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The lyrics of N. A. Nekrasov represented a completely new stage in Russian literature. He spent most of his life in close proximity to the common people, so he learned in every detail all the hardships of the life of a serf. “The spectacle of national disasters” began to excite the future poet even in his early years. “...The heart, bleeding, hurts with someone else’s sorrow...” - he said in his poems and called his poetry “the sad companion of the sad poor, born for labor, suffering and fetters.”
His poems are no longer just mourning for the plight of the Russian people, they contain the voice of the people themselves, the embodiment of their thoughts and feelings. The poet merged so much with the people, with their ideas and ideals, that his author’s “I” became a man of the people himself - a poor man, a serf, a peasant woman. We feel their voices, their feelings and moods in the poem “Frost,
Red Nose"; they themselves speak about their pain, suffering, dreams, love and hatred... But on the whole the work is filled with bright faith and hope for the best.
The central event of the poem is the death of a peasant, and the action in the poem does not extend beyond the boundaries of one peasant family, but the meaning put into it by the author is national. The peasant family in the poem is perceived as a part of vast Russia: the thought of Daria, as it deepens, turns into the thought of the “majestic Slavic woman,” and the deceased Proclus resembles the epic hero Mikula Selyaninovich. And Daria’s grief itself is a reflection of the centuries-old troubles of the long-suffering Russian peasant woman, a woman-mother, “the great grief of a widow and mother of small orphans,” as the author says. Reading the work, you constantly notice that in the particular the general appears, and through the life of one peasant family, the established way of Russian folk life shines through for centuries. Nekrasov in his work seems to poetize the “family thought,” but this is not the only thing that attracts him.
The poet cannot speak without compassion about the fate of a simple Russian woman.
Centuries passed - everything strived for happiness,
Everything in the world has changed several times, -
God forgot to change one thing
The harsh lot of a peasant woman...
These lines are also a reflection of national, national life. In images and paintings, striking in their truthfulness and strength, Nekrasov depicted the thoughts and feelings, work and struggle, everyday suffering and rare joys of a Russian woman.
In the poet's works, the image of a peasant woman, pure in heart, bright in mind, and strong in spirit, often appears. Such is Daria, the heroine of the poem “Frost, Red Nose.” The author's admiration is drawn to Daria's beauty, her dexterity and strength in her work, her responsiveness, dedication, mental fortitude and ability to sacrifice.
Once in her youth she amazed with her beauty, she was both dexterous and strong, but she, like every peasant woman, had to endure such a life, “which is hardly more difficult to find.” The poet could not indifferently see how a powerless Russian woman, crushed by slavery and overwork, suffered. And he says, turning to the peasant woman:
He didn't carry his heart in his chest,
Who did not shed tears over you.
“A person is thrown into life as a mystery to himself, every day he is brought closer to destruction - there is a lot of terrible and offensive in this! This alone can drive you crazy,” Nekrasov wrote to Leo Tolstoy. “But then you notice that someone else or others need you - and life suddenly gains meaning, and a person no longer feels that lonely, offensive uselessness..." That is why the widowed Daria overcomes her grief, because when she encounters trouble, she does not care about herself first of all. She is “full of thoughts about her husband, calling him, talking to him.” Dreaming of her son’s wedding, she thinks not about her own happiness, but about the happiness of her beloved Proclus, turns to her deceased husband, and rejoices at his joy. The same warm, kindred love extends to other people. And Daria overcomes her own death with the power of love, spreading to children, to Proclus, to all of nature, to the earth-nurse.
The personification of femininity
Starting to read the famous work, we understand that Natasha Rostova is Tolstoy’s favorite heroine in the novel “War and Peace”. He singles her out among all the heroes, devotes entire chapters to the girl’s life, describing her appearance, experiences, and actions with especially warm feeling. For the writer, Natasha Rostova is the personification of femininity. Her image embodies the author’s ideas about the main purpose of a woman, as a mother and wife.
The main character is not perfect. Natasha's character is complex, changeable and contradictory. Tolstoy's favorite, like every person, has its own advantages and disadvantages. But there is something so good and real in her that attracts the reader’s attention, makes her empathize, and evokes sympathy.
First meeting with the heroine
We begin our acquaintance with Tolstoy’s favorite heroine in the novel, Natasha, from a young age. During this period, the child has not yet fully formed. The writer makes it possible to trace the entire development path of his heroine. We see her as a fourteen-year-old girl, “dark-eyed, with a big mouth, ugly, but alive,” surrounded by close and dear people. An atmosphere of sincerity, love and mutual respect reigns in the hospitable Rostov home. Everything that happens in the soul of a child finds a response in the heart of the parents.
First love
Natasha Rostova's first ball is an important milestone in her life's journey. Preparing for the holiday, Natasha imagines herself as a society lady. But having crossed the threshold of the hall, drowned in the glow of lights, dissolved in the sounds of the waltz, she forgets about her plans. The young girl does not know how to hide her emotions, this is precisely why she stands out from those present and attracts the attention of Prince Andrei Bolkonsky. Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy brings together characters dear to him. A deep, sincere feeling arises between such different Natasha and Andrei. The sudden outbreak of love makes the heroine more mature and serious. The presence of a loved one is vital for Natasha, so Bolkonsky’s strange decision to postpone the wedding becomes a great test for her. The heroine's passion for the depraved Anatol Kuragin can be explained by her naive gullibility and inexperience in relationships with a man. The first meeting with meanness inflicted a deep wound on Natasha and destroyed love. It is difficult to blame the girl for this frivolous act. After all, love is the basis of her being. She is constantly searching, constantly in love with someone. As a child, he became interested in Boris Drubetsky, then a singing teacher, and his brother’s heroic friend Vasily Denisov. She needs to constantly feel admiring glances on her and accept signs of attention. This is the feminine essence of the romantic Natasha. Smart and sensible Andrei Bolkonsky failed to fully understand the amorous and vulnerable nature of his bride. The heroine will find true devoted love much later. Her happy chosen one will be the kind Pierre Bezukhov.
Features dear to the author
Natasha Rostova is Tolstoy’s favorite heroine, a deep and artistically gifted character. The writer admires her during the ball and admires her singing. Music plays a big role in a girl’s life, helps to survive the most difficult moments, and saves her from despair. Music in all its manifestations resonates in the heroine’s soul. She performs classical works superbly and is truly delighted by simple folk tunes. He diligently studies ballroom dancing and, without hesitation, starts dancing to the guitar of his uncle. Natasha “knew how to understand everything that was in Anisya, and in her aunt, and in her mother, and in every Russian person.”
The author endows his heroine with traits that are close and dear to him. Natasha loves nature and knows how to notice the beauty and uniqueness of the world around her. The moonlit night in Otradnoye is admirable. “Oh, how lovely! So I would squat down like this, grab myself under the knees... and fly. Like this!" – Natasha exclaims.
She is close to the common people. He sincerely rejoices at Christmas and mummers, enjoys sleigh rides, and takes part in Christmas fortune-telling. She is loved and obeyed by all the servants living in the Rostovs’ house without exception.
Childlike spontaneity and sincerity distinguish Natasha Rostova from other characters in the novel. She lives according to the dictates of her heart. Natasha, without hesitation, claps her hands and tugs at the honorable guests at the sight of her dancing father, squeals loudly during the hunt, expressing her emotions from a successful race. She does not have much intelligence, social polish or learned manners. “She doesn’t deign to be smart. No, she’s just charming, and nothing more...” Pierre Bezukhov characterizes Natasha. And the reader, together with the author, admires this heroine.
Eccentric and frivolous Natasha Rostova is capable of strong feelings and decisive actions. Sick, she spends several days next to her suffering mother, selflessly looks after the dying Andrei Bolkonsky, saves the wounded, sacrificing her dowry. She does not think, does not reason, but simply acts as her inner voice, a feeling of compassion or love for her loved ones tells her.
Transformation of Natasha Rostova
In the epilogue of the novel, we suddenly discover a completely new Natasha Rostova. The writer deliberately deprives his heroine of external charm. There was not a shadow of her former coquetry left in her, nor the desire to seduce and charm men. Before us is a plump woman who cares little about her appearance. But she is surrounded by close people: her beloved husband, children, the elderly Countess of Rostov. She does not go to balls or attend social salons. Natasha devotes all her time to her family. She is happy and calm. The former “enchantress” can be recognized by her eyes radiating light and love when she sees her beloved Pierre or her adored children. “It was this spiritual strength, this sincerity, this spiritual openness, this soul of hers, which seemed to be connected by her body, this is the soul that I loved in her...” says Pierre Bezukhov about his wife.
In an essay on the topic “Tolstoy’s favorite heroine in the novel “War and Peace,” I tried to characterize Natasha Rostova. It is she, according to the writer, who is the ideal of a woman whose happiness lies in family and children.
Work test
Exercise.
Correct the violations of word-formation norms in the examples below. Group them by type of violation (substitution of a prefix, substitution of a suffix, substitution of a productive stem). Find examples of language games.
1. I know you well: you are their pathetic henchman! 2. How you remind me of your grandmother. 3. This fantastic work ethic and hard work was passed on to the students. 4. Very beautiful shoes, but I have that lilac formal suit... And it needs something... More fluffy. 5. This is a movie about a rock climber. 6. With such results, we are not far from ruin. 7. We will not forget you, Taras Bulba, for your courageous heroism. 8. It is necessary to select an element from the paradigm that denotes a stable situation of non-cooperation. 9. And I walk around thinking: should I light the stove or not? 10. If you walk by, take this with you. 11. Mom, can I be your helper? 12. I don’t understand how you can be crazy about someone. Just some kind of fanatic. 13. Despotism and tyranny flourish in this family. 14. I recently read an epistolic novel. 15. How annoying you are! 16. And on the wall hangs a real hunting rifle. 17 Caricatured forms of depicting China. 18. An observer could be seen from the window of the house. 19. Compared to Varvara, he is a sensible person. 20. Hamlet hesitates to take revenge.
Morphological norms
Exercise 1.
Make up contexts in which the gender of the words below would be revealed.
Arabesques, attache, bar-billiard room, sconce, brandy, Valparaiso, whiskey, Vogue, traffic police, depot, Dushanbe, jury, Ivasi, muffler, hummingbird, cuffs, Mississippi, callus, mocha, penalty, reserved seats, pony, protégé, resume, rails, salami, sirocco, AIDS, status quo, taboo, slippers, shoes, tulle, FSB, chassis, chimpanzees, epaulettes, Esperanto.
Exercise 2.
Put these nouns in the genitive plural form. What endings compete to express a given grammatical meaning? What groups are such words usually divided into?
Orange, Armenian, saucer, swamp, boot, Buryat, felt boot, hectare, gram, share, mirror, carat, pin, kilogram, clip, poker, roofing, sock, shaft, rags, trousers, towel, tomato, darkness, sheet, leggings, rail, horn, boot, candle, soldier, gossip, twilight, tomato, manger.
Exercise 3.
Do these words have a paired generic name? Match the masculine nouns with feminine nouns and give them functional and stylistic characteristics.
Artist, ballerina, librarian, doctor, Hero of the Russian Federation, director, doctor, Indian, cashier, commandant, correspondent, laboratory assistant, pilot, teacher, pilot, lecturer, professor, editor, orderly, secretary, sprinter, weaver, philologist.
Exercise 4.
Put the verbs in the 1st person singular form.
Bass, wake up, buzz, recover, hold, dare, trumpet, flicker, disgust, disgust, find yourself, feel, defeat, block, vacuum, rust, see through, neighbor, warm, convince, weird, mischief.
Exercise 5.
Group the words according to the type of formation of the species pair.
To procure, suspect, disturb, ennoble, process, condition, improve, familiarize, disgrace, discredit, master, challenge, summarize, time, delay, concentrate, honor, legitimize, authorize, assimilate, accelerate, agree.
Exercise 6.
Correct and explain errors associated with incorrect determination of gender of nouns.
1. Very good roofing felt is sold in the store opposite. 2. I was shocked by the wonderful slogan of the amazing LDPR, invented for the last elections - “December 2, don’t lie and don’t be afraid!” 4. My shoe broke: the heel flew off. 5. And my son needed a bottle! 6. The traffic police issued us a fine. 7. It’s hard to imagine my admiration for traveling through fabulous India, but Delhi simply struck my imagination. 8. I decided to try washing my hair with a new shampoo. 9. The Asia Cosmos bus braked sharply, and a sixth model Zhiguli crashed into it. 10. The cocoa was badly prepared. 11. Toasts with plum jam were served for breakfast. 12. Buy me a hat with a veil. 13. Deep water Ontario is a source of fresh water. 14. To resolve this issue, you should check the new Code of Criminal Procedure. 15. How much does your wardrobe cost? 16. A registered parcel post has been sent to your name. 17. The official birthday of the team is September 4.
Exercise 7.
Correct and explain errors in the formation of grammatical forms of words.
1. You need to connect them and then see how they fit together. 2. I was in Sochi this year, it’s so beautiful there! 3. By the way a flower lives, you can determine how they treat you. If it starts to fade... you understand. 4. I walk without socks, barefoot. 5. How many dresses do you need? 6. Did you give me porridge? 7. Only honorary citizens of the city travel for free. 8. I love romantic music, so my favorite songs are those of Elton John and George Michael. 9. Gypsies used to live in the apartment where she lives now. And after these gypsies she found their cards under her floorboard. 10. How many shares of the inheritance did you receive? 11. I understand that summer is coming, but don’t strip down to your bikinis! 12. You are not allowed to interfere with someone else's family. 13. He realizes that he is to blame, but he can’t fix anything. 14. Do you only have these, and do you have any other keychains? 15. Sometimes she forgets that she is writing a dissertation essay.
Exercise 8.
Find errors associated with the use of verb forms. Classify the identified errors and suggest your own version of correction.
1. Such a study involves an analysis of a person’s actions, determined by his purchasing behavior, caused by the influence of advertising. 2. When I win the Olympics, they will give me flowers, but don’t worry, I will share. 3. Spread out the bed, otherwise you just want to sleep. 4. Turn right at the first turn and continue straight along this road all the time. 5. Where do you put your coursework then? 6. The tap is constantly leaking. 7. Now he will show us his outstanding result. 8. You will take my report card and say that I have passed everything. 9. Does a thing washed with Tide smell unpleasant? 10. I will convince him that he is wrong. 11. The French love to put this fried mixture on slices of bread and eat this bread. 12. Darling, today it’s better to go to bed early, and at dawn ride with God! 13. While studying at a university, they simply deferred from military service. 14. However, something didn’t work out for him... 15. A lot of orders are pouring in on him. 16. Now, I’ll just post the textbooks. 17. But she hardly rests: she lies down, lies down and continues to lie down. 18. Take it on your plate, spoon it and eat it. 19. I’ll put everything there. 20. We ask Parliament to use the powers that are given to it. 21. Yes, mom, don’t worry: I’m walking. 22. We ask for help in sorting out this problem. 23. The workers began to lay the foundation. 24. Have you paid for your travel? 25. I am glad that I was useful to people as a person who can make them smile. 26. How did he break down this formula? 27. You can’t shake it off like that! 28. We also want to do some renovations this summer. 29. He realizes that he is to blame, but he can’t fix anything. 30. The further we went, the more bold we became.
Exercise 9.
Write down the sentences, replacing numbers with words. Unscramble the abbreviations. Remember how the declension of complex and compound numerals differs from the declension of ordinal (counting) adjectives.
1. It is located about 450 km from here. 2. We have already taken all this into account in these 578 rubles. 3. And the minimum wage increased to 709 rubles. 4. I have 300 rubles. not enough to buy shoes. 5. On this day, the commission examined 23 students. 6. Open the textbook on page 542. 7. An interesting concert program was prepared in honor of the 250th anniversary of the city. 8. Now you must do exercise 891. 9. The city is located 150 km from the regional center. 10. We are talking about a list of 90 new words. 11. I had to send about 135 messages today. 12. More than 4,568,940 people are registered on the Odnoklassniki website. 13. The distance from Irkutsk to Ust-Ilimsk is approximately 1100 km. 14. There are approximately 248 varieties of violets in their collection. 15. I live on the 12th floor, and every day I have to climb at least 240 steps.
Exercise 10.
Correct errors related to the incorrect use of comparative and superlative forms. After analyzing the examples, formulate the rules for forming degrees of comparison of qualitative adjectives.
1. Yes, she is even wider than me. 2. This is the most wonderful day of my life. 3. Because of them, I found myself in a very stupid situation. 4. The land is not homogeneous: there are better areas, there are worse ones. 5. It is atherosclerosis that causes the most fatal conditions of the cardiovascular system, such as heart attack and stroke. 6. We expect the water level to decrease in the coming days. 7. Our goal is to show the best performances of the skaters. 8. My plan is thought out to the smallest detail. 9. Our sausage is tastier than in that store. 10. Now you are the richest of all. 11. You are the most beautiful today. 12. Zhenya said hello more affably today. 13. Sergey chose the shortest path to the house. 14. A pensioner will now have to pay more than three times less. 15. Tell us a little more in detail.
Exercise 11.
Correct and explain errors associated with the formation of numeral forms and pronouns.
1. There were rumors that if we live together, then there is something between me and her. 2. Where will I go with my three hundred rubles? 3. I'll see if I have his phone number, I'll give it to you. 4. They also live: both are pensioners, and their daughter is in prison. 5. Did you bring a fucking cassette? 6. Five buses did not get on the road. 7. Both women are well known in the village. 8. I open the door to the department - and there are three professors! 9. There are seven girls and me in our group. 10. Where will I go with my three hundred rubles? 11. I met both contenders for the title of “Miss Russia” in a very unusual setting. 12. I'll see how the guys vote. This will affect their attitude towards me. 13. And there is vodka in all three glasses! 14. Today we already employ about seven hundred and fifty veterinarians. 15. They lived with her parents for two years. 16. He was with both hands in favor of the adoption of a new declaration of principles of international law. 17. A hurricane is raging five hundred kilometers from here. 18. Wallpaper is confident in its choice. 19. Congratulations on the year two thousand and eight! 20. I won’t marry him!
Exercise 12.
Correct errors associated with violation of morphological norms. Formulate the rules for choosing a normative option.
1. I’ll peel the potatoes now. 2. Well, the house is now cleaned up. 3. Hand over the polta to the cloakroom. 4. Onions doused with boiling water... 5. Of course, I’m sorry, but you weren’t standing here when I arrived, so you’ll follow me. 6. Well, take the tulle and wash it in the machine. She's so dirty. 7. Recently I began to read books more carefully. 8. There is no seven hundred and eighty-fifth page in your textbook. 9. I'm afraid that I will feel awkward. 10. Why don’t they hand over the documents to us? 11. Look what her hair is like. 12. Highest score in the game. 13. I don’t see scissors on the table. 14. We all admired Lyubov Orlova. 15. Mom, did you put the wallpaper books in the closet? 16. So much work has accumulated for the New Year! 17. Having heard this conversation, I realized that she doesn’t love me. 18. I won’t come to you: the hairdresser will come to me in the evening. 19. We ask parliament to use the powers that are given to it. 20. A solar eclipse is expected in the year two thousand and nine.
Syntactic norms
Exercise 1.
What case form do the following derived prepositions require after themselves? Give contexts in which they would be used.
According to, thanks to, in view of, contrary to, due to, for the reason of, excluding, in accordance with, as a result of, in the area of, at the expense of, after, upon expiration.
Exercise 2.
Analyze the sentences, formulate why such uses of prepositions are erroneous. To answer this question, read the corresponding section of D. E. Rosenthal's Handbook of Spelling, Pronunciation and Literary Editing.
1. At the end of the internship, students are gathered for a conference. 2. Contrary to the dean's order, students continue to smoke under the stairs. 3. According to the order of the city mayor, compensation will be paid to the victims. 4. All his relatives live in Ukraine, and in our times this is already a different country. 5. I can’t do it today: we’ll be at a concert. 6. After some time, you can return to this problem again. 7. In my first year, I really missed my parents. 8. In many countries of the world, there is a rule according to which all more or less significant volumes of external borrowing by individual market entities of a given country are guaranteed to one degree or another by the state. 9. Thanks to him, we got everything done on time. 10. What time did you get home from school today?
Exercise 3.
Compare pairs of sentences. Using the “Handbook of Spelling, Pronunciation and Literary Editing” by D.E. Rosenthal, formulate the possibility of using variant forms.
1.Most first-year students successfully passed the winter examination session. – The majority of first-year students who entered universities immediately after graduation successfully passed the winter examination session. 2. Five soldiers went on reconnaissance. – Five soldiers went on reconnaissance. 3. Roast - canned meat - met with sour mines. – The St. John's wort grass grew throughout the clearing. 4. The children liked the toy car. – The library-museum acquired the writer’s unpublished manuscripts. 5. The mother and child went to the outpatient clinic. – After lunch, Los and Rusakov went to see the warehouses and shops.
Exercise 4.
Indicate errors in management. Offer all possible edits.
1. An exchange of opinions began. 2. We admired the beauty of the summer sunset. 3. I am very happy with the court’s decision: everything turned out the way I wanted. 4. Business people are required to manage and organize the business. 5. He was always surprised by his son’s hard work. 6. It is not necessary to photograph people - houses, animals and flowers are also possible. 7. This text refers to the official business style: it regulates the rights of the reader. 8. Khrushchev needed to show Stalin that not everyone in Ukraine was traitors. 9. Comrades, pay for the journey. 10. We, of course, thought and hoped for such a victory. 11. The plant organized and manages its subsidiaries. 12. Let's stop talking about June 8th and start talking about the cyclical nature of the economy. 13. Tolstoy describes the war. 14. After the “Circus with the Stars” program, Ksenia Sobchak is not afraid of anything, she is not even afraid of a parachute jump. 15. We planned to start the festival by the ninth of May. 16. Admiring the work of Michelangelo... 17. I have a suspicion that he is lying. 18. Questions that people are still looking for answers to. 19. The speaker operated with unverified data. 20. All efforts of teachers were aimed at ensuring high achievement rates.
Exercise 5.
Correct errors related to the use of participial phrases.
1. Having dug the hole to the bottom, blue stones sparkled in the sun. 2. Opening the window, I smelled pine trees. 3. Approaching the city, a strong wind began. 4. Having finished the excursion, lunch was waiting for us at the restaurant. 5. When he woke up, he was told that breakfast had already been served. 6. Having been born into such a cinematic family, Natasha’s future was, in general, predetermined (O. Pushkin about the daughter of N. Belokhvostikova and V. Naumov - Natalya). 7. After watching this film, I felt very sad. 8. Coming home, the radio was playing at full volume. 9. Leaving the apartment, he began to cry. 10. Muslims believe that, having visited this mountain, the Lord will forgive them all their sins. 11. Arriving in Paris, he was invited to the embassy. 12. After answering our questions within five days, the gift from Spectr will be yours. 13. Being a brilliant master in abdominal surgery, V.A. Ovchinnikov has done a lot in this section. 14. Arriving home, I felt much better. 15. I don’t know how bad it is coaching the national team. 16. By following our tips, your shoes will last. 17. By cooperating with us, you are guaranteed success. 18. He was a simple teacher, afraid of society. 19. Having fixed the pencil, it broke again. 20. When I got there, at first it was a little difficult for me.
Exercise 6.
Correct errors related to the homogeneity phenomenon. After analyzing the examples, answer the question what could be the cause of this error.
1. The author loves and admires his heroine. 2. The lamp is suspended above the sofa and is very beautiful. 3. ...characterized by several stages of settlement and organization of economic activity. 4. They are lazy, ugly, evil, mean, and when they need something, they are polite, kind, and courteous. 5. The girl is smart, without bad habits and exemplary behavior. 6. Be also gentle, beautiful and happy. 7. The main task of headlines is to attract and control attention. 8. Eastern girls dance amazingly: they love and have excellent control of their body. 9. The sacred books of this religion were classics and the main subject of study. 10. Every person faces the problem of choice in life: we choose work, clothes, food and where to invest money. 11. And on this the author builds his influence on the reader in order to convey that information and to obtain the result that the author needs and will give greater significance to the magazine. 12. After reading this novel, I realized that people are different and what money does to people. 13. The purpose of the work is the concept of anomalies of modern speech and finding the nature of their origin, as well as to find out how colloquial speech differs from literary, and finally, why it has a strong influence on human speech, to consider the features of colloquial speech of the 21st group. 14. You will not find a clinic that, to varying degrees, would be related to the decision of teaching staff and interest in scientific research. 15. Today, literary criticism is dominated by a concept according to which there are two main types of Gothic novels and V. Dibelius is considered one of the founders.
Exercise 7.
1. The police often looked on indifferently as the conflict flared up. 2. The peasantry opposed the landowners. 3. Bazarov proudly declares that my grandfather plowed the land. 4. But in the evenings, after returning from work, I don’t want to read anything serious. 5. This is the young generation that is growing up. 6. I found someone to consult with. 7. The young people were happy and excited. 8. The novel “Fathers and Sons” was written by Turgenev in 1862. 9. I. Eiges believed that music in general occupied a large place in Chekhov’s work and romances in particular. 10. They were mainly interested in the opportunity to trade on the Irkutsk market and treatment in regional hospitals. 11. They have known each other since childhood. 12. Few designers of business class cars offer such legroom. 13. Slogans of an incentive nature and fonts that appear to be handwritten thereby give messages a strong emotional coloring. 14. In addition to the singer, the defendant in court will be the record companies that released his album. 15. My father is a doctor, so my interest in medicine is quite understandable. 16. While getting out of the car, my bag tore. 17. Roma put on a shirt with short sleeves, which he tucked into his trousers. 18. Smoking and alcohol are harmful to health. 19. The boy threw a stone into the water. 20. A hundred years have passed. 21. And I, like many people who think the same, support my opinion. 22. In one of the military units, a child was born with a pathology. 23. In trying to answer this question, I had a number of comments. 24. Congratulations to the team of our faculty “Arzamas-2004” for winning the Irkutsk University Cup. 25. The author in this text is explicit.
Exercise 8.
Correct syntax errors. Formulate the rules for choosing a normative option.
1. Reading an interview with you, looking through your biography, one gets the impression that your life was going quite smoothly. 2. Often, constructions of this kind provoke the addressee to form a false conclusion about the advertised product, which is beneficial to the advertiser. 3. Understanding of borrowing as a process that updates and performs, along with phenomena of an intrastructural nature, the vocabulary of the borrowing language. 4. Social-precedent phenomena are those phenomena that are known to any average representative of a certain society and are included in the collective cognitive space. 5. The central streets are swept, clean and tidy, and turning right, like turning left, the pictures change. 6. Western European public opinion has a poor understanding of why we are against NATO expansion. 7. All efforts of teachers were directed to ensure high achievement rates.8. Thus, memory can include various kinds of memories and interpret them in relation to the spiritual state of the individual, and is applicable to a significant period of life, which reflects the spiritual and physical path of its development. 9. Colleagues hope that their love, united, will create that positive charge of energy that will help Nikolai get back on track. 10. Let us emphasize once again: the frequent use of such combinations in advertising texts, as well as the fact that these combinations, being a source of false conclusion, can distort the real assessment of the product, allow us to assert that this is a special manipulative technique. 11. The main thing in the drama is not the events, but the hero, who finds himself involved in some life situation and faces the problem of choice. 12. Paying attention to the names of these heroes, it is not difficult for us to understand why one of them is named dryly - after the surname Lapshin, and the other is warmly and friendly - Uncle Vasya. 13. At this time, Oleg is confused, screams, rushes into the yard, and then runs in and, as the playwright notes, he is furious and crying. 14. Lyamin, on the contrary, feels responsible for the fate of other people. And he hurries to do them good. 15. Andrei Pavlovich Buzykin is also running his own marathon. 16. It is very important that advertising firms persistently study and implement the accumulated experience of various manufacturers. 17. He probably ran out for ice cream for our secretary Zoenka, his beloved passion, which I did not fail to notice to him. 18. In this chapter we will try to consider “folk thought” in the novels of L.N. Tolstoy “War and Peace” and G. Vladimov “The General and His Army”, in which G. Vladimov focuses on “War and Peace” when depicting the people, and on what he does not agree with L.N. Tolstoy. 19. Based on this paragraph, we can conclude that the variety of language paradoxes allows Schwartz to most thoroughly reveal the paradox of life. 20. The wide range of applications, as well as the prevalence of this method of managing people, have led to the emergence of many scientific studies on the phenomenon of manipulation. 21. The study of the concept of manipulation within the framework of psycholinguistics is dictated by the desire to explain at a theoretical level, based on the results of various experiments, the principles of organizing human behavior in various conditions of the social context that influence and influence it. 22. Vitka’s mother from the story “A Mother’s Heart” begins to actively take care of her son, who has ended up in the police. He works everywhere he can. Sorrowfully, even humiliatingly, she asks for help from people who, she believes, can free her son, bring the guy home, remove, write off the guilt from him. As soon as he enters the police station, right from the threshold he throws himself on his knees in front of the “chiefs”. 23. I mean those tragic events that took place during your journey. 24. Dear teachers! Write your last name, disease, where you would like to receive treatment within the Irkutsk region. 25. Thus, based on formal positions, the phenomena of linguistic absurdity are of a syntactic nature and are realized within a complex syntactic whole or text.
SPEECH ACCURACY
Exercise 1.
Analyze examples in which the accuracy of speech is impaired. Determine what type of accuracy was not observed by the authors of the statements, indicate the type of error, and suggest your own version of editing.
1. Phosphorus poisoning may cause yellowing of the skin. 2. Newspapers wrote excitedly about Zalmanov’s baths. 3. Should the faculty director help students? 4. In the 19th century, everyone who lived in palaces were plebeians. 5. Wheat and rye are cereal plants. 6. It is becoming increasingly difficult to patch worn-out agricultural machinery. 7. You need to complete the following task. 8. The raid revealed a whole galaxy of crooks. 9. To feel normal in a squad, you need to separate yourself from the team. 10. Next come the prairie sides. 11. Watch a report in the evening about the tragic death of the plane. 12. Pushkin is at the ball, and there is Natalya Goncharova, thin, tall, aspen waist... 13. The length of our territory is longer than the distance from Russia to America. 14. How ours took Berlin in '43! 15. Elizaveta Vasilyevna was tired: first in the morning there was a prayer service (it was she who insisted on a church funeral service), then to the cemetery, then a long wake...
Exercise 2.
Analyze examples in which the accuracy of speech is impaired. Classify the type of error, suggest your own version of the edit.
1. When a student reaches 5th grade, he cannot accurately distinguish a complex sentence from a simple one. 2. I love her umbilical cord earring. 3. Before having children, I absolutely didn’t know what to do on the weekends. 4. It’s over forty outside with a wind, I start the car, and it’s hot. 5. Your skin becomes tighter. 6. The last time Alexander wore a suit and tie was in first grade. 7. Two priests in the taiga in church guise... 8. The main characters in the film “Ivan Vasilyevich Changes His Profession” ran into the royal chambers, and riflemen burst in right after them. 9. Many books have been written about the heroism of the Russian people. 10. The small ice arena "Ermak" was saddled by Vladimir Poroshin's charges. 11. It was necessary to introduce smart censorship at that time. 12. I can’t ride the bus in summer. Those are the smells! And you know, I have such a subtle charm! 13. I’ll tell you about this later, in a false conversation. 14. The general manager of Chrysler pulled the company out of a breakthrough. 15. He explained that he committed the crime because of a wrong concept of the law.
Exercise 3.
Correct sentences in which there is a confusion of words belonging to the same conceptual area as a result of incorrect updating of the differentiating component of meaning.
1. Take the dirty plate to the wash. 2. Try cucumbers! Delicious, as if fresh! You can’t even tell that they’re salty! 3. I wanted to eat, I went into the refrigerator, and it was empty! 4. I bought myself a perfume with watermelon flavor. 5. And then we all went for a walk in unison. 6. You are terrifyingly beautiful today. 7. Come to me urgently this evening. 8. The result of using the cream is smoothed facial features. 9. Yesterday my friend got completely drunk and ended up in the police. 10. You do as you wish, but I don’t like this perfume, and I think I’ve heard this smell a hundred times already. 11. Your apartment is covered in rose petals! This is terribly romantic! 12. Thank you, you are terribly kind. 13. Most of them (about men who are “adventurers”) are deeply married, but they want extra adrenaline. 14. Bake 3-4 cakes, brush them with sour cream or jam. The carrots are completely unrecognizable in the dough! 15. And you are curious and look at any medical brochure about allergies and there, for sure, you will find the name of Hippocrates, and after him the iconostasis of the most famous names.
Exercise 4.
Analyze the examples and answer the question from which lexical paradigm the inaccurate choice of option was made. Suggest an amendment.
1. The early rising sun woke me up long before my father’s arrival. 2. Fleeing from the midges, the cow hit herself on the back with her tail and growled pitifully. 3. In the opera “Carmen” the title role is performed by Vladimir Atlantov. 4. There can be no friendship between a man and a woman. They are guided by physics. 5. No, I’m already full, don’t even try to offer me pies, otherwise I won’t refuse. 6. Give me a towel. It still needs to be washed. 7.You are bad at communicating with concepts. 8. Effective measures were taken to resolve this issue. 9. The young man got in and committed a premature car theft. 10. To increase profits, you need to change the type of productivity. 11. Your Danka is bad: she’s still young! But if you train it, it will turn out to be an excellent wrestling dog! 12. I quickly ran down the stairs from the first to the fifth floor! 13. And you turn out to be a complete ignoramus, and you also boast about your knowledge of technology. 14. I don’t need your four hundred grams, I only take economical packages. 15. The whole problem is that Maxim is not used to working and likes to lead a festive lifestyle.
Related information.
Exercise 1.
What case form do the following derived prepositions require after themselves? Give contexts in which they would be used.
According to, thanks to, in view of, contrary to, due to, for the reason of, excluding, in accordance with, as a result of, in the area of, at the expense of, after, upon expiration.
Exercise 2.
Analyze the sentences, formulate why such uses of prepositions are erroneous. To answer this question, read the corresponding section of D. E. Rosenthal's Handbook of Spelling, Pronunciation and Literary Editing.
1. At the end of the internship, students are gathered for a conference. 2. Contrary to the dean's order, students continue to smoke under the stairs. 3. According to the order of the city mayor, compensation will be paid to the victims. 4. All his relatives live in Ukraine, and in our times this is already a different country. 5. I can’t do it today: we’ll be at a concert. 6. After some time, you can return to this problem again. 7. In my first year, I really missed my parents. 8. In many countries of the world, there is a rule according to which all more or less significant volumes of external borrowing by individual market entities of a given country are guaranteed to one degree or another by the state. 9. Thanks to him, we got everything done on time. 10. What time did you get home from school today?
Exercise 3.
Compare pairs of sentences. Using the “Handbook of Spelling, Pronunciation and Literary Editing” by D.E. Rosenthal, formulate the possibility of using variant forms.
1.Most first-year students successfully passed the winter examination session. – The majority of first-year students who entered universities immediately after graduation successfully passed the winter examination session. 2. Five soldiers went on reconnaissance. – Five soldiers went on reconnaissance. 3. Roast - canned meat - met with sour mines. – The St. John's wort grass grew throughout the clearing. 4. The children liked the toy car. – The library-museum acquired the writer’s unpublished manuscripts. 5. The mother and child went to the outpatient clinic. – After lunch, Los and Rusakov went to see the warehouses and shops.
Exercise 4.
Indicate errors in management. Offer all possible edits.
1. An exchange of opinions began. 2. We admired the beauty of the summer sunset. 3. I am very happy with the court’s decision: everything turned out the way I wanted. 4. Business people are required to manage and organize the business. 5. He was always surprised by his son’s hard work. 6. It is not necessary to photograph people - houses, animals and flowers are also possible. 7. This text refers to the official business style: it regulates the rights of the reader. 8. Khrushchev needed to show Stalin that not everyone in Ukraine was traitors. 9. Comrades, pay for the journey. 10. We, of course, thought and hoped for such a victory. 11. The plant organized and manages its subsidiaries. 12. Let's stop talking about June 8th and start talking about the cyclical nature of the economy. 13. Tolstoy describes the war. 14. After the “Circus with the Stars” program, Ksenia Sobchak is not afraid of anything, she is not even afraid of a parachute jump. 15. We planned to start the festival by the ninth of May. 16. Admiring the work of Michelangelo... 17. I have a suspicion that he is lying. 18. Questions that people are still looking for answers to. 19. The speaker operated with unverified data. 20. All efforts of teachers were aimed at ensuring high achievement rates.
Exercise 5.
Correct errors related to the use of participial phrases.
1. Having dug the hole to the bottom, blue stones sparkled in the sun. 2. Opening the window, I smelled pine trees. 3. Approaching the city, a strong wind began. 4. Having finished the excursion, lunch was waiting for us at the restaurant. 5. When he woke up, he was told that breakfast had already been served. 6. Having been born into such a cinematic family, Natasha’s future was, in general, predetermined (O. Pushkin about the daughter of N. Belokhvostikova and V. Naumov - Natalya). 7. After watching this film, I felt very sad. 8. Coming home, the radio was playing at full volume. 9. Leaving the apartment, he began to cry. 10. Muslims believe that, having visited this mountain, the Lord will forgive them all their sins. 11. Arriving in Paris, he was invited to the embassy. 12. After answering our questions within five days, the gift from Spectr will be yours. 13. Being a brilliant master in abdominal surgery, V.A. Ovchinnikov has done a lot in this section. 14. Arriving home, I felt much better. 15. I don’t know how bad it is coaching the national team. 16. By following our tips, your shoes will last. 17. By cooperating with us, you are guaranteed success. 18. He was a simple teacher, afraid of society. 19. Having fixed the pencil, it broke again. 20. When I got there, at first it was a little difficult for me.
Exercise 6.
Correct errors related to the homogeneity phenomenon. After analyzing the examples, answer the question what could be the cause of this error.
1. The author loves and admires his heroine. 2. The lamp is suspended above the sofa and is very beautiful. 3. ...characterized by several stages of settlement and organization of economic activity. 4. They are lazy, ugly, evil, mean, and when they need something, they are polite, kind, and courteous. 5. The girl is smart, without bad habits and exemplary behavior. 6. Be also gentle, beautiful and happy. 7. The main task of headlines is to attract and control attention. 8. Eastern girls dance amazingly: they love and have excellent control of their body. 9. The sacred books of this religion were classics and the main subject of study. 10. Every person faces the problem of choice in life: we choose work, clothes, food and where to invest money. 11. And on this the author builds his influence on the reader in order to convey that information and to obtain the result that the author needs and will give greater significance to the magazine. 12. After reading this novel, I realized that people are different and what money does to people. 13. The purpose of the work is the concept of anomalies of modern speech and finding the nature of their origin, as well as to find out how colloquial speech differs from literary, and finally, why it has a strong influence on human speech, to consider the features of colloquial speech of the 21st group. 14. You will not find a clinic that, to varying degrees, would be related to the decision of teaching staff and interest in scientific research. 15. Today, literary criticism is dominated by a concept according to which there are two main types of Gothic novels and V. Dibelius is considered one of the founders.
Exercise 7.
1. The police often looked on indifferently as the conflict flared up. 2. The peasantry opposed the landowners. 3. Bazarov proudly declares that my grandfather plowed the land. 4. But in the evenings, after returning from work, I don’t want to read anything serious. 5. This is the young generation that is growing up. 6. I found someone to consult with. 7. The young people were happy and excited. 8. The novel “Fathers and Sons” was written by Turgenev in 1862. 9. I. Eiges believed that music in general occupied a large place in Chekhov’s work and romances in particular. 10. They were mainly interested in the opportunity to trade on the Irkutsk market and treatment in regional hospitals. 11. They have known each other since childhood. 12. Few designers of business class cars offer such legroom. 13. Slogans of an incentive nature and fonts that appear to be handwritten thereby give messages a strong emotional coloring. 14. In addition to the singer, the defendant in court will be the record companies that released his album. 15. My father is a doctor, so my interest in medicine is quite understandable. 16. While getting out of the car, my bag tore. 17. Roma put on a shirt with short sleeves, which he tucked into his trousers. 18. Smoking and alcohol are harmful to health. 19. The boy threw a stone into the water. 20. A hundred years have passed. 21. And I, like many people who think the same, support my opinion. 22. In one of the military units, a child was born with a pathology. 23. In trying to answer this question, I had a number of comments. 24. Congratulations to the team of our faculty “Arzamas-2004” for winning the Irkutsk University Cup. 25. The author in this text is explicit.
Exercise 8.
Correct syntax errors. Formulate the rules for choosing a normative option.
1. Reading an interview with you, looking through your biography, one gets the impression that your life was going quite smoothly. 2. Often, constructions of this kind provoke the addressee to form a false conclusion about the advertised product, which is beneficial to the advertiser. 3. Understanding of borrowing as a process that updates and performs, along with phenomena of an intrastructural nature, the vocabulary of the borrowing language. 4. Social-precedent phenomena are those phenomena that are known to any average representative of a certain society and are included in the collective cognitive space. 5. The central streets are swept, clean and tidy, and turning right, like turning left, the pictures change. 6. Western European public opinion has a poor understanding of why we are against NATO expansion. 7. All efforts of teachers were directed to ensure high achievement rates.8. Thus, memory can include various kinds of memories and interpret them in relation to the spiritual state of the individual, and is applicable to a significant period of life, which reflects the spiritual and physical path of its development. 9. Colleagues hope that their love, united, will create that positive charge of energy that will help Nikolai get back on track. 10. Let us emphasize once again: the frequent use of such combinations in advertising texts, as well as the fact that these combinations, being a source of false conclusion, can distort the real assessment of the product, allow us to assert that this is a special manipulative technique. 11. The main thing in the drama is not the events, but the hero, who finds himself involved in some life situation and faces the problem of choice. 12. Paying attention to the names of these heroes, it is not difficult for us to understand why one of them is named dryly - after the surname Lapshin, and the other is warmly and friendly - Uncle Vasya. 13. At this time, Oleg is confused, screams, rushes into the yard, and then runs in and, as the playwright notes, he is furious and crying. 14. Lyamin, on the contrary, feels responsible for the fate of other people. And he hurries to do them good. 15. Andrei Pavlovich Buzykin is also running his own marathon. 16. It is very important that advertising firms persistently study and implement the accumulated experience of various manufacturers. 17. He probably ran out for ice cream for our secretary Zoenka, his beloved passion, which I did not fail to notice to him. 18. In this chapter we will try to consider “folk thought” in the novels of L.N. Tolstoy “War and Peace” and G. Vladimov “The General and His Army”, in which G. Vladimov focuses on “War and Peace” when depicting the people, and on what he does not agree with L.N. Tolstoy. 19. Based on this paragraph, we can conclude that the variety of language paradoxes allows Schwartz to most thoroughly reveal the paradox of life. 20. The wide range of applications, as well as the prevalence of this method of managing people, have led to the emergence of many scientific studies on the phenomenon of manipulation. 21. The study of the concept of manipulation within the framework of psycholinguistics is dictated by the desire to explain at a theoretical level, based on the results of various experiments, the principles of organizing human behavior in various conditions of the social context that influence and influence it. 22. Vitka’s mother from the story “A Mother’s Heart” begins to actively take care of her son, who has ended up in the police. He works everywhere he can. Sorrowfully, even humiliatingly, she asks for help from people who, she believes, can free her son, bring the guy home, remove, write off the guilt from him. As soon as he enters the police station, right from the threshold he throws himself on his knees in front of the “chiefs”. 23. I mean those tragic events that took place during your journey. 24. Dear teachers! Write your last name, disease, where you would like to receive treatment within the Irkutsk region. 25. Thus, based on formal positions, the phenomena of linguistic absurdity are of a syntactic nature and are realized within a complex syntactic whole or text.
SPEECH ACCURACY
Exercise 1.
Analyze examples in which the accuracy of speech is impaired. Determine what type of accuracy was not observed by the authors of the statements, indicate the type of error, and suggest your own version of editing.
1. Phosphorus poisoning may cause yellowing of the skin. 2. Newspapers wrote excitedly about Zalmanov’s baths. 3. Should the faculty director help students? 4. In the 19th century, everyone who lived in palaces were plebeians. 5. Wheat and rye are cereal plants. 6. It is becoming increasingly difficult to patch worn-out agricultural machinery. 7. You need to complete the following task. 8. The raid revealed a whole galaxy of crooks. 9. To feel normal in a squad, you need to separate yourself from the team. 10. Next come the prairie sides. 11. Watch a report in the evening about the tragic death of the plane. 12. Pushkin is at the ball, and there is Natalya Goncharova, thin, tall, aspen waist... 13. The length of our territory is longer than the distance from Russia to America. 14. How ours took Berlin in '43! 15. Elizaveta Vasilyevna was tired: first in the morning there was a prayer service (it was she who insisted on a church funeral service), then to the cemetery, then a long wake...
Exercise 2.
Analyze examples in which the accuracy of speech is impaired. Classify the type of error, suggest your own version of the edit.
1. When a student reaches 5th grade, he cannot accurately distinguish a complex sentence from a simple one. 2. I love her umbilical cord earring. 3. Before having children, I absolutely didn’t know what to do on the weekends. 4. It’s over forty outside with a wind, I start the car, and it’s hot. 5. Your skin becomes tighter. 6. The last time Alexander wore a suit and tie was in first grade. 7. Two priests in the taiga in church guise... 8. The main characters in the film “Ivan Vasilyevich Changes His Profession” ran into the royal chambers, and riflemen burst in right after them. 9. Many books have been written about the heroism of the Russian people. 10. The small ice arena "Ermak" was saddled by Vladimir Poroshin's charges. 11. It was necessary to introduce smart censorship at that time. 12. I can’t ride the bus in summer. Those are the smells! And you know, I have such a subtle charm! 13. I’ll tell you about this later, in a false conversation. 14. The general manager of Chrysler pulled the company out of a breakthrough. 15. He explained that he committed the crime because of a wrong concept of the law.
Exercise 3.
Correct sentences in which there is a confusion of words belonging to the same conceptual area as a result of incorrect updating of the differentiating component of meaning.
1. Take the dirty plate to the wash. 2. Try cucumbers! Delicious, as if fresh! You can’t even tell that they’re salty! 3. I wanted to eat, I went into the refrigerator, and it was empty! 4. I bought myself a perfume with watermelon flavor. 5. And then we all went for a walk in unison. 6. You are terrifyingly beautiful today. 7. Come to me urgently this evening. 8. The result of using the cream is smoothed facial features. 9. Yesterday my friend got completely drunk and ended up in the police. 10. You do as you wish, but I don’t like this perfume, and I think I’ve heard this smell a hundred times already. 11. Your apartment is covered in rose petals! This is terribly romantic! 12. Thank you, you are terribly kind. 13. Most of them (about men who are “adventurers”) are deeply married, but they want extra adrenaline. 14. Bake 3-4 cakes, brush them with sour cream or jam. The carrots are completely unrecognizable in the dough! 15. And you are curious and look at any medical brochure about allergies and there, for sure, you will find the name of Hippocrates, and after him the iconostasis of the most famous names.
Exercise 4.
Analyze the examples and answer the question from which lexical paradigm the inaccurate choice of option was made. Suggest an amendment.
1. The early rising sun woke me up long before my father’s arrival. 2. Fleeing from the midges, the cow hit herself on the back with her tail and growled pitifully. 3. In the opera “Carmen” the title role is performed by Vladimir Atlantov. 4. There can be no friendship between a man and a woman. They are guided by physics. 5. No, I’m already full, don’t even try to offer me pies, otherwise I won’t refuse. 6. Give me a towel. It still needs to be washed. 7.You are bad at communicating with concepts. 8. Effective measures were taken to resolve this issue. 9. The young man got in and committed a premature car theft. 10. To increase profits, you need to change the type of productivity. 11. Your Danka is bad: she’s still young! But if you train it, it will turn out to be an excellent wrestling dog! 12. I quickly ran down the stairs from the first to the fifth floor! 13. And you turn out to be a complete ignoramus, and you also boast about your knowledge of technology. 14. I don’t need your four hundred grams, I only take economical packages. 15. The whole problem is that Maxim is not used to working and likes to lead a festive lifestyle.
SPEECH CLARITY
Exercise 1.
Correct the sentences in which the clarity of speech is impaired, classify the type of error.
1. No shelter, no shelter for him. 2. About three days before the test, I realized that I had no time for novels. 3. In the fairy tale “The Magic Cauldron,” the girl could not remember the spell; her cauldron did not cook. 4. We have overestimated a lot of things this year. 5. We only do urgent fractures (advertisement on the door to the X-ray room). 6. Orbakaite invited Druzhinin to star in this film. 7. A conversation was held with a representative of the delegation who recently arrived in Moscow. 8. We will save you from the future (advertising for an insurance company). 9. Unfortunately, the striker's candle hit the crossbar (the ball sent by the striker hit the corner of the goal). 10. My windows fell yesterday (Windows program). 11. Hackers are actively producing zombies, which poses a great danger to users (a zombie is a computer infected with a virus). 12. The appointment of the rector was not unexpected. 13. These guys gave me a ride yesterday! 14. To avoid problems with security at the entrance, we recommend taking with you a photograph confirming your majority. 15. We have an old boss.
Exercise 2.
Analyze statements in which dialectisms and professionalisms occur. Does this affect the clarity of speech? If necessary, suggest your own version of editing.
1. He drives a tablet (the tablet is a UAZ car). 2. Tomorrow, show students routine moments (regular moments - dressing, feeding, etc. in kindergarten). 3. Don’t forget to take a working day photograph tomorrow (recording the employee’s actions during the working day). 4. We received benefits from placement in specialized magazines (exhaust – a high degree of advertising effectiveness). 5. There are three of us children in the family, I am the otkonchik (the otkonchik is the youngest). 6. I just burned myself with golokhai (golokhai - nettle). 7. Lisa, it’s high time for you to change the motherboard in your head and add about two hundred gigabytes of memory (motherboard - motherboard; gig - gigabyte). 8. I’ll go to the kut (kut – kitchen). 9. And I have a misfortune: the mother passed out and the screw flew off (the mother is the motherboard, the screw is the hard drive). 10. I’ll print out the back sheet for you, check the balances against the material (turnover - back sheet of material accounting).11. My father went hunting last year and killed a pest (a pest is a bear). 12. Well, Tatyana, you need treatment for an eight (an eight is a wisdom tooth). 13. Lenya, why don’t you say anything about tuning my car? (tuning is an additional technical and/or decorative improvement). 14. The driver, playing with the brakes, manages to keep the wheels just on the verge of skidding, achieving the most effective sliding. 15. Yes, my daughter is suraz I I’ve done this, where can I get money for everyone to buy shoes? (surazyo - illegitimate children).
Exercise 3.
Analyze examples where ambiguity occurs. Determine which language device provokes ambiguity. Classify the type of error. If necessary, suggest your own version of editing.
1. She didn’t have a pass that day. 2. It turned out to be not as difficult as I thought. 3. Alexandra invited her daughter. 4. Borrowing a large amount of money, as you know, is the best way to lose a friend. 5. I poured sugar for you. 6. There were bones lying on the floor, didn’t you see them? 7. She looked disapprovingly at Harry and knocked back another glass of brandy. 8. – What will you do? – I don’t know yet, maybe the floor will have to be changed. 9. The store was empty, as always. 10. – Yura, bring the key!
Exercise 4.
Analyze examples that interfere with clarity of speech. To edit, use the list of word meanings below.
1. I took out an overdraft yesterday. 2. We release it to the market, and then the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection and the Department of Employment say: our release occurred in the socialist market. 3. You call him and tell him not to drag me in, I’ll stick out later. 4. Yesterday the battens were being laid before 5 pm. 5. We decided to go fishing this weekend, but we couldn’t find a good slot. 6. We need to erect monuments and machine guns for the fact that we were at full speed. 7. Should I do some styling for you? 8. Vera gave several birds to the winterers of Dikson Island, who acclimatized well. 9. – What cords did you take? - Tulips. 10. Yesterday I found Fenka in Lyvadi
Values: ‘social workers’, ‘lowland that floods during rains’, ‘bars’, ‘drive at the wrong time, speed up’, ‘boat’, ‘salary loan’, ‘cords with three outlets’.
Exercise 5.
Analyze the examples and answer the question, do they interfere with the clarity of speech? Classify the type of error. If necessary, suggest your own version of editing.
1. Regular eye cream is not suitable. 2. I can’t see anything because of my heads. 3. Observations on the language of young children. 4. It turned out that 200 exhibits disappeared during the inspection. 5. Chairman of the Committee for Health Protection of the State Duma of the Russian Federation. 6. The Minister's approval was premature. 7. It is necessary to make allowances for other food products and the lifestyle that a person leads. 8. Many creams claim to fight certain age-related skin changes. 9. You go to this girl in red, she will be waiting for you. 10. I suggest everyone reset. 11. Good news about AIDS. 12. We could not start extinguishing the fire due to electricity. 13. On May 27, 2005, the kindergarten is open until 15.00 in connection with the sanitation of cockroaches. 14. What a pity that the ability to share remained only an advantage of the simplest. 15. I bought a doll, all I have to do is hang the floats.
LOGICALITY OF SPEECH
Exercise 1.
Name the errors that violate the law of identity. Suggest your own version of editing the proposals.
1. He had a strong will, which he developed, and he also had a girlfriend. 2. Philologists should have developed ears.3. And now I will either be sent to prison or punished. 4. The time is hanging on the wall, look how long it is. 5. There are only Russians and Irkutsk people on the plane. 6. In this department you can purchase maternity and childhood products. 7. Didn’t they tell you at work that for a medical examination you need to have fluorography and an ophthalmologist with you? 8. You are not human. You are an applicant. 9. Eclipse's freshness lasts longer than other chewing gums. 10. Cafe “Castle of Love” on the street. Sverdlova, 22 holds all types of celebrations: anniversaries, weddings, memorial services.11. The root system of beans, unlike beans and peas, is poorly developed. 12. Various confectionery products and cakes are available for sale. 13. Morphology studies verbs, subject and predicate. 14. The meeting was attended by scientific workers, as well as rectors and vice-rectors. 15. Dirty, soiled and children’s shoes will not be accepted for repair.
Exercise 2.
What laws of logic are violated in these statements? Suggest your own version of editing the proposals.
1. A language system is a language system that has its own patterns and rules. 2. And we are soon going on a trip around the world throughout Europe. 3. Tatyana shares her suffering and thoughts only with nature, walking through the garden. The person she trusts is her nanny. 4. The experience was like the book “The Head of Professor Dowell.” 5. I have never seen an elephant, only in the zoo. 6. In our transport, pickpockets go through bags and pockets; it’s scary to leave an apartment, if it doesn’t have an alarm system (and this, I tell you, is an expensive pleasure), for more than half an hour; at dachas it’s the same story... 7. The entire check-in time took 10 minutes and one more lap. 8. Global warming worries not only scientists, but also the conscious public. 9. The maximum score is also good, although not high – 4 points. 10. – Dad, where does the wind blow from? – It’s windy because the trees are swaying. – Why do the trees sway? - Because the wind blows.
Exercise 3.
Find and classify logical errors, suggest your own version of correcting the sentences.
1. He is a very handsome guy because he plays the guitar. 2 I have never seen a single actor who starred in the film “Brigade” before, only Dyuzhev and Bezrukov. 3. “Panther” is a poem reminiscent of the Parnassians. 4. I am in a great mood and have good weather, which I wish for everyone. 5. This is understandable, because Yudashkin costs more than the outfits of novice fashion designers. 6. From us you can purchase any literature: scientific, fiction, novels, fiction and much more. 7. In the Russian language, this verb is primarily used to name physical actions, since in its semantics more space is given to the meaning of physical action. In turn, the semantics of physical action is dominated by units of human physical action. 8. Babaytseva’s textbook is very different from other syntactic theories. 9. Next year I have two coursework, three of which are in French. 10. We decided to quietly leave, slamming the door. 11. We will make a lock for the entrance according to your lock. 12. Extinguishing forest fires, which result in grass burning and careless handling of fire. 13. In your course work, practice does not correspond to theory, but it deserves a good grade. 14. Academician Ivanov wrote about this in Moscow, Professor Petrov in Kyiv and Academician Isaev in Belarus. 15. My vision is 100 percent, only a small cataract.
Exercise 4.
Read the text, write down all the staples.
What is beauty
And why do people deify her?
She is a vessel in which there is emptiness,
Or a fire flickering in a vessel?
And happiness whispers to us:
I'm not after external beauty,
I'm after spiritual purity..."
N. Zabolotsky
L. N. Tolstoy’s novel “War and Peace” is the most grandiose work of world literature, telling about significant events in the history of the country, about important aspects of people’s life, about the views, ideals and morals of various layers of society. It resurrects an entire historical century, reflecting human destinies and the destinies of nations. The heroes of the novel are in the cycle of great events, where the true value of each is determined by the degree of his participation, personal responsibility for everything that happens. Life appears before us in all its fullness and diversity. It resembles a huge stream into which numerous streams flow. “People are like rivers,” said Tolstoy, emphasizing with this comparison the versatility and complexity of the human personality, its continuous movement. The writer was interested in the path of human spiritual development, the path leading to a moral ideal, the criterion of which is goodness, selflessness, spiritual clarity and simplicity. And the charming female image of Natasha Rostova corresponds closest to the author’s ideal.
Natasha is Tolstoy's favorite heroine. The author reveals her character in continuous external and internal movement. Therefore, for the first time in the novel, she not only appears, but actually “runs” into the hall, a spontaneous girl full of vitality. Natasha, who grew up in the moral and pure atmosphere of the Rostov family, immediately captivates with her sincerity and endless love for life and for the people around her. She lives as her heart tells her, because from birth she has what Andrei Bolkonsky and Pierre Bezukhov have been looking for in themselves for so long - the naturalness of the soul, which is so characteristic of the unspoiled spiritual world of children. This is why Tolstoy so often compares Natasha to a child. “What was going on in this childish, receptive soul, which so greedily caught and assimilated all the varied impressions of life?” - the writer asks tenderly. Admiring his heroine, he appreciates her simplicity, kindness and ability to feel beauty and truth.
Natasha is internally and externally somewhat similar, and this is no coincidence, to Tatyana Larina. She has the same openness to love and happiness, the same biological, unconscious connection with Russian national traditions and principles. For Tolstoy, this spiritual connection of the heroine with the people is very important. Let us at least remember Natasha’s dance after the hunt. She, delighted and carried away by the singing of her uncle, who “sang the way the people sing,” does not notice how she starts dancing. And in these moments she understands everything that “was in Anisya, and in Anisya’s father, and in her aunt, and in her mother, and in every Russian person.” It’s amazing “where, how, when, from that Russian air that she breathed, this countess, raised by a French emigrant, sucked into herself this spirit... But the spirit and techniques were the same, inimitable, Russian ones that her uncle expected from her.” . And what excitement overcomes Natasha while reading the Manifesto! At these moments, her soul is filled with a feeling of great love for her homeland, for her sake she is ready to make any sacrifice. An organic connection with the life of the people, the desire to give everything for the good of her people is also expressed in Natasha’s attitude towards the wounded soldiers. She throws all her strength into somehow helping them. The author admires his heroine at such moments.
Natasha’s spiritual beauty is also manifested in her attitude towards her native nature. We hear sincere enthusiasm in her voice at night in Otradnoye. “Oh, how lovely! After all, such a lovely night has never, never happened... So I would squat down, like this, grab myself under the knees - tighter, as tight as possible - and fly. Like this!" - the girl exclaims. A harmonious connection with nature gives Natasha a feeling of happiness. But she knows how not only to be happy herself, but also makes others happy, being for them something like a guardian angel. Many episodes of the novel tell about how Natasha inspires people, without noticing it, makes them better, kinder.
Tolstoy contrasts the lively, energetic, always unexpected Natasha with the cold Helen, a secular woman who lives according to established rules and never commits rash acts. Helen, unlike Natasha, would never allow herself, in front of Marya Dmitrievna, whom everyone is afraid of, to ask across the table what kind of cake would be for dinner today. Tolstoy's novel ideal heroine
Helen is a product of a society in which Natasha appears only once. She is not spoiled by his conventions and prejudices and lives only according to the laws that her heart dictates, maintaining cheerfulness, naturalness and spontaneity.
With age, Natasha develops a desire to be the center of attention and to arouse everyone's admiration. Natasha loves herself and believes that everyone should love her too; Although the heroine is characterized by selfishness, this selfishness is still sincerely childish, characteristic of an unformed personality. She likes to think about herself in the third person and remarks about herself: “What a charm this Natasha is!” And everyone really admires her, loves her. Natasha determines social behavior with one impression and makes her see things in a new way.
Natasha belongs to those characters who live “with the mind of the heart.” It’s difficult to judge the heroine’s intelligence. Pierre says that Natasha “doesn’t deign to be smart.” Her purpose is different: she influences the moral life of other heroes, renewing and reviving them to life. Resolving complex issues with each of her actions, Natasha herself personifies the answer to the question that Andrei Bolkonsky and Pierre Bezukhov have been searching for so long and painfully. The heroine herself has no inclination to evaluate and analyze actions and phenomena. In this sense, she has her own, direct knowledge of the values of life.
Many episodes of the novel talk about how Natasha inspires people, makes them better, kinder, and gives them back their love for life. For example, when Nikolai Rostov loses to Dolokhov at cards and returns home irritated, not feeling the joy of life, he hears Natasha singing and with this pacifying voice forgets his failure. At the same moment, Nikolai feels that life itself is wonderful and that everything else is trifles not worth attention. At the moment the hero is thinking: “All this: misfortune, and money, and Dolokhov, and anger, and honor - all nonsense, but this is the real thing.”
Tolstoy's heroine is characterized by compassion. Natasha understands very well and feels sorry for Denisov, who proposed to her. When Sonya cried, Natasha, not knowing the reason for her tears, “opened her big mouth and became completely bad, roared like a child... and only because Sonya was crying.” Tolstoy endows his heroine with rare spiritual qualities: sensitivity and intuition.
The author does not consider his heroine smart, prudent, adapted to life. But her simplicity and spirituality of heart overcome intelligence, learning and good manners. Despite her appearance, which was clearly ugly in childhood and adolescence, Natasha attracts even unfamiliar people. Unlike the “brilliant beauty” Helen, she does not amaze with her external beauty, and, nevertheless, she is truly beautiful, because her soul, her inner world, is beautiful. How expressive are her eyes, full of living human feelings: suffering, joy, love, hope. They are “shining”, and “curious”, and “pleading”, and “frightened”, and “attentive”. What wealth of the spiritual world is expressed in these eyes! The heroine is always charming, and in moments of happiness she is simply full of energy, which fascinates and attracts you. This is how Natasha captivates Andrei Bolkonsky, whose acquaintance becomes a new starting point in her life. A real, great feeling arises in her - love. The need and ability to love always lived in Natasha. Her whole essence is love. But love for her father and mother, for Nikolai and Sonya, even her “childish” love for Boris differs from that new and deep feeling that flares up in her, making her even more beautiful.
But Tolstoy not only admires the noble deeds, appearance and inner world of his heroine, but also understands her in those moments of her life when she makes mistakes and takes the wrong steps. After all, this is inevitable at such an age, during the formation of character, the formation of personality. It is not at all out of malice that Natasha decides to run away with the idle talker and reveler Anatoly Kuragin. She does this out of her inexperience and gullibility. Although even then he does not cease to love and respect Prince Andrei. Then, realizing her mistake, Natasha remains faithful to Bolkonsky until the end of his life.
Having gone through all the trials of life, Tolstoy’s heroine does not lose all her best qualities: kindness, tenderness, responsiveness, selflessness. She becomes stronger and more courageous. Reasonableness appears in her. And finally, Natasha finds the meaning of life. She gives all of herself, all of her soul, to the most hidden corner, to Pierre. Family is mutual and voluntary slavery when you love and are loved. In the family she finds long-awaited peace and happiness.