N. R. Dobrushina, 2014

Mood– an inflectional grammatical category of a verb, expressing the speaker’s attitude to the content of the utterance and/or the attitude of the situation to the real world (its reality, unreality, desirability), that is, various modal values(cm. Modality).

The inclination is grammatical a means of denoting modal meanings. The same meanings can also be expressed lexically (for example, using modal verbs): cf. expressing the desired meaning using the subjunctive mood ( I wish I could lie in the sun!) or using a verb want (I want to lie in the sun).

1) indicative mood (indicative);

2) subjunctive mood (conditional, conditionalis, subjunctive, subjunctive, conjunctive), see the corresponding article in this collection;

3) imperative mood (imperative), see the corresponding article in this collection.

The indicative mood is sometimes called direct, unlike indirect– subjunctive and imperative.

1. Morphology

1.1. Ways to Express Moods

Indicative mood is expressed by a special set of indicators with the meaning of number and person/gender. For example, in the form leaves (he leaves in an hour) ending -it has the following meanings: indicative mood, present tense, 3rd person, singular.

Imperative expressed using indicators that are attached to the present basis: -And(those) (leave/care-and-those) or -Ø (those) (pei-Ø/drink-Ø-te). Individual verbs also have a special form of call to joint action with indicators -eat or -im-those (let's go eat). There are also a number of forms and structures with the meaning of an incentive to joint action ( Let's(those)let's go,let's walk) and urges to the 3rd person ( let/let him go). .

1.2. Mood and other grammatical categories

1.2.1. Time

Grammatical contrast time exists only in indicative forms. The imperative and subjunctive moods do not distinguish between tenses. The situation, denoted by the subjunctive mood, in meaning can refer to the past, the present, and the future. The shape of the inclination does not change: if only I had yesterday/Today/tomorrow they offered me a million, I would refuse. The situation indicated by the imperative mood always refers to the future.

1.2.2. Person, number and gender

IN indicative mood in the present and future tense the meanings of person and number are expressed ( I'm leaving/you're leaving/he's leaving,I'm leaving/we're leaving), in the past – gender and number ( I left/she left/it's gone/they left).

IN subjunctive mood on - l(as in the past tense indicative) meanings are expressed gender and number (I would leave/she would have left/it would go away/they would leave).

IN imperative mood forms are expressed numbers ((You) go away/ (You)go away). The imperative mood itself expresses an impulse to the 2nd person; some verbs also have a special form of an impulse to joint action: let's go,let's go(this form is sometimes called the gortative or 1st person plural imperative). Other faces of the imperative are expressed by unspecialized forms and various constructions that relate to analytical imperative forms:

a) 1st person plural: let's sing, Let's(those)let's sing And Let's(those)sing;

b) 3rd person singular and plural: let him sing,let them sing.

1.2.3. Finiteness

Moods, unlike tenses, are more typical for finite verb forms. TOHowever, the subjunctive mood can also include combinations of particles would with non-finite forms: with infinitive ( I wish I could run away quickly), with predicates, nouns, participles and gerunds (see subjunctive mood).

1.2.4. Semantics

1.3. Meanings expressed by the indicative mood

Indicative mood, typically describes the situation as belonging to the real world.

Past tenseThe indicative mood describes the situation as having taken place before the moment of speech:

(1) Arrived he arrives shortly before dinner, put banner in the corner, took off overcoat and, jingling with orders, went with gifts to a neighbor. [IN. Voinovich. Monumental Propaganda (2000)]

Present tenseThe indicative mood describes the situation as taking place at the moment of speech:

(2) - And I don’t I'm worried“,” he said quickly. [IN. Aksenov. Mysterious Passion (2007)]

Future tenseThe indicative mood describes a situation as one that will take place after the moment of speech. Since the future situation fundamentally cannot belong to reality, the future tense is sometimes considered as belonging to the system of indirect moods, and not to the indicative (for the special status of the future tense, see Modality / clause 2.3. Indicative mood and sublated affirmative).

(3) I I'll go for a walk until the morning, and when it’s night will become finish, I'll go up the hill and meeting dawn... [S. Kozlov. Is it true that we will always be there? (1969-1981)]

The indicative mood can have a figurative meaning, for example, it can act as an imperative mood:

(4) There is fish in the freezer / pull it out/ let it thaw / then Barsik give it. [Home conversation // From materials of Ulyanovsk University (2007)]

1.4. Meanings expressed by the subjunctive mood

Subjunctive mood denotes a situation that does not belong to the real world. The meaning of the subjunctive mood depends greatly on whether it is used in an independent predication or in a subordinate clause. In independent predication, the subjunctive mood has either a counterfactual meaning, that is, denoting a situation that, according to the speaker, belongs to an alternative, imaginary world, or a desirable meaning. In subordinate clauses, the meaning of the subjunctive mood depends on the semantics of the conjunction, the relationship between the main clause and the subordinate, and other factors.

The subjunctive mood thus has three main types of uses:counterfactual(for more details see Subjunctive mood / clause 2.1),desirable(for more details see Subjunctive mood / clause 2.2) and use in subordinate predications. In a figurative meaning, the subjunctive mood can be used for pragmatic purposes, in order to soften the message about the speaker’s communicative intentions (for more details, seeSubjunctive mood / clause 2.3).

a) Counterfactual meaning subjunctive mood: the situation, from the speaker’s point of view, obviously belongs not to the real, but to an alternative world.

(5) They could neither stop nor leave the stone - this it would be a disaster for everyone. [IN. Bykov. Stone (2002)]

(6) If I myself did not have a permanent address, I would lead behave more modestly. [A. Hair. Real Estate (2000)]

b) Desired value subjunctive mood: the situation does not belong to the real world, but seems desirable to the speaker.

(7) If only He knew how heavy my soul is! [Yu. Trifonov. House on the Embankment (1976)]

(8) I would like to lie down, look to the sea and drink cold wine. [IN. Craid. Georgy Ivanov in Hyères (2003)]

c) Pragmatic use subjunctive mood: purpose –soften the message about the speaker's intentions or reduce the categoricalness of the statement.

(9) – I I'd like to contact With one request,” he said quietly and even somehow pressed his hands to his chest. [Yu. O. Dombrovsky. Faculty of Unnecessary Things (1978)]

(10) “Yes, of course,” answered the young man, easily meeting his radiant, clear eyes mi with Stern’s gaze suddenly growing heavier. - But now I would recommend Peace to Georgy Matveevich. [Yu. O. Dombrovsky. Faculty of Unnecessary Things (1978)]

(11) Viktor Astafiev wrote: if would millions of peasants alone spat towards Moscow, her would be washed away together with the Kremlin and the Gori monkey. [D. Dragunsky. Of Slaves and Free (2011)]

(12) Briefly speaking, What would I neither did, my wife Always repeats : – God, to what You similar on his father!.. [S. Dovlatov. Ours (1983)]

(13) All on light should happen slowly And wrong, so that he couldn't get proud Human, to Human was sad And confused [IN. Erofeev. Moscow-Petushki (1970)]

(14) And the polar explorers dragged their things, and mother began to scream, to Alyoshka walked home to get dressed. [A. F. Chlenov. How Alyoshka lived in the North (1978)]

(15) If someone was praised, Valka immediately looked for the reason that I would do undeserved praise. [A. Aleksin. Signalmen and Buglers (1985)]

1.5. Meanings expressed by the imperative mood

a) Order:

(16) – Set sail tomorrow, at dawn! - Mr. Beluga ordered. [A. Dorofeev. Ele-Fantik (2003)]

b) Permission:

(17) – Kuri, - the grandfather allowed. – What kind do you smoke? [IN. Shukshin. Viburnum red (1973)]

c) Advice:

(18) – Don't be upset, Nina, don't waste your nerves,” he advised. [IN. Aksenov. It's time, my friend, it's time (1963)]

d) Request:

(19) – Be happy, Margarita Nikolaevna! - She nodded her head to the master and again turned to Margarita: - I knew everything where you were going. [M. A. Bulgakov. The Master and Margarita (1929-1940)]

The imperative mood can also have figurative uses, used to express condition (20), concession (21), obligation (22), to indicate surprise (23), (24), etc. (see Imperative mood / clause 4.8) In this case, the imperative mood often does not refer to the 2nd person.

(20) He was taking his wife from the maternity ward of the district hospital, she was holding a child in her arms, and it seemed to him that live he will not forget this day for a thousand years. [IN. Grossman. Everything flows (1955-1963)]

(21) Sometimes it grabs you so much that at least lie down And die. [AND. Grekova. Fracture (1987)]

(22) Vasya will drink whatever he gets, and I spin and spin on your salary. [AND. Grekova. Fracture (1987)]

(23) The dog and the cat lived and lived with their owner and grew old. It's an everyday thing, it can happen to anyone. And their owner take it and calculate it. [E. L. Schwartz. Two Maple Trees (1953)]

(24) ...A woman was walking along the veranda, casually picked a flower, carelessly put it in her hair, and he have to to the place! [IN. Astafiev. Jolly Soldier (1987-1997)]

2. Frequency

In terms of frequency in the Subcorpus with homonymy removed, the moods are distributed as follows:

indicative mood – 580 thousand uses;

imperative mood – 29 thousand uses;

subjunctive mood (particle would(b)+ so that(s)) – 25.5 thousand uses.

3. Basic literature

• Bondarko A.V., Belyaeva E.I., Biryulin L.A. and others. Theory of functional grammar. Temporality. Modality. L.: Science. 1990.
• Grammar 1980 – Shvedova N.Yu. (Ed.) Russian grammar. M.: Science. 1980. pp. 1472–1479.
• Palmer F.R. Mood and Modality. 2nd edition. Cambridge Textbooks in Linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2001.
• Plungian V. Irrealis and modality in Russian and in typological perspective // ​​Hansen B., Karlik P. (Eds.) Modality in Slavonic languages. München: Verlag Otto Sagner. 2005. P. 135–146.
• Hansen B. Mood in Russian // Rothstein B., Thieroff R. Mood in the Languages ​​of Europe. Amsterdam–Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company. 2010. P . 325–341.

The facts of reality and their connections, being the content of a statement, can be thought of by the speaker as reality, as a possibility or desirability, as an obligation or necessity. The speaker's assessment of his statement from the point of view of the relationship of what is being communicated to reality is called modality. Modality is expressed in Russian by forms of mood, intonation, as well as lexical means - modal words and particles.

Mood category- is a grammatical category in the verb system that determines the modality of the action, i.e. denoting the relationship of action to reality. In Russian they differ three moods: indicative, subjunctive and imperative .

Indicative the mood expresses an action that is conceived by the speaker as quite real, actually occurring in time (present, past and future): The Urals serve well, have served and will serve our Motherland. The expression of modality by the indicative mood can also be carried out by combining its form with modal words and particles: as if he had stepped, as if he had changed. The indicative mood differs from other moods in that it has tense forms.

Subjunctive the mood expresses the action of the verb, which the speaker thinks of as desirable or possible, but depending on some condition: Without you, I would not have gotten to the city and would have frozen on the road(P.). This mood is formed by combining the past tense form of the verb with the particle would . Particle would can occupy different places in a sentence. A morphological feature of the subjunctive mood is the absence of tense and person forms. However, person can be expressed by attaching personal pronouns. Verb in the subjunctive mood in singular. h. varies by gender ( would go, would go, would go) and has one plural form ( would go). The most common and typical meanings of this mood are the conditionality and desirability of an action.

Imperative the mood expresses the will of the speaker - a request, order or encouragement to perform an action indicated by a verb, and is characterized by a special imperative intonation: Heart friend, desired friend, come, come: I am your husband!(P.). The main meaning of the imperative mood - an incentive to perform an action - usually refers to the interlocutor, therefore the main form of this mood is the 2nd person singular or plural form.

The imperative form is formed from the basis of the present tense and has the following three varieties:

a) with final j after vowels (pure base): build, come on, don't spit;

b) with the ending -i after consonants: carry, cut, repeat;

c) with a final soft consonant, as well as with a hard zh and sh (pure base): leave, save, provide, anoint, eat.

Verbs I drink, I beat, I pour, I drink form shapes drink, hit, lay, vey; verb I'll go to bed has an imperative form lie down, lie down, and the verb eat - eat, eat; with the verb I'm going imperative forms are used go - go. Imperative form of 2nd person plural is formed by adding the affix - to the singular form - those : build, carry, leave. Reflexive verbs are attached to the indicated formations of the imperative form by affixes - Xia (after the consonant and -th) and - s (after -and and -te): don't be stubborn, get in shape, get your hair cut, get your hair cut.

In addition to the basic form of the 2nd person singular and plural, the imperative mood has forms expressing action 3rd person and 1st person plural. 3rd person forms are expressed (analytically) by a combination of particles let him, let him, Yes with the form of the 3rd person singular and plural present tense and future simple: Let your face glow like the dawn in the morning (Ring); Let him serve and pull the strap (P.); Long live the muses, long live the mind!(P.). The 1st person plural imperative is expressed by the 1st person plural form of the present tense or, more often, the future simple, pronounced with a special intonation of invitation: Let's get started (P.). Attaching the affix -te to this form expresses an appeal to many people or gives the statement a hint of politeness: You, my brothers, blood friends, let’s kiss and hug at the last parting (L.).

Some verbs for semantic reasons do not form the 2nd person imperative, for example impersonal verbs, individual verbs with the meaning of perception ( see, hear), with state value ( rot, become ill).

In the designation of persons, the imperative form is distinguished by great diversity. This form is characterized by a generalized personal meaning, especially in proverbs and sayings: Twist, but don’t twist (verbal). If there are different shades of modality, it is combined with all faces of both numbers: Lose my cart (verb.); If they had arrived earlier, nothing would have happened.

Depending on the context, as well as the addition of pronouns and particles, the imperative form receives additional expressive coloring: Don’t take away my will, dear (A. Ost.); Don't break it, look (T.); Go, old woman, and see your daughter-in-law (Nick.).

Mood category - this is a grammatical category of a verb, denoting the relationship of action to reality. There are three verb moods: indicative, conditional (subjunctive) and imperative.

Verbs in indicative mood denote the action as quite real and taking place in a certain time (present, past, future).

Verbs in the indicative mood change tenses: I brought, I will bring, I say, I spoke, I will speak.

Verbs in conditional mood denote the desirability of an action, the possibility of performing an action under a certain condition. The conditional mood is formed by adding a particle would (6) to the past tense verb form: I would buy it, I would decide, I would come. Particle would (b) can come before or after a verb, and can also be separated by other words.

Verbs in the conditional mood have gender and number forms: I would look, I would look.

Verbs in imperative inclinations express a request, an order, an incentive to action. Most often, verbs in the imperative mood take the form of the 2nd person singular or plural.

The form of the 2nd person singular is formed from the stem of the verb of the present or simple future tense: a) using a formative suffix -And : write- write, look- Look; b) using a zero formative suffix: save- save? The ending in this form is zero.

The 2nd person plural form is formed by adding the ending number to the unit form -those : smile- smile.Some verbs do not form the 2nd person imperative: want, be able, hear, see, ail, depend, rave, rot etc.

Verbs in the command mood can also have 3rd person forms, forming them by adding particles let, let, yes to the 3rd person forms of the present and simple future tense: let him come in, let him look, long live. These forms are most often used in colloquial, artistic and journalistic styles of speech.

Forms of one mood can appear in the meaning of another. For example, a verb in the indicative mood can be used in the imperative sense: Let's go home- you will see everything for yourself. Forms of the imperative mood can have a conditional meaning: Without you, how can I not fall into despair at the sight of everything that is happening at home?. Forms of the conditional mood - the meaning of the imperative: You should go home!

The infinitive form can be used to mean different moods: 1. Sit down!(In the role of the imperative mood.) 2. I wish I could get really sick and meet everyone again in a burning delirium.(In the role of conditional mood.)

The category of mood is the ability of a verb to express the attitude of an action to reality. An action can be presented as real, as encouraging, as desirable, as possible under certain conditions. In accordance with these meanings, the indicative, imperative and subjunctive moods are distinguished.
Indicative mood
The indicative mood represents an action as real in the present, past or future. Compare: “The monotonous, dull sound of the sea, coming from below, spoke of peace, of the eternal sleep that awaits us. It was so noisy below, when there was neither Yalta nor Oreanda here, now it is noisy and will be noisy just as indifferently and dully , when we are not there" (Ch.).
The indicative mood is closely related to the category of time: its meanings are revealed in the forms of present, past and future tense (see the example above), i.e. This mood does not have its own forms of expression.
Imperative
The imperative mood represents an action as one that the speaker encourages someone (by demanding, advising, asking) to perform or carry out. Verbs in the imperative mood do not have tense categories.
The most typical and common form of the imperative mood is the 2nd person singular and plural form.
The 2nd person singular form is formed from the stem of the present or simple future tense. Depending on the nature of the stem and the place of stress in the verb, the 2nd person form can be of four types:
I) on -j (spelling on -th), if the stem of the present (or future) tense ends in -j: work[j]-ut? work; touch[j]-ut? touch*;
Notes 1. In monosyllabic verbs such as beat, drink, pour in the infinitive, the present tense stem of which consists of only consonants (b[j]-ut, p[j]-ut, l[j]-ut) a vowel appears in the imperative mood e: hit, drink, pour.
2. The imperative form of verbs with roots yes-; know-, hundred-; having in the infinitive the suffix -va- (give, find out, get up, etc.), which is absent in the basis of the present tense (da[j]-ut, learn[j]-ut, rise[j]-ut), are formed with the addition of this suffix before j: yes-va-y, recognize-va-y, stand-up-y.
II) on the -th, if the stem does not end in j, and the emphasis in the 1st person singular of the indicative mood falls on the ending: ved-ut (vedy) ? lead; carry-ut (carry?) ? not; run-ut (run?) ? run; hold-at (hold?) ? hold**;
III) on -i (unstressed), if the stem ends with a group of consonants and the stress falls on the stem: konch-at? cum; knock-out? knock; med[l]-at? (not) slow;
Note. Verbs with a stem that ends with the combination -st or two consonants, of which the first is r, can, in addition to the form with -i (unstressed), have a form with a consonant: almost and almost, (not) wrinkles and (not) wrinkled (in the plural including in the corresponding formations in -sya, the basic form in -i is usually used: clean, “don’t wrinkle your forehead,” clean yourself); however, the consonant forms found in the texts in these cases do not go beyond the literary norm. Compare, for example: “Only a muscle is affected... The bone is intact... Don’t wince - you’re not three years old!” (V.God.).
IV) to the final consonant of the stem, which is softened (spelling this softness is conveyed by the sign ь), if the consonant can be soft (the consonant z cannot be soft, but the sign ь after it is nevertheless written as an indicator of the form). Such forms are formed from stressed stems with one final consonant: sya?d-ut? sit down; will you get up? stand up; climb-ut? – climb; namazh-ut? spread.
Notes 1. For some verbs with the prefix vy- forms with a soft consonant are sometimes replaced with forms with -i (unstressed): vy?sun and vy?suni (although only sun, zasyn); you?bet and you?bet (although bet, bet); you? correct and you? correct (although correct, cross); vy?rash and vy?rash (although rash, nasy?p) and some others (in the plural forms and in na-sya formations the basic form is used: “get it out of your head”, lean out, etc.).
2. From the verb to lie down, the imperative form is formed without softening the final consonant: lay down? lie (the form lie is colloquial, non-literary).
3. From the base of the verb to go, the imperative form is not used in the literary language (the forms found in speech, ed, еkhai are non-literary), the word go is used instead.
4. Is there an imperative form of the verb? eat.
* The colloquial form is (not) touch instead of the literary, naturally forming form (not) touch. The form (not) touching in texts of fiction and in print is justified only as a means of speech characterization, stylization, etc. Wed. in the character’s speech: “Don’t touch him!” he said, winking at Lukashin” (V. Pan.).
** The form put instead of put is colloquial, non-literary? (put it down, put it down? put it down). The form put, like (not) touch, can be justified in the language of fiction and in print only for special artistic purposes. Compare, for example, its use as a means of speech characterization: “Vaska!” shouted Ivan Afrikanovich. “Well, put the batog down. Whoever I’m talking to, put it down!” (V. Bel.).
In literary speech, this form is used only as part of the colloquial expression take it out and put it down.
The possibilities of forming 2nd person forms may be limited by the lexical meaning of the verb. Thus, forms of the imperative mood from a number of verbs that name non-targeted actions (to hold back, to forget, to gasp, etc.) and states (to be exhausted, to be avoided, to blush, to cost, etc.) are rare or uncommon.
Rarely used forms include hoti and mogi. They occur predominantly in certain combinations and often with negation; Wed colloquial “Well, whatever!”, “And you can’t think!”.
Note. In texts of fiction, in individual use, you can find forms of the imperative mood from those verbs in which in modern grammars and other normative reference books such forms are qualified as “unused.” So, in one of the letters of the writer Yu. Kazakov to V. Konetsky we read: “But most likely I won’t do anything, but just go to the North. And you’re an idiot for not wanting to go with us. Well, rot in your Leningrad!”
The 2nd person plural forms are formed by adding the suffix –te to the singular form: run-te, play-te, knock-te, throw-te, smear-te.
The impulse can also be addressed to the one (those) about whom (what) they are talking about, i.e. to the 3rd person. In this case, imperative forms are formed by combining one of the particles - let, let (has a colloquial nature) or yes (refers to high style means) with the form of the 3rd person indicative mood. Compare: “What will he learn while serving in St. Petersburg? To hang around and hang out? No, let him serve in the army, let him pull the strap, and smell gunpowder” (P.); “Do not close your door, let the door be open” (B.Ok.).
The same particles can form imperative forms referred to the 1st person (singular and plural): “Auntie did not allow us close, saying that these were her milk mushrooms, that she found them and that let us look for another layer” (S. Ax.); "Let us be partial to our friends! Let us think that they are beautiful!" (B.Akhm.). An incentive to a joint action involving the speaker can also be expressed by combining the colloquial particle give (let's) with the infinitive of an imperfective verb or with the 1st person future tense (indicative) form of a perfective verb: “Well, okay! Let's make peace" (M.G.); “Let’s stop,” said Anya, “you’re tired” (South Crimea). Finally, the 1st person plural form can be formed by adding the suffix -te to the 1st person plural indicative form: “Give me your hand, dear reader, and come with me” (Turg.).
As already mentioned, forms of the imperative mood express the impulse to action. This impulse may sound like a demand, an order, advice, a request, a plea. The nature of the incentive largely depends on intonation, which can be indicated in the text by a wide variety of lexical means: “Don’t bother me with my work, damn you!” the owner yells” (M.G.); “Please lower the blue curtains” ( B.Ok.) It depends on the lexical meaning of the verb itself and the form of expression of this meaning: “You only say a word to me” (A. Ostr.) Particles, often used in imperative forms, can not only clarify the nature of the impulse, but also. strengthen it. Thus, the request may sound like a plea: “Well, take it, take the medicine” (Kupr.), adding urgency to the request-demand, the particles can simultaneously indicate impatience, irritation of the motivator: “Yes, tell him something.” , doctor!" (Kupr.); “Finally, tell them to form into battalion columns and go around the village,” Kutuzov angrily said to the general who arrived" (L.T.). The type of the verb is also important for the meaning of the imperative form. Thus, forms of the imperative mood of imperfective verbs with negation express a prohibition or advice not to act in any way: “Don’t sing, beauty, with me you are the songs of sad Georgia” (P.); “They will mutter: “Don’t love her like that” (B.Ok.); “Never talk to strangers” (M. Bulg.). Used with negation, the imperative form of the perfective verb expresses a warning: don’t fall!, don’t knock! Meaning Such forms are often reinforced by the imperative form look (those), which acts as an interjection. Together with this form, the construction with negation expresses a warning and the imperative form of verbs of the imperfect form: “Look, don’t be late!” , forms of the 2nd person, referred to the 3rd person, to the object of speech, express the wish that the proposed possibility of action be realized: “Send it to me for Phoebe’s sake, and reward you, Cupid” (P.); to be treated And a cow, and a she-wolf, And a bug, and a worm, And a bear" (Chuk.).
In certain constructions, in combination with certain words, imperative forms, losing to one degree or another their direct motivating meaning, are part of expressive phraseological units characteristic of living speech: no matter what, God forbid, you know, Even if you poke your eye out, God forbid, remember your name, etc.
Some imperative forms may completely lose the meaning of motivation and acquire the functions of interjections. Such forms express distrust, doubt, surprise, indignation, etc. For example: “I asked them: “Is it possible to say that?” They cursed: “What teacher, tell me!” (M.G.); “Look how brave he is!” said Chub, left alone on the street" (Gog. ).

Article.

Features of the category of verb mood in modern Russian language

The morphological category of the mood of a verb is a system of opposed series of forms that express the relation of action to reality and have the meaning of reality (indicative mood), motivation (imperative mood) or conjecture, possibility (subjunctive mood).

The verb has a mood category, which is one of the central categories in the system of grammatical verb categories. “The category of mood is a morphological inflectional category that characterizes the conjugated forms of the verb and expresses, in opposition to the indicative, imperative and subjunctive moods, the meaning of reality / unreality of the procedural attribute indicated by the predicate, that is, the relation of the procedural attribute to reality,” writes A. V. Nemeshailova. Following the scientist, it is important to emphasize that the category of mood is an intentional category, since it is determined by the intention of the speaker. Intention is the purpose of speech, that for the sake of which speech is carried out. “When interpreting the category of mood, the position of the speaking subject is necessarily established, therefore mood is an egocentric category. It is the subject who evaluates the action as desirable, possible or expected."

The moods of the verb according to the meanings of reality, motivation and conjecture form two main oppositions. This is, firstly, the opposition of the indicative (“direct”) mood to the imperative and subjunctive (“indirect”) moods; secondly, this is the opposition of the imperative mood expressing the impulse to the indicative and subjunctive moods, which in their basic meanings do not express will. These oppositions determine the oppositional structure of the category of mood of the Russian verb, constituting its main feature.

Thus, the indicative mood expresses the reality of action, which can be realized in terms of:"You've come", "I'm watching TV" . The formal indicator of the indicative mood is the ending (inflection), which expresses the meaning of time. the indicative mood can have the forms , and the past tense can have the form gender and number.

The imperative mood (or imperative) is “a verbal mood that is surreal in its meaning, expressing an expression of will (order, request, incentive to joint action, etc.)”: Work better!; Let's go to the cinema!; May there always be sunshine! The unreality of the semantics of the imperative is due to the fact that the speaker, giving an order, expressing a request or wish, is by no means confident in the fulfillment of his will: the implementation of the action in question is possible, but by no means obligatory.

The imperative is an ordered system of conjugated verb forms. At the center of this system are forms like go, read, carry, throw. They have grammatical characteristics of the 2nd person singular or plural, syntagmatically associated with address: Masha, bring the notebook! or with the 2nd person personal pronoun: You go left and you– directly!, i.e., they indicate the addressee of the message - the listener, who should, according to the speaker's intention, become the subject of the intended action. The formal features of imperative forms of this kind are the inflectional suffix -i (lead); singularity/plurality is expressed by contrasting endings -O And -those (lead, lead; touch, touch).

The “periphery” of the Russian imperative consists of:

1) analytical forms of the “indirect addressee imperative” type let them go (let them go) decomposition let him write (write); such forms express a complex, double impulse: the speaker asks the addressee to convey information about the impulse to action to a third party;

2) forms of “imperative of joint action”, when the subject of the proposed action is not only the listener, but also the speaker himself: Let's go to the cinema!; Let's leave the class; Let's write. Forms of the imperative type let's go and sing homonymous to the 1st person plural forms of the present (future) indicative mood; compare: Let's sing a song/(imperative of joint action) – Tomorrow we will sing a song together(indicative);

3) book analytical forms of the type May peasant farming be revived!; May peace prevail on earth! which express a wish, rather than an order or request.

The imperative does not change over time, which is due to its general unreal semantics. It is difficult to form imperative forms (especially 2nd person forms) from verbs with the lexical meaning of an involuntary action or state (to see, to hear; to be able, to want, to have a fever, to get evening, to get dark etc.).

“On the grammatical side, the imperative mood is characterized by the presence of the categories of voice, aspect, person, number and the absence of the categories of tense and gender. The categories of voice, aspect and number in the imperative mood have basically the same meanings as in all other verbal forms,” notes N. S. Valgina.

The category of a person in the imperative mood indicates to whom the impulse is directed. The absence of the category of time in the imperative mood is associated with its modal meaning with the expression not of a real action, but of one to which another person is only encouraged to perform. The absence of gender categories is explained by the fact that the forms of the imperative mood are originally conjugated verbal forms. Forms of the imperative mood are personal forms of the singular and plural: the form of the 2nd person singular, expressing an impulse to action addressed to several persons, and forms of joint action characteristic only of the imperative mood, expressing an impulse addressed to a group of persons, including the speaker. Forms of the 2nd person singular are formed from the present tense stem in one of two ways: by adding 1) inflection and/or 2) zero inflection to the present tense stem by alternating consonants at the end of the stems according to hardness - softness.

It is important to emphasize that the imperative mood is distinguished from the system of other moods by its striking features of the agglutinative structure. In forms of the imperative mood, agglutinated morphemes form a system of unique grammatical relationships and oppositions. They determine the differences in number forms.

Agglutination ending -those gives plural meaning to the stem (2nd person, singular) and the joint form of the imperative mood: eat, drink, let's go, let's say. M.V. Panov emphasized that “ -those- this is not a common affix for the Russian language, but rather an “add-on” of an agglutinative type” [Cit. by: 5, p. 248].

Particle -ka, sticking to forms of the imperative mood, gives the expression of will a softened character: let's go.

According to the point of view of A.V. Nemeshailova, the use of forms of the imperative mood when expressing the meanings of: 1) desirability is based on the categorical meaning of motivation; 2) obligation; 3) compulsion; 4) impossibility of carrying out an action; 5) unlimited possibilities, ease of implementation of actions.

The incentive in conjunction with the meaning of desirability is expressed by the form of the imperative mood in possible combination with the particle would; Such sentences have a generalized personal meaning: Rip it up the belly of the one who lives in lies.

Inducement in conjunction with the meaning of obligation is represented, for example, in the following uses: Kuzma doesn’t pay, but you, Denis,answer (“Intruder”).

The meaning of compulsion appears in the generalized-personal use of the 2nd person singular forms in combination with the particle at least in a number of phraseological units: everything is so bad thatat least cry , Whatat least hang yourself : When I came home from service, it was from that timeat least from the villagerun (“Unter Prishibaev”).

The meaning of the impossibility of performing an action is detected in cases like: No one says a word to himTell .

The meaning of unlimited possibility, ease of carrying out an action is presented in the following usage: “ Good Doctor Aibolit! He sits under a tree /Come to him for treatment. / Both the cow and the she-wolf"(K. Chukovsky).

“Different forms of the imperative mood are heterogeneous in the incentive meanings they express,” writes A. V. Nemeshailova on this occasion. “Some of them are more capacious, capable of expressing a wide range of types of motivation, others are distinguished by a certain specialization, assigned only to certain types of motivation.” For example, forms of the 2nd person imperative mood can express the will of any nature - from a categorical order to a soft request and entreaty: Firefighters,lei ! (team), Draw here it is!(order) Take take me with you(request), Smoke (offer), Don't be late , Dusya(warning), Give it up All,study on the actor!(advice, teaching). At the same time, forms of joint action express mainly invitations and proposals. Are you walking? – he asked.Let's go together. The 3rd person imperative forms express wishes and spells: Let it be strongerwill burst storm.

The subjunctive mood, like the imperative, expresses the unreality of the procedural attribute and represents an action, state, relationship as possible under certain conditions. This mood is formed analytically - by adding an auxiliary word would to the past tense form (I would read it, I would do it) in this case, the past tense form completely loses its categorical temporal meaning (I would listen to the music- the action is directed towards the future, not the past). Therefore, like the imperative, the subjunctive mood has no tense forms. However, unlike the imperative, in the singular the subjunctive mood is characterized by a change in gender, while in the plural the gender forms are neutralized (I would say, I would say, I would say, But they would say).

According to the observations of T.V. Parmenova, “the subjunctive mood expresses the meaning of the hypothetical nature of an action, which can be realized under certain conditions: If you were more careful, you wouldn't make so many mistakes. Forms of the subjunctive mood in the Russian language have forms of aspect, voice, but do not have forms of tense and person." As the scientist notes, the categorical meaning of the subjunctive mood is realized in two main private grammatical meanings: 1) “presupposition”: A, perhaps a year ago you would have experienced here, warrior, what our brother experienced; 2) “condition, i.e. potential prerequisite for another unreal action”: If our team had won, there would have been jubilation in the faculty.“We can talk about the invariant meaning of the subjunctive mood in a statement, but in each specific case it is specified in one form or another - a particular modal meaning of desirability, necessity,” writes the researcher. Her work also presents a technique for identifying the meanings of the subjunctive mood.

Thus, replacing the construction “would like + infinitive” reveals the modal meaning of desirability: I would read it I this book = Iwould like to read this book.

Replacing the verb “to be able + infinitive” establishes the meaning of the possibility of action: Hewould do this task = Hecould do this is a task.

The substitution “should + infinitive, it would be necessary + infinitive” indicates the modal meaning of necessity: Sowould Andspoke = Yeswould Andshould/should have been said .

It is important to emphasize that in speech moods often interact with each other. For example, the indicative mood is often used in the imperative sense: “In the evening you will pick berries in the garden and make compote”. The subjunctive mood can also be used in the meaning of the imperative mood: “Wouldn’t you rather leave here as soon as possible?”. On the contrary, the imperative mood can be used in the subjunctive sense: “If she hadn’t failed her third attempt, she would have won a medal”.

According to N.V. Gagarina, “context and intonation play a significant role in this. The use of the indicative mood in a situation of motivation is typical, firstly, for the forms of the second person singular and the future tense, and secondly, for the past tense forms of individual perfective verbs.” With this use of the second person forms of the future tense, the meaning of incentive can be emphasized in the context by its proximity to forms of the imperative mood: Youwill you take me her (the dog) to the general andask there, you will say that I found and sent... AndTell so that she is not allowed outside("Chameleon"). The meaning of incentive can be expressed by the past tense forms of some verbs ( start, finish, go, run, go, swim, fly, take), used as the main member of a subjectless sentence with the meaning of incentive: Together, we started together! Stop talking!(“Death of an Official”) In some cases, when the context indicates the possibility of action, the past tense forms of the indicative mood can be used in a meaning close to the meaning of the subjunctive mood: a possible action is presented as easily feasible, close to reality: Oh you, Fedya whomsent for milk - and that's it.

So, the mood category is this is a grammatical category that determines the modality of an action, that is, it denotes the relationship of the action to reality. The universal opposition in the system of moods is the opposition of the direct mood (indicative) to the indirect mood (all others). The subsystem of indirect moods in modern Russian includes two forms (subjunctive and imperative). Each mood in the modern Russian language, having a general categorical meaning, includes a subsystem of private meanings, as well as a vast area of ​​linguistic means of their expression, which can be both basic (i.e., characteristic primarily of a given mood) and “peripheral”, bringing this inclination closer to others. In addition, under special contextual conditions, mood forms acquire figurative meanings, that is, one form is used instead of another.