30. Terms and concepts according to fine arts. Methods of teaching students in grades 1-4 in the system of terms and concepts in fine arts in the classroom and in extracurricular activities.
Specificity of thinking junior schoolchildren is age characteristics perception and little visual experience.
While learning, the child transfers his perception of the world around him into graphic images. The pedagogical model for the development of visual thinking in primary schoolchildren, taking into account their age-related characteristics, can be presented as a system for the holistic formation of its components: hand-eye coordination, basic mental operations, imagination.
By introducing students to the fine arts, we thereby convey to them the enormous aesthetic and moral experience accumulated by humanity. The artistic knowledge acquired by children, the ability to emotionally perceive works of art, the acquired skills of their own creative activity - all these are effective means of developing children’s interest in art and the need for artistic creative activity. In the narrow sense of the word, the totality of knowledge, skills and abilities is called visual literacy. One of the components of graphic literacy is verbal definitions and concepts, special terms. The teacher resorts to them, explaining to the children what and how to draw, and the children - in conversation with the teacher and among themselves - also become accustomed to these special words, gradually expanding their meaning and significance.
Fine art is divided into types: painting, sculpture, graphics, decorative and applied arts and architecture.
Painting is a type of fine art, works of which are created using paints applied to any surface. An important means of artistic reflection and interpretation of reality, influencing the thoughts and feelings of viewers.
Graphics - (Greek “I write”) - a type of art that includes drawing and printed artistic images (engraving, lithography, etc.), based on the art of drawing, but having their own visual means and expressive capabilities.
Sculpture - (lat.<вырезаю, высекаю») вид изобразительного искусства, произведения которого имеют объемную, трехмерную форму и выполняются из твердых или пластических материалов.
Decorative and applied art is a field of decorative art: the creation of artistic products that have a practical purpose in public and private life, and the artistic processing of utilitarian objects. They begin to get to know each other in 1st grade, deepen and expand in subsequent grades.
In the first grade, children become familiar with their distinctive features (painting - painting, graphics - illustration, decorative and applied arts, sculpture - toy.). Concepts: primary colors are those that cannot be composed of other colors. These are red, yellow, blue; Composite colors are those that are made up of the basic ones: orange, purple, green. The concept of a palette is introduced, a small piece of paper, cardboard, board, glass on which paints are mixed during work. The teacher demonstrates techniques for composing orange, purple, and green colors. The sounds of colors obtained by mixing primary colors with white and black paint are also studied.
In second grade, the teacher talks in more detail about painting. The concept of artist-painter is introduced, as well as the following terms:
Landscape is a work of fine art that reflects the nature around us. A workshop is a room in which an artist works.
Gouache is a thick, covering paint that involves a dense, opaque brushstroke. Watercolor (from Latin - water) - paints that are diluted with water. Unlike gouache, watercolor paints are transparent; watercolor strokes can be applied in layers from each other. Pastel (crayons) (from Italian - dough) - a special dough is kneaded from multi-colored pigment powders, using chalk and resin, small sticks are made from it and dried. Oil is a short term for oil painting. Oil paints are diluted with special thinners. Canvas is linen; in painting, it is a woven base on which a layer of primer is applied. The term “canvas” figuratively means a separate work of painting.
Familiarity with folk applied arts (3rd grade) is of great importance for the development of children’s artistic taste and broadening their horizons. From the second grade, children begin to turn to graphic material. The teacher should explain the difference between painting and graphics and talk about the most common graphic materials: charcoal, ink.
Conscious acquaintance with sculpture (starting from the second grade) as a form of fine art is observed in modeling lessons.
IN primary school children get acquainted with the concept and laws of composition (from Latin - composition, composition, arrangement) - the interrelation of the elements of a work of art, on which its entire meaning and structure depend
By the end of primary school, younger schoolchildren develop ideas about the main genres and types of works of fine art; famous centers of folk artistic crafts of Belarus.
Literature:
Fine arts at school: Collection of materials and documents / Vinogradova, G.G. - M.: “Enlightenment”, 1990. - 175 p.
Kosterin, N.P. Educational drawing - M.: "Enlightenment", 1984. - 240 p.
Kuzin,B. C. Fine art and methods of teaching it in primary school - M.: “Prosveshcheniye”, 1984. - 318 p.
Polunina, V.I. Art and children. From the experience of a teacher - M.: “Prosveshchenie”, 1982-191 p.
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NEO-IMPRESSIONISM (from the French neo-impressionnisme) - a movement in painting that arose in France around 1885. The largest representatives of this movement are J. Seurat and P. Signac, who created the artistic technique of divisionism. French neo-impressionists and their followers continued the traditions of late impressionism. Using the technique of decomposing tones into pure colors, they tried to apply discoveries made in the field of optics in art. At the same time, they tried to move away from the fragmentation and randomness characteristic of the impressionists, and strove for the flat-decorative creation of landscapes and multi-figure panel paintings. The optical mixing of pure tones of the spectrum they carried out led, on the one hand, to the sensation of dazzling white light, and on the other hand, to a seemingly faded whitish color.
NEOCLASSICISM , neoclassicism is a term denoting various movements in art that arose after the classicism of the 17th century, focusing on classical examples of art of Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome and the Renaissance and aiming to make them the criterion of modern art. Most often, the term “neoclassicism” is used to designate the movement within the Art Nouveau style, early functionalism and early avant-gardeism of the first quarter of the 20th century.
NUANCE(French nuance) - the same as shade.
VOLUME(English, French volume, German Umfang, Volumen) - in painting, the illusory endowment of objects and figures with the qualities of a physical body located in space using modeling, chiaroscuro, line, plastic elaboration of forms and perspective. The problem of conveying volume can be solved in different ways: from completely abandoning it (planar image of the post-impressionists) to almost actually reproducing it using stereoscopic effects.
PRIMARY COLORS - yellow, red, blue colors that cannot be obtained from mixing other colors, but mixing them with each other or with additional colors makes it possible to reproduce the natural colors of the surrounding world.
HUE, nuance (French nuance, English hue, German Schattierung) - a slight difference in one color or light and shade tone. A carefully developed system of shades contributes to the creation of rich picturesque color and fine elaboration of light and shadow modeling.
PALETTE(French palette) - a set of colors that the artist uses when creating a painting.
PANNO(French panneau) - a painting used to decorate the wall or ceiling of an architectural structure, executed on canvas in oil or tempera outside its intended place.
PASTEL(French pastel, Italian pastello, from pasta - dough) - rimless colored pencils, formed from colorful powder, as well as painting and drawing with them.
They write with pastels on the rough surface of paper, cardboard, primed canvas, etc. Moreover, they start with hard pencils and end with soft ones. The colorful powder is blended with your fingers or a special blender.
Works done in pastel are distinguished by the velvety matte surface of the paint layer, sonorous and pure color, and the softness of the colors that retain their original freshness for a long time. Among the impressionists, E. Degas stood out for his passion for pastel.
PASTOSITY
(from Italian pasto-so - pasty) - an artistic technique expressed in thickening the paint layer as a result of applying thick strokes directly to the ground or to already dried layers.
Pastiness is manifested in relief, unevenness of the paint layer, in a plastic brushstroke and serves to emphasize the material side of the object and add dynamism to the composition.
SCENERY(French paysage, English landscape, German Landschaft) - a genre of fine art or its individual works, showing nature and the human environment. Depending on what the artist’s attention is focused on and the nature of the image, rural, urban, architectural, and industrial landscapes are distinguished; a special type of landscape includes images of the water element - sea (marina) and river landscapes. In addition, the landscape can be historical, showing the appearance of the Earth in the past or reflecting the eternal laws of the development of nature, and fantastic, based on the artist’s imagination. The cosmic, or astral, landscape has become widespread - the space actually seen from Earth or imagined starry space, as well as images of planets and other space objects. Since the 16th century. landscape takes shape as an independent genre and its main varieties appear: lyrical, heroic, documentary landscape. This is due to the work of such artists as P. Bruegel in the Netherlands, A. Altdorfer in Germany, P. Rubens in Flanders, J. van Goyen, Rembrandt, J. van Ruisdael in Holland, N. Poussin, C. Lorrain in France, F. Guardi in Italy.
The main conquest of the 19th century. in the field of landscape - plein air - led to the emergence of impressionism (the French E. Manet, C. Monet, O. Renoir), which opened up new possibilities in conveying space, changes in the light-air environment, and complex colors. Leading landscape painters of the late 19th - early 20th centuries. (P. Cezanne, V. Van Gogh, A. Matisse in France, M. S. Saryan in Armenia, A. I. Kuindzhi, N. K. Roerich in Russia) are trying to solve complex philosophical problems, expand the emotional and associative qualities of landscape painting painting.
PLEIN AIR(French plein air, letters, open air) - the transfer in painting of changes occurring in nature under natural conditions, under the influence of sunlight, air and atmospheric phenomena.
Plein air painting, as opposed to studio work, studies the environment, reflexes, color changes, transitions, nuances, shadows observed in the open air. Its main features are light color, pure shining color, a feeling of light-air environment, etc.
Select the word you are interested in from the list:
Abstractionism- Odernist movement in the art of the 20th century, which fundamentally abandoned the depiction of real objects in painting, sculpture and graphics.
Works of abstract art are based exclusively on formal elements: line, color spot, abstract configuration. There are geometric and lyrical abstractionism.
Abstractionism
Gegenstandslose kunst
lat.Abstractus - abstract
Avant-garde- A set of experimental, modernist, emphatically unusual, exploratory endeavors in the art of the 20th century.
Avant-garde movements are: fauvism, cubism, futurism, expressionism, abstract art, surrealism, actionism, pop art, conceptual art.
French Avant-garde - advanced detachment
Watercolor- Paint made from water-soluble binders, such as gum arabic. Typically, watercolor is dissolved with water until transparent and applied to the paper in broad spots known as washes. The unpainted surface of white paper gives the impression of translucency, and watercolor spots flowing onto each other create gradations of tone (John Marin). Watercolor dries quickly and is compact, so it is traditionally used as a plein air sketching technique.
Watercolor paint- These are paints with vegetable glue as a binder. They are distinguished by extremely fine rubbing of the pigment and a large percentage of adhesives (honey, sugar, glycerin are added to the glue). Watercolor happens
- hard (in tiles)
- semi-soft (in ceramic cups)
- soft (in tubes).
Watercolor technique- Technique of painting with watercolors. Usually watercolors are painted on paper with round hair brushes, dissolving the paints with water. The characteristic properties of watercolor painting are the transparency and softness of the thinnest paint layer.
You can create different types of drawings with watercolor paint:
- transparent, based on glazes, without the use of white, and
- opaque, using white (cabinet technique).
The main distinguishing property of watercolor is the transparency of the paint, through which the texture of the paper shines through.
At the same time, the artist uses the expressiveness of blurs and streaks, which creates the effect of trembling, lightness and airiness of the image.
There are several known watercolor techniques:
“watercolor drawing” - combining a light, transparent layer with a pencil or pen drawing
“Italian watercolor” - work on dry paper, applying a contour drawing with a brush and developing shadows with it
"English watercolor" - work on damp paper, for which cloth or flannel is placed under the paper, and an eraser is used. The paper is stretched onto a stretcher and moistened from below with hot steam. This technique gives the watercolor depth and creates a sense of sunlight and aerial perspective.
Aquatint- Invented in France in the mid-18th century to reproduce a tonal ink drawing in engraving. With this technique, a heated board is evenly coated with a resinous powder, the individual grains of which stick to the warm metal and to each other. During etching, the acid penetrates only into the pores between the powder particles, leaving a mark on the board in the form of a mass of individual pinpoint depressions. Those places that should be darker on the print are etched longer; after a short etching, light areas are covered with liquid varnish. Aquatint produces from 500 to 1000 prints.
Acrylic paint, acrylic- A synthetic dye, first used in the 1940s, combining the properties of oil and watercolor. It can be used to obtain different effects - from transparent washes to impasto strokes.
Empire style- The style of late classicism in architecture and applied art of Western Europe, for which:
- characterized by strict architectural forms: Doric and Tuscan orders; And
- appeal to ancient Egyptian decorative forms: military trophies, winged sphinxes, etc.
French Empire - empire
Anti-art- It is believed that this term, denoting new revolutionary forms of art, was first used around 1914 by Marcel Duchamp. An example of anti-art is the obscene inscription he made and the mustache he added to the reproduction of the Mona Lisa painting by Leonardo before Vinci. The term also includes most of the anarchist experiments of the Dadaists. Subsequently, the term was used by conceptualists of the 1960s to designate the work of artists who abandoned traditional art practice, or at least, the creation of works intended for sale. John Baldessari's exhibition, which displayed the ashes of burned canvases, was perceived as a typical manifestation of anti-art.
Art brut, outsider art- The French term Art Brut, coined by Jean Dubuffet, translates as rough art, but is often applied to outsider art. It is used to refer to art created by non-professional authors, but associated with the artistic environment - children, the mentally ill or criminals (Alfred Wallis, Adolf Wölfli). It is sometimes believed that such art is more authentic and more directly expressive of feelings than many museum works.
Assembly- Incorporation of three-dimensional non-art materials and found objects into the work of art, originating in the technique of collage. The assemblage has its roots in the art of the early 20th century, when Pablo Picasso began using real objects in Kufist designs—for example, adding a real spoon to his witty sculpture Shot of Absinthe. One of the earliest and most famous examples of assemblage was a bicycle wheel on a stool by Marcel Duchamp, which he called the readymade. Later, the Dadaists and surrealists built their art on amazing comparisons of unrelated objects and images. The assemblage technique became especially popular in the late 1950s, when artists such as Armand and Jim Dine widely incorporated extraneous materials, including food and various waste materials, into painting and sculpture. The spread of assemblage in the 20th century testifies to the growth of rebellious sentiments towards traditional art techniques.
Airbrush- A device for fine spraying of paint with compressed air when applying it to paper, fabric, etc. A. of various sizes and designs is used for painting fabrics, in the manufacture of theatrical scenery and large-format wall posters, for retouching photographic negatives, photographic prints and illustrations, etc.
Airbrush- Technique of painting with an airbrush using a stencil. Airbrush is used: - in decorating ceramics; - in painting fabrics and theatrical scenery; - in book graphics; - in the production of large format posters. Stencil for airbrush: - made in the form of a plate of lead foil or cardboard with holes reproducing the design; and - placed on the surface of the object.
Spanish artist Pablo Jurado Ruiz at work
Abstract drawing- an image of an object or phenomenon in the real world, characterized by isolation, sharpness or deliberate exaggeration of the depicted object. Abstract drawing is also sometimes understood as a composition of lines, shapes and colors, which is loosely related to objects and phenomena of the real world.
Viewfinder- a device used by artists to select a successful view and determine the boundaries of the composition; In photography, the viewfinder is an element of the camera that shows the boundaries of the future photograph.
Imagine- imagine, mentally conjure up objects and images that are currently inaccessible to perception by the senses.
Imagination- a mental process consisting of the creation of new images (ideas) by processing perceptions and ideas obtained in previous experience.
Border- an imaginary line in a drawing (for example, a horizon line separating the sky from the earth) or a real line (contour) defining the boundaries of figures or separating a figure from the space surrounding it.
Image- an image that appears on the retina as a result of the brain receiving information about a perceived object from the visual system.
Intuition- direct comprehension of the truth without logical analysis; judgments, knowledge or thoughts that are not preceded by a process of reflection; knowledge that comes as a sudden insight.
Picture plane- an imaginary plane similar to a window frame. The picture plane is always located parallel to the vertical plane in which the artist's face is located, and perpendicular to the line of sight (the direction of looking at the object). Through the picture plane, an object is seen as it will look on paper. In a photographic camera, the photosensitive layer plays the role of the picture plane.
Cognitive shift- a change in the predominant type of thinking, for example, a transition from analytical (associated with the function of the left hemisphere) to spatial-imaginative (associated with the function of the right hemisphere) thinking or vice versa.
Composition- an ordered relationship between parts or elements of a work of art. In educational drawing, composition means the correct choice of size and location of an object within a given format.
Circuit- a line that defines the boundaries of figures or separates a figure from space.
A-mode- a way of processing information about reality, which uses linear, analytical, verbal and logical modes of thinking.
Left hemisphere- left half of the brain. It is the predominant hemisphere in most right-handed people and is responsible for abstract-logical (verbal) thinking.
Left-handedness- predominant use of the left hand for drawing and writing; Left-handers make up approximately 10% of all people. In this case, the dominant hemisphere for left-handed people, as well as for right-handed people, can be the left hemisphere.
Eye line- an imaginary line in a portrait that divides the head in half horizontally. The eyes are located on this line. In a landscape, the eye line refers to the horizon line.
Negative space- the space around the objects of the drawing. The boundaries of the negative space coincide with the boundaries of the working surface. The internal boundaries of negative space can coincide with the boundaries of the objects in the drawing.
Determining proportions- checking the relationship of elements or parts of the form with each other using improvised objects (most often an ordinary pencil held at arm's length is used). In this way, the position of one part of the picture relative to another, the size of the angles in relation to the horizontal or vertical, as well as the dimensions of the parts of the picture relative to the main element are determined.
Main element- the initial element or part of the composition, which helps maintain the correct proportions in the work. When calculating proportions, the main element is always taken as one.
P-mode- a method of processing information about reality, which involves the visual, spatial-imaginative mode of thinking. This mode of thinking is responsible for the immediate perception and evaluation of an object and is focused on interaction with experience and with current events.
Cross Hatching- a method of creating tone or volume using continuous lines drawn in two or more directions.
Perspective and proportion- image of objects on a plane in accordance with those apparent reductions in their sizes, changes in the outlines of shape and light-and-shadow relationships that are observed in nature. In a narrower sense, perspective is an image built on a horizontal or vertical plane, and proportion is the relationship between the parts of the picture.
Right hemisphere- right half of the brain. For most right-handers, the right hemisphere is responsible for the perception of color, comparison of sizes and perspective of objects.
Angle- the position of the depicted object in perspective, with a sharp shortening of parts remote from the foreground.
Realism in painting- the desire to convey reality as accurately and objectively as possible. Sometimes used as a replacement for the term "naturalism".
Chiaroscuro- the distribution of illumination observed on the surface of an object, creating a scale of brightness. The following elements of chiaroscuro are distinguished: light, falling shadow, reflex and own shadow.
Symbolic system- in painting - a set of symbols used sequentially to create an image, for example, a face or figure. Symbols are usually interconnected, so the use of one symbol entails the next (similar to the associations that arise when writing familiar words). The symbolic system in drawing is usually formed in childhood and, as a rule, remains constant throughout life, unless you work purposefully to change it.
Consciousness- the ability to perceive objects, people and the surrounding world. Similar words would be “vision” or “cognition”.
Lead hardness. Pencils vary in the hardness of the lead, which is usually indicated on the pencil and indicated by letters. T (or N - from the English hard) - hard, M (or B - from the English black) - soft. A pencil of medium hardness (hard-soft) will be designated by the letters TM or HB. Further division occurs in this way: a pencil marked 8H will be the hardest, and 8B will be the softest. Intermediate values will be, for example, the following: 6H, 4H, 2H, HB, 2B, 4B, 6B. Unlike Europe and Russia, in the USA a numerical scale is used to indicate hardness, so a simple pencil of standard hardness HB in America will be marked as No. 2 or 2B.
Thinking type- type of mental activity; Depending on the dominant hemisphere, abstract-logical (or verbal) and spatial-figurative thinking are distinguished.
Format- can mean the shape of the drawing sheet (rectangular, square, triangular, etc.) or the ratio of the length and width of the rectangular sheet.
Color characteristics- lightness and brightness of color. Any color becomes black when the brightness is reduced to the maximum, and when the lightness is increased to the maximum it becomes white.
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outline(from German abriß - drawing, outline) - linear outlines of the depicted figure or object.
accent- a technique of emphasizing with color, light, line or location in space some figure, face, object, detail of the image to which the viewer needs to pay special attention.
airbrush- a device for finely spraying paint with compressed air when applying it to paper, fabric, etc.
baguette(from the French baguette, lit. stick) - a wooden or plastic strip for making picture frames and wall decoration.
value(from the French valeur - value, dignity) - a shade of tone that expresses (in relation to other shades) a certain amount of light and shadow.
vernissage(from the French vernissage, literally - varnish coating) - the grand opening of an exhibition, in which specially invited persons participate: artists, critics, people associated with art, etc.
grattage(from the French grattage, from gratter - scrape, scratch) - a method of making a drawing by scratching paper or cardboard with ink on wax with a pen or a sharp instrument.
priming(from German grund - base) - a thin layer of a special composition applied on top of the base in order to give its surface the color or texture properties desired by the artist and limit excessive absorption of the binder.
deformation- an artistic technique that enhances the expressiveness of an image, consisting in changing the visible shape of the image.
decorativeness- a set of artistic properties that enhance the emotional-expressive and artistic-organizing role of fine art.
diptych(from the Greek diptychos - double, folded in half) - two paintings connected by a single concept.
detailing- careful study of image details.
duplication- in restoration - strengthening a damaged or dilapidated base of a painting by gluing it onto another base. Typically duplication is used in the field of oil painting.
genre(from French genre, from Latin genus - genus, species) - a historically established internal division in all types of art.
staleness- changes in the paint layer, due to which part of the surface of a painting or sketch becomes matte, loses its shine and sonority of colors.
carnation- pictorial techniques of multi-layer application of paints used when depicting human skin, his face and other naked parts of the body.
coloring(from Italian colorito, from Latin color - color, coloring) - a system of relationships between color tones, forming a certain unity and being an aesthetic translation of the colorful diversity of reality.
collage(from the French collage, literally - gluing) - a technical technique in the fine arts, gluing onto any base materials that differ from it in color and texture.
composition(from Latin compositio - composition) - the construction of a work of art, determined by its content and character. Composition is the most important element of the artistic form, giving the work unity and integrity.
contrapposto(from Italian contrapposto - opposite) - an image technique in which the position of one part of the body is contrasted with the position of another part.
corpus letter- technical reception in; work with oil, tempera and other paints applied in a compacted, opaque layer.
coroplasty- production of female figurines from baked clay, wax, plaster, etc.
craquelure(from the French craquelure - small crack) - a crack in the paint layer in works of painting.
crackle(from the French craquele) - a network of thin cracks on the glazed surface of ceramic products, created for a decorative effect.
glaze(from German lasierung - glaze coating) - a painting technique consisting of applying very thin layers of transparent and translucent paints on top of a dried paint layer.
chandeliers- a thin transparent film applied to the glazed surface of porcelain and earthenware products to give them an iridescent metallic shine after firing.
palette knife(from Italian mestichino - spatula) - a tool made of flexible steel in the form of a knife or spatula. The palette knife is used by artists to clean the palette or to partially remove undried paint from a painting. A palette knife is also used instead of a brush to apply paint in an even layer or in a relief stroke to a painting.
miniature- a work of fine art, characterized by its small size and subtlety of artistic techniques.
modeling(from the French modeler - to sculpt) - the transfer of relief, the shape of depicted objects and figures in conditions of a particular lighting. In the drawing, modeling is carried out using chiaroscuro, taking into account the perspective change in shapes.
easel(from the German no longer used malbrett - shelf for painting) - a wooden or metal machine for painting, on which a stretcher with canvas, cardboard or board is mounted at different heights and with different inclinations.
monochromy(from the Greek mono - one and chroma - color) - monochromaticity of works of decorative and applied art, sculpture and architecture.
Painting on architectural structures and other stationary bases. The main techniques of monumental painting are fresco, mosaic, stained glass. Monumental painting is the oldest type of painting, known since the Paleolithic (paintings in caves, etc.). Thanks to their durability, works of monumental painting remain from almost all cultures.
maulstick(from German: Maßstab) - a wooden stick with which the painter’s right hand is supported when working on small details of the picture.
sketch- a work of painting, drawing or sculpture of small size, fluently and quickly executed by the artist.
nuance(from the French nuance - shade) - a very subtle shade of color or a very slight transition from light to shadow.
obscura(from Latin obscurans - dark) - a dark chamber with one miniature hole, known since the Middle Ages. A camera obscura is capable of projecting an inverted, smaller image of the objects at which the hole is directed onto the wall. The camera obscura was used by 18th century artists when preparing sketches.
warp- canvas, board, plywood, cardboard, paper, silk, etc., onto which primer and a paint layer of painting are applied.
palette(from the French palette) - 1) a small thin wooden board for mixing paints; 2) the nature of color combinations typical for a given painting, for the works of a given artist or art school.
panel(from French panneau - plane, from Latin pannus - piece of fabric) - 1) part of the wall, highlighted by a frame (stucco frame, ornamental ribbon, etc.) and filled with a painting or sculpture; 2) large-sized paintings on canvas, filling the space (usually in the walls).
panorama(from the Greek pan - everything and horama - spectacle) - 1) a synthetic type of art designed to create a visual illusion, the effect of presence at the depicted event; 2) a circular tape-picture and a subject plan located in front of it.
passe-partout(from the French passe-partout) - a cardboard frame for a drawing, engraving, photograph, watercolor or engraving.
pastiness(from Italian pastoso - doughy) - the quality of the paint layer, which occurs due to the uneven application of thick paste paint to the ground.
perspective(from French perspective, from Latin perspicio - I see clearly) - a system for depicting volumetric bodies on a plane, conveying their own spatial structure and location in space, including distance from the observer.
Pinakothek(from the Greek pinax - picture and theke - container) - a collection of paintings, an art gallery.
pinax(from Greek pinax - painting) - ancient Greek easel painting on boards.
plastic arts- types of art, the works of which: exist in space, without changing or developing in time; have a substantive nature; performed by processing material material; are perceived by the audience directly and visually.
plastic(from the Greek plastikos - pliable, plastic) - the quality inherent in sculpture, the artistic expressiveness of a three-dimensional form.
plein air(from the French plein air, literally - open air) - 1) the transfer in the picture of all the richness of color changes caused by exposure to sunlight and the surrounding atmosphere; 2) painting in the open air.
underpainting- the preparatory stage of work on a painting performed using the technique of multi-layer oil painting.
stretcher- a wooden rectangular frame on which canvas is stretched, on which a picture is then painted. The finished painting on a stretcher is inserted into a baguette.
polychromy(from the Greek poly - many and chroa - color) - multicolor (at least 2 colors) of works of decorative and applied art, sculpture and architecture.
penumbra- element of chiaroscuro; gradation of light and shade on the surface of an object, occupying an intermediate position between light and deep shadow.
reception- distinctive features of artistic creativity, reflecting the artist’s individuality and style.
profile(from French profil, from Italian profile - outline) - a side view of a person or object.
blur- a technique of working with a brush with abundant use of water, which makes it possible to achieve complex and rich pictorial effects in drawings with sepia, ink, watercolor, etc.
angle(from the French raccourci - reduction, shortening) - perspective reduction of the depicted objects. Used for the most effective transfer of movement and space.
shading- rubbing lines and strokes drawn with pencil, sanguine, pastel, etc. on a sheet of paper. Shading is done with a feather brush, rubber band, bread crumb or finger.
shading- a short stick made of paper or suede with tapered ends for rubbing a stroke into a spot when drawing with pastels and other soft materials.
replica(from the French replique - imprint, repetition) - an author's copy of a work of art, differing from the original in size or individual details of the image.
retouch(from French retouche, from retoucher - to draw on, correct) - correction of images.
reflex(from lat. reflexus - reversed, turned back, reflected) - in painting (less often in graphics) - a reflection of color and light from an object, which occurs in cases when a reflection from surrounding objects (neighboring objects, sky, etc.).
rhythm- a feature of the compositional structure of works, which is the alternation or repetition of any parts. Rhythm enhances the expressiveness of the artistic image.
socket(from the French rosette, literally - rose) - an ornamental motif in the form of a stylized blooming flower (for example, a rose).
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