Many cultural concepts are based on material manifestations of the people's consciousness: household items, clothing, the manner of building houses, and so on. It is quite obvious that these phenomena are studied by scientists as closely as possible, starting from external manifestations and ending with the sacred meaning inherent in them.
Ornaments are of particular interest in this regard, since they simultaneously identify a particular culture or nationality, and at the same time are common to completely different, sometimes diametrically opposed cultures.
Types of ornaments
At this stage of development of cultural studies, it is customary to distinguish four main types of these decorative elements. One of the most common is considered a geometric pattern, which is characterized by an abundance of clear lines, dots and geometric shapes.
The next most popular is the floral ornament, which is based on the image of various leaves or flowers arranged in a certain order and specific shapes. This type of decoration of clothing and household items is very characteristic of our Slavic culture.
Zoomorphic ornaments have become approximately as widespread as floral ornaments. In a sense, they are even close to each other, since elements of flora are often found in this kind of images. However, the main emphasis in this case is on animals (both real and fictional).
Finally, culturologists distinguish the so-called anthropomorphic type of ornament, the concept of which is based on a person.
In this article we will define what a floral ornament is, what cultures it is typical for and what it symbolizes.
Historical roots
In general, the depiction of flora elements is characteristic of almost all cultures, since this tradition is directly related to the concept of the world tree.
This cult is considered one of the oldest and most widespread. For the Slavs in the era of paganism, it occupied one of the dominant places, being the basis of the worldview as a whole.
Egyptian culture
Floral ornamentation was also characteristic of the culture of Ancient Egypt. Some researchers even argue that this particular part of the globe and culture can be called the birthplace of floristic patterns, due to extremely favorable natural conditions.
The Egyptians depicted mainly lotus and reed, which were the most common and revered as sacred plants.
Art of the East
Floral ornaments were no less popular among the Sumerians and Assyrians. Most often, these peoples depicted daisies and daisies, which, from their point of view, personified the sun. You could also often find images of cones, pomegranates, palm trees and ears of corn.
Persian tradition
If in previous cases the image was quite schematic, then in this case there is a much greater desire for a naturalistic image. Floral ornaments of Persian decor most often included carnations, anemones and daffodils.
Ancient Greece
Naturally, one cannot help but say that such elements were very often used in Hellenic culture. Along with geometric figures, there were also floral ornaments and patterns depicting palm, laurel branches, vines and even algae, which is directly related to the territorial location of Greece.
Slavic culture
As mentioned earlier, our culture is also completely no stranger to the use of this kind of elements. Floral ornaments and patterns are most firmly established in Ukrainian culture, but before that they were actively used by all Slavs.
Most often, plants were depicted such as hops, poppy, wheat ears, periwinkle, oak and grape leaves, and viburnum. As a rule, these elements were depicted in red on a white background.
Secret meaning
It is quite obvious that the floral elements of the ornament were never depicted as simple decoration. From time immemorial, the image of this or that figure or phenomenon had a hidden sacred meaning. Viburnum on clothes and household items, for example, symbolized not only cosmic harmony, but also prosperity, health and strength of the family.
Oak leaves embroidered on men's shirts and towels were supposed to bring strength and courage to their owners.
Grape leaves and bunches meant the strength and happiness of the family, healthy offspring and all sorts of benefits associated with the family hearth. Poppies were supposed to protect the owner from evil in all its manifestations.
Ornament stripes
As you know, there are two main ways to depict symbolic elements - in the form of a single line (parts of the pattern follow one after another) and circular.
The floral pattern in the strip represents constant repetition and alternation of various elements. Wheat ears, for example, can alternate with hops. This kind of arrangement was most often used in clothing, since it had a kind of protective function. As a rule, patterns of this type were placed on cuffs, belts, at the collar and on skirts. Girdling with plant elements was extremely important for the people, which in many respects has been preserved to this day.
Linear images were also used in home decoration - often plant elements can be found around the perimeter of doors, on house shutters, tables and other interior items.
Circular image
Along with the above method of application and placement, there was another. An ornament in a circle, floral or otherwise, was more often used in decorating dishes and jewelry, although in meaning it did not differ from patterns made in stripes.
The circular image of certain elements also symbolized the cyclicality, repetition and infinity of life.
An ornament in a stripe is a rhythmically repeating pattern located in a limited space, in a stripe. It is intended for decorating utensils, furniture, weapons, clothing, wallpaper, picture frames, printed materials, and even as a tattoo.
Geometric striped ornament
There are many directions in fine art. Along with realism, there are cubism, symbolism, abstraction and similar movements. The ornament in the strip also has conventional divisions. It can be figurative and non-figurative, that is, geometric. Skills in this area of fine art develop a sense of beauty, a sense of space, symmetry, understanding and use of the “golden ratio” rule.
The strip is made up of circles, diamonds, squares, lines, segments and their combinations. The first compilation skills can begin to be instilled in early childhood by making applications. First, children are asked to repeat the striped pattern from the presented sample. Gradually, children should be given more opportunities for creativity. Let them experiment and create their own ornaments, based on their taste and imagination. Examples of what patterns can be made using only a background and identical triangles are presented in this figure.
in the strip
If the motifs of the pattern use specific objects taken from the real world, for example, the shapes of plants, humans or animals, houses or ships, then such patterns are classified as figurative. Of course, reality in this is not reproduced with accuracy. Images are simplified, stylized, typified, approaching geometrization. Fine ornaments, in turn, are divided into plant, floral, zoomorphic, anthropomorphic, object and mixed. In addition to directly real objects, multidirectional lines, curls and fantasy decorations are woven into the pattern. Most often, mixed ornaments are presented, where branches and leaves, butterflies and birds are depicted.
Floral kaleidoscope pattern
A variety of types of patterns are used by artists to create carpet designs. What is most surprising is that geometry, one might even say physics, helps many artists in this difficult task. Once upon a time, a children's kaleidoscope toy was invented. There were mirrors inside it, and shards of multi-colored glass were poured onto the bottom. When the “tube” was turned, the fragments formed some kind of motif, which, repeated many times by the reflections of the mirrors, appeared to the beholder in an amazing, unique fairy-tale light. Many ornament designers work on this principle. Having folded the paper circle several times in such a way as to form a sector - a part limited by two radii and an arc, the artist depicts a motif on it. By copying it to all other sectors, you can get a real miracle! If you want to make a striped ornament, it is quite appropriate to use this circle as a repeating motif. You just need to fill the resulting voids with a simple small ornamental motif.
State budgetary educational institution
primary vocational education
Professional Lyceum No. 24, Sibay
Methodological development of a lesson in the discipline
“Fundamentals of composition and color science”
on the topic of: « Ornament. Types of ornaments"
Developed by: master of training I qualification category
G.K. Zainulina
EXPLANATORY NOTE
Modern world culture is the owner of a huge heritage in the field of all types of fine arts. While studying the greatest monuments of architecture, painting, sculpture and decorative and applied art, one cannot ignore another area of artistic creativity. We are talking about ornament. Using the role of a particular object, an ornament (Latin: Ornamentum - decoration) cannot exist separately outside a specific work of art; it has applied functions. A work of art is the object itself, decorated with ornaments.
Upon careful study of the role and function of the ornament, it becomes obvious that its significance in the system of expressive means of a work of art is much greater than the decorative function, and is not limited to its applied nature. Unlike color, texture, plasticity, which cannot exist outside a certain object without losing its imagery, an ornament can retain it even in fragments or when redrawn. In addition, a number of ornamental motifs are characterized by stability, which allows a certain motif to be used over a long period of time and on various objects, in different materials, without depriving it of the logic of its ornamental form.
Ornament is part of the material culture of society. Careful study and mastery of the rich heritage of this component of world artistic culture contributes to the development of artistic taste, the formation of ideas in the field of cultural history, and makes the inner world more significant. The creative development of decorative and ornamental art of previous eras enriches the practice of modern artists and architects.
Lesson topic. Ornament. Types of ornaments.
Lesson objectives. 1. Familiarization of students with ornament and its types. Tell
about the structure of ornaments, about the diversity and unity of ornaments
tal motives of countries and peoples.
2. Formation of skills and knowledge. Develop analytical skills
work, establish connections and relationships. Develop skills
plan your activities, students' memory.
3. Cultivate affability and friendliness. Form a message
strikingness, responsibility and determination.
Lesson type. Lesson on communicating new material.
Educational and methodological support and technical support. Textbook by N.M. Sokolnikov “Fine Arts”, “Fundamentals of Composition”, illustrations, reproductions of great artists.
During the classes
1. Organizational moment.
a) checking the attendance of students according to the magazine;
b) checking appearance;
c) checking the availability of educational supplies.
2. Checking homework.
Frontal survey:
a) What is coloristics (color science)?
b) Tell us about the history of the development of color science.
c) What contribution did Leonardo da Vinci make to the history of color development?
d) Tell us about Leonardo da Vinci’s idea of a six-color color scheme.
e) What contribution to the history of the development of color science did Newton, Roger de Pille, M.V. Lomonosov and Runge make?
3. Communication of new material.
Ornament is a pattern built on rhythmic alternation and organized arrangement of elements.
The term "ornament" is related to the word "decoration". Depending on the nature of the motifs, the following types of ornaments are distinguished: geometric, floral, zoomorphic, anthropomorphic and combined.
Rhythm in an ornament is the alternation of pattern elements in a certain sequence.
The pattern can be flat or voluminous. A flat pattern is created by completely or partially superimposing one shape on another by interpenetrating these shapes.
A flat pattern can be repeated many times. This repetition is called motive, or rapport.
The most common ornaments are ribbon, mesh and compositionally closed.
A ribbon (strip) ornament is constructed from identical, repeating or alternating elements located along a curve or straight line.
Repeating elements of the same size create monotony and uniformity of rhythm, alternating elements give rise to a more “live” composition with an increasing and wave-like rhythm.
Alternating or repeating elements can be different in size, that is, they are built on the contrast of shapes (large, medium, small) with their different movements. Contrast helps to identify the figurative characteristics of the forms used.
Contrast can also manifest itself in the distribution of black and white spots of tone, when some spots are strengthened and others are weakened.
The principle of light contrast is of great importance, which is expressed in the fact that any color darkens on light, and brightens on dark. This phenomenon applies to varying degrees to both achromatic (black and white) and chromatic colors.
The ribbon pattern can be in the form of a horizontal, vertical or inclined strip. This type of ornament is characterized by openness, that is, the importance of its continuation. Let us consistently trace how a striped pattern is constructed, located vertically, horizontally or in the form of an inclined strip. We draw a strip for the required width of the ornament, dividing it into squares and rectangles, respectively, and draw axes of symmetry in them. Then we place pre-stylized forms, taken, for example, from sketches of plants, on a plane, building alternating elements of the ornament.
After that, we see if we are satisfied with what happened. If not, add smaller or medium-sized forms (according to the three-component principle of these forms).
When completing the composition, you need to determine where the darkest and lightest spots will be, how they will be repeated on the plane, where the gray spots will be located and whether they will complement the dark or light elements of the ornament.
The basis of the mesh ornament is a cell with an ornamental motif inscribed in it - rapport. The cell size may vary.
Mesh patterns are more typical for fabrics. A cell can be repeated many times. The mesh pattern is constructed similarly to the strip pattern. The main task in its construction is to correctly apply the axes of symmetry.
Symmetry in art is the precise pattern of arrangement of objects or parts of an artistic whole.
Origin History
Ornament(Latin ornemantum - decoration) - a pattern based on repetition and alternation of its constituent elements; intended for decorating various objects. Ornament is one of the oldest types of human visual activity, which in the distant past carried symbolic and magical meaning and symbolism. In those days when people switched to a sedentary lifestyle and began to make tools and household items. The desire to decorate your home is common to people of any era. And yet, in ancient applied art, the magical element prevailed over the aesthetic, acting as a talisman against the elements and evil forces. Apparently, the very first ornament adorned a vessel made of clay, when the invention of the potter's wheel was still far away. And such an ornament consisted of a series of simple dents made on the neck with a finger at approximately an equal distance from each other... naturally, these dents could not make the vessel more convenient to use. However, they made it more interesting (pleasant to the eye) and, most importantly, “protected” it from the penetration of evil spirits through the neck. The same applies to decorating clothes. Magic signs on it protected the human body from evil forces. Therefore, it is not surprising that spell patterns were placed on the collar, sleeves, and hem. The emergence of ornament goes back centuries and, for the first time, its traces were recorded in the Paleolithic era (15-10 thousand years BC). In Neolithic culture, ornament had already reached a wide variety of forms and began to dominate. Over time, ornament loses its dominant position and cognitive significance, retaining, however, an important organizing and decorating role in the system of plastic creativity. Each era, style, and successively emerging national culture developed its own system; therefore, ornament is a reliable sign that works belong to a certain time, people, or country. The purpose of the ornament was determined - to decorate. Ornament reaches special development where conventional forms of reflecting reality predominate: in the Ancient East, in pre-Columbian America, in Asian cultures of antiquity and the Middle Ages, in the European Middle Ages. In folk art, since ancient times, stable principles and forms of ornament have been developing, which largely determine national artistic traditions. For example, in India, the ancient art of rangoli (alpona) - an ornamental design - prayer has been preserved.
Types and types of ornament
There are four types of ornaments:
Geometric ornament. Geometric pattern consists of dots, lines and geometric shapes.
Floral ornament. The floral ornament is made up of stylized leaves, flowers, fruits, branches, etc.
Zoomorphic ornament. Zoomorphic ornament includes stylized images of real or fantastic animals.
Anthropomorphic ornament. Anthropomorphic ornament uses male and female stylized figures or individual parts of the human body as motifs.
Types:
Ornament in a strip with linear vertical or horizontal alternation of motif (ribbon). This includes friezes, borders, frames, borders, etc.
Closed ornament. It is arranged in a rectangle, square or circle (rosette). The motif in it either does not have a repetition, or is repeated with a rotation on the plane (the so-called rotational symmetry).
TO geometric include ornaments whose motifs consist of various geometric shapes, lines and their combinations.
Geometric shapes do not exist in nature. Geometric correctness is an achievement of the human mind, a method of abstraction. Any geometrically correct forms look mechanical, dead. The fundamental basis of almost any geometric form is a really existing form, generalized and simplified to the limit. One of the main ways to create a geometric ornament is the gradual simplification and schematization (stylization) of motifs that were originally of a figurative nature.
Elements of geometric patterns: lines - straight, broken, curved; geometric shapes - triangles, squares, rectangles, circles, ellipses, as well as complex shapes obtained from combinations of simple shapes.
Fine is an ornament whose motifs reproduce specific objects and forms of the real world - plants (floral ornament), animals (zoomorphic motifs), humans (anthropomorphic motifs), etc. Real motifs of nature in the ornament are significantly processed, and not reproduced, as in painting or graphics. In ornamentation, natural forms require one or another measure of simplification, stylization, typification and, ultimately, geometrization. This is probably due to the repeated repetition of the ornamental motif.
Nature and the world around us lie at the heart of ornamental art. In the creative process of designing an ornament, one has to discard unimportant details and details of objects and leave only the general, most characteristic and distinctive features. For example, a chamomile or sunflower flower may look simplified in the ornament.
The natural form is transformed by the power of imagination with the help of conventional forms, lines, spots into something completely new. The existing form is simplified to an extremely generalized, familiar geometric form. This makes it possible to repeat the shape of the ornament many times. What was lost by the natural form during simplification and generalization returns to it through the use of artistic ornamental means: rhythmic turns, different scales, flatness of the image, coloristic solutions of forms in the ornament.
How does the transformation of natural forms into ornamental motifs occur? First, a sketch is made from life, conveying the similarities and details as accurately as possible (the “photography” stage). The meaning of transformation is the transition from a sketch to a conventional form. This is the second stage - transformation, stylization of the motif. Thus, stylization in ornament is the art of transformation. From one sketch you can extract various ornamental solutions.
The method of forming an ornament and the choice of ornamental forms, as a rule, are consistent with the capabilities of the visual medium.
Regularities of compositional constructions
THE CONCEPT OF ORNAMENT COMPOSITION
Composition(from Latin composito) - composition, arrangement, construction; the structure of a work of art, determined by its content, nature and purpose.
Creating a composition from scraps of fabric means choosing an ornamental and color theme, design, plot, determining the overall and internal dimensions of the work, as well as the relative position of its parts.
Ornamental composition- this is the composition, construction, structure of the pattern.
The elements of an ornamental composition and at the same time its means of expression include: point, spot, line, color, texture. These elements (means) of composition in the work are transformed into ornamental motifs.
Speaking about the patterns of ornamental compositions, first of all we need to talk about proportions. Proportions determine other patterns of constructing ornamental compositions (meaning rhythm, plasticity, symmetry and asymmetry, statics and dynamics.
RHYTHM AND PLASTIC
Rhythm in an ornamental composition the pattern of alternation and repetition of motifs, figures and intervals between them is called. Rhythm is the main organizing principle of any ornamental composition. The most important characteristic of an ornament is the rhythmic repetition of motifs and elements of these motifs, their tilts and turns, the surfaces of the spots of the motifs and the intervals between them.
Rhythmic organization- this is the relative position of motifs on the compositional plane. Rhythm organizes a kind of movement in the ornament: transitions from small to large, from simple to complex, from light to dark, or repetition of the same shapes at equal or different intervals. Rhythm can be:
1) metric (uniform);
2) uneven.
Depending on the rhythm, the pattern becomes static or dynamic.
Rhythmic structure determines the rhythm of motives in vertical and horizontal rows, the number of motives, the plastic characteristics of the form of motives, the features of the arrangement of motives in rapport.
Motive- part of the ornament, its main forming element.
Ornamental compositions in which the motif is repeated at regular intervals are called rapport.
Rapport- minimal and simple in shape area occupied by the motif and the gap to the adjacent motif.
The regular repetition of rapport vertically and horizontally forms a rapport grid. The rapports are adjacent to each other, without overlapping each other and leaving no gaps.
Depending on the shape of the surface they decorate, the ornaments are: monorapport or closed; linear-rapport or tape; mesh-rapport or mesh.
Monoportrait ornaments represent final figures (for example, coat of arms, emblem, etc.).
In linear-rapport ornaments, the motif (rapport) is repeated along one straight line. A ribbon pattern is a pattern whose elements create a rhythmic sequence that fits into a two-way tape.
Mesh-rapport ornaments have two transfer axes - horizontal and vertical. A reticular pattern is a pattern whose elements are located along many axes of transfer and create movement in all directions. The simplest mesh-rapport ornament is a grid of parallelograms.
In complex ornaments, it is always possible to identify a grid, the nodes of which make up a certain system of ornamental points. Rapports of complex shape are constructed as follows. In one of the repeats of a rectangular grid, broken or curved lines are drawn from the outside to the right and top sides, and the same lines are drawn to the left and bottom, but inside the cell. Thus, a complex structure is obtained, the area of which is equal to a rectangle.
These figures fill the area of the ornament without gaps.
The composition of the mesh ornament is based on five systems (grids): square, rectangular, regular triangular, rhombic and oblique parallelogram.
In order to determine the type of grid, you need to connect repeating
ornamental elements.
A rhythmic row presupposes the presence of at least three or four ornamental elements, since a row that is too short cannot fulfill
organizing role in composition.
The novelty of the composition of the ornament, as noted by the famous expert in the field of the theory of ornament on fabric V.M. Shugaev, is manifested not in new motifs, but mainly in new rhythmic structures, new combinations of ornamental elements. Thus, rhythm in the composition of the ornament is given special importance. Rhythm, along with color, is the basis for the emotional expressiveness of an ornament.
Plastic in ornamental art it is customary to call smooth, continuous transitions from one form element to another. If during rhythmic movements the elements are at a certain distance from each other, then during plastic movement they merge.
Depending on the emotional impact, ornamental forms are conventionally divided into heavy and light. Heavy shapes include square, cube, circle, ball, light shapes include line, rectangle, ellipse.
SYMMETRY
Symmetry- this is the property of a figure (or ornamental motif) to be superimposed on itself in such a way that all points occupy their original position. Asymmetry is the absence or violation of symmetry.
In the visual arts, symmetry is one of the means of constructing an artistic form. Symmetry is usually present in any ornamental composition; it is one of the forms of manifestation of the rhythmic principle in the ornament.
Basic elements of symmetry: plane of symmetry, axis of symmetry, translation axis, plane of sliding reflection.
Plane of symmetry - an imaginary plane that divides a figure into two mirror equal parts
- figures with one plane of symmetry,
A figure with two planes of symmetry,
- with four planes of symmetry.
4. Rules for constructing an ornament.
Showing and explaining the construction of ornaments:
a) tape;
b) mesh.
5. Consolidation of the studied material.
1. Frontal survey:
What is the purpose of the ornament?
What types of ornaments depending on the structure do you know?
What types of ornaments, depending on the prevailing motifs in them, do you know?
Find signs of ornaments from different peoples of the world with the same motifs.
What types of ornaments do you know?
What is an ornament? What is the art of ornamentation?
What is rhythm in ornament? What is rapport?
What is called symmetry in art?
What is a plane of symmetry?
2. Performing exercises:
a) construction of a ribbon ornament;
b) construction of a mesh ornament.
6. Summing up.
7. Homework.
Come up with your own patterns in a circle, square and stripe, using geometric shapes or vegetation.
Daria Svibovich
Lesson plan for fine arts: “Ornament in stripes”
Lesson plan for fine arts
Kind of activity: flat image.
Educational problem: composition.
Subject lesson: « Ornament in stripes»
Target lesson: Creation striped ornament using plant elements, and followed by the color scheme of the pattern.
Tasks:
1. educational: provide students with information about rhythm, composition in strip, balance of the main thing and details; instill the skills of working with a varied line, connected in composition with the shape of the product, the skills of tracing the rhythm in a free pattern; learn to find the right color combination.
2. developing: develop visual skills, creativity, thinking, sense of color, visual memory.
3. nurturing: to develop students’ color skills and aesthetic taste.
Teacher equipment:
1. books, illustrations using ornaments, floral elements, stylized plants and flowers.
Equipment for students:
2. brushes are thin and thick.
3. sheet of paper.
4. jar for water.
5. pencil and eraser.
Lesson Plan:
1. organizational moment (2-3 min.)
2. explanation of new material (13 min.)
3. practical part (25 min.)
4. summing up (5 minutes.)
During the classes:
I. Organizational moment: greeting students, emotional mood of the team, checking the degree of readiness for lesson, appointment of duty officers, checking of absentees.
II. Explanation of the new material:
Guys, let's remember what it is ornament?
(Pattern. This is a decoration that consists of patterns and they are repeated at certain distances).
What do you think is it for? ornament?
(To decorate things with it. This makes them more beautiful).
Multimedia presentation and conversation.
What are there ornaments?
(plant and geometric)
Ornament can be placed in a circle, square, strip.
The dishes are decorated with ornaments, clothes and much more. For example, scarves and scarves, bags, walls and windows of houses, and all kinds of household utensils (the word is explained to children along the way "utensil"- means handicrafts. Based on this meaning, utensils include containers intended for drinks and food, cooking and, in the traditions of folk art, for decorating the table and interior, all kinds of boxes, and decorations. Therefore, utensils are a traditional item of folk crafts and artistic crafts.)
The artist before he begins depict leaves and grass, twigs and flowers, comes up with a composition, and only then fills this diagram with specific natural elements.
Now all kinds of plant elements, stylized plants and flowers are offered for your consideration, which, after thinking through the composition, are arranged in a given format.
III. Practical part:
The purpose of your practical assignment will be to compile striped ornament using plant elements and followed by a color scheme.
Let's repeat with you the main key points of execution ornament: your piece of paper should have the shape stripes(measure 6 cm from each corner of the sheet with a ruler, and draw 2 lines); Next, we divide our strip into equal parts; then, you think about the composition; Then you fill out this diagram with the plant elements you have come up with. If you have difficulty coming up with these elements, you can turn to visual aids. Then we proceed to painting, which I advise you to start by covering the sheet or certain parts of it with light transparent paint, not forgetting that color balance must be maintained.
Wait until your drawing is completely dry. Next, move on to painting smaller details. Before the children start coloring, I draw their attention to the fact that it is necessary to observe the color of geometric shapes - compliance with the color rhythm.
You have 25 minutes to work. Get started (the teacher watches the children’s work and helps if difficulties arise).
I wish you creative success!
IV. Summarizing:
A viewing is arranged (children lay out their work on their desks, the drawings are analyzed, and grades are given).
§1. The emergence of ornament. Basic concepts.
The ornament is a very ancient type of DPI. The language of each ornament is associated with the history and culture of the people. The creators of ornaments always turned to nature, using what they saw. Ornament is music. The rows of his lines are similar to the melody of some one eternal song before the universe.
Ornament is a part of our spiritual life, expressing the human need for beauty. Having expressed in its rhythms an emotional attitude to life, ornamental art can become a kind of imprint of the psychological makeup of people of a certain era, nation, or social layer. Each nationality retained in its ornament the most characteristic, the closest to the national character, aesthetic tastes, and concepts of beauty. Folk craftsmen created patterns distinguished by a wide variety of individual motifs, which intertwined real observations of the nature around them with fabulous ideas.
Basic concepts:
· Ornament (pattern)– sequential repetition of individual graphic motifs or a group of them.
· Rapport– repetition of part of an ornament (group of elements) without any change in linear dimensions and shapes.
· The ornament can be rapport And without rapport.
The ornament, being one of the most ancient types of DPI, has retained not only traditions, but also the deep symbolism of ornamental motifs, compositional design and color scheme. By studying the ornament of any nation, you can learn more deeply about its history, traditions, and worldview.
The main means of expressiveness of the ornament:
- Rhythm–rhythmic alternation of similar or contrasting elements.
- The creative combination of individual components is called composition and consists of alternating individual figures and their rows located horizontally, vertically and diagonally.
- Plays a very important role in all types of creativity - coloring harmonious combination of colors and their shades.
Classification of ornaments.
Type of ornament – classification of ornaments according to design features (stripe, rosette, mesh);
Type of ornament - stripe. An ornament located vertically, horizontally or circumferentially in the form of a stripe or ribbon. An ornament in a stripe is also called: ribbon, garland, frieze.
The type of ornament is a rosette. Rosette (from the word “rose” - a centrally symmetrical or mirror-symmetrical ornament.
The type of ornament is mesh. The repeat of a mesh ornament can be either a stripe or a rosette; when repeated many times, they fill the plane completely, as if they are covered with a mesh.
Type of ornament : classification of ornaments according to the features of visual motifs (geometric. Floral...).
Geometric ornament. The basis of geometric patterns are such figurative motifs as geometric figures and bodies (lines, zig-zags, dots, squares, circles, stars...).
Floral ornament. The basis of the floral ornament is figurative motifs of floristic themes (flowers, leaves, shoots, buds, trees, etc.).
Zoomorphic ornament.“Zoo” is an animal, “morph” is a form. The zoomorphic ornament is based on figurative motifs from the fauna kingdom (animals, birds, insects, fantastic beasts, etc.).
Anthropomorphic (humanoid) ornament.“Anthropos” means man, “morph” means form. The anthropomorphic ornament is based on images of human figures, humanoid gods, angels, and masks.
Font (calligraphic) ornament. The font ornament is based on visual motifs associated with letters, fonts, calligraphy - Russian and Arabic script, drop caps, initials, hieroglyphs, etc.
Heraldic (symbolic) ornament.
The heraldic ornament is based on motifs associated with the image of coats of arms, emblems, signs, and symbols.
Sign(in art, design) - the visual part of the logo, as a rule, also including the name (written - alphabetic or hieroglyphic - part, often also artistically designed) of the branded product, service, organization, event or person.
http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign
Symbol in art there is a characteristic of an artistic image from the point of view of its meaningfulness, its expression of a certain artistic idea. Unlike allegory, the meaning of a symbol is inseparable from its figurative structure and is distinguished by the inexhaustible ambiguity of its content.
http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbol
Coat of arms (Polish herb from German Erbe - inheritance) is an emblem, a distinctive sign passed on by inheritance, which depicts objects symbolizing the owner of the coat of arms (person, class, clan, city, country, etc.). Heraldry deals with the study of coats of arms.
http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat of arms
Braided ornament or “wickerwork”.
The basis of a wicker ornament (braid) always contains figurative motifs of weaving, regardless of what elements are involved in the ornament (floral, zoomorphic, etc.).
Practical work No. 1:
WETTER ORNAMENT (with elements of zoomorphic and anthropomorphic) - “teratological style.
Historical information (read):
Wicker patterns in Russian books appeared with the advent of books from Bulgaria. It includes tightly intertwined harnesses or belts. Complex weaving of a rope-like appearance, tied in many places with knots. This is basically how the headbands were drawn: the circles are repeated and connected with patterned ligature and knots, the initials are multi-colored.
Braided ornament of the “Balkan type”. This is an interweaving of circles, eights, rectangles and squares. Strict symmetry. The “Balkan ornament” came to Rus' in the 15th century, when the Turks fought for the Balkan Peninsula. Many artists and scribes left for Rus'. By the end of the century, the Moscow court workshops had developed a version of the luxurious “Balkan” ornament with multicolor colors. And a lot of gold. In the book ornament of the 13th–14th centuries. a “monstrous” style appeared. The Greek word teratos means monster. A close interweaving of ribbons ending with snake heads. The legs, tongues, heads, tails, and wings of animals are entangled with ribbon weaves. A similar ornament is known among the Balkan Slavs, in Scandinavia, Ireland and in many works of the Romanesque style from different regions of Europe. The basis of this stylistic unity is the common origin of the animal ornaments of the Eastern European nomads of the era of migration of peoples. This art arose in the context of major movements, when contacts of European barbarians with the nomads of the Eurasian steppes played a significant role.
The most popular image of a predatory beast in ancient Russian applied art. In some cases, we can talk about a certain desire to convey the image of a lion, which is often mentioned in ancient Russian written sources - a brave and strong beast, the king of beasts. Images of real and fantastic animals play an important role in ancient Russian art. They decorated the churches of the cities of Vladimir and Suzdal, as well as jewelry: bracelets and hoops. Used in the book craft, starting with the Ostromir Gospel.
Guidelines:
- Make a copy of the teratological ornament, choosing a sample of your choice (Internet, books, albums, cards).
- Sheet size A4, overall dimensions of the ornament no more than 150x220mm.
- Technique – achromatic graphics.