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Culture and morality Cancer Galina Vladimirovna primary school teacher MBOU Secondary School No. 151, Novosibirsk
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You will learn: What the word “culture” means. Why is culture called second nature? How did morality arise?
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The concept of culture appeared in Ancient Greece and translated from Latin meant “cultivation of the land.” It was assumed that field care was not just cultivating the land, but also caring for it.
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The word “culture” entered the Russian language in the middle of the 19th century. It was used in two meanings: 1) arable farming, farming; 2) education.
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Culture is sometimes called second nature. Unlike natural nature, which can exist without humans, culture is created by the work of many people who continue to support, develop, and enrich it.
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Moreover, unlike nature, culture does not exist in the singular. Each nation at different times created and is now creating its own culture.
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These cultures exist together, enriching each other. Therefore, it is very important to study the culture not only of your country, your people, but also of other countries and peoples.
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Culture of different peoples Culture includes objects of human labor (material culture), as well as ideas, ideas, values and ideals, traditions and customs, norms and rules (spiritual culture).
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Types of spiritual culture There are many different types of spiritual culture. For example, political culture is the ideals and life values of people in a state, legal culture is the laws by which people live in society and which are binding on everyone without exception. A special type of spiritual culture is morality - a system of norms and values regulating people’s behavior.
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Morality arose when people realized that some actions help to live, while others interfere. For example, if you help each other, life becomes easier. And if you are lazy, quarrel, or cheat, then people’s lives become worse.
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Gradually, ideas about good and bad, good and evil began to take shape. As a result, a need arose to support (encourage) good (kind) deeds and prohibit bad (evil) deeds.
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In addition, it became necessary to pass on the knowledge of good and evil to future generations. This knowledge gradually turned into norms of behavior.
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Moral standards are associated with requirements that are understandable to everyone: Respect parents Keep promises Help those in need Do not steal Do not kill Do not deceive, etc.
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And always, at all times, they have been condemned: Cowardice Betrayal Greed Cruelty Slander Hypocrisy
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What does the word "culture" mean? The concept of “culture” appeared in Ancient Greece and translated from Latin meant “cultivation of the land.” It was assumed that field care was not just cultivating the land, but also caring for it. The word “culture” entered the Russian language in the middle of the 19th century. It was used in two meanings: 1) arable farming, farming; 2) education.
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Why is culture called second nature? Culture is sometimes called second nature. Unlike natural nature, which can exist without humans, culture is created by the work of many people who continue to support, develop, and enrich it. Moreover, unlike nature, culture does not exist in the singular. Each nation at different times created and is now creating its own culture.
Questions and tasks: Give examples of material and spiritual culture. Explain why morality arose. Together with your parents, draw up a set (list) of moral norms (rules) accepted in your family.
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Materials used: Textbook for educational institutions “Fundamentals of Secular Ethics” grades 4-5 Moscow “Enlightenment” 2010 http://images.yandex.ru/yandsearch?ed=1&text=%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%85 %D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9%20%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80&stype=simage&img_url=img1.liveinternet.ru/images/attach/b/3 /11/612/11612943_1470229665.jpg&p=880 http://images.yandex.ru/yandsearch?text=good%20and%20evil%20pictures&stype=simage&img_url=www.gigart.ru/uploads/posts/2009-04/1241104634_124 images .yandex.ru/yandsearch?text=mood%20in%20pictures&stype=simage&img_url=i89.beon.ru/50/31/83150/16/2752316/tryt6ryt.jpeg&p=19 http://images.yandex.ru/yandsearch? text=%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F&stype=image http://images.yandex.ru/ yandsearch?rpt=simage&text=%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%20%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1 %86%20%D0%BD%D0%B0%20%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B5%20%D0 %B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3&img_url=www.hunter.cuny.edu/classics/russian/russianlinks/vasnetsov-warrior-compressed.jpg&p=8
Elizaveta Fedorovna Romanova
The history of Russia knows many examples of wonderful women distinguished by noble qualities. One of them was Grand Duchess Elizaveta Feodorovna Romanova, the wife of the brother of Russian Emperor Alexander III. One of her main qualities was love for her neighbor. During the revolution of 1905-1907. her husband died tragically from a bomb thrown by terrorist Ivan Kalyaev. On the day of the funeral, Elizaveta Fedorovna asked to be allowed into the cell where Ivan Kalyaev was kept. The Grand Duchess went to this meeting, having no hatred for the murderer, but experiencing only a feeling of immense sadness. Her heart was filled with pity and even compassion for this man. Elizaveta Fedorovna went to the cell to convey forgiveness to him on behalf of her husband.
When she left, she left him the Gospel and an icon.
A few years after the tragic events, the Grand Duchess sold her jewelry and bought an estate in Moscow with the proceeds. The estate housed the Marfo-Mariinsky Convent, where a hospital, a free pharmacy, a canteen, and a shelter for children were opened. Having become famous in the monastery, Elizaveta Fedorovna led an ascetic life: she cared for the sick, went around the poorest neighborhoods, rescuing street children from there.
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“Man is the creator and bearer of culture”
Man is the creator and bearer of culture
spiritual and moral
culture
- When the outstanding English scientist Isaac Newton was congratulated on a great scientific discovery, he modestly remarked: “I am like a dwarf who stood on the shoulders of giant predecessors and only because of this was able to look a little further than they did.”
- Evaluate Newton's words. What condition, in his opinion, determines the success of human creativity? Compare your judgments with the text.
- Without culture, human life is impossible. In relation to culture, a person acts in two qualities. On the one hand, he creates culture: he creates material values, makes scientific discoveries, establishes traditions and customs.
On the other hand, he assimilates the previously created culture: he uses various material values, and joins the traditions, customs, and norms of behavior accepted in society. Man is both a creator and a bearer of culture. From early childhood we begin to learn about the culture of our people - we listen to fairy tales, songs, play with nesting doll pyramids, and participate in folk festivals. As adults, we can enrich the culture of society with our work - write books, compose music, erect monuments, make scientific discoveries. So gradually the culture of society becomes richer and more diverse.
Each person's contribution is different. It depends on his talent, abilities, perseverance.
Working with textbook text (reading)
- How do you see the future for these boys?
- What needs to be done to make the future of the boy from the painting “Deuce Again” worthy?
- What advice would you give him?
- Do you think that a person is obliged to think that the rules of life for people in society are necessary to preserve the culture of the people.
Proverbs and sayings peoples of Russia
- Not the friend who walks on a holiday, but the one who helps in trouble. ( Ossetian proverb);
- A friend looks in the face, and an enemy looks in the back. ( Tatar proverb);
- Don’t rummage at the bottom of the bag - don’t remember previous grievances. ( Tatar proverb);
- Hide the mistakes of others and look at your own ( Tatar proverb);
- The rich man will not be satisfied, and the hero will not give up. ( Buryat proverb);
- There is no ford in a deep place, there is no good word in slander. (Buryat proverb).
- He bore the Hebrew name Saul. In his youth, he even participated in the persecution of Christians, but his encounter with the risen Jesus Christ changed his life. He repented and became one of the most prominent preachers of the new faith, the founder of many Christian communities. His letters to Christians form a significant part of the New Testament.
- The Apostle Paul suffered for Christ, accepting martyrdom in Rome.
- The world of culture is rich and diverse. Man is not only the creator of culture, but he himself changes in the process of creating and perceiving cultural values. An integral part of culture are moral laws. The science of ethics helps us understand what morality is.
Prepared by: Lazeeva T.N., history teacher, Municipal Educational Institution "Gymnasium No. 1" Municipal Educational Institution "Akhtubinsky District" Seydalieva T.P., Russian language teacher, Municipal Educational Institution "Uspenskaya Secondary School, Municipal Educational Institution "Akhtubinsky District"
The golden rule of morality. One of the most important tasks of the spiritual and moral development and education of schoolchildren is the formation of morality as a person’s conscious need for certain behavior, based on socially accepted ideas about good and evil, proper and unacceptable. During the lesson, students will become familiar with the golden rule of morality, the history of its appearance, and the formulation of this rule. The lesson is aimed at developing the ability to consciously apply the golden rule of morality in life.
The goal of the project: to promote the education of kindness and mercy, moral qualities, and the identification of the correct idea of goodness and good deeds. Objectives: develop independence and originality of thinking; develop the ability to listen to other people and take into account what they say; learn to predict the consequences of your actions; develop readiness for social interaction.
Lesson equipment: teaching aid multimedia handouts
Basic concepts of the lesson: Social norms Morality Good and evil Justice Conscience Friendship
Preliminary preparation: selection of text material, video fragments, theatricalization of a fairy tale, making costumes, creating a presentation
Lesson plan: 1. Organizational moment. - 2 minutes. 2. Creating a problem situation related to the topic of the lesson: presenting a fairy tale (or reading it). - 5 minutes. 3. Conversation on the content of the fairy tale. - 10 minutes. 4.Work in groups. - 5 minutes. 5. Physical education minute. 6. Comprehension of the basic concepts and ideas of the lesson. - 15 minutes. 7. Application in practice of methods of moral behavior. - 5 minutes. 8. Results and reflection – 2 minutes. 9. Homework. - 1 minute.
1. Organizational moment “Life is given for good deeds.”
2. Creating a problem situation related to the topic of the lesson: presenting a fairy tale (or reading it)
“On a high column above the city stood a statue of the Happy Prince. He was very beautiful, covered all over with leaves of gold, and instead of eyes, precious stones shone. The same stone was on the hilt of the sword.
One day a Swallow flew over the city. She needed to fly far, to warmer climes, and she decided to spend the night at the feet of the statue.
Suddenly a drop fell on her, then a second, a third. The Swallow realized that these were the Prince's tears.
- Why are you crying? After all, you are so beautiful! – she asked.
“I lived in a palace, behind huge walls, and I believed that there was only happiness and beauty all around. The courtiers called me “The Happy Prince.” And after my death, they placed me here, so high that all the sorrows and poverty of my capital became visible to me. And although my heart is now made of tin, I cannot hold back my tears.
And suddenly he asked: “Swallow, please pluck the precious stone from my sword and take it to the woman with the sick child.”
6. Comprehension of the basic concepts and ideas of the lesson. Follow three basic rules: First: do good deeds!
Second: accumulate experience of good deeds!
Third: say kind words and smile! Law of kind attitude towards people: Think about your comrades, then about yourself. Respect yourself, respect others. Be sociable and actively help others.
8. Results and reflection: The topic of the lesson Caused anxiety, learned, became convinced, remembered something new
9. Homework. Draw a picture of a good deed and choose or write a poem to go with it.
Used literature, Internet resources. Fundamentals of religious cultures and secular ethics. Fundamentals of secular ethics. Grades 4-5: textbook for educational institutions. – M.: Education, 2010. Social studies: man, nature, communication: textbook for grade 5 a. Edited by L. Bogolyubov. 2007. Proverbs and sayings of the peoples of the world. Tales of the peoples of the world. Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language: illustrated edition. V.I. Dal. M: Eksmo, 2010. http://www.stihi.ru/2011/05/10/7816 http://www.proshkolu.ru/user/kanechka0504/file/1471359/ http://www.manwb.ru /articles/persons/great_europ/wild
TASKS OF MENTAL EDUCATION development of the intellectual culture of the individual and cognitive motives of activity; formation of students’ thinking skills; improving students' skills in rational organization of educational work; formation of a scientific worldview.
D IDACTICAL CONDITIONS FOR FORMING A SCIENTIFIC WORLDVIEW: ensuring deep scientific evidence, logical persuasiveness and consistency of all assimilated conclusions of a worldview nature; adherence to the principle of historicism when studying program material (disclosure of the genesis and complex paths of development of truth in science, awareness of the patterns of evolution of natural phenomena and socio-economic changes); development of cognitive activity and independence of students in the process of classroom and extracurricular activities; taking into account the age and individual characteristics of students during the educational process; influence of the teacher’s personality (the authority of the teacher, his demonstration of his own ideological positions).
Moral consciousness is knowledge of moral principles and norms, understanding the compliance of one’s moral position with accepted norms in society. Moral values – the significance of objects in the surrounding world for a person, a group of people, society as a whole; assessment of this significance based on moral principles, norms, ideals, attitudes, goals Moral feelings are a person’s subjective perception of moral norms, principles, ideals, manifested in his attitude towards himself, towards the people around him, towards nature, towards current events, towards the entire environment reality. Moral behavior is a person’s conscious adherence to moral principles and norms in his own actions and actions.
TO THE CRITERION OF MORAL EDUCATION, the depth of understanding of the rules of morality; the degree of development and formation of moral abilities, skills and habits of moral behavior; the nature of moral orientation in complex moral situations; degree of integrity; measures of moral exactingness towards oneself and towards people; the nature of behavior alone and in a group; the presence of humanistic character traits and behavior; the degree of respectful and friendly attitude towards people; level of development of self-esteem; level of development of conscience, honor, shame.
Aesthetic consciousness is a conscious aesthetic attitude expressed by a set of ideas, theories, and views. The aesthetic ideal is the central link of aesthetic consciousness, a socially conditioned idea of beauty. Aesthetic judgment is an ideological and emotional assessment of an aesthetic phenomenon.
FUNCTIONS OF AESTHETIC EDUCATION Disclosure of the world of really existing beauty. The educational function of art. Artistic and aesthetic education. Development function (ability for artistic creativity). Organizational and pedagogical function (occupies free time). A means of self-expression. Catharsis.
TASKS OF AESTHETIC EDUCATION: formation of aesthetic knowledge; education of aesthetic culture; mastery of aesthetic and cultural heritage; formation of aesthetic relationships; development of aesthetic feelings; formation of aesthetic needs; formation of an aesthetic ideal; formation of the desire to be beautiful in everything: thoughts, deeds, actions, appearance.
PRAVO is a set of norms and rules of human behavior, expressed in laws, regulations of government authorities, and regulating relations (interpersonal, industrial, etc.) between citizens in a given society.
OBJECTIVES OF LEGAL EDUCATION: To ensure that students acquire a system of knowledge on issues of state and law. To cultivate a respectful attitude among schoolchildren towards the laws of their state, to convince them of the need to comply with them. To instill in students the skills of lawful behavior, the need to actively protect, in the prescribed manner, interests and rights, both personal, state and public. To develop in students an active civic position and intolerance towards violators of law and order.
Topic No. 23. Moral culture Target:get acquainted with the concepts of “morality”, “morality”, the categories of good and evil, moral and immoral, moral and immoral.
Tasks:
1. introduce the essence of morality and morality, show the reasons for changes in the content of moral categories in social development, analyze moral culture.
2. Develop the ability to analyze, draw conclusions, rationally solve cognitive and problematic problems, reveal the most important theoretical positions and concepts of the social and human sciences using examples, participate in discussions, and work with documents.
3. To cultivate the moral qualities of students, to form an attitude towards moral and ethical guidelines in human life.
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I. Repetition of covered material
1. Conversation on the following issues:
What does the concept of culture as a human achievement in transforming the world include?
What is the spiritual realm?
How are the culture of society and the culture of an individual related?
What features characterize the spiritual life of modern Russia?
The topic of our lesson is Moral Culture. In the process of our lesson, we must define this term and study the main constituent elements of moral culture.
II. Presentation of program material.
In social studies lessons, you have already become acquainted with such concepts as morality, ethics, culture, and society.
A story with elements of conversation
Scientists who study morality argue that it is elementary in its content. Great moralists - Jesus Christ, Moses, Confucius, Socrates, Muhammad, Leo Tolstoy, Albert Schweitzer and others - reduced the main meaning of morality to"golden rule"
. It is formulated most expressively in the Bible, in Christ’s Sermon on the Mount“And so, in everything, as you want people to do to you, do so to them.”
In these words, simple at first glance, is the soul of morality, its purpose. We get a clear answer to the question: why is morality needed? First of all, to teach us how to treat people.Morality, ethics.
Now let’s think about what they mean when they pronounce the word “morality”. What it is?
It is clear that these are rules that regulate people's behavior. There are many rules, but all of them are created for the purpose of regulating, guiding, advising (for example, rules of conduct for schoolchildren or rules for handling electrical appliances, etc.).
The peculiarity of morality is that it regulates a person’s relationship with another person from the point of view of good and evil, justice or injustice. It is no coincidence that they say: “Morality begins where one person did something good to another.”
And from this position it is possible (and necessary!) to evaluate a person’s attitude towards himself. Strange? But only at first glance. The fact is that a person, in order to be human, must engage in self-education (develop moral qualities in himself: mercy, responsibility, honesty, hard work, justice), as well as self-criticism (constantly check one’s actions from a moral point of view). All this is necessary in order to be a decent person, to be able to evaluate oneself and one’s behavior from a moral standpoint - good and evil. A decent person develops such qualities throughout his life; as they say, he educates his soul in order to be able to act correctly and morally.
Now let's summarize what has been said. We can offer the following definition: morality is special spiritual rules governing human behavior, his attitude towards other people, towards the environment and towards himself from the position of good and evil, justice and injustice.
There is another word that is often used together with the word “morality”. This word is "morality". Many scientists believe that there are no differences between these words, that these are synonymous words. But why do they still often use both of these words together, and in one phrase? They ask, for example: “How to evaluate this act from the point of view of morality and morality?”
Some scientists believe that these concepts must be distinguished. Morals are strict spiritual rules of behavior. And morality is the totality of human morals, life itself, more precisely, that part of life that is connected with affairs, customs and mores, the practical behavior of people at home, in the family, at work, on vacation, etc.
There are scientists who believe that morality can be good and evil, just as there are good and evil morals (they used to even say “good”, “evil”). Evil morality includes all negative, unkind deeds and actions. An example of evil morality can be the following judgments: “man is a wolf to man”, “to live with wolves is to howl like a wolf”, “your shirt is closer to your body”, “push someone who is falling”, etc.
Now let's turn to the scientific definition of moral culture.Moral culture is an important component of the society in which we live.
What are the components of moral culture?
The main elements of moral culture are:
Moral consciousness.
Action.
Behavior.
Moral thinking.
Responsible choice.
The moral culture of society is very closely related to the moral culture of the individual.
And I propose to discuss the question: “What qualities, in your opinion, should a person have who wants to build a society with a high moral culture.
There are moments in the life of society and every person when it is necessary to make a “moral choice.”
The feat of the residents of besieged Leningrad
In besieged Leningrad, the city where Vavilov lived and worked for a long time, the first winter of the siege was underway. Bread standards were reduced to the point of impossibility: workers - 250 grams per day, others - 125 grams. People went mad with hunger, fell as they walked, and died from exhaustion.
Meanwhile, in the dark, cold rooms on St. Isaac's Square, in a house with boarded-up windows, there was plenty of food. There were dozens of tons of seeds and potato tubers in boxes and bags. But fourteen employees. All-Union Institute of Plant Growing (VIR), who worked and slept fitfully nearby, were just as hungry and exhausted as all the Leningraders. They raved about food, and yet none of them even thought of eating even a handful of grains to save their lives.
QUESTION TO THE TEXT
1 What civic qualities does the proposed situation demonstrate?
Do these qualities contribute to the development of the moral culture of society?
2 Can the behavior of these people be called a civic feat? Justify your opinion.
3 How are the concepts related in this situation?citizen and morality?What does it mean to act for the benefit of others? Justify your opinion.
4 What is the meaning and significance of the feat of the residents of besieged Leningrad today?Justify your opinion.
Our society is not ideal, but each of us must understand that the society in which we live depends on our moral culture and civic position.
What do you think will help our society become morally cultured?
Is good only what brings benefits? (NO)
Every day a person is faced with a choice - to do something as it is more convenient or as it should? (YES)
“Man... is only what he makes of himself?”, believed the French philosopher J.-P. Sartre. (YES).
Core values and moral standards
Over the long history of mankind, there have been many different values and ideals. But people had and still have a lot in common, which has been preserved for thousands of years. To live you need peace and order. You need to work, have a family, a house, children. Need friends. We need a healthy natural environment. We need education, technology, science. And along with all these typical living conditions of people, time-tested moral standards are passed on from era to era, which have become universal spiritual values .
Live forever main moral standards
: do not do to others what you do not wish for yourself (“the golden rule of morality”); honor your elders; do not kill, do not debauch, do not steal; do not lie; Don’t envy, don’t encroach on someone else’s.
People have always condemned malice, meanness, betrayal, cruelty, theft, lies, slander. But they valued kindness, courage, honesty, self-control, and modesty.
good and evil
What is good? And what is evil? People have pondered these questions throughout history. These are eternal questions.
Russian writer V. Nabokov recalled how his nanny taught him as a child: before you do anything, ask yourself, “Is this true? Is this good? Is it worth the effort? Maybe you should listen to this advice?
Everything that is opposite to good is evil. This is a violation of morality. Evil destroys the soul of the one who does evil, leading to moral degradation (destruction) of his personality.
The concept of evil covers all negative phenomena: violence, deception, meanness, theft, hooliganism, cruelty, betrayal, informing (“snitching”), etc. Evil is found where a person is humiliated, insulted, where he is not treated like a living person essence, but as a thing with which you can benefit yourself.
Where there is great social evil (exploitation, wars of conquest, persecution of dissidents or people of a different nationality, skin color, class or origin, etc.), small, everyday evil, which has become a habit, has become a part of morals, necessarily manifests itself there as well. into the psychology of people - rudeness, rudeness, selfishness, indifference to the suffering and grief of other people, stupidity, cruelty, lies, drunkenness, cunning, deception, etc. Situation
A true story about an outstanding Russian actor. Having received an apartment in a large new building, he decided to hang a mirror in the elevator. But it was immediately stolen. He bought a new one. It was stolen again. With each salary, the actor persistently bought a new mirror... For many years there was a struggle. Then the actor died. The mirror from the elevator was stolen.
Think about what this story says if you look at it broadly, philosophically. What thoughts did it evoke in you?
We must remember that evil is insidious and, as a rule, does not shout: “I am evil! I am immorality! On the contrary, it often hides behind a mask of goodness. Often, a notorious criminal seeks to present his activities in a rosy light. The boor always shouts that he is right; a grabber, a bureaucrat, robbing us, claims that he is helping us, doing us a favor.
With such deception, when evil confuses the tracks, the question arises before us: how to distinguish between good and evil, by what reliable signs, criteria (i.e., standards) can we distinguish moral behavior from immoral?
Morality has such a measure, and you know it: this is the main principle of morality - humanism. No person should be judged solely by his own words. We must judge by deeds. We need to find out what kind of things he is doing. And evaluate them from the point of view of humanism.
So, the presence or absence of humanism in real deeds and actions (and not words) is the main criterion of morality, by which one can distinguish between good and evil, moral and immoral behavior.
III. Lesson summary.
CHECK YOURSELF
What is morality? Why do people need it?
By what sign do we recognize morality? Why is it called a universal human value?
What actions show love for one's neighbor?
What is the meaning of the concept of “good”?
What does the term "evil" mean? Why is he called multifaceted and insidious?
AT HOME
The sage was asked: “What is the best life?” He replied: “When we do not do what we condemn in others.”
Explain this statement from a moral point of view. What moral rule is contained in this statement?
One wise man said: “If I am not for myself, then who will be for me? But if I’m only for myself, then why am I?”
Explain the meaning of this moral position. Express your point of view in relation to this person's position.
3. Academician D.S. Likhachev said that it is very easy and interesting to talk and write about kind people. Because kind people are very different and interesting. And the bad ones are all the same and uninteresting.
What do you think about this? What does your personal experience tell you? Explain with specific examples.
Answer “yes” or “no” to each test item.
Will you be able to: 1) sacrifice your time to help someone who needs help; 2) honestly admit and apologize if you have committed a bad act; 3) forgive your offender; 4) break away from the TV if you need to get down to business; 5) protect the unjustly offended or weaker; 6) keep your word if you promised; 7) complete the assignment even if you encounter difficulties?
(If you answer “yes” three times, you are a decent person, if five times, you are a very decent person, and if seven times, you are an angel!)
The wise say
“Good is that which serves to preserve and develop life; evil is that which destroys life or hinders it.” A. Schweitzer (1875-1965), German-French philosopher, doctor
Evaluating student responses.