S. Likhachev
The problem of responsibility.
*Famous publicist D.S. Likhachev noted that “to be responsible for others means to be able to be responsible for oneself.” The author compares our Earth with a spaceship, and us with its team, on whose coordinated work a lot depends. A person cannot transfer responsibility for the planet to anyone, since only he is endowed with the power of reason.
A person must live in the sphere of good, made by himself... Good connects, unites, makes one related.
D.S. Likhachev
What's on your heart? Isn't it darkness? Take some of my light. A.Reshetov
Your heart will break into pieces,
If we forget how to love. E. Ogonkova
The outstanding Russian writer B. Vasiliev spoke about Dr. Jansen. He died saving children who had fallen into a sewer pit. The man, who was revered as a saint during his lifetime, was buried by the entire city.
U M.Sholokhov has a wonderful story “The Fate of a Man”. IN It tells the story of the tragic fate of a soldier who lost all his relatives during the war. One day he met an orphan boy and decided to call himself his father. This act suggests that love and the desire to do good give a person strength to live, strength to resist fate.
In ancient Babylon, a sick person was taken out into the square, and every passerby could give him advice on how to be healed, or simply say a sympathetic word. This fact shows that already in ancient times people understood that there is no other person’s misfortune, there is no other person’s suffering.
The life drama of Eugene Onegin, an extraordinary man, is caused precisely by the fact that “he was sick of persistent work.” Having grown up in idleness, he did not learn the most important thing: to work patiently, achieving his goal, to live for the sake of another person. His life turned into a joyless existence “without tears, without life, without love.”
It is more correct to divide all the heroes of L. Tolstoy not into good and bad, but into those who change and those who have lost the ability for spiritual self-development. Moral movement, the tireless search for oneself, eternal dissatisfaction is, according to Tolstoy, the most complete manifestation of humanity.
N. Gogol, an exposer of human vices, persistently searches for a living human SOUL. Depicting Plyushkin, who has become “a hole in the body of humanity,” he passionately calls on the reader entering adulthood to take with him all “human movements” and not to lose them on the road of life.
The image of Oblomov is the image of a man who only wanted. He wanted to change his life, he wanted to rebuild the life of the estate, he wanted to raise children... But he did not have the strength to make these desires come true, so his dreams remained dreams.
M. Gorky in the play “At the Bottom” showed the drama of “former people” who have lost the strength to fight for their own sake. They hope for something good, understand that they need to live better, but do nothing to change their fate. It is no coincidence that the play begins in a rooming house and ends there.
False values
I. Bunin in the story “The Gentleman from San Francisco” showed the fate of a man who served false values. Wealth was his god, and this god he worshiped. But when the American millionaire died, it turned out that true happiness passed the man by: he died without ever knowing what life was.
* The famous writer and publicist V. Soloukhin believes that technology has made the state and humanity as a whole more powerful. But the question immediately arises: when a person is left alone without these greatest inventions, will he be more powerful than all his predecessors on planet Earth?
U in everyone's hands fate peace
A. Kuprin wrote the story “The Wonderful Doctor”, based on real events. A man, exhausted by poverty, is ready to desperately commit suicide, but the famous doctor Pirogov, who happens to be nearby, speaks to him. He helps the unfortunate man, and from that moment his life and the life of his family changes in the most happy way. This story eloquently shows that the actions of one person can affect the destinies of other people.
The role of personality in history
1) "Notes of a Hunter" AND. Turgenev played a huge role in the public life of our country. People, having read bright, vivid stories about peasants, realized that it was immoral
owning people like cattle. A broad movement for the abolition of serfdom began in the country.
2) After the war, many Soviet soldiers who were captured by the enemy were condemned as traitors to their homeland. M. Sholokhov's story “The Fate of a Man,” which shows the bitter fate of a soldier, forced society to take a different look at the tragic fate of prisoners of war. A law was passed on their rehabilitation.
The role of art (science, media) in the spiritual life of society
) Many front-line soldiers talk about how soldiers exchanged smokes and bread for clippings from a front-line newspaper, which published chapters from A. Tvardovsky’s poem “Vasily Terkin.” This means that an encouraging word was sometimes more important to the soldiers than food.
When the Nazis laid siege to Leningrad, Dmitri Shostakovich's 7th Symphony had a huge impact on the city's residents. which, according to eyewitnesses, gave people new forces to fight the enemy.
7) In the history of literature, a lot of evidence has been preserved related to the stage history of “The Minor”. They say that many noble children, having recognized themselves in the image of the slacker Mitrofanushka, experienced a true rebirth: they began to study diligently, read a lot and grew up as worthy sons of their homeland.
Interpersonal relationships
Fear in human life
B. Zhitkov in one of his stories depicts a man who was very afraid of cemeteries. One day a little girl got lost and asked to be taken home. The road went past the cemetery. The man asked the girl: “Aren’t you afraid of the dead?”"WITH I’m not afraid of anything!” - the girl answered, and these words forced the man to gather his courage and overcome the feeling of fear.
The famous revolutionary G. Kotovsky was sentenced to death by hanging for robbery. The fate of this extraordinary man worried the writer A. Fedorov, who began to work for pardon for the robber. He achieved the release of Kotovsky, and he solemnly promised the writer to repay him with kindness. A few years later, when Kotovsky became a red commander, this writer came to him and asked him to save his son, who was captured by the security officers. Kotovsky, risking his life, rescued the young man from captivity.
*The famous writer and publicist A. Solzhenitsyn wrote: “Human freedom includes voluntary self-restraint for the benefit of others. Our obligations must always exceed the freedom given to us."
*The story of the moral disintegration of Andrei Guskov’s personality is told by V. Rasputin in the story “Live and Remember.” This man was in the war and was wounded and shell-shocked more than once. But, having been discharged from the hospital, he did not go to his unit, but having stolen his way into the village, he became a deserter.
*Ch. Aitmatov in “The Scaffold” wrote about the moral decline of the Oberkandalovites and Anashists.
The uncontrolled development of science and technology worries people more and more. Let's imagine a baby dressed in his father's costume. He is wearing a huge jacket, long trousers, a hat that slides down over his eyes... Doesn't this picture remind you of a modern man? Without having time to grow morally, mature, mature, he became the owner of powerful technology that is capable of destroying all life on Earth.
2) Humanity has achieved enormous success in its development: a computer, a telephone, a robot, a conquered atom... But a strange thing: the stronger a person becomes, the more anxious the expectation of the future. What will happen to us? Where are we going? Let's imagine an inexperienced driver driving his brand new car at breakneck speed. How pleasant it is to feel the speed, how pleasant it is to realize that a powerful motor is subject to your every movement! But suddenly the driver realizes with horror that he cannot stop his car. Humanity is like this young driver who rushes into an unknown distance, not knowing what lurks there, around the bend.
In M. Bulgakov's story, Doctor Preobrazhensky turns a dog into a man. Scientists are driven by a thirst for knowledge, a desire to change nature. But sometimes progress turns into terrible consequences: a two-legged creature with a “dog’s heart” is not yet a person, because there is no soul in it, no love, honor, nobility.
The press reported that the elixir of immortality would appear very soon. Death will be completely defeated. But for many people this news did not cause a surge of joy; on the contrary, anxiety intensified. How will this immortality turn out for a person?
9) There are still ongoing debates about how morally legitimate experiments related to human cloning are. Who will be born as a result of this cloning? What kind of creature will this be? Human? Cyborg? Means of production?
History knows many unsuccessful attempts to force a person to be happy. If freedom is taken away from people, then heaven turns into a prison. The favorite of Tsar Alexander 1, General Arakcheev, when creating military settlements at the beginning of the 19th century, pursued good goals. Peasants were forbidden to drink vodka, they were supposed to go to church at the prescribed hours, children were supposed to be sent to schools, and they were forbidden to be punished. It would seem that everything is correct! But people were forced to be good. they were forced to love, work, study... And the man deprived of freedom, turned into a slave, rebelled: a wave of general protest arose, and Arakcheev’s reforms were curtailed.
Man and cognition
Archimedes, knowing that people were suffering from drought and hunger, proposed new ways to irrigate land. Thanks to his discovery, crop yields increased sharply and people stopped being afraid of hunger.
3) The outstanding scientist Fleming discovered penicillin. This drug has saved the lives of millions of people who previously died from blood poisoning.
Problem of conscience
*One of the heroines of V. Rasputin’s story “Farewell to Matera” recalls the main testament of the fathers: “The main thing is to have a conscience and not suffer from conscience.”
*V. Rasputin’s “Fire” tells about the Arkharov tribe, devouring the spiritual values of a great people, already losing the idea of goodness and justice, of truth and lies.
*Famous scientist, publicist D.S. Likhachev believed that you should never allow yourself to compromise with your conscience, try to find an excuse for lying, stealing, etc.
Many people tend to blame unfavorable conditions for everything: family, friends, lifestyle, rulers. But it is precisely struggle, overcoming difficulties that is the most important condition for full-fledged spiritual formation. It is no coincidence that in folk tales the true biography of the hero begins only when he passes a test (fights a monster, saves a stolen bride, obtains a magic object).
Science knows many cases where a child abducted by wolves, bears or monkeys was raised for several years away from people. He was then caught and returned to human society. In all these cases, a person who grew up among animals became a beast and lost almost all human characteristics. The children could not learn human speech and walked on all fours, which at Their ability to walk upright disappeared, they barely learned to stand on two legs, children lived about the same age as the average life of the animals that raised them...
ABOUTwhat does this example say?ABOUTthat a child needs to be educated daily, hourly, and his development needs to be purposefully managed. About what is outside of human societychildturns into an animal.
Scientists have long been talking about the so-called<<пирамиде способностей». IN at an early age there are almost no untalented children, there are already significantly fewer of them at school, and even fewer in universities, although they get there by competition; in adulthood, there remains a very insignificant percentage of truly talented people. It has been calculated, in particular, that only three percent of those engaged in scientific work actually move science forward. In socio-biological terms, the loss of talent with age is explained by the fact that a person needs the greatest abilities during the period of mastering the basics of life and self-affirmation in it, that is, in the early years; then acquired skills, stereotypes, acquired knowledge, firmly deposited in the brain, etc. begin to predominate in thinking and behavior. In this regard, a genius is “an adult who remains a child,” that is, a person who maintains a heightened sense of novelty in relation to things, to to people, in general - to the world
The problem of spirituality
According to the famous publicist S. Soloveichik, many confuse this concept with intelligence, good manners, and education. Spirituality is fortitude, the desire for goodness and truth. Visiting theaters and reading books, unfortunately, is not always beneficial for the soul of some people.
E. Bogat believes that “spiritual life is communication with people, art, the autumn forest and with oneself.”
The problem of preserving the concept of “honor” in the modern world
D. Granin wrote that the concept of “honor” is given to a person once along with his name and that it can neither be compensated nor corrected, but can only be preserved. This is the moral core of a person.
D. Shevarov, in one of his essays, reflected that the concept of honor, eternal and universal, includes the ability to defend one’s life values, a clear conscience, honesty, dignity, and the inability to lie. The author does not call for the return of the duel, he only uses the example of A.S. Pushkina argues that honor must be defended.
* In the story “Powerlessness,” Yu. Bondarev tells the story of two young people who collided on the street. One hit the other in the shoulder, the second was not timid, but fear of the will of a braver opponent stopped him from fighting back. The author concludes that both of them, the winner and the loser, in a short street battle of primitive pride, appeared as pitiful, insignificant males.
* Y. Bondarev in the story “Beauty” assessed the behavior of an ugly, at first glance, girl and a dandy guy who invited her to a dance in order to expose her to ridicule. The heroine accepted the handsome man's challenge. The author writes that her proud gaze transformed her into a beauty. The writer admires a man who managed to resist baseness and meanness without losing his dignity.
The problem of resisting evil and aggression
The famous writer and publicist V. Soloukhin told the story of a long feud between two neighbors. In response to aggression, each of them responded with a new evil act. During this war, the rooster of one and the kitten of the other died. The author writes that a grain of evil gave birth to a pea of evil, a pea gave birth to a nut, and a nut gave birth to an apple. And now an ocean of evil has accumulated, where all of humanity can drown.” One of them made the right decision - to go in peace to her neighbor. Peace reigned in the house. Therefore, only good can resist evil.
The Christian commandment says: “If you hit one cheek, turn the other.” Only then can you help the one who hit you to heal.
In the story by A.S. Pushkin's "Blizzard" the main character Marya Gavrilovna, having learned to live in accordance with God's commandments, becomes happy. Her mutual love with Burmin is a gift from God for both.
The main idea of the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky's "Crime and Punishment" is simple and clear. She is the embodiment of God's sixth commandment - “thou shalt not kill.” The author proves the impossibility of committing a crime out of conscience using the example of the story of Rodion Raskolnikov.
The problem of Christian morality
D. Orekhov in the book “Buddha from Benares” talks about the teaching, about the transmigration of souls, about the magical world of ancient Indian spirituality.
A striking example of an arrogant attitude towards other people is the heroine of the novel by L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace" Ellen Kuragina. Beautiful in appearance, she was spiritually empty, hypocritical, and false.
In the story “The Old Woman Izergil” M. Gorky tells the legend of Lara, for whom pride and confidence in his superiority were not enough for happiness. And the greatest good - life - becomes hopeless torment for him.
* Traits of manic stinginess are presented in the image of Plyushkin, the hero of the poem by N.V. Gogol "Dead Souls". Taking care of an insignificant detail, showing penniless stinginess, the landowner loses hundreds and thousands, throwing away his fortune, ruining his estate.
The moral and ethical problem of a person’s attitude to what is called “having more than others”, “living for show”.
The well-known publicist I. Vasiliev wrote that “with the category of the self-satisfied, living for show, the same thing happens as with the “hiding” ones - closure, distance, isolation from people. Their lot is mental loneliness, which is worse than criminal punishment.”
Having a lot, according to I. Vasiliev, is becoming fashionable. The desire to “have” turns into a painful passion for hoarding. But a metamorphosis occurs with a person: acquiring more and more material things, he becomes poor in soul. “The place of generosity, responsiveness, cordiality, kindness, and compassion is replaced by stinginess, envy, and greed.”
The famous publicist G. Smirnov wrote that “in the 21st century, humanity faces a painful rejection of the fictitious values of material life and the difficult acquisition of the values of the Spirit.”
The hero of V. Astafiev’s novel “The Sad Detective” is one of the people who “know how to live.” Fedya Lebeda has a police salary, but bought a two-story dacha. And all because he adheres to the principle: “Don’t touch us, we won’t touch...”
Let us remember the story of A.P. Chekhov's "The Jumper". The main thing that attracted Olga Ivanovna to the world of art was the desire to make acquaintances with celebrities, and not at all the spiritual need for beauty. Admiring mediocre artists and writers, she failed to discern in Dr. Dymov a talented scientist whose interest in art was truly genuine.
In the drama A.N. Ostrovsky's "Dowry" merchant Knurov, not finding worthy interlocutors, goes to talk to St. Petersburg and abroad. And Vozhevatov’s “Europeanization” is expressed in the fact that in the morning he drinks champagne poured into teapots in a coffee shop.
*In L.N. Tolstoy’s story “Lucerne,” a scene is depicted when all its noble inhabitants, concerned about global issues, came out onto the balcony of a hotel for very rich people to listen to the violin playing of a poor wandering musician. While listening to beautiful music, people experienced the same emotions, thought about the same things, and even seemed to breathe in unison.
*The famous scientist and thinker D.S. Likhachev paints an image of our Earth as “flying defenselessly in the colossal space of a museum.” He is convinced that human culture, created over thousands of years, is designed to unite all people living on the planet.
The science fiction writer A. Belyaev in his novel “The Head of Professor Dowell” narrates that the fruits of scientific thought in the hands of arrogant and irresponsible people become a real disaster for the entire human race. At the same time, the author convinces the reader that evil will not go unpunished.
The famous French writer D. Coveler in the documentary book “Clone Christ?” tells how yesterday's science fiction becomes reality today.
* The main character of V. Shukshin’s story “Cut”, Gleb Kapustin, is confident in the truth of his knowledge, obtained as a mishmash from different sources. He is pleased when he manages to “click on the nose” the visitors whom he sternly examines.
The problem of heredity
*The famous publicist L. Serova discussed the problem of heredity in one of her essays. She believes that the manifestation of the genotype will vary depending on the conditions in which a person develops.
*Theodosius Dobzhansky, a 20th century geneticist, noted that “a person is what he is because his genotype plus his biography made him that way.”
* V. Kharchenko wrote that scientific activity requires patience, perseverance, and courage. It brings pleasure and joy to the scientist and helps him survive in difficult life circumstances.
The Importance of the Humanities
*Famous publicist, scientist D.S. Likhachev argued that the humanities are very important, since they teach us to understand art, history, and cultivate morality. * The ruler of thoughts Einstein was inspired by the work of F.M. Dostoevsky. And the famous scientist R. Jacobson said that before writing his works he liked to look at the paintings of Larionov or Goncharova.
*Famous publicists often address the problem of the truth of art. Thus, I. Dolgopolov, admiring the creations of Andrei Rublev, notes that the creations of real masters live for centuries, because they were written with the heart. They may be outwardly simple, but wise “with that bottomless spiritual depth that marks the poetry of Pushkin, the music of Glinka, the prose of Dostoevsky.”
*I. Dolgopolov also shows the power of the witchcraft skills of great painters in his essay dedicated to Raphael’s “Sistine Madonna.” According to the author, our soul, “despite all the dictates of the mind, which suggests that this is just a mirage, an artist’s invention,” freezes, contemplating this miracle of painting.”
*G.I. Uspensky more than once noted that a true work of art can transform a person morally. The writer in his work “Straightened Up” recalls the impression that the statue of Venus de Milo in the Louvre made on him, about “the life-giving mystery of this stone creature.” Beauty ennobles the human soul, the creations of brilliant masters “fascinate the eye.” Such is the miracle of painting!
* N.V. talks about the true purpose of art. Gogol in the story “Portrait”. The author talks about two artists, each of whom chose their own “type” of creativity. One started working without putting in much effort. However, it brought him a decent income. Another decided to penetrate into the essence of art and devoted his whole life to learning. In the finale, he creates a true masterpiece, although his path was not accompanied by universal fame.
Famous scientist, publicist A.F. Losev compared the benefits of education to the harvesting of the land by a peasant who works despite all the hardships in the summer, but then enjoys rest and material wealth all year round.
Psychologist Landreth said: “Education is what remains when everything learned is forgotten.”
The mother of the main character of the novel I.A. Goncharova “Oblomov” believed that education is not such an important thing, for the sake of which you need to lose weight, lose your blush and skip holidays. It is only needed to advance in your career.
L. Gumilyov wrote that at school they teach different subjects. Many of them do not cause any interest, but they are necessary, since without a broad perception of the world there will be no development of the mind and feelings. If children have not learned physics, they will not understand what energy and entropy are. Without knowledge of languages and literature, connections with the surrounding world of people are lost, and without history, with the heritage of the past.
The problem of attitude towards learning
*According to the famous scientist and publicist Max Planck, “science and religion do not contradict each other in truth, but for every thinking person they need to complement each other.”
*The famous publicist, scientist A. Menu believes that “science and religion - two ways of understanding reality - should not just be independent spheres, but in harmonious combination contribute to the general movement of humanity along the path to Truth.”
*The brilliant scientist A. Einstein noted: “The more knowledge about the world science gives us, the more clearly I see the hand of the Almighty, ruling the Universe.”
*Newton, who discovered the laws of motion of celestial bodies, as if exposing the greatest secret of the universe, was a believer and studied theology.
*The great Pascal, a mathematical genius, one of the creators of new physics, was not just a believer, but also a Christian saint (although not canonized) and one of the greatest religious thinkers in Europe.
In the story by A.I. Solzhenitsyn's "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich" the main character I. Shukhov, despite all the difficulties of his situation, lives and enjoys life. He did not exchange his spiritual ideals for someone else's plate of food or felt boots.
In A. Griboedov’s comedy “Woe from Wit,” Molchalin lives by the principle bequeathed to him by his father:
Firstly, please all people without exception - the owner where you happen to live,
To the chief with whom I will serve, to his servant who cleans dresses,
To the doorman, to the janitor, to avoid harm, to the janitor's dog, so that it is affectionate.
A striking example of depicting the morals of bureaucratic Russia in the 19th century is the comedy by N.V. Gogol "The Inspector General". According to the author, complete lawlessness, bribery, embezzlement, widespread arbitrariness of landowners and inactive neglect of state institutions have become the norm. By ridiculing and criticizing the bureaucracy, the writer reveals the entire inconsistency of the administrative structure of the state.
The problem of philistinism
In the play by A.N. Ostrovsky's "The Thunderstorm" describes the life of the provincial town of Kalinov. The life of ordinary people here is boring and monotonous. It sucks you in like a quagmire, and there is no way to get out of it or change anything. “It’s better in the grave,” says the main character Ekaterina Kabanova, and she finds a way out only in death.
In the story by A.P. Chekhov's "Ionych" tells the story of the fate of Doctor Startsev, who gradually becomes an ordinary man. He is destroyed by the desire for satiety and peace, suppressing all previous impulses, hopes and plans.
In the play “The Bourgeois,” M. Gorky, on the one hand, presented the world of the bourgeoisie in the person of the foreman of the paint shop Vasily Bessemenov and his family, and on the other hand, people opposing this musty life, led by Neil.
*The famous publicist V. Levi wrote that “people with the talent to be happy are sunny people. It’s always light around them and you can breathe freely.”
*I.A. Bunin wrote in the poem “Evening”:
We always only remember about happiness.
And happiness is everywhere. Maybe it is
This autumn garden behind the barn
And clean air flowing through the window...
The hum of a threshing machine can be heard on the threshing floor...
I see, I hear, I am happy. Everything is in me.
*The modern famous publicist E. Lebedeva wrote that we must try to appreciate the simple moments of life in order to feel like a happy person without reason.
* In the story “The Scream,” Yu. Bondarev tells about an incident that happened to him one autumn day. The author enjoyed a walk along the street strewn with rustling golden leaves and pondered the mysteries of nature. But suddenly I heard a woman’s desperate cry from the window of the house. At that moment, happiness turned to bitterness. It seemed to the writer that humanity itself was screaming from unbearable pain, having lost the feeling of the joy of its unique existence.
F. Abramov, in one of his essays, spoke about his teacher Alexei Fedorovich Kalintsev, who possessed such qualities as erudition, energy, self-esteem, dedication to his work, etc. According to the author, “a teacher is a person who holds in his hands the day of the country, the future of the planet.”
Giovanni Odarinni wrote: “A teacher is a candle that shines for others while burning itself out.”
In V. Rasputin’s story “French Lessons,” teacher Lidia Mikhailovna taught her student the main lesson... kindness and mercy.
A. Dementiev wrote:
Don't you dare forget your teachers! Let life be worthy of their efforts!
Russia is famous for its teachers. The disciples bring glory to her.
*I recall lines from one poem:
If it weren't for the teacher, it probably wouldn't have happened.
Neither a poet, nor a thinker, nor Shakespeare, nor Copernicus...
Without his sunny smile, Without his hot fire
The sunflowers would not be able to turn towards the light of our eyes.
*We repeat together with N.A. Nekrasov's lines:
Teacher, before your name
Let me humbly kneel...
*The famous poet, writer, publicist R. Rozhdestvensky believed that the irresponsibility of officials at various levels leads to tragic consequences in our lives. A disregard for one's own and other people's work gives rise to mismanagement. To cope with it, you need to ask each person.
*A. Platonov wrote about the problem of irresponsibility in the story “Doubting Makar”, ridiculing the dairy boss, who referred to his superiors from Moscow, and was indifferent to his work.
*The problem of irresponsibility was ridiculed in the “Directive Bow” by I. Ilf and E. Petrov, and back in the early 20th century they asked: “When will this end?” Almost a hundred years have passed, and we are still faced with mismanagement and our own negligence in work.
The problem of the Russian village
* A. Solzhenitsyn in the story “Matryonin’s Dvor” described the wretched life of the village in the early fifties. People worked for workdays. The main entertainment after work was dancing, drinking, and street brawls.
The problem of the heroic struggle of the people for their independence
In the story by N.V. Gogol's "Taras Bulba" tells about the heroic struggle of the Ukrainian people for national liberation from the Polish magnates. For people living in the Zaporozhye Sich, there is nothing higher than the interests of the people, freedom and independence of the Fatherland.
In “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign,” the chronicler spoke about the struggle of the Russian people against the Polovtsians.
The problem of love of freedom
In the image of Katerina Kabanova, the main character of the play “The Thunderstorm” - A.N. Ostrovsky captured all the beauty and broad nature of the freedom-loving Russian soul.
N.V. called him “an extraordinary phenomenon of Russian strength.” Gogol is the main character of his story, Taras Bulba. Stern and unyielding, the leader of the Cossack army leads a life full of hardships and dangers. Zaporozhye Sich is his element. And the soul is imbued with only one desire - for the freedom and independence of its people.
Mtsyri, the main character of the poem by M.Yu. Lermontov, despised people who had come to terms with life in a prison-monastery. Having tasted freedom, he paid a high price for those wonderful moments that he lived in freedom - his life.
The famous poet V. Vysotsky wrote:
But is this life when in chains,
But is it really a choice if you are constrained?
* L.G. Protopovich in the book “Where did the Indigos come from?” talks about children for whom there are no geographical, linguistic or cultural barriers. They are born in any country. Their distinctive feature is the bright blue color of their aura. Another distinctive feature was their special talents and ultra-high level of intelligence.
In the tragedy “Boris Godunov” A.S. Pushkin raises political and moral issues. The people, who at first became a blind instrument in the hands of the criminal king, are shown by the author as the ideal of truth and conscience.
A.S. Pushkin continued to reflect on the role of the people in the history of Russia in the story “The Captain's Daughter.” This work tells about the peasant uprising of 1773-1775 led by E. Pugachev. The author tries to find ways to bring the nobles and peasants closer together, but concludes that this is not yet possible.
A.N. Tolstoy in his novel “Peter the Great” touched upon the eternal problem of the relationship between state power and the people. The writer resolutely denies any state violence against its people, no matter how it is justified.
In the review novel “The History of a City” M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin shows that the city of Foolov exists only because of the obedience and ignorance of the people. The mayors rob, commit tyranny, and ordinary people die of hunger, suffer torture, and are consoled by the false promises of the authorities. Only sometimes they rebel, but the rebellion ends in flogging. And again everyone lives in fear.
V.F. Myasnikov, a participant in the round-the-world Antarctic expedition that sailed the course of Bellingshausen and Lazarev, talks in the book “Journey to the Land of the White Sphinx” about the courageous work of hydrographers beyond the Arctic Circle.
Yuri Modin is one of the successful Soviet intelligence officers. His memoirs about the heroic work of the famous spy group “Cambridge Five” in the book “The Fates of the Scouts. My Cambridge friends."
In B. Vasiliev’s novel “Don’t Shoot White Swans,” Yegor Polushkin was not afraid to go against poachers, saving birds, because he felt responsible for them. Osip Dymov, the hero of the story by A.P. Chekhov's "The Jumper", fully aware of the danger and the risk he is taking, decides to save a boy suffering from diphtheria. The patient recovers, but the doctor dies.
The problem of selfless labor
* Osip Dymov, hero of the story by A.P. Chekhov's "The Jumper", fully aware of the danger and the risk he is taking, decides to save a boy suffering from diphtheria. The patient recovers, but the doctor dies. The author believes that the ability to follow one’s professional duty even under dangerous circumstances is a gift without which society will not survive.
*In the story “The Photograph That I’m Not in,” V. Astafiev talks about young teachers who made repairs at the school, found textbooks, etc. One day one of them rushed to save children from a snake. Probably, such a person will become a worthy example for his students.
*Teacher Ales Moroz, the hero of V. Bykov’s story “Obelisk,” in occupied Belarus, risking his life, instilled in his students hatred of the invaders. When the guys are arrested, he surrenders to the fascists in order to support them in a tragic moment.
*We learn about the heroism of soldiers from A. Fedorov’s book “Nightingales”.
*The cruel truth of the war is shown in B. Vasiliev’s story “The Dawns Here Are Quiet.”
*Looking back, we have no right to forget the countless sacrifices. E. Yevtushenko was right when he wrote in the story “Fuku”:
The one who will forget yesterday's victims,
Maybe tomorrow's victim will be.
The problem of heroism of people of peaceful professions during WWII
The breeders of besieged Leningrad, in conditions of wild famine, managed to preserve priceless varieties of selective wheat for a future peaceful life.
E. Krieger, a famous modern prose writer, in the story “Light” tells how during the hostilities the power plant workers decided not to evacuate with the residents of the village, but to work. The “light-emitting power plant,” as the author called it, not only generated electricity, but also inspired the soldiers and helped them remember what they were fighting for.
The cycle of stories by A. Krutetsky “In the steppes of Bashkiria” shows the hard work of collective farmers living with the slogan “Everything for the front, everything for victory!”
F. Abramov’s novel “Brothers and Sisters” tells about the feat of Russian women who spent the best years of their lives on the labor front during the Great Patriotic War.
Teacher Ales Moroz, the hero of V. Bykov’s story “Obelisk,” in occupied Belarus, risking his life, instilled in his students hatred of the invaders. When the guys are arrested, he surrenders to the fascists in order to support them in a tragic moment.
In the poem “Ukraine” M. Rylsky wrote: You see: the Russian is with you, the Bashkir and the Tajik, All brothers and friends - an avalanche of a formidable army. Our union is holy, the people are infinitely great, infinitely strong in their lion's fury.
The prisoner of war problem
V. Bykov’s story “The Alpine Ballad” shows the tragedy of people who were captured.
M. Sholokhov's story “The Fate of a Man” shows the tragic fate of Andrei Sokolov. The main character went through the trials of fascist captivity, lost his family, but managed to defend his human dignity, and did not lose the will to live, a sense of compassion for people.
The problem of patriotism
Talking about the Patriotic War of 1812 in the novel “War and Peace,” L.N. Tolstoy, with love and respect, paints people of different social class, who were united by a common love for Russia.
In the novel “War and Peace” L.N. Tolstoy paints pictures of military operations and various types of their participants. We see both the faithful sons of the Fatherland (Denis Davydov, elder Vasilisa, etc.), and false patriots who think only about their own selfish interests.
*In I. Dolgopolov’s article “Genius” it is noted that a genius is not a bright-winged angel who appears to people once a century.” The only passion of a genius—the desire to create—completely rejects his other aspirations, and therefore the true creator is doomed to eternal suffering. And yet, despite all the hardships that befell the geniuses, “the light from them continues to reach us through a string of centuries after their death.”
*Famous writer and publicist V.G. Belinsky, in an article about Lomonosov, wrote: “Willpower is one of the most important signs of genius
The main character of A. Solzhenitsyn's story “One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich” is an extraordinary person. Shukhov survives in the most vile camp life thanks to his extreme hard work and patience. In a world of evil and violence, lawlessness and enslavement, “sixes” and “thieves” who profess the camp law “you die today, and I die tomorrow,” it is not easy to preserve the soul and human warmth. But Ivan Denisovich had his own sure way to restore a good mood - work.
Y. Bondarev spoke about the inhumanity and horror of the situation that developed in the country during the era of Stalin’s rule in his work “Bouquet”. The fate of the heroine was typical for that time. The heroine’s only fault was that she was young, pretty, and naively believed in the decency of those in power.
The role of personality in history
A true exponent of the national spirit was M.I. Kutuzov. L.N. Tolstoy in his novel “War and Peace” historically accurately painted the image of the great commander.
A.N. Tolstoy in his novel “Peter the Great” talks about the life of the Tsar-Reformer. On the one hand, Peter the Great seems to love his people and believes in their creative powers, on the other, he brutally deals with the participants in the Streltsy rebellion, and later builds a beautiful city on the bones of convicts and serfs. The main tragedy, according to the author, is that for Peter the people are only a means, an instrument for realizing his plans.
Yu. Ovsyannikov in the book “Peter the Great. The First Russian Emperor" talks about how Peter determined the character of the new Russia through his activities. With the clash of axes and the thunder of cannons, the medieval state entered the union of European countries as an equal partner. A force to be reckoned with.
In M. Bulgakov’s novel “The Master and Margarita” the history of Palestine and Jerusalem is resurrected. The author prophetically showed the inevitable tragedy of the Jewish religious authorities, which claim a monopoly in the spiritual and legal sphere.
D. Lyskov in the book “Stalin’s repressions. The Great Lie of the 20th Century” tries to understand the problem of terror objectively and impartially, avoiding ideological cliches, relying not on emotions, but on facts.
A. Pristavkin’s story “The Golden Cloud Spent the Night” tells about the tragic fate of the Kuzmenysh brothers, who became unwitting participants in an interethnic conflict. Little children, whose orphanage was destroyed by the Chechens, became victims of the struggle of the state machine with small nations.
One of the founders of historical novelism, A. Chapygin, in his novel “Stepan Razin” describes the era of the great peasant war, led by S. Razin.
V. Rasputin’s story “Live and Remember” presents the story of deserter Andrei Guskov.
In the story “Sotnikov” by V. Bykov, the fisherman becomes a traitor, and later the executioner of his former comrade.
Motherhood problem
The topic of motherhood is touched upon by N.A. Nekrasov in the poem “Nightingales”. A mother teaches her children to appreciate beauty and love nature. She really wants her children to be happy. Expressing the dream of all mothers, she says that if there were lands for people where they would live freely, then “peasant women would carry everything there in the arms of their children.”
Matryona Timofeevna, one of the heroines of N.A.’s poem, raises her children by her personal example. Nekrasov “Who lives well in Rus'?” She takes upon herself the humiliating punishment intended for her son, protecting his pure soul from shocks.
The famous writer A. Fadeev in “A Word about a Mother” urged readers to look back at their lives and answer the question: “Isn’t it because of our failures and isn’t it because of our grief that our mothers turn gray?” He noted with disappointment that “the hour will come when all this will turn into a painful reproach to the heart at the mother’s grave.”
The story by V. Astafiev tells about the cat Belogrudka, whose kittens were taken away by the children from the village. The author writes with pain about the pain of a mother searching for her children.
The famous writer A. Fadeev wrote in “A Tale about the Mother”: “Isn’t it because of our failures, mistakes, and isn’t it because of our grief that our mothers turn gray? But the hour will come when all this will turn into a painful reproach to the heart at the mother’s grave.”
In the short story “Happiness,” the famous writer Yu. Bondarev tells about a story that happened in one ordinary family. The main character reflected on hopelessness, on the misfortunes that haunt people throughout their lives. She was struck by the fact that her father considered himself a happy man, because everyone was alive, there was no war, the whole family was together. The woman’s soul warmed, she realized that happiness is feeling loved by loved ones and giving them your love.
In the story “The White Goose,” the famous children's writer E. Nosov tells the story of a handsome goose who covered his babies with himself during a heavy hailstorm. All twelve fluffy “dandelions” survived. He himself died.
* The famous talented writer I. Bunin in the story “Beauty” tells about the cruel treatment of a stepmother towards her little stepson. It is also scary that his own father chose to betray his own child, exchanging him for his own well-being and peace of mind.
Life and fate of women
*The essence of the life of the main character of the novel by L.N. Tolstoy's "War and Peace" by Natalia Rostova is love.
*A.N. wrote about the female lot in his works. Nekrasov.
The problem of finding the meaning of life
The closest and dearest to L.N. Tolstoy's heroes are those who are in constant moral search, whose souls are working on the problem of choice, on solving the eternal question of the meaning of life. These, of course, are Andrei Bolkonsky and Pierre Bezukhov. These are people with a restless soul and a proud heart. They are in continuous internal development. Wanting to depict the development of their personality, the artist prepared a difficult fate for them.
The main character of V. Hugo's novel "Les Miserables", having gone through many trials, having been in hard labor, did not become hardened in soul, but was able to continue his life's path, helping others and even compassion for his enemies.
*Famous writer and publicist V.P. Astafiev wrote in one of his essays that the moral health of the nation depends on each of us. People must understand that there is no need to look for the causes of vices on the outside. The fight against drunkenness, lies, etc. in society must begin with eradicating such things in oneself.
M.A. reflects on the fate of the intelligentsia living in the conditions of the civil war and general chaos of 1918. Bulgakov in the novel "The White Guard".
Intellectual heroes were portrayed by writers of the 19th and 20th centuries. For example, in M. Bulgakov’s novel “The Master and Margarita” it was the writer, weak and not adapted to life, who was able to see and reflect in his novel those eternal moral values that humanity has developed and which in the 30s of the 20th century could resist social evil .
The famous Russian writer, translator, and literary critic V. Nabokov wrote about the role of the intelligentsia in the modern world. The author believes that the presence of such people is a guarantee of “a better future for the whole world,” because they are an example of self-denial and moral purity.
V. Dudintsev wrote about the plight of the intelligentsia in White Clothes.
The problem of lonely old age
*I.S. Turgenev, in his prose poem “How beautiful, how fresh the roses were...” contrasts the loneliness and cold of old age with a passionate feeling of youth. He bitterly regrets the lost youth, about everything that warmed his soul, with which his life was once filled. Just as “a candle fades and goes out,” human life comes to an end.
*The well-known publicist M. Molina wrote: “For Russian-speaking people living in Russia or scattered all over the world, language is the only common heritage... The primary concern is not to let it perish.”
*WITH. Erichev noted that “with the help of verbal mental images we can create or destroy our genetic structure... Some words heal the body..., others destroy it.”
*“War and Peace” by L.N. Tolstoy begins with a lengthy dialogue in French, and the babble of Anatoly Kuragin, who unsuccessfully tried to tell a joke in Russian, looked very pitiful.
*Well-known publicist A. Prosvirnov in the article “Why do we need imported weeds?” is outraged by the unreasonable abuse of foreign words and jargon in our language.
* S. Kaznacheev in one of his essays wrote that the “blind” use of borrowings today leads to distortion of the alphabet, destruction of words, disruption of the functioning of the language, and loss of cultural traditions.
* N. Gal believes that one of the most dangerous diseases of our speech is clericalism. Stamps depress the “living core” of language; they are dangerous both in the living speech of people and in the speech of characters in literary works.
*Publicist V. Kostomarov is sure that “language is subordinate to the people who use it.” It reflects the state of society. So “it’s not the language that needs to be corrected now...”
The problem of inspiration
*The famous writer K. Paustovsky noted: “Inspiration enters us like a shining summer morning, which has just cast off the mists of a quiet night, splashed with dew, with thickets of wet grass. It gently breathes its healing coolness into our faces.”
*Tchaikovsky argued that inspiration is a state when a person works with all his strength, like an ox, and does not coquettishly wave his hand.
*The famous writer and publicist S. Dovlatov in his essay reflected on what an inferiority complex is: a perpetual brake or a perpetual motion machine. He is sure that everything depends on us.
*According to the popular scientist and publicist M. Moltz, “inferiority and superiority are two sides of the same coin. Getting rid of them is realizing that the medal itself is fake.”
The problem of fathers and children
*Modern publicist A.K. Perevozchikova believes that the constant repetition of the generational conflict is inevitable. The reason most often lies in the fact that young people are trying to deny the experience accumulated by their fathers. The older generation should adopt a position of greater compromise due to the fact that they are better able to analyze the situation, since they have more life experience and more information about similar situations in human history.
* The problem of relationships between generations is one of the most important in the novel by I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons". Generation change is always a complex and not painless process. “Children” receive from their “fathers” the entire spiritual experience of humanity as an inheritance. In this case, a certain revaluation of values occurs. Experience is reimagined. In the novel, the rejection of the experience of the “fathers” is embodied in Bazarov’s nihilism
To the hero of the story V.G. Korolenko "The Blind Musician", born blind Peter, had to go through many obstacles on the path to happiness. The inability to see the light and the beauty of the surrounding world upset him, but he imagined it thanks to his sensitive perception of sounds.
At different points in history, people have had different attitudes towards people with disabilities. For example, in Sparta, newborn children with physical disabilities were killed.
In the esoteric thriller “The Fool’s Path,” S. Sekorisky writes that “physically strong by nature are rarely smart, since their mind is replaced by fists.”
The famous Russian writer and publicist V. Soloukhin writes in one of his essays that limitation is a relative concept. The space unknown to man is so vast that all of humanity as a whole can be considered limited.
Convincing proof of the validity of V. Soloukhin’s opinion can be the novel by I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons". Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov was a very smart man with extensive life experience. But still, his knowledge was limited and gave rise to many contradictions.
*The brilliant psychiatrist A. Adler believed that this complex “is even useful, because a person, solving his problems, is forced to improve.”
* F. Iskander in the essay “Soul and Mind” writes that humanity can be divided into “wretched” and “beasts”. The fate of the former is to do good during a short life, since “they are doomed to perish.” The latter have no choice but to recognize the loyalty to the life position of the “poor” and return back to the shell of self-defense.
* N. Gumilev in the poem “Excerpt” wrote:
Christ said: the poor are blessed,
The fate of the blind, the crippled and the poor is enviable,
I will take them to the villages above the stars,
I'll make them knights of the sky
And I will call them the most glorious of the glorious...
*A. Pristavkin talks about one of the children’s colonies in his work “Kukushata, or a Complaint Song to Calm the Heart.” One of the heroes speaks on behalf of juvenile delinquents: “We have only anger left. Moreover, the souls are brutalized against everyone: against the cops, against the village... And against the world in general.”
*L. Gabyshev wrote about the difficult fate of juvenile delinquents in his work “Orlyan, or the Air of Freedom.”
*Modern publicist A.K. Perevozchikova wrote in one of her essays that the danger of young people’s non-standard spiritual search is that it can lead to spiritual and physical destruction of the individual.
*Who among us does not remember Mowgli, the hero of the fairy tale of the same name by R. Kipling? Incredible trials befell him, and the only phrase: “You and I are of the same blood - you and me!” - turned wild animals into friends and helpers. A wonderful fairy tale, probably more for adults, because it teaches love for everything around us, teaches us to live in complete harmony with the world.
*U L.N. In Tolstoy’s diary there is an interesting entry that “a powerful means to true happiness in life is, without any laws, to shoot out from oneself in all directions, like a spider, a whole web of love and catch everything that gets there...” Similar foundations of worldview The hero of S. Dovlatov’s story also preaches. Kenneth Bowers believed that people around the world are related.
*The famous writer A. Kondratiev wrote that the mixing of languages, races, and cultures has been going on for centuries. There are no higher and lower races, no “cultured” and “barbarian” languages, no “entirely independent” and “completely borrowed” cultures. For us, people of the 21st century, who know our past, every person on the globe belongs to a single family - HUMANITY.
*The famous publicist I. Rudenko wrote that “in a country that defeated fascism, suffered from fascism, where the very word “fascist” is still a curse, lovers of the swastika will be able to lead people... The superiority of some over others, the decline in the value of human life is a breeding ground from which fascism can grow.”
* Scientist, publicist D.S. Likhachev believed that “nationalism is a manifestation of the weakness of a nation, not its strength.” In his opinion, weak peoples become infected with nationalism. A great people with its great culture and national traditions must be kind, especially if the fate of a small people is connected with it.
* L. Zhukhovitsky in his essay talked about how in Moscow, Hero of Russia, aircraft and spacecraft tester Magomet Tolboev was brutally beaten by police sergeants in Moscow only because they wanted to more carefully check a person of Caucasian nationality. Thanks to journalists, this story became known to the public. They apologized to the victim. But the author asks: “What if a simple person were in Tolboev’s place?”
* The famous Russian writer M. Prishvin in the story “Treacherous Sausage” tells about the amazing, interesting world of animals. The author believes that our four-legged pets are sometimes unusually smart and are capable of surprising us with their behavior no less than people.
* The famous Russian writer M. Prishvin, in the story “Treacherous Sausage,” argued that if there is a four-legged friend in the house, the owner is obliged to be responsible for him, to educate him in order to avoid unpleasant misunderstandings and tragedies.
*WITH. Exupery wrote: “We are responsible for those we have tamed.”
* D. Granin, in an essay about the book of the English veterinarian D. Herriot “On All Creatures - Great and Small,” admires the work of this man, who day after day heals and sometimes saves our little brothers.
*In M. Moskvina’s story “Don’t Step on a Bug,” seventh-grader Zhenya learns that her classmates are killing dogs and giving them to businessmen to make hats. The girl asks: “What are people thinking about? How will they live?
* In the story “Vultures” by N. Leonov, an outwardly respectable young man, for the sake of self-affirmation, destroys animals, and then humans...
* In the works of V. Mayakovsky there is a wonderful poem about a horse that “fell on its croup.” The poet condemns people who do not notice in the turmoil of the city a fallen animal, which looks at everything upside down and understands that no one needs it. The author feels very sorry for the horse; he convinces the reader that not only people can suffer and worry. They just forget about it for some reason.
* In the story “Ors” Y. Bondarev tells how the owners killed a dog with a shovel just because it did not protect the apples in the garden from thieves.
The problem of attitude towards learning
*The famous publicist S. Soloveichik believes that “there are two types of activities in the world: learning with pain and learning with passion.” And it is learning with passion that leads to a “happy life.”
* An irresponsible attitude towards studies is shown in “The Minor” by D. Fonvizin.
*Famous publicist A.A. Zinoviev writes that computers “have become the omnipotent deities of our Global Humanity.” According to the author, they are considered the materialization of our spiritual life, our souls, a kind of “confessor” of our thoughts.
The problem of the future of the book
*The popular publicist S. Kuriu discussed in his essay “The Book and the Computer Age” whether the book will die given the development of modern information technologies. The author argued that a book is primarily a text, but in what format it is presented does not matter for the essence of the work.
* V. Soloukhin writes about the huge advantage of books over cinema. The reader, in his opinion, “directs” his own film; the film director does not impose on him the appearance of the characters. Thus, reading books is a more creative process than sitting in front of a “box,” when a person is more of a consumer than a creator.
I. Bukin is an Honored Artist of Russia, a famous entertainer, the author of the book “Well, burn me at the stake!...” In his work, he talks about how he walked up the ladder of success, as well as about such performers as A. Pugacheva, I. Kobzon and others, with whom he worked.
In N. Nadezhdin’s book “Fredie Mercury: “I Want to Become a Legend,” he presented the biography of the wonderful singer, leader of the group Queen, a unique voice, whose expressive style of singing will long be remembered by fans of his work.
V. Kholodkovsky in the book “House in Klin” spoke about the life and work of the great Russian composer P.I. Tchaikovsky.
*Modern publicist A. Varlamov believes that “a totalitarian offensive of yellowness is underway.” In contrast, it is necessary to publish literary magazines that will be called upon to preserve our main wealth - language, must make life facts a fact of literature, and present Russian life in all its richness from the western borders to the eastern.
*The well-known publicist V. Kutyrev believes that television is likened to the “gifts of the Danaans.” This is an illusory benefit that conceals a threat, depriving a person of joy and direct communication.
* V. Soloukhin wrote that the general fascination with television programs forms a consumer attitude towards art and reduces a person’s cognitive and creative activity. Entertainment programs are of greatest interest, while special programs are more likely to interest a non-specialist.
* I. Petrovsky in the essay “We are staying. Where should we go?” writes with regret that there are few truly talented, useful, interesting programs left on television. From year to year, the increasing disproportion between what the viewer needs and what is beneficial to television itself cannot but worry more or less thinking people.
*Love...What kind of feeling is this? Why do people deify him? Light, gentle bliss or all-consuming passion? This is a question to which we will search for an answer, perhaps throughout our lives. Let us recall the poetic lines of W. Shakespeare:
What is love?
Madness from fumes
Playing with fire leads to fire
Igniting a sea of tears,
Thought - for the sake of thoughtlessness,
Mixing poison and antidote...
*The famous publicist O. Kozhukhova wrote: “Love elevates and has mercy, but it also punishes with the objectivity of an impartial but strict judge, rejecting the insignificant, vile, petty. The power of attraction to a beloved being can overcome all obstacles and difficulties.”
In the cycle of poems “The Ballad of Love,” V. Vysotsky argued that a great feeling unites all lovers in a single Land of Love. The following lines sound unusually reverent:
I lay the fields in love's bed -
Let them sing in their dreams and in reality!...
I breathe, and that means I love! I love, and that means I live!
Love
Love is the greatest feeling, which generally works miracles, which creates new people, creates the greatest human values. A.S. Makarenko
Pepper:
The problem of the relationship between man and nature.
The role of nature in human life
The problem of environmental disaster
The problem is seeing beauty in the ordinary
Friendship
Story
The problem of preserving historical memory.
Attitude to cultural heritage The role of cultural traditions in the moral development of man Fathers and sons
The problem of disrespectful attitude of youth towards old age and old people. The problem of loneliness.
The problem of assessing talent by contemporaries.
Work
The problem of drug addiction.
The problem of love for one's country
The problem of choosing a profession.
Russian language
The problem of moral duty, moral choice.
The problem of the national spirit in tragic moments of history
War and Peace
The problem of the moral strength of a common soldier
The problem of the heroic everyday life of war
Literature and poetry
Mind, knowledge, book, science
The role of books in human life
good and evil
Good Speech
Conscience, morality
Youth, youth
Will, freedom
Heroism, exploits
Art
Sports, movement
HUMAN RESPONSIBILITY
The problem of responsibility.
Self-sacrifice. Love for one's neighbor.
Self-realization of a person. Life is like a struggle for happiness
False values
The problem of the development of science and technology
In everyone's hands fate peace
The role of personality in history
The impact of art on the spiritual development of a person
The educational function of art
Interpersonal relationships
Fear in human life
The problem of human rights and responsibilities
The problem of moral degradation of the individual
Man and scientific progress The role of science in modern life The spiritual consequences of scientific discoveries Scientific progress and moral qualities of man
Laws of social development. Man and power
Man and knowledge.
Problem of conscience
The role of example. Human education
The problem of spirituality
The problem of boorish attitude towards others (or (un)worthy behavior in society)
The problem of the influence of religion on human life
The problem of moral disgust
The problem of human stinginess
The problem of true and false human interest in culture
The influence of art and culture on humans
The problem of ethical aspects of human cloning
The problem of true and false education
The problem of heredity
The problem of the influence of scientific activity on human life and habits
The problem of the truth of art
The problem of timely education
The problem of attitude towards learning
The problem of the relationship between science and religion
The problem of human perception of the surrounding world
The problem of hypocrisy and sycophancy
The problem of bribery, lawlessness of officials
The problem of philistinism
The problem of the transience of human happiness
The problem of the influence of a teacher’s personality on the formation of students’ character
The problem of irresponsibility of officials
The problem of the Russian village
The problem of love of freedom
The problem of a person realizing superpowers
The problem of the relationship between the people and the authorities
The problem of courage and heroism in peacetime
The problem of heroism during the Great Patriotic War
The problem of heroism of people of peaceful professions during the years of HE
The problem of national unity during the Second World War
The prisoner of war problem
The problem of patriotism
The problem of true and false patriotism
The problem of geniuses confronting the world around them
The problem of the tragic situation of man in a totalitarian state
The role of personality in history
The problem of moral lessons from history
The problem of betrayal during the war years
Motherhood problem
The problem of the transformative power of parental love
The problem of parenting
The problem of the unmerciful attitude of adults towards children
Life and fate of women
The problem of finding the meaning of life
The problem of the moral health of the nation
The problem of the role of the intelligentsia in society
The problem of lonely old age
The problem of attitude towards the native language
The problem of inspiration.
Psychological problem of inferiority complex
The problem of fathers and children
The problem of human limitations
The problem of juvenile delinquency
The problem of the non-standard spiritual search of modern young people
The problem of the unity of peoples and cultures
The problem of crime based on interethnic hostility (or nationalism)
The problem of human perception of the animal world
The problem of human relations with animals
The problem of attitude towards learning
Computer abuse problem
The problem of the future of the book
The problem of educating true masters of the performing arts
The role of printed publications in modern Russia
The role of television in human life
The problem of relationships between women and men
Love
31.12.2020 “The work on writing essays 9.3 on the collection of tests for the OGE 2020, edited by I.P. Tsybulko, has been completed on the site’s forum.”
10.11.2019 - On the site forum, work on writing essays on the collection of tests for the Unified State Exam 2020, edited by I.P. Tsybulko, has ended.
20.10.2019 - On the site forum, work has begun on writing essays 9.3 on the collection of tests for the OGE 2020, edited by I.P. Tsybulko.
20.10.2019 - On the site forum, work has begun on writing essays on the collection of tests for the Unified State Exam 2020, edited by I.P. Tsybulko.
20.10.2019 - Friends, many materials on our website are borrowed from the books of Samara methodologist Svetlana Yuryevna Ivanova. Starting this year, all her books can be ordered and received by mail. She sends collections to all parts of the country. All you have to do is call 89198030991.
29.09.2019 - Over all the years of operation of our website, the most popular material from the Forum, dedicated to the essays based on the collection of I.P. Tsybulko 2019, has become the most popular. It was watched by more than 183 thousand people. Link >>
22.09.2019 - Friends, please note that the texts of presentations for the 2020 OGE will remain the same
15.09.2019 - A master class on preparing for the Final Essay in the direction of “Pride and Humility” has begun on the forum website.
10.03.2019 - On the site forum, work on writing essays on the collection of tests for the Unified State Exam by I.P. Tsybulko has been completed.
07.01.2019 - Dear visitors! In the VIP section of the site, we have opened a new subsection that will be of interest to those of you who are in a hurry to check (complete, clean up) your essay. We will try to check quickly (within 3-4 hours).
16.09.2017 - A collection of stories by I. Kuramshina “Filial Duty”, which also includes stories presented on the bookshelf of the Unified State Exam Traps website, can be purchased both electronically and in paper form via the link >>
09.05.2017 - Today Russia celebrates the 72nd anniversary of Victory in the Great Patriotic War! Personally, we have one more reason to be proud: it was on Victory Day, 5 years ago, that our website went live! And this is our first anniversary!
16.04.2017 - In the VIP section of the site, an experienced expert will check and correct your work: 1. All types of essays for the Unified State Exam in literature. 2. Essays on the Unified State Exam in Russian. P.S. The most profitable monthly subscription!
16.04.2017 - The work on writing a new block of essays based on the texts of the Obz has FINISHED on the site.
25.02 2017 - Work has begun on the site on writing essays based on the texts of OB Z. Essays on the topic “What is good?” You can already watch.
28.01.2017 - Ready-made condensed statements on the texts of the FIPI OBZ appeared on the website,
Duplicity is a common phenomenon, relevant for any time. Both in the past and in the present, many people hide their true thoughts, feelings and emotions under the guise of virtue. They behave in a way that is most beneficial to them, and they are indifferent to the feelings of others. Unfortunately, it is becoming increasingly rare to meet sincere, honest people.
A.P. Chekhov raises the problem of hypocrisy in this text. The main character of the story reflects on life and its problems. He is dissatisfied with life, considers it sad and unfair, pities the poor and scolds the rich. You might think that Polikarp Semyonovich is a generous and sympathetic person, ready to help anyone in need. But when the author begins to describe the real actions and words of the hero, we see that Judas is the same cold and proud person as those whom he condemns.
The writer uses the technique of a speaking surname, calling the hero Polycarp of Judas.
Judas Iscariot is one of the twelve disciples of Christ, who betrayed his teacher by deception. Like this biblical character, Polikarp Semyonovich deceives not only others, but also himself, reproaching people for what he himself does. With the help of the phraseology "crocodile tears" Chekhov emphasizes the insincerity and falsehood of the main character. After his long sad reasoning, Judah cries.
In the novel “Crime and Punishment” by F. M. Dostoevsky, Pyotr Petrovich Luzhin presents himself as a virtuous and caring person, while in fact he is vain and mercantile. He wooes poor Duna not at all out of love, but only in order to find a submissive and obsequious wife who will revere him. Luzhin explains his action by saying that a husband should not owe anything to his wife, and she, in turn, should consider her spouse to be her benefactor.
The hero named Molchalin in the comedy "Woe from Wit" also hides under the mask of falsehood. By order of his father, Alexey tries to please everyone, does not argue or interfere in conversations, so as not to do anything that could ruin his reputation. He does all this in order to earn the favor of influential people, to receive high rank and wealth. Those around him, especially Sonya, admire Molchalin’s meekness and modesty, although some guess about his low soul and intentions.
Thus, we see that hypocrisy can manifest itself in different ways and pursue different goals, but it always carries negativity. This text once again proves that two-faced people are vile and dishonest and that such people should be avoided.
Here we have selected for you popular problems regarding lying from texts for preparing for the Unified State Exam in the Russian language. The arguments revealing them are selected from Russian literature. You can download all this in table format at the end of the article or read them directly on this page with convenient navigation on problematic issues.
- One of the central themes in Gorky's play "At the Depths" is the problem of white lies. Thus, Luke and Satin represent two opposing points of view: to tell the truth, despite mental torment, or to lie, but with intent, implying compassion for “your neighbor.” The preacher consoled the inhabitants of the shelter and gave them hope, even if it was not supported by real reasons. But the sharper spoke out against such false healing; he told the truth head-on, without thinking about how his interlocutor would accept it. In his opinion, a real person must live with open eyes, without illusions. Since Luke capitulated with his philosophy and left those who believed him to their fate, we conclude that the author is on the side of Satin, that is, a lie cannot be justified by good.
- Sometimes in life there are situations that require lying to save yourself or a loved one. A.S. Pushkin in the novel “The Captain's Daughter” contrasts ordinary deception with the “white lie” that helped Masha Grineva escape from Emelyan Pugachev. If not for the cunning move of Pyotr Grinev, the innocent girl could have been executed. Each of us must distinguish between cases when bending our hearts means saving a person from terrible misfortune. Then we can go against the truth. But in other situations, when personal gain is involved, this trick is immoral and borders on a moral crime.
- Comedy A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit" also contains the theme of pretense and deception. The main character assumes the presence of lies, but only in cases where it is necessary to save true love. So, for example, Sophia deceives Famusov in order to secretly meet with his secretary. Her intentions are pure, but with this crookedness the girl approaches the hypocritical way of life of that society, whose morals are far from ideal. Her feeling turns out to be an exposed illusion, her knight turns out to be an ordinary swindler, and her lie turns out to be the first step into the secular world of falsehood and deception. So even a “white lie” does not lead to good, because a person cannot always figure out what is good.
False values
- False values are a boat without a life preserver. Victims of circumstances suffer because they did not realize their own mistake in time. Sofia Pavlovna - the main character Comedy A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit"- is a “hostage” of his own beliefs. So, Sophia’s ideal is the modest Molchalin, while Chatsky, who loves her all his life, is a person “not her type.” The collapse of her hopes for a future together with her father’s secretary collapses after she learns that Molchalin’s feelings are not reciprocated. This becomes a real tragedy, which Sophia cannot cope with due to her shock. Alas, her values turned out to be extracts from vulgar novels, and not real truths that guide a person.
- Often, false values can play a cruel joke on the entire society. For example, in N. Gogol's comedy "The Inspector General" people are accustomed to building their own future on greed, hypocrisy and self-interest. They were engaged in embezzlement for many years. Their desire to appear before the auditor in the role of respectable managers is an opportunity to save their place, but, having given their savings to the impostor, they found themselves captive to their own values. Because of them, they found themselves in a comical situation, which turned out to be a complete failure for them.
- A.S. Pushkin in the novel "The Captain's Daughter" contrasts morality and ethics with false values. For example, Pyotr Grinev did not tarnish his honor even when he was threatened with execution. The same cannot be said about Shvabrin, who went over his head for personal wealth - this suggests that false values kill in a person everything that connects him with people. Alexey followed the path of selfishness and reached the collapse of his desires and hopes, because society turned its back on him.
- The same person can contain both virtue and commercialism, but what exactly prevails in him? F tried to answer this question. Dostoevsky in the novel “Crime and Punishment”, where Pyotr Luzhin simply plays the role of a “decent person,” when in fact he is “low and disgusting.” His desire to woo Duna is explained not by “love”, but by the desire to have a pliable wife who will revere his every word. However, he strenuously pretends that this is not so. The hypocrisy and meanness in his behavior, fortunately, were noticed before Dunya's fatal mistake, so Peter was expelled in disgrace.
- In A. Chekhov's story “Tears of a Crocodile” we can see both hypocrisy and duplicity. The main character, Polycarp Judas, “suffers” from the injustice of the lives of poor people, while he himself rips them off to the last thread. “Crocodile tears” is a common expression that signifies the grief of an insincere person such as Judah. His behavior cannot be justified in any way.
- An outwardly wealthy person from a material point of view may not be the same “wealthy” in the soul. This is what he says L. Tolstoy in the novel “War and Peace”, where Prince Vasily does everything based on his own benefit. Even coming to Anna Pavlovna did not mean “secular politeness”, but the possibility of settling their children. He deceives Pierre, almost robs him, miraculously not having time to intercept the will of the old count. But in words the hero is always exquisitely courteous and kind, he has a high position and a good reputation.
- The problem of remorse for telling a lie is clearly visible in the story by V. Astafiev “The Horse with a Pink Mane”. The main character, the boy Vitya, must collect a basket of berries to get the coveted gingerbread, but the guys persuade him to collect grass and put berries on top. The boy is tormented by his conscience for a long time, and he decides to confess to a deliberate lie - this suggests that Vitya is capable of admitting his own mistake, and this is an undoubted step towards the “highest moral ideal.”
- A similar example can be seen on the pages V. Bykov's story "Sotnikov". Throughout the story, the author introduces us to several characters, and one of them recalls the incident with his father’s Mauser, from which he fired. Having admitted the mistake, he still feels remorse for the lie, which was that his mother pushed him to the “truth”, and not his desire.
- A similar example can be found on the pages of the novel M.Yu. Lermontov "Hero of Our Time", where Grushnitsky’s slander against Princess Mary for the sake of revenge on Pechorin dissolves in justice. Deciding to switch the duelist's weapon, the dishonest man becomes exposed. Gregory realized that his friend wanted to win the battle by deception. Then the inactive weapon goes to the deceiver himself. Grushnitsky dies, and Pechorin draws disappointing conclusions.
- In A. Ostrovsky's play "Dowry" the main character wants to deceive herself by marrying an unloved person. She becomes his bride, mechanically preparing for an unwanted wedding. However, at the engagement dinner, she is again overcome by an attraction to Paratov, who invites Larisa to the Swallow. She abandons her obligations and sets sail to her death. The next morning, the insulted groom killed her, and she could only thank him for this, because she was disgraced and abandoned to the mercy of fate. Alas, it is impossible to build happiness on lies. Interesting? Save it on your wall!
The Problem of Hypocrisy
Remorse of a deceiver
Consequences of lying
Russian literature has given us a cavalcade of both positive and negative characters. We decided to remember the second group. Beware, spoilers.
20. Alexey Molchalin (Alexander Griboedov, “Woe from Wit”)
Molchalin is the hero “about nothing”, Famusov’s secretary. He is faithful to his father’s behest: “to please all people without exception - the owner, the boss, his servant, the janitor’s dog.”
In a conversation with Chatsky, he sets out his life principles, which consist in the fact that “at my age I should not dare to have my own judgment.”
Molchalin is sure that you need to think and act as is customary in “Famus” society, otherwise people will gossip about you, and, as you know, “evil tongues are worse than pistols.”
He despises Sophia, but in order to please Famusov, he is ready to sit with her all night long, playing the role of a lover.
19. Grushnitsky (Mikhail Lermontov, “Hero of Our Time”)
Grushnitsky has no name in Lermontov's story. He is the “double” of the main character - Pechorin. According to Lermontov’s description, Grushnitsky is “... one of those people who have ready-made pompous phrases for all occasions, who are not touched by simply beautiful things and who are importantly draped in extraordinary feelings, sublime passions and exceptional suffering. Producing an effect is their pleasure...”
Grushnitsky loves pathos very much. There is not an ounce of sincerity in him. Grushnitsky is in love with Princess Mary, and at first she responds to him with special attention, but then falls in love with Pechorin.
The matter ends in a duel. Grushnitsky is so low that he conspires with his friends and they do not load Pechorin’s pistol. The hero cannot forgive such outright meanness. He reloads the pistol and kills Grushnitsky.
18. Afanasy Totsky (Fyodor Dostoevsky, “The Idiot”)
Afanasy Totsky, having taken Nastya Barashkova, the daughter of a deceased neighbor, as his upbringing and dependent, eventually “became close to her,” developing a suicidal complex in the girl and indirectly becoming one of the culprits of her death.
Extremely averse to the female sex, at the age of 55 Totsky decided to connect his life with the daughter of General Epanchin Alexandra, deciding to marry Nastasya to Ganya Ivolgin. However, neither one nor the other case burned out. As a result, Totsky “was captivated by a visiting Frenchwoman, a marquise and a legitimist.”
17. Alena Ivanovna (Fyodor Dostoevsky, “Crime and Punishment”)
The old pawnbroker is a character who has become a household name. Even those who have not read Dostoevsky’s novel have heard about it. Alena Ivanovna, by today’s standards, is not that old, she is “about 60 years old,” but the author describes her like this: “... a dry old woman with sharp and angry eyes with a small pointed nose... Her blond, slightly gray hair was greasy with oil. Some kind of flannel rag was wrapped around her thin and long neck, similar to a chicken leg...”
The old woman pawnbroker is engaged in usury and makes money from people's misfortune. She takes valuable things at huge interest rates, bullies her younger sister Lizaveta, and beats her.
16. Arkady Svidrigailov (Fyodor Dostoevsky, “Crime and Punishment”)
Svidrigailov is one of Raskolnikov’s doubles in Dostoevsky’s novel, a widower, at one time he was bought out of prison by his wife, he lived in the village for 7 years. A cynical and depraved person. On his conscience is the suicide of a servant, a 14-year-old girl, and possibly the poisoning of his wife.
Due to Svidrigailov's harassment, Raskolnikov's sister lost her job. Having learned that Raskolnikov is a murderer, Luzhin blackmails Dunya. The girl shoots at Svidrigailov and misses.
Svidrigailov is an ideological scoundrel, he does not experience moral torment and experiences “world boredom,” eternity seems to him like a “bathhouse with spiders.” As a result, he commits suicide with a revolver shot.
15. Kabanikha (Alexander Ostrovsky, “The Thunderstorm”)
In the image of Kabanikha, one of the central characters of the play “The Thunderstorm,” Ostrovsky reflected the outgoing patriarchal, strict archaism. Kabanova Marfa Ignatievna, “a rich merchant’s wife, widow,” mother-in-law of Katerina, mother of Tikhon and Varvara.
Kabanikha is very domineering and strong, she is religious, but more outwardly, since she does not believe in forgiveness or mercy. She is as practical as possible and lives by earthly interests.
Kabanikha is sure that the family way of life can be maintained only through fear and orders: “After all, out of love your parents are strict with you, out of love they scold you, everyone thinks to teach you good.” She perceives the departure of the old order as a personal tragedy: “This is how the old times come to be... What will happen, how the elders will die... I don’t know.”
14. Lady (Ivan Turgenev, “Mumu”)
We all know the sad story about how Gerasim drowned Mumu, but not everyone remembers why he did it, but he did it because the oppressive lady ordered him to do so.
The same landowner had previously given the washerwoman Tatyana, with whom Gerasim was in love, to the drunken shoemaker Capiton, which ruined both of them.
The lady, at her own discretion, decides the fate of her serfs, without regard at all to their wishes, and sometimes even to common sense.
13. Footman Yasha (Anton Chekhov, “The Cherry Orchard”)
The footman Yasha in Anton Chekhov's play “The Cherry Orchard” is an unpleasant character. He openly worships everything foreign, while he is extremely ignorant, rude and even boorish. When his mother comes to him from the village and waits for him in the people’s room all day, Yasha dismissively declares: “It’s really necessary, she could come tomorrow.”
Yasha tries to behave decently in public, tries to seem educated and well-mannered, but at the same time alone with Firs he says to the old man: “I'm tired of you, grandfather. I wish you would die soon.”
Yasha is very proud that he lived abroad. With his foreign polish, he wins the heart of the maid Dunyasha, but uses her location for his own benefit. After the sale of the estate, the footman persuades Ranevskaya to take him with her to Paris again. It is impossible for him to stay in Russia: “the country is uneducated, the people are immoral, and, moreover, boredom...”.
12. Pavel Smerdyakov (Fyodor Dostoevsky, “The Brothers Karamazov”)
Smerdyakov is a character with a telling surname, rumored to be the illegitimate son of Fyodor Karrmazov from the city holy fool Lizaveta Smerdyashchaya. The surname Smerdyakov was given to him by Fyodor Pavlovich in honor of his mother.
Smerdyakov serves as a cook in Karamazov’s house, and he cooks, apparently, quite well. However, this is a “foulbrood man.” This is evidenced at least by Smerdyakov’s reasoning about history: “In the twelfth year there was a great invasion of Russia by Emperor Napoleon of France the First, and it would be good if these same French had conquered us then, a smart nation would have conquered a very stupid one and annexed it to itself. There would even be completely different orders.”
Smerdyakov is the killer of Karamazov's father.
11. Pyotr Luzhin (Fyodor Dostoevsky, “Crime and Punishment”)
Luzhin is another one of Rodion Raskolnikov’s doubles, a business man of 45 years old, “with a cautious and grumpy physiognomy.”
Having made it “from rags to riches,” Luzhin is proud of his pseudo-education and behaves arrogantly and primly. Having proposed to Dunya, he anticipates that she will be grateful to him all her life for the fact that he “brought her into the public eye.”
He also wooes Duna out of convenience, believing that she will be useful to him for his career. Luzhin hates Raskolnikov because he opposes his alliance with Dunya. Luzhin puts one hundred rubles in Sonya Marmeladova's pocket at her father's funeral, accusing her of theft.
10. Kirila Troekurov (Alexander Pushkin, “Dubrovsky”)
Troekurov is an example of a Russian master spoiled by his power and environment. He spends his time in idleness, drunkenness, and voluptuousness. Troekurov sincerely believes in his impunity and limitless possibilities (“This is the power to take away property without any right”).
The master loves his daughter Masha, but marries her to an old man she doesn’t love. Troekurov's serfs are similar to their master - Troekurov's hound is insolent to Dubrovsky Sr. - and thereby quarrels old friends.
9. Sergei Talberg (Mikhail Bulgakov, “The White Guard”)
Sergei Talberg is the husband of Elena Turbina, a traitor and an opportunist. He easily changes his principles and beliefs, without much effort or remorse. Talberg is always where it is easier to live, so he runs abroad. He leaves his family and friends. Even Talberg’s eyes (which, as is known, are the “mirror of the soul”) are “two-story”; he is the complete opposite of Turbin.
Thalberg was the first to wear the red bandage at the military school in March 1917 and, as a member of the military committee, arrested the famous General Petrov.
8. Alexey Shvabrin (Alexander Pushkin, “The Captain's Daughter”)
Shvabrin is the antipode of the main character of Pushkin’s story “The Captain’s Daughter” by Pyotr Grinev. He was exiled to the Belogorsk fortress for murder in a duel. Shvabrin is undoubtedly smart, but at the same time he is cunning, impudent, cynical, and mocking. Having received Masha Mironova’s refusal, he spreads dirty rumors about her, wounds him in the back in a duel with Grinev, goes over to Pugachev’s side, and, having been captured by government troops, spreads rumors that Grinev is a traitor. In general, he is a rubbish person.
7. Vasilisa Kostyleva (Maxim Gorky, “At the Depths”)
In Gorky's play "At the Bottom" everything is sad and sad. This atmosphere is diligently maintained by the owners of the shelter where the action takes place - the Kostylevs. The husband is a nasty, cowardly and greedy old man, his wife Vasilisa is a calculating, resourceful opportunist who forces her lover Vaska Pepel to steal for her sake. When she finds out that he himself is in love with her sister, he promises to give her up in exchange for killing her husband.
6. Mazepa (Alexander Pushkin, “Poltava”)
Mazepa is a historical character, but if in history Mazepa’s role is ambiguous, then in Pushkin’s poem Mazepa is definitely a negative character. Mazepa appears in the poem as an absolutely immoral, dishonest, vindictive, evil person, as a treacherous hypocrite for whom nothing is sacred (he “does not know the sacred,” “does not remember charity”), a person accustomed to achieving his goal at any cost.
The seducer of his young goddaughter Maria, he puts her father Kochubey to public execution and - already sentenced to death - subjects her to cruel torture in order to find out where he hid his treasures. Without equivocation, Pushkin also denounces Mazepa’s political activity, which is determined only by the lust for power and the thirst for revenge on Peter.
5. Foma Opiskin (Fyodor Dostoevsky, “The Village of Stepanchikovo and Its Inhabitants”)
Foma Opiskin is an extremely negative character. A hanger-on, a hypocrite, a liar. He diligently pretends to be pious and educated, tells everyone about his supposedly ascetic experience and sparkles with quotes from books...
When he gains power, he shows his true nature. “A low soul, having come out from under oppression, oppresses itself. Thomas was oppressed - and he immediately felt the need to oppress himself; They broke down over him - and he himself began to break down over others. He was a jester and immediately felt the need to have his own jesters. He boasted to the point of absurdity, broke down to the point of impossibility, demanded bird's milk, tyrannized beyond measure, and it got to the point that good people, not yet having witnessed all these tricks, but listening only to stories, considered it all a miracle, an obsession, were baptized and spat..."
4. Viktor Komarovsky (Boris Pasternak, Doctor Zhivago)
Lawyer Komarovsky is a negative character in Boris Pasternak's novel Doctor Zhivago. In the destinies of the main characters - Zhivago and Lara, Komarovsky is an “evil genius” and a “gray eminence”. He is guilty of the ruin of the Zhivago family and the death of the protagonist's father; he cohabits with Lara's mother and Lara herself. Finally, Komarovsky tricks Zhivago into separating him from his wife. Komarovsky is smart, calculating, greedy, cynical. Overall, a bad person. He understands this himself, but this suits him quite well.
3. Judushka Golovlev (Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin, “The Golovlev Lords”)
Porfiry Vladimirovich Golovlev, nicknamed Judas and Blood Drinker, is “the last representative of an escapist family.” He is hypocritical, greedy, cowardly, calculating. He spends his life in endless slander and litigation, drives his son to suicide, and at the same time imitates extreme religiosity, reading prayers “without the participation of the heart.”
Towards the end of his dark life, Golovlev gets drunk and runs wild, and goes into the March snowstorm. In the morning, his frozen corpse is found.
2. Andriy (Nikolai Gogol, “Taras Bulba”)
Andriy is the youngest son of Taras Bulba, the hero of the story of the same name by Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol. Andriy, as Gogol writes, from early youth began to feel the “need for love.” This need fails him. He falls in love with the lady, betrays his homeland, his friends, and his father. Andriy admits: “Who said that my homeland is Ukraine? Who gave it to me in my homeland? The Fatherland is what our soul is looking for, what is dearer to it than anything else. My fatherland is you!... and I will sell, give away, and destroy everything that I have for such a fatherland!”
Andriy is a traitor. He is killed by his own father.
1. Fyodor Karamazov (Fyodor Dostoevsky, “The Brothers Karamazov”)
He is voluptuous, greedy, envious, stupid. By maturity, he became flabby, began to drink a lot, opened several taverns, made many fellow countrymen his debtors... He began to compete with his eldest son Dmitry for the heart of Grushenka Svetlova, which paved the way for the crime - Karamazov was killed by his illegitimate son Pyotr Smerdyakov.