It's no secret that painting has its own typology and is divided into genres. This phenomenon originated in Europe in the 15th century, when the concept of first-class painting was formed, which included paintings of a mythological and historical nature, and second-class paintings included landscapes, portraits, and still lifes. But this sorting lost its relevance around 1900, when there were too many genres and styles and it would have been too old-fashioned to use a clear division into just these two groups. That is why I want to talk about current types of painting today.

Still life (nature morte- “dead nature”) - pictures of inanimate things. This genre originated in the 15th century and gained independence in the 17th, thanks to Dutch artists. The genre became independent due to the advent of the Golden Age in Holland; artists were spoiled by the abundance of food and other things that had previously been considered items of luxury and wealth; it was on this basis that such a narrow genre as the Dutch still life appeared. Nowadays, still life is a widespread type of painting, and is in great demand among painting buyers.

Portrait- a person or group of people depicted in the picture. The boundaries of this style are very vague; portraiture very often intersects with other styles, such as landscape or still life. Portraits can also be historical, posthumous, or religious. There is also a self-portrait, which is when the artist draws himself.

Scenery- a very important genre in painting. In it, the artist paints either pristine or man-transformed nature or terrain. It has long gone beyond the usual sea or mountain views, and today it is one of the most popular types of painting. Landscapes can be urban, rural, sea, mountain, etc. Previously, landscapes were painted only in plein air, when the artist painted from life what he saw. These days, this practice is becoming less and less common, and modern artists prefer to work from photographs.

Marina- the same sea still life, only with the correct name. Marinas depict events that take place at sea, battles, big waves, cargo ships, etc. A prominent representative of this genre was Ivan Aivazovsky.

History painting- arose out of necessity, during the Renaissance, artists painted important cultural and historical events. Historical paintings are not always based on history; they also include various types of painting, such as mythology, gospel and biblical events.

Battle painting- a topic that reveals the theme of war and military life. The artist tries to depict an important, epic, key moment of a battle or battle. At the same time, reliability can gradually fade into the background.

Animalistics-depictions of animals, the most ancient paintings were in this genre, because even primitive artists painted animals and hunting them. Almost always merges with the landscape.

- this is one of the main types of fine art; is an artistic depiction of the objective world using colored paints on a surface. Painting is divided into: easel, monumental and decorative.

- mainly represented by works done with oil paints on canvas (cardboard, wooden boards or bare). It is the most popular type of painting. It is this type that is usually applied to the term " painting".

is a technique of painting on walls when decorating buildings and architectural elements in buildings. Particularly common in Europe fresco - monumental painting on wet plaster with water-soluble paints. This drawing technique has been well known since antiquity. Later, this technique was used in the design of many Christian religious churches and their vaults.

Decorative painting - (from the Latin word from decoro - to decorate) is a way of drawing and applying images to objects and interior details, walls, furniture and other decorative objects. Refers to decorative and applied arts.

The possibilities of pictorial art have been especially clearly revealed by easel painting since the 15th century, since the mass use of oil paints. It is in it that a special variety of content and deeply developed form is available. The basis of pictorial artistic means are colors (the possibilities of paints), in inextricable unity with chiaroscuro, and line; color and chiaroscuro are developed and developed by painting techniques with a completeness and brightness inaccessible to other types of art. This determines the perfection of volumetric and spatial modeling inherent in realistic painting, the vivid and accurate rendering of reality, the possibility of realizing the plots conceived by the artist (and methods of constructing compositions) and other visual advantages.

Another difference in the differences between types of painting is the technique of execution according to the types of paints. General signs are not always enough to make a determination. The border between painting and graphics in each individual case: for example, works made in watercolors or pastels can belong to both areas, depending on the artist’s approach and the tasks he sets. Although drawings on paper are classified as graphics, the use of different painting techniques sometimes blurs the distinction between painting and graphics.

It must be taken into account that the semantic term “painting” itself is a word in the Russian language. It was taken for use as a term during the formation of fine art in Russia during the Baroque era. The use of the word "painting" at that time applied only to a certain type of realistic painting. But originally it comes from the church technique of painting icons, which uses the word “write” (related to writing) because this word is a translation of the meaning in Greek texts (those are “lost in translation”). The development in Russia of its own art school and the inheritance of European academic knowledge in the field of art, developed the scope of the Russian word “painting”, inscribing it into educational terminology and literary language. But in the Russian language, a peculiarity of the meaning of the verb “to write” was formed in relation to writing and drawing pictures.

Genres of painting

In the course of the development of fine art, several classical genres of paintings were formed, which acquired their own characteristics and rules.

Portrait is a realistic depiction of a person in which the artist tries to achieve a resemblance to the original. One of the most popular genres of painting. Most customers used the talent of artists to perpetuate their own image or, wanting to get an image of a loved one, relative, etc. Customers sought to obtain a portrait likeness (or even embellish it) leaving a visual embodiment in history. Portraits of various styles are the most popular part of the exhibition of most art museums and private collections. This genre also includes such a type of portrait as self-portrait - an image of the artist himself, painted by himself.

Scenery- one of the popular painting genres in which the artist seeks to depict nature, its beauty or peculiarity. Different types of nature (the mood of the season and weather) have a strong emotional impact on any viewer - this is a psychological feature of a person. The desire to get an emotional impression from landscapes has made this genre one of the most popular in artistic creativity.

- this genre is in many ways similar to landscape, but has a key feature: the paintings depict landscapes with the participation of architectural objects, buildings or cities. A special focus is street views of cities that convey the atmosphere of a place. Another direction of this genre is the depiction of the beauty of the architecture of a particular building - its appearance or images of its interiors.

- a genre in which the main subject of the paintings is a historical event or its interpretation by the artist. What’s interesting is that a huge number of paintings on a biblical theme belong to this genre. Since in the Middle Ages, biblical scenes were considered “historical” events and the main customers of these paintings were the church. "Historical" biblical subjects are present in the works of most artists. The second birth of historical painting occurs during the times of neoclassicism, when artists turn to well-known historical subjects, events from antiquity or national legends.

- reflects scenes of wars and battles. The peculiarity is not only the desire to reflect a historical event, but also to convey to the viewer the emotional elevation of feat and heroism. Subsequently, this genre also becomes political, allowing the artist to convey to the viewer his view (his attitude) on what is happening. We can see a similar effect of political emphasis and the strength of the artist’s talent in the work of V. Vereshchagin.

is a genre of painting with compositions from inanimate objects, using flowers, products, and dishes. This genre is one of the latest and was formed in the Dutch school of painting. Perhaps its appearance is caused by the peculiarity of the Dutch school. The economic boom of the 17th century in Holland led to a desire for affordable luxury (paintings) among a significant number of the population. This situation attracted a large number of artists to Holland, causing intense competition among them. Models and workshops (people in appropriate clothes) were not available to poor artists. When painting paintings for sale, they used improvised means (objects) to compose the paintings. This situation in the history of the Dutch school is the reason for the development of genre painting.

Genre painting — the subject of the paintings are everyday scenes of everyday life or holidays, usually with the participation of ordinary people. Just like still life, it became widespread among Dutch artists in the 17th century. During the period of romanticism and neoclassicism, this genre took on a new birth; paintings strive not so much to reflect everyday life, but to romanticize it, to introduce a certain meaning or morality into the plot.

Marina- a type of landscape that depicts sea views, coastal landscapes overlooking the sea, sunrises and sunsets at sea, ships or even naval battles. Although there is a separate battle genre, naval battles still belong to the “marina” genre. The development and popularization of this genre can also be attributed to the Dutch school of the 17th century. He was popular in Russia thanks to the work of Aivazovsky.

— a feature of this genre is the creation of realistic paintings depicting the beauty of animals and birds. One of the interesting features of this genre is the presence of paintings depicting non-existent or mythical animals. Artists who specialize in images of animals are called animalists.

History of painting

The need for realistic images has existed since ancient times, but had a number of disadvantages due to the lack of technology, systematic schools and education. In ancient times, one can more often find examples of applied and monumental painting with the technique of drawing on plaster. In ancient times, greater importance was attached to the talent of the performer; artists were limited in the technology of making paints and the opportunity to receive a systematic education. But already in antiquity, specialized knowledge and works were formed (Vitruvius), which will be the basis for a new flowering of European art in the Renaissance. Decorative painting received significant development during Greek and Roman antiquity (the school was lost in the Middle Ages), the level of which was reached only after the 15th century.

Painting of a Roman fresco (Pompeii, 1st century BC), an example of the level of technology of ancient painting:

The "Dark Ages" of the Middle Ages, militant Christianity and the Inquisition lead to bans on the study of the artistic heritage of antiquity. The vast experience of ancient masters, knowledge in the field of proportions, composition, architecture and sculpture are banned, and many artistic treasures are destroyed because of their dedication to ancient deities. A return to the values ​​of art and science in Europe occurs only during the Renaissance (rebirth).

Artists of the early Renaissance (revival) had to catch up and revive the achievements and level of ancient artists. What we admire in the works of early Renaissance artists was the level of the masters of Rome. A clear example of the loss of several centuries of development of European art (and civilization) during the “Dark Ages” of the Middle Ages, militant Christianity and the Inquisition - the difference between these 14th century paintings!

The emergence and spread of the technology for making oil paints and the technique of painting with them in the 15th century gave rise to the development of easel painting and a special type of artist’s products - color paintings with oil paints on primed canvas or wood.

Painting received a huge leap in qualitative development during the Renaissance, largely thanks to the work of Leon Battista Alberti (1404-1472). He was the first to set out the foundations of perspective in painting (the treatise “On Painting” of 1436). The European art school owes to him (his work on systematizing scientific knowledge) the emergence (revival) of realistic perspective and natural proportions in artists’ paintings. A famous and familiar drawing by Leonardo da Vinci "Vitruvian Man"(human proportions) of 1493, dedicated to the systematization of Vitruvius’ ancient knowledge of proportions and composition, was created by Leonardo half a century later than Alberti’s treatise “On Painting”. And Leonardo’s work is a continuation of the development of the European (Italian) art school of the Renaissance.

But painting received a bright and massive development starting from the 16th and 17th centuries, when the technique of oil painting became widespread, various technologies for making paints appeared and schools of painting were formed. It was the system of knowledge and artistic education (drawing technique), combined with the demand for works of art among the aristocracy and monarchs, that led to the rapid flourishing of fine art in Europe (the Baroque period).

The unlimited financial capabilities of European monarchies, aristocracies and entrepreneurs became excellent soil for the further development of painting in the 17th-19th centuries. And the weakening influence of the church and a secular lifestyle (multiplied by the development of Protestantism) allowed the birth of many subjects, styles and movements in painting (Baroque and Rococo).

In the course of the development of fine arts, artists have developed many styles and techniques that lead to the highest level of realism in their works. By the end of the 19th century (with the advent of modernist movements), interesting transformations began in painting. The availability of art education, mass competition and high demands on artists' skills by the public (and buyers) are giving rise to new directions in methods of expression. Fine art is no longer limited only by the level of technique; artists strive to introduce special meanings, ways of “looking” and philosophy into works. What often comes at the expense of the level of performance, becomes speculation or a method of shocking. The variety of emerging styles, lively discussions and even scandals give rise to the development of interest in new forms of painting.

Modern computer (digital) drawing technologies belong to graphics and cannot be called painting, although many computer programs and equipment allow you to completely repeat any painting technique with paints.

Painting is a type of fine art that consists of creating paintings and canvases that most fully and life-like reflect reality.

A work of art made with paints (oil, tempera, watercolor, gouache, etc.) applied to any hard surface is called painting. The main expressive means of painting is color, its ability to evoke various feelings and associations enhances the emotionality of the image. The artist usually draws up the color required for painting on a palette, and then turns the paint into color on the painting plane, creating a color order - coloring. According to the nature of color combinations, it can be warm and cold, cheerful and sad, calm and tense, light and dark.

The images in the painting are very visual and convincing. Painting is capable of conveying volume and space, nature on a plane, revealing the complex world of human feelings and characters, embodying universal ideas, events of the historical past, mythological images and flights of fancy.

Unlike painting as an independent type of fine art, the pictorial approach (method) can be used in its other types: in drawing, graphics and even in sculpture. The essence of the pictorial approach lies in depicting an object in relationship with the surrounding spatial light-air environment, in a subtle gradation of tonal transitions.

The variety of objects and events of the surrounding world, close

artists' interest in them led to the emergence during the 17th -

XX centuries genres of painting: portrait, still life, landscape, animalistic, everyday (genre painting), mythological, historical, battle genres. In works of art there may be a combination of genres or their elements. For example, a still life or landscape can successfully complement a portrait image.

According to the technical techniques and materials used, painting can be divided into the following types: oil, tempera, wax (encaustic), enamel, glue, water paints on wet plaster (fresco), etc. In some cases, it is difficult to separate painting from graphics. Works made in watercolors, gouache, and pastels can relate to both painting and graphics.

Painting can be single-layer, done immediately, or multi-layer, including underpainting and glazing, transparent and translucent layers of paint applied to the dried paint layer. This achieves the finest nuances and shades of color.

Important means of artistic expression in painting are, in addition to color (color), the spot and character of the stroke, the treatment of the paint surface (texture), values ​​showing subtle changes in tone depending on the lighting, reflexes that appear from the interaction of adjacent colors.

The construction of volume and space in painting is associated with linear and airy perspective, spatial properties of warm and cold colors, light and shadow modeling of form, and the transfer of the overall color tone of the canvas. To create a picture, in addition to color, you need a good drawing and an expressive composition. The artist, as a rule, begins work on the canvas by searching for the most successful solution in sketches. Then, in numerous picturesque sketches from life, he

works out the necessary elements of the composition. Work on a painting can begin with drawing the composition with a brush, underpainting and

directly painting the canvas with one or another pictorial means. Moreover, even preparatory sketches and sketches sometimes have independent artistic significance, especially if they belong to the brushes of a famous painter. Painting is a very ancient art, which has undergone an evolution over many centuries from Paleolithic rock paintings to the latest trends in painting of the 20th century. Painting has a wide range of possibilities for realizing ideas from realism to abstractionism. Enormous spiritual treasures have been accumulated in the course of its development. In ancient times, a desire arose to reproduce the real world as a person sees it. This caused the emergence of the principles of chiaroscuro, elements of perspective, and the emergence of volumetric-spatial pictorial images. New thematic possibilities for depicting reality through pictorial means have opened up. Painting served to decorate temples, dwellings, tombs and other structures, and was in artistic unity with architecture and sculpture.

Medieval painting was predominantly of religious content. It was distinguished by the expression of sonorous, mainly local colors, and expressiveness of contours.

The background of frescoes and paintings, as a rule, was conventional, abstract or golden, embodying the divine idea in its mysterious flickering. Color symbolism played a significant role.

During the Renaissance, the feeling of the harmony of the universe, anthropocentrism (man at the center of the universe) was reflected in pictorial compositions on religious and mythological themes, in portraits, everyday and historical scenes. The role of painting has increased, developing a scientifically based system of linear and aerial perspective, chiaroscuro.

Abstract painting appeared, which marked the rejection of figurativeness and the active expression of the artist’s personal attitude to the world, emotionality and conventionality of color, exaggeration and geometrization

forms, decorativeness and associativity of compositional solutions.

In the 20th century The search for new colors and technical means of creating paintings continues, which will undoubtedly lead to the emergence of new styles in painting, but oil painting still remains one of the most favorite techniques of artists.

Art is creativity in its entirety.
What arts do you know?
Literature, music, dance, theater, cinema.

art– spatial, not extended in time. It requires two or three dimensional space. Although in our time, thanks to technical capabilities, a form of art has emerged that includes temporary space (video art).

Fine art reflects reality through visual images:
- diversity of the surrounding world;
- thoughts and feelings of a person.
This is a way of understanding the environment and oneself.

To do this, the artist uses generalization and imagination.

Types of fine arts:
Architecture
Painting
Graphic arts
Sculpture
Arts and crafts
Theatrical and decorative arts
Design

Architecture

Architecture is the art of constructing buildings and structures for the life and activities of people.

The word “architecture” comes from the Greek “Arhus” - main, highest;
"Tectonico" - construction.

Requires three-dimensional space.. It also has internal space - the interior.

Painting

Painting is a type of fine art, works of which are created using paints (tempera, oil paints, acrylic, gouache, ...).

Graphic arts

Graphics is a type of fine art that includes drawing and printed images. “Grapho” - I write, draw, draw.
Drawings are done in pencil, ink, sepia, sanguine...
Printed images – engravings, lithographs, woodcuts, monotypes.

Graphics are divided into easel, book and applied.
Watercolor, gouache and pastel stand on the verge of painting and graphics.

The first works of graphics were rock paintings of primitive art.
In Ancient Greece, graphic art was at the highest level - vase painting.

Sculpture

The term comes from the Latin “sculpere” - to cut, carve.
Unlike painting and graphics, sculpture has volume.
A sculpture is a three-dimensional image.

Materials: bone, stone, wood, clay, metal, wax...
Sculpture is one of the most ancient forms of art.
The first sculptural works were idols, amulets, and depicted ancient gods.
A distinction is made between round sculpture (viewed from different sides) and relief (high, medium, low, counter-relief).
Sculpture is divided into types: easel and monumental (monuments, monuments) and monumental-decorative (architectural decoration).

Decorative and applied arts (DAI)

In every home, various objects live and serve us. And if they are touched by the hand of an artist, jeweler or folk craftsman, then they become a work of decorative and applied art. The term appeared in the 18th century. from the French word "decor" - decoration everywhere.
Applied means something to which skill or art is applied.

Design

Starting from the primitive period, one can trace the development of this type of art.

Theatrical and decorative art

This type of art includes the creation of scenery, props, costumes, and makeup.

GENRES

The term “genre” comes from the French – type, genus.
The first independent genres appeared in the Netherlands in the 16th century.

Historical
Mythological, religious
Battle
Portrait
Scenery
Still life
Domestic
Marina
Animalistic
Interior

Historical genre

The historical genre is a work of art that reflects real historical characters or events.

Mythological genre

The mythological genre is a work of art that reflects mythological subjects.

Religious

Battle genre

The battle genre is a work of art that reflects military episodes.
An artist who writes on battle themes is called a battle painter.

Portrait

A portrait is an image of a person in sculpture, painting and graphics.
Portraits painted by artists bring to us images of people of past eras.

Scenery

Landscape is a picture in which nature has become its main content.
The term “landscape” (paysage) comes from the French language, which means “nature”. Landscape as an independent genre originated in Holland.
Landscape painting is varied. There are landscapes that accurately convey certain corners of nature, while others subtly convey the state. There are also fantastic landscapes.

Still life

The term "still life" comes from a French word literally meaning "dead nature."
These are paintings whose heroes are various household items, fruits, flowers or food (fish, game, and so on).
Still lifes tell us not only about things, but also about their owners, about their life, way of life and habits.

Everyday genre

The everyday genre is paintings that reflect episodes from people’s everyday lives.

Marina

Marina is a work of art that depicts the sea.
An artist who paints the sea is called a marine painter.

Animalistic genre

The animalistic genre is a work of art that depicts animals.

Interior

Image of the interior decoration of an architectural structure.

Art style

The concept of “style” is an originality that allows you to immediately determine in what historical era the work was created.
An artistic (high) style is a direction that includes all types of art.
For example, Baroque is a high style, and Rococo is a direction.
The great or high styles include the classics of antiquity, the Romanesque style and Gothic in the Middle Ages, the Renaissance style, which marked the transition period from the Middle Ages to the Modern Age, Baroque and Classicism in the Modern Age. The last major style at the turn of the 19th – 20th centuries. became Art Nouveau, in which an attempt was made to revive the unity of architecture, decorative and fine arts.
The combination of several types of art in one work is called a synthesis of arts.
In other words, an artistic style reaches its highest level when it includes all types of art.
Having developed in a certain historical era, high styles were continuously transformed and revived at the next stage in a new quality. For example, classicism of the 17th century. in France, it took its basis from ancient classics, while it is very different from the neoclassicism of the second half of the 18th century. and, of course, from neoclassicism as one of the eclecticism trends of the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries.

Artistic image

An artistic image is a form of reflection (reproduction) of objective reality in art.

Painting is distinguished by a variety of genres and types. Each genre is limited to its own range of subjects: the image of a person (portrait), the surrounding world (landscape), etc.
Varieties (types) of painting differ in their purpose.

In this regard, there are several types of painting, which we will talk about today.

Easel painting

The most popular and famous type of painting is easel painting. It is called this way because it is performed on a machine - an easel. The base is wood, cardboard, paper, but most often canvas stretched on a stretcher. An easel painting is an independent work made in a specific genre. It has a richness of color.

Oil paints

Most often, easel painting is done with oil paints. You can use oil paints on canvas, wood, cardboard, paper, and metal.

Oil paints
Oil paints are suspensions of inorganic pigments and fillers in drying vegetable oils or drying oils or based on alkyd resins, sometimes with the addition of auxiliary substances. Used in painting or for painting wooden, metal and other surfaces.

V. Perov “Portrait of Dostoevsky” (1872). Canvas, oil
But a picturesque picture can also be created using tempera, gouache, pastels, and watercolors.

Watercolor

Watercolor paints

Watercolor (French Aquarelle - watery; Italian acquarello) is a painting technique that uses special watercolor paints. When dissolved in water, they form a transparent suspension of fine pigment, which creates the effect of lightness, airiness and subtle color transitions.

J. Turner “Firvaldstät Lake” (1802). Watercolor. Tate Britain (London)

Gouache

Gouache (French Gouache, Italian guazzo water paint, splash) is a type of adhesive water-soluble paint, denser and more matte than watercolor.

Gouache paints
Gouache paints are made from pigments and glue with the addition of white. The admixture of white gives the gouache a matte velvety quality, but when drying the colors become somewhat whitened (lightened), which the artist must take into account during the drawing process. Using gouache paints you can cover dark tones with light ones.

Vincent Van Gogh "Corridor at Asulum" (black chalk and gouache on pink paper)

Pastel [e]

Pastel (from Latin pasta - dough) is an artistic material used in graphics and painting. Most often it comes in the form of crayons or rimless pencils, shaped like bars with a round or square cross-section. There are three types of pastels: dry, oil and wax.

I. Levitan “River Valley” (pastel)

Tempera

Tempera (Italian tempera, from the Latin temperare - to mix paints) - water-based paints prepared on the basis of dry powder pigments. The binder for tempera paints is the yolk of a chicken egg diluted with water or a whole egg.
Tempera paints are one of the oldest. Before the invention and spread of oil paints until the 15th-17th centuries. tempera paints were the main material for easel painting. They have been used for more than 3 thousand years. The famous paintings of the sarcophagi of the ancient Egyptian pharaohs were made with tempera paints. Tempera painting was mainly done by Byzantine masters. In Russia, the technique of tempera painting was dominant until the end of the 17th century.

R. Streltsov “Chamomiles and violets” (tempera)

Encaustic

Encaustic (from ancient Greek ἐγκαυστική - the art of burning) is a painting technique in which wax is the binder of paints. Painting is done with melted paints. Many early Christian icons were painted using this technique. Originated in Ancient Greece.

"Angel". Encaustic technique

We draw your attention to the fact that you can find another classification, according to which watercolor, gouache and other techniques using paper and water-based paints are classified as graphics. They combine the features of painting (richness of tone, construction of form and space with color) and graphics (the active role of paper in constructing the image, the absence of the specific relief of the brushstroke characteristic of a painting surface).

Monumental painting

Monumental painting is painting on architectural structures or other foundations. This is the oldest type of painting, known since the Paleolithic. Thanks to its stationarity and durability, numerous examples of it remain from almost all cultures that created developed architecture. The main techniques of monumental painting are fresco, secco, mosaic, stained glass.

Fresco

Fresco (from Italian fresco - fresh) - painting on wet plaster with water paints, one of the wall painting techniques. When dried, the lime contained in the plaster forms a thin transparent calcium film, making the fresco durable.
The fresco has a pleasant matte surface and is durable in indoor conditions.

Gelati Monastery (Georgia). Church of the Blessed Virgin Mary. Fresco on the upper and southern side of the Arc de Triomphe

A secco

And secco (from Italian a secco - dry) is wall painting, performed, unlike frescoes, on hard, dried plaster, re-moistened. Paints are used, ground on vegetable glue, egg or mixed with lime. Secco allows you to paint a larger surface area in a working day than with fresco painting, but is not as durable a technique.
The a secco technique developed in medieval painting along with fresco and was especially widespread in Europe in the 17th-18th centuries.

Leonardo da Vinci "The Last Supper (1498). Technique a secco

Mosaic

Mosaic (French mosaïque, Italian mosaico from Latin (opus) musivum – (work) dedicated to the muses) is decorative, applied and monumental art of various genres. Images in a mosaic are formed by arranging, setting and fixing multi-colored stones, smalt, ceramic tiles and other materials on the surface.

Mosaic panel "Cat"

Stained glass

Stained glass (French vitre - window glass, from Latin vitrum - glass) is a work of colored glass. Stained glass has been used in churches for a long time. During the Renaissance, stained glass existed as painting on glass.

Stained glass window of the Mezhsoyuzny Palace of Culture (Murmansk)
The types of painting also include diorama and panorama.

Diorama

The building of the diorama “Storm of Sapun Mountain on May 7, 1944” in Sevastopol
Diorama is a ribbon-shaped, semicircularly curved pictorial picture with a foreground subject. The illusion of the viewer’s presence in natural space is created, which is achieved by a synthesis of artistic and technical means.
Dioramas are designed for artificial lighting and are located mainly in special pavilions. Most dioramas are dedicated to historical battles.
The most famous dioramas: “Storm of Sapun Mountain” (Sevastopol), “Defense of Sevastopol” (Sevastopol), “Battles for Rzhev” (Rzhev), “Breaking the Siege of Leningrad” (St. Petersburg), “Storm of Berlin” (Moscow), etc.

Panorama

In painting, a panorama is a picture with a circular view, in which a flat pictorial background is combined with a three-dimensional subject foreground. Panorama creates the illusion of real space surrounding the viewer in a full circle of the horizon. Panoramas are used mainly to depict events that cover a large area and a large number of participants.

Panorama Museum "Battle of Borodino" (museum building)
In Russia, the most famous panoramas are the Panorama Museum “Battle of Borodino”, “Battle of Volochaev”, “The Defeat of Nazi Troops at Stalingrad” in the Panorama Museum “Battle of Stalingrad”, “Defense of Sevastopol”, panorama of the Trans-Siberian Railway.

Franz Roubo. Panorama canvas “Battle of Borodino”

Theatrical and decorative painting

Scenery, costumes, makeup, props help to further reveal the content of the performance (film). The scenery gives an idea of ​​the place and time of the action, and activates the viewer’s perception of what is happening on stage. The theater artist strives to acutely express the individual character of the characters, their social status, the style of the era, and much more in sketches of costumes and makeup.
In Russia, the flourishing of theatrical and decorative art occurred at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. At this time, outstanding artists M.A. began working in the theater. Vrubel, V.M. Vasnetsov, A.Ya. Golovin, L.S. Bakst, N.K. Roerich.

M. Vrubel “City of Lollipop”. Set design for the opera by N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov's "The Tale of Tsar Saltan" for the Russian Private Opera in Moscow. (1900)

Miniature

A miniature is a pictorial work of small forms. Portrait miniatures were especially popular - a portrait of a small format (from 1.5 to 20 cm), distinguished by a special subtlety of writing, a unique execution technique and the use of means inherent only to this pictorial form.
The types and formats of miniatures are very diverse: they were painted on parchment, paper, cardboard, ivory, metal and porcelain, using watercolor, gouache, special artistic enamels or oil paints. The author can inscribe the image, in accordance with his decision or at the request of the customer, into a circle, oval, rhombus, octagon, etc. A classic portrait miniature is considered to be a miniature made on a thin ivory plate.

Emperor Nicholas I. Fragment of a miniature by G. Morselli
There are several miniature techniques.

Lacquer miniature (Fedoskino)

Miniature with a portrait of Princess Zinaida Nikolaevna (Jusupov jewelry)