Literature lesson for grades 9 – 11 on the topic
“What is he like, a war hero? Based on the story “Sashka” by V. Kondratiev
Lesson Objectives : acquaintance with Kondratiev’s story “Sashka”, characterization of the image of the main character through analysis of the work and its individual episodes; instilling patriotism in students.
Equipment: multimedia projector, computer, presentation for the lesson, literary text of V. Kondratiev’s story “Sashka”, questions printed out for work in the lesson on each desk.
Progress of the lesson.
Teacher's opening speech.
The Great Patriotic War was a terrible event in the life of our state. It forever left its mark on the destinies of the people who lived through these difficult years; the war will not be forgotten by those who were born after the fighting died down. And in Russian literature, the theme of the Second World War firmly took its place.
Literature about the Great Patriotic War went through several stages in its development. In 1941-45. it was created by writers who went to war in order to lift the spirit of the people with their works. Unite him in the fight against a common enemy, reveal the soldier’s feat. The motto “kill the enemy” permeated this literature; it was a response to the tragic events in the life of a country that had not yet raised questions about the causes of the war and could not connect 1937 and 1941 into one plot, could not know the terrible price that the people paid for victory in this war. This is a wonderful poem by A.T. Tvardovsky “Vasily Terkin”, “Young Guard” by A. Fadeev about the exploits and deaths of young Krasnodon residents. This literature was non-analytical and descriptive in spirit.
1945-1950 - the second stage in the development of military themes in literature. These are works about victory and meetings, about fireworks and kisses, sometimes overly jubilant. They did not tell the terrible truth about the war. A wonderful story by Sholokhov M.A. "The Fate of Man" (1957) hid the truth about where former prisoners of war typically ended up after returning home. Tvardovsky will later say about this:
And having lived to the end
That way of the cross. Half alive -
From captivity to captivity - under the thunder of victory
Follow with a double stamp.
The real truth about the war was written in the 60-80s, when those who fought themselves, sat in the trenches, commanded a battery, fought “for an inch of land,” and were in captivity came into literature. Yu. Bondarev, G. Baklanov, V. Bykov, K. Vorobyov, B. Vasilyev, V. Bogomolov - these writers narrowed the scale of the depiction of the war to “an inch of land”, to a trench, to a fishing line... they were not published for a long time for “degerization” events. And they, knowing the value of everyday feat, saw it in the everyday work of a soldier. They wrote not about victories on the fronts, but about defeats, encirclement, the retreat of the army, about stupid command and confusion at the top.
A short message from the student about the writer (prepared in advance):
Vyacheslav Leonidovich Kondratiev (October 30, 1920 - September 23, 1993) was born in Poltava in the family of a railway engineer. In 1922 the family moved to Moscow. From his first year at the Moscow Architectural Institute in 1939, he was drafted into the army. He served in the railway troops in the Far East. In December 1941 he was sent to the front. In 1942, the rifle brigade in which Kondratiev fought fought heavy battles near Rzhev. During them, he received his first wound and was awarded the medal “For Courage.” After finishing his leave due to injury, he fought in the railway troops. He was repeatedly and seriously wounded. He spent six months in the hospital recovering and was discharged as an invalid. In 1958 he graduated from the Moscow Correspondence Printing Institute. For a long time he worked as a graphic designer. Before his death he was seriously ill.
Teacher's word.
He published his first story, “Sashka,” in February 1979 in the magazine “Friendship of Peoples.” The story “Sashka” was immediately noticed and appreciated. Readers and critics, showing rare unanimity, determined its place among the greatest successes of our military literature. But what a late debut! At 59 years old... This means that it was impossible to remain silent about the experience and it was necessary to write about what was stored and nurtured in the soul about those terrible war years. Kondratyev decided that it would be almost meanness on his part not to write about those battles. He wrote: “Only I myself can tell about my war.”
Teacher Questions:
1. The story “Sashka” is named after the hero. Remember the works of Russian literature named after the main characters.
“Eugene Onegin”, “Dubrovsky”, “Taras Bulba”, “Anna Karenina”...
2. But the full name is Alexander or at least Sasha, but the writer stops at the colloquial version - Sashka. Why?
Sashka is a young hero, he is a simple guy, someone close to him. Thus, there is no distance between the reader and the hero, and an atmosphere of trust is established. Sashka does not even have a last name, which indicates that the heroes are typical - there are many of them at the front.
3. Where is the main character from and where is he located?
He is a simple village guy, fighting near Rzhev.
Teacher's word: participation in the battles near Rzhev is an autobiographical detail of the writer. “Sashka” is a story dedicated to “all those who fought near Rzhev - living and dead” (V. Kondratiev).
And we will get acquainted with information about the Rzhev battles.
(Message from a student prepared in advance)
The term "Battle of Rzhev" appeared only in post-Soviet times. To this day, the existence of this battle has not been recognized by official historiography, although military operations in January 1942 - March 1943 in the Moscow direction of the central section of the Soviet-German front can rightfully be classified as the bloodiest battle not only in the Great Patriotic War, but also in the entire history of mankind. And the most hushed up by historians.
According to official data, more than a million Soviet soldiers and officers died in the battles near Rzhev in 1942-1943. However, according to unofficial data, losses in the Battle of Rzhev amounted to more than 2 million soldiers and commanders.
A former participant in the battles near Rzhev recalls: “In three years at the front I had to participate in many battles, but again and again the thought and pain of memories return me to the battles of Rzhev. It’s scary to remember how many people died there! The Battle of Rzhev was a massacre, and Rzhev was the center of this massacre.”
“For the courage, fortitude and mass heroism shown by the city’s defenders in the struggle for freedom and independence of the Fatherland,” by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 1345 of October 8, 2007 (most recently), the city of Rzhev was awarded the honorary title “City of Military Glory.”
Teacher's word:
There is a famous poem by Alexander Trifonovich Tvardovsky “I was killed near Rzhev”
(reads by heart by a trained student)
I was killed near Rzhev,
In a nameless swamp,
In the fifth company, on the left,
During a brutal attack.
I didn't hear the break
I didn't see that flash, -
Right off the cliff into the abyss -
And no bottom, no tires.
And throughout this world,
Until the end of his days
No buttonholes, no stripes
From my tunic.
I am where the blind roots are
They look for food in the darkness;
I am where with a cloud of dust
Rye is growing on the hill;
I am where the cock crows
At dawn in the dew;
I - where are your cars
The air is torn on the highway;
Where is the blade of grass
A river of grass is spinning -
Where for the funeral
Even my mother won't come.
…………………….
4. With what events in the story does the reader’s acquaintance with Sashka begin?
Sashka, among other soldiers like him, is on the front line without rest. These are shelling, the difficult life of a soldier (“just staying dry and warm is no longer a small success”). The German offensive begins while Sashka is on duty. He fights the German hand-to-hand and defeats him. Sashka, of his own free will, risks his life to obtain shoes for the company commander. He really wants to do good to the commander in a human way and no force from outside is pushing him to do this - this is the movement of his own soul.
5. The episode with the German means not only his capture, but also his transfer to the front headquarters to the battalion commander. What can be noted about the hero when he leads a captured German?
He is ashamed of the Germans for the fact that our defense is poor, for the guys who were not buried, he is trying to choose a road so that the Germans do not see the unburied soldiers.
However, the situation “Me and the ENEMY” is smoothed out by the simple human curiosity that Sashka shows towards the German. As it turned out, there is no hatred in him.
6. What is the real test for Sashka in this episode?
Sashka proudly explained to the German that in the Soviet army prisoners are not shot, like the Nazis, the stronger his feelings when a drunken battalion commander, who lost his beloved girl from the military service, orders the German to be killed.
Sashka, it seems, did not experience such excitement even on the front end. He faces a moral choice: the battalion commander is in grief and drunk - he cannot disobey and argue, or fall under the hot hand; on the other hand, Sashki shows character, worrying about the German, who is promised life in captivity (confirmation of this is the leaflet in Sashka’s pocket). He is fair, persistent, slow to carry out orders, desperately thinks about what is happening, analyzes. Sashka cannot blindly follow orders, his soul protests (“We are people, not fascists”). The battalion commander, to Sashka’s joy, cancels the order.
7. Justice in this episode can be understood in two ways. How?
Speaking about justice, we can, firstly, remember that the German is an invader, and therefore an enemy. Then shooting is the right and logical action. Secondly, justice can be understood in another way: as the fulfillment of the promises made in the Soviet leaflet. This is exactly how Sashka understands justice towards the prisoner.
8. Under what circumstances is Sashka wounded and then sent to the hospital? From what side is the character of the hero revealed when he is there?
He was wounded in the arm while escorting the German further to brigade headquarters. He must go to the hospital where his beloved Zina serves. Thus, the hero is shown both in battle and in a more peaceful environment. Sashka loves Zina, strives for her, and worries deeply. He is young, and it is so natural at his age to love, and therefore to be jealous, and to suffer, and to enjoy being next to the girl he loves, and war cannot and should not change this. But even in the hospital, Sashka does not forget for a minute about the guys who remained on the front line, about the danger that threatens everyone every minute.
Zina not only loves Sashka, but also regrets, knowing what he had to endure, what losses our army suffered near Rzhev.
Sashka is a hero who thinks and feels deeply, and understands the girl’s feelings.
With other wounded Zhora and Lieutenant Volodya.
10. Three different people are walking together. The writer gives the reader the opportunity to compare the main character, Sashka, with other young fighters, all of whom emerged from heavy battles alive. What are they like? Briefly describe each one.
Zhora is a hero, endlessly glad that he remained alive, enjoying every moment of a peaceful situation, the quick opportunity to take a break from the fighting in the hospital, and the beauty of nature. The deeper the shock for both the readers and Sashka and Volodya when Zhora is blown up by a mine. Not in battle when there was obvious danger, but now, when he was careless and went out of the way towards a spotted snowdrop.
Volodya is a young lieutenant, and like Sasha, he is haunted by his experience. He talks about what worries him: being a lieutenant, he is forced to send other people, soldiers, to certain death. This, the lieutenant believes, is harder than being a private. Volodya is not similar in character to Sasha, he is lively and hot-tempered, as evidenced by the story in the hospital (when Volodya, in a crowd of hungry wounded, throws a plate at the major).
Sashka is different from the guys: he cannot allow himself to serenely rejoice while the guys are dying at the front, but he also cannot be like Volodya. The road to the rear is difficult for the three of them: the land is devastated, muddy roads, dirt, no order (where they expected to receive food, the hungry guys found no one
they find), in the villages encountered on the road, they are also hungry. But Sashka knows how to endure difficulties, he bends but does not break, he is more adaptable than Volodya, his comrade.
11. What next episode is important for revealing Sashka’s character?
Exhausted, sick, hungry, wounded are outraged by the meager food. The story of the plate thrown at Major Volodya, who was unable to restrain himself, could have had very serious consequences for him. Sashka takes the blame on himself for what he didn’t do.
12. What traits of Sashka’s character are manifested in this?
Sashka is able to instantly make decisions on which the well-being of those around him depends. Just as, taking extra risks, he got shoes for the company commander, Sashka takes the blame for the thrown plate, although he only recently met Volodya. He understands that the demands on a lieutenant will be much stricter than on a private. And Sashka has already studied Volodya’s character and understands that he may not be able to restrain himself and say something that should not be done in this situation (although this is true). And the special officer guesses that it was not Sashka who committed this act. He understands the true meaning of what happened and Sashka’s feelings and sends him to another hospital
13.What techniques for characterizing a literary hero do you know?
The hero's appearance.
Characterization of the hero by other characters.
Comparison with other heroes.
The choice of events, actions performed by the hero, actions in which his character is revealed.
Characterization through introspection (inner speech of the hero).
The character is revealed through monologues and dialogue remarks of the hero
speech characteristics of the hero, etc.
14. What, in your opinion, does the writer Kondratiev use more often to unfold the image of Sashka before readers?
The choice of events, actions, because In the individual episodes we reviewed, the character of the fighter Sashka is revealed. The hero’s inner speech is used (for example, thoughts before carrying out the battalion commander’s order to shoot a captured German, his worries about the guys who remained on the front line, because they are his front-line family, etc.). The author's own direct speech is often used. (For example: Sashka got angry, wanted to make a sarcastic comment about the mullet that he ate at the rear grub, but changed his mind) What happens bringing the author's narrative closer to the speech of the characters. The speech characteristics of the hero are also interesting.
15. Let us dwell on the speech characteristics of the hero. What is the hero’s speech, what does it tell the reader?
Sashka is a simple guy, being at war, he communicates with peers in rank or with officers, but the communicative situation of the heroes is the same: extreme conditions at the front. And in such dangerous conditions, it is unlikely that a person thinks about the choice of words, so in the mouths of Sashka, and other heroes, there are a lot of expressive words. But when he finds himself with Zina or talking with commanders, his speech is calmer. The hero's speech is full of colloquial and colloquial words (including rude ones, for example: Fuck you, nit, with your cigarettes! Because of you ulcers, I don’t carry out the order.), it shows the intellectual level of a person and his social status. Sashka has everything ahead, if the war allows, he can still get an education, but for now his job is to defend his homeland.
16. Sashka is an artistic image. But besides being a literary hero, he is a war hero. What kind of war hero is he? Let's draw conclusions.
Sashka is an ordinary simple guy, he knows how to love, he has a girlfriend. He comes from a village and at the same time he is a bearer of morality, the roots of which Russian village writers (Belov V., Astafiev V., Rasputin V. and others) saw in the village. He hates the enemy, a patriot who loves his country quietly, without unnecessary or loud words. And Sashka fights for his Motherland in the most difficult front-line conditions, does not complain, does not despair, sincerely believing in victory. He is humble, patient and kind, he is caring and selfless. He is worldly wise, fair, he constantly analyzes what is happening, noticing shortcomings and disorder. In difficult times, he is ready to make a serious decision and take responsibility, to sacrifice his own for the well-being of others. And this humanism makes Sasha attractive to the heroes around him. It is not for nothing that at the end of the story, once in Moscow, it is Sashka who will attract the attention of inexperienced girls going to war. They will not only give Sashka their bread, they will also give him a piece of their human warmth. And compassionate, humane Sashka will only grieve about the terrible future that awaits them at the front.
Literature:
V. Kondratyev “Leave due to injury” - M., 2005
G. Lazarenko “Russian literature. 20th century: A short course" - M., Bustard, 1998
A. Tvardovsky “Lyrics” - M., 1988
http://ru.wikipedia.
militera .lib .ru /memo /russian /mihin - “Military Literature” Memoirs. Mikhin.
Kondratiev’s short story “Sashka” (a brief summary of it is given below) tells about the terrible everyday life of wartime. Her heroes are ordinary people who had to deal with death every day. It is amazing how, under such conditions, they could retain the best human qualities and remain humane even towards the enemy. This is exactly how Kondratiev portrays the main character of the work.
“Sashka”: summary of chapter 1. On night guard
Sashka’s company settled down near the grove. A hut was built under the spruce tree, in which the guards slept in turns. You were allowed to sit at the post, but you had to constantly monitor what was happening. This is how Kondratiev begins his story.
Sashka (a brief summary of his thoughts is given below) took up his post. He secretly lit a cigarette and began to think about how to get felt boots for the company commander. He ruined his boots while crossing the Volga. Sashka remembered the place where the murdered Fritz lay in new felt boots. He was already going for the prey, but something stopped him. The guy knew: inner instinct rarely deceives.
Sashka, as Kondratyev notes, has been at the front for two months now. A brief summary of his thoughts makes it clear that he never saw a living Fritz up close. How long will this wait last? The Germans fired, but did not advance, and their company was in cover and awaiting relief.
The sergeant checking the posts offered him some tobacco. They talked, and Sashka was left alone again. Finally he woke up his partner and went to the hut. For some reason I couldn't sleep. And he made up his mind.
Behind the felt boots
The Germans stopped shooting, and Sashka set off. We had to get there across an open field. He wouldn't do it for himself. But he felt sorry for the company commander, Kondratyev notes. Sashka (the summary allows us to convey only the important moments of the story) with difficulty pulled off the felt boots from the corpse and crawled back. At that moment a shelling began, the like of which had never happened before. The hero felt awkward because he was safe. After all, the center of the explosions was the location of the company. Suddenly the Germans appeared from behind a hill. We must warn you! And Sashka, having determined his path and took off from his place, rushed to his own.
"Language"
The company commander ordered to retreat beyond the ravine. Suddenly there was silence, which was broken by a call for help. Then the enemy began to convince me to lay down my arms. The company commander realized the provocation, and the soldiers rushed forward. As Kondratyev notes, Sashka (the author gives a brief summary of the thoughts that gripped him at that moment in the story) was not afraid at all. He felt only anger and excitement. The Germans disappeared overnight. The guy was disappointed: such a chance to get even means failure.
Suddenly Sashka noticed a gray figure darting to the side. He threw the lemon and, running up, pounced on the Fritz. He turned out to be young and snub-nosed. The company commander arrived and they disarmed the enemy. So for the first time (not the whole scene is described here, but only its brief content) Sashka Kondratyev found himself nose to nose with a German.
After the interrogation, the guy took the prisoner to headquarters. He didn’t look like a fascist at all, and the guy wanted to talk, but the hero didn’t know the language. On the way we sat down to smoke. Fritz saw unburied Russian soldiers. From this, as Kondratyev writes, Sashka - a summary of the chapters will more than once emphasize this quality of the hero - felt awkward. And the fighter was also embarrassed by his unlimited power over the person walking next to him.
At battalion headquarters
The chief was not there, and Sashka was sent to the battalion commander. He was worried about the death of his friend, so he gave the order: “For consumption.” And his orderly was already looking closely at the German’s watch. The hero could not break the promise made to the prisoner along the way: his life would be spared. He was stalling for time and, when there was no hope of canceling the order, he noticed a battalion commander walking towards them. Sashka was no longer afraid of anything and looked firmly into the eyes of the elder. He still ordered the prisoner to be taken further. This was a moral victory for a hero who managed to preserve his humanity. It is no coincidence that during the course of the action the hero emphasized more than once: we are not like them (the fascists).
This is the plot of the first part of the story and its summary.
“Sashka” by Kondratiev: chapter 2. Wound
There was a battle going on. The hero was suddenly pushed by something, and the sky appeared before his eyes. Sasha was wounded in the left arm. At first he was afraid that he would die from loss of blood. Then he bandaged the wound himself. Before going to the rear, I left my machine gun and said goodbye to my comrades. And again he felt ashamed that he was abandoning his company in this wet mess. And it is unknown whether anyone will survive - this is how the story “Sashka” Kondratyev continues.
A brief summary of the hero’s thoughts on the way to the hospital (which is two kilometers under fire) can be described as follows. Our people have to learn to fight here, on the front line. And therefore everyone makes mistakes: both soldiers and commanders. But the German could not defeat the Russians - the hero was firmly convinced of this. And what the soldiers did every day, Sashka did not consider it a feat. In his opinion, they were simply doing their job every day.
On the way I met a soldier wounded in the chest. He understood that he would not live until the paramedics arrived. But still he showed the way to the fighter, and only then moved on.
In the hospital
The path was difficult, but the thought of meeting Zina soon was warming. A brief summary will tell you how it turned out.
Sashka Kondratyev - chapter by chapter you can reconstruct his two-month stay at the front - met his sister on the way to the front line. He saved her life. There were first kisses then, and promises to wait. Sashka saw Zina immediately. She seemed delighted to meet. But something in her behavior confused the hero. And for good reason. The girl, whom the guy considered the closest person, was in love with the lieutenant. And although Sashka was in unbearable pain, he decided not to interfere with Zina’s happiness.
He was more outraged by the dance party during the May holidays, organized by the officers. He didn’t understand how he could have fun when all the fields there were “ours.” The very next morning the hero left the medical unit, heading to the hospital. He decided to visit his mother before returning to the front line. The fate of the infantry during the war is known and, perhaps, this is the last chance to meet.
Chapter 3 In the rear. New acquaintances
There were many wounded walking along the Rzhev roads, writes Kondratyev. “Sashka” (you are reading a summary of the chapters) shows the ambiguous attitude of the residents of occupied villages towards the soldiers retreating in the first months of the war. Many were reluctant to accept them for the night - there was nothing to eat themselves. Seeing this, the hero felt awkward every time. And only in one village that escaped the occupation, the head established a queue for who would receive the wounded for the night. Here we managed not only to sleep, but also to eat well. And so we had to bake cakes from rotten potatoes left in the field since the fall. Or subsist on tobacco.
Sashka's companions were Private Zhora and Lieutenant Volodya. They went through a lot together. The first one was blown up by a mine when he decided to pick a flower. And this absurd death seemed more terrible to the hero than death there, on the front line.
Sashka Kondratyev became very friendly with the lieutenant, as the brief summary will show below. Together they ended up in an evacuation hospital, where an unpleasant incident occurred. The wounded began to complain to the boss about poor food. During the conversation, the lieutenant could not restrain himself and threw a plate, which almost hit the major. Sashka took the blame upon himself, reasoning that he would not be sent further than the front line, and Volodya could be court-martialed. The special officer investigating the case guessed who initiated the story. But he did not escalate the matter and ordered Sashka to leave the hospital. The doctors did not release the lieutenant, and Sashka had to get to Moscow himself.
Capital
The further the front remained, the more the attitude of the residents towards the wounded changed. Here they looked at Sashka as a hero. And the situation in Moscow itself was different - peaceful and calm. From this, the hero suddenly came to a real understanding of what they were doing there. And he was no longer ashamed of his burnt cotton pants and padded jacket, or his bullet-ridden hat, or his unshaven face - the author concludes the story.
This is how the action develops in the story (only a brief summary is given here) “Sashka” by Kondratiev, chapter by chapter.
During the four years of the war there was not a single event of any significance that was not immediately reflected in the literature. Works of those years on a military theme were created literally in hot pursuit. This prose is called “lieutenant”, which says a lot about its authors.
Vyacheslav Kondratyev is a front-line soldier, witness and participant in the events he describes. His first story, “Sashka,” turned out to be successful. “The story of “Sashka” is the story of a man who found himself in the most difficult place and in the most difficult position—as a soldier,” said K. Simonov about Kondratyev’s story.
The hero of the story is Sashka, a simple village boy of twenty-two to twenty-three years old. His youth fell on a difficult time for the country. Sashka’s previous idea of the war is sharply different from what the war actually turned out to be. By taking his hero through many trials, the author reveals his character to the reader. The episode with felt boots is indicative in this regard. Risking his own life, Sashka decides to get felt boots for the company commander. He feels sorry for the company commander. “I wouldn’t do it for myself,” notes the hero. The writer emphasizes Sashka’s good nature and selflessness, his love for his neighbor.
The hero shows himself to be smart, brave, and dexterous when the Germans unexpectedly appear. At first he takes his breath away, then he comes to his senses, begins to think quickly and takes a decisive action: “he cut a long line at the Germans.” The hero looks courageous against the backdrop of a “beaten-killed” company, which, having barely received an order, happily retreats behind the ravine. Sashka rushes to the aid of the company commander. Going with him to the attack and noticing that his disc was shot, Sashka gives his to the company commander, without thinking about his life. He has one desire: “to overtake the Germans and be sure to shoot them.”
The climax of the story is the hero's fight with the German and what followed next. With hot hatred the hero rushes at the enemy and, despite the difference in strength, defeats him. However, after the capture of the German, Sashka suddenly notices that the prisoner is his same age, just as young, probably just as cheerful, and “he looks just Russian.” Sympathy penetrates Sashka’s heart. In dealing with the German, the hero behaves humanely, noting that “he is not the kind to mock a prisoner and unarmed.” Sashka not only does not use violence himself, he is against others using their “terrible power.” Kondratyev describes in detail Sashka’s ordeals, which he endures for the sake of one thing - saving the life of the enemy. “Sashka saw a lot, a lot of death during this time - if you live to be a hundred years old, you won’t see so much - but the value of human life did not diminish from this in his mind.” And this is the defining feature in the image of Sashka - the ability to preserve the human in himself in inhuman conditions, “he has some barrier or barrier in his soul that he is not able to cross.” “Well, Sashok... You are a man...” - his comrades say about him.
Sashka is humane both to his own and to strangers. Again risking his own life, he brings orderlies to the wounded soldier, whom he promised to help. Sashka cannot deceive a person, he keeps his word firmly, and values human life.
The relationship between the hero and Zina is complicated. After the first meeting, having become attached to her, Sashka hopes to see love and devotion on her part. Having met Zina again, the hero discovers that she loves someone else. Sashka finds the courage to forgive her everything, because he understands her: Zina is young, she needs to somehow arrange her life, and she has no confidence that Sashka will return from the war. “Zina is unconvicted... It’s just war...,” the hero concludes.
Understanding is characteristic of Sashka in other episodes as well. He behaves extremely correctly with the local population along his route, knowing: it is impossible to condemn them for inhospitality - there is war. The hero knows how to find an approach to a person, knows how not to offend him.
When there is a conflict in the hospital over the quality of food, he shows extraordinary courage, taking on someone else's blame. Sashka understands that his friend Volodka is very hot-tempered and can do stupid things, but he, Sashka, is “more prudent,” and therefore he will try to somehow smooth out the current situation. The hero does not think about punishment for what he has done; the main thing for him is to save his friend.
When Zhora, enchanted by the beauty of a snowdrop, is blown up by a mine, Sashka, without a moment’s hesitation, rushes after his hat, which was thrown to the side. It is not his own life that worries him at this moment, but the awareness of his duty to his comrade: to cover his face and thus pay his last tribute. Sashka again does not think about himself and shows the ability to self-sacrifice.
At the station, the hero meets two girls going to the front. They feel sorry for the wounded, exhausted Sashka, and Sashka feels sorry for them. He understands perfectly well what awaits these young girls who have never smelled gunpowder there, on the front line, and shows great sympathy.
Moscow evokes an influx of patriotic feelings in Sashka. He suddenly understands the importance and necessity of the work that he did “there”.
In the story “Sashka” Kondratiev painted the image of an honest, brave, courageous, kind and sympathetic person.
The writer unfolded before the reader an objective picture of war, merciless and deadly.
Kondratyev Vyacheslav Leonidovich (1920 - 1993) - Russian
writer of the Soviet period.
Vyacheslav Kondratyev -
front-line soldier, witness and
participant in the
events.
Wrote since the early 1950s, but
first published
only at the age of 49 years.
The first story -
"Sashka" - published in
February 1979 in
magazine "Friendship of Peoples".
The history of the story
Within four yearsthere was no war
at least some
significant event
which would not find
immediate reflection
in literature.
Works of those years
a military theme was created
literally hot
following This prose is called “lieutenant’s”, which
says a lot about her
authors
Kondratiev was asked how
it happened that in the middle ages
year he suddenly took up the story
about the war.
“Apparently they have arrived
summer, maturity came, and together
with her and the understanding that
war is the most important thing
what happened in my life"
the writer admitted.
- “Tell about the war itself
Only I can do it myself. And I should
tell. I won’t tell you - some page of the war will remain
undisclosed."
Battle of Rzhev
In 1942, the 132ndrifle brigade, in
in which he fought
V. Kondratyev, host
heavy fighting
near Rzhev.
Battle of Rzhev 1941-1943 - the bloodiest battle ever
history of mankind. 2/3 of the divisions were stationed on the Rzhev bridgehead
Army "Center" for an attack on Moscow. Losses of Soviet troops in
the battles near Rzhev amounted to more than 2 million people. In the forests
Rzhev killed the 29th Army. The city itself was turned into a lunar one
scenery. Of the city's population of 40,000, only 248 people remained.
After a fierce 15-month battle, Rzhev was never taken; the Germans themselves retreated to previously prepared positions.
The story "Sashka"
Your truth about the war,smelly
Then
And
blood, revealed to us and
Kondratiev, although he himself
believed that “Sashka” “is only a small fraction of what
what needs to be said about
Victorious Soldier."
The time period of the story is terrible
1942
year,
grueling battles
Rzhev. Dead all around
villages, destroyed
shells and mines
Earth.
How will a person behave?
at war? Will he give up
he, finding himself in
extreme situation,
with your life
principles, or
will he remain himself?
These are the questions
are in the center
author's attention.
The image of the main character
Narrating eventspast war years,
the writer convinces us that
even in war a person can
stay true to yourself. Young
career fighter Sashka is the main
hero of the story.
For him, the main thing in life is the defense of the Motherland, he fulfills
your duty, guided by already established life
values. Sashka has a feeling of pity and compassion. He's for
others are ready to do what he would never do for himself. Already in
at the beginning of the work, Kondratiev shows us heroism
young fighter: Sashka, risking his life under fire,
goes to get felt boots for his friend.
Three tests
Says a lotwound up on the front line
order:
"I'm wounded - give me the machine gun
the rest, and take it yourself
"birthday three-ruler."
There is nothing to brag about about life: “food is tight, and
ammunition, ...I don’t have the strength to bury the guys.” Out of one hundred and fifty
There are sixteen people left in the company, but the company is fighting only two
month. Kondratiev guides his hero through trials
power, love and friendship. How did Sashka endure these
tests?
Three tests. Test of power
Showing desperate courage, almostSashka takes the German prisoner with his bare hands. But
"tongue" is silent, and the company commander orders to lead
prisoner to headquarters. On the way, Sashka promises the German
life, saying that we don’t shoot prisoners.
But the battalion commander, having achieved nothing from the “language”
information, orders his execution. Sashka
no order
obeyed. He realized that
unlimited power over life and death
another person is scary. Sashka is endowed
a heightened sense of responsibility for everything
happening. He firmly believes in truthfulness
our leaflet promising a prisoner of war
"good life"
Sashka's decision and his doubts influenced
battalion commander: he canceled the order to shoot the prisoner.
Three tests. Test of love
The test of love is no less important forunderstanding the essence of Sashka’s character. He saved Zine
life, fell in love with her, waited to meet her. But joy
the date is overshadowed by thoughts about his native company: “someone will certainly be spanked today.”
And then Sasha gets the news that Zina is at the party
dancing with the lieutenant. Sashka is having a hard night, and yet
comes to the conclusion that “Zina is unconvicted... It’s just war... And he doesn’t have
angry at her!" Justice and kindness take over here too. Sashka
understands that Zina and the lieutenant are in love. The young man is ready to understand, and
that means to forgive even the fact that someone else was preferred to him. He's ready
endure any pain. And he is afraid of only one thing - lies and pity.
10. Three tests. Test of Friendship
Brieffrontline
friendship
connects Sasha with the lieutenant
Volodya, they meet
on the way to the hospital, and when
overfed
major
comes
calm the dissatisfied wounded,
who are given two for dinner
spoons of millet flies at him
plate,
abandoned
hand
furious Volodya, and Sashka all
takes the blame.
He reasoned this way: the lieutenant would not get away with this trick, the tribunal
in wartime it is harsh, but he, a private, “is not further than the front end.”
they’ll send you,” and he’s no stranger to that.
11. The originality of the main character
According to critic I. Dedkov, “The Tale of Sashka becomesa story about a life tormented by war, but truly preserving
heroic effort living diversity, dignity and
human face..."
“Sashka saw many, many deaths during this time -
live to be a hundred years old, you won’t see that much, but the price of human
life was not diminished by this in his mind.” And this is the defining feature in the image of Sashka - the ability to perform inhuman
conditions to preserve the human in himself, “he has in his soul
some kind of barrier or obstacle that he cannot cross
strength." “Well, Sashok... You are a man...” - his comrades say about him.
There is “must” and there is “super necessary”.
does more than necessary.
Sashka, according to the critic,
12. The image of a private
In the story “Sashka” Kondratievpainted an image of an honest, brave,
courageous,
good
And
responsive person.
Writer
unfolded
before
gives the reader an objective picture
wars,
merciless
And
deadly.
“The story of “Sashka” is the story of a man who found himself in the very
difficult place and in the most difficult position - a soldier,” - so
Konstantin Simonov said about Kondratiev’s story.
13. Examples of using the story as arguments
Definitionproblems
Disclosure Examples
Problem
moral
choice
The author in the story shows us an honest, sympathetic soldier,
humane. When in difficult situations, he often faced
the hardest choice, but always remained human.
True friendship
True
friendship
implies
spiritual
closeness
And
selfless dedication.
V. Kondratyev talks about Sashka’s front-line friendship with
Lieutenant Volodya, whom he met on the way to
hospital. Sashka accepts Volodya’s guilt for throwing the plate at
a fat major who comes to the evacuation hospital to calm him down
soldiers dissatisfied with the food. Sashka understands that Volodya is not
they will forgive this act and punish them to the fullest extent of the military
time, and he, an ordinary soldier, will not be punished severely - further
the now familiar “they won’t send the front end.”
Problem
heroism
Sashka grabbed the German with his bare hands - the theme of the feat in the war, when
a person does not think about his own life.
Man and war
The senselessness and cruelty of war is shown. Human
life is devalued.