In Japan at the end of the 19th century. architects from the USA and Europe worked. The Englishman W. Barton built in 1890 the 12-story “Tower Reaching the Clouds” - Ryounkaku. The structure was 67 m in height, the design was an 8-sided tower made of red brick, the two upper floors were made of wood. The first building in Japan equipped with an electric elevator. The Englishman W. Barton built in 1890 the 12-story “Tower Reaching the Clouds” - Ryounkaku. The structure was 67 m in height, the design was an 8-sided tower made of red brick, the two upper floors were made of wood. The first building in Japan equipped with an electric elevator.
The leading direction in Japanese architecture of the 2nd half of the twentieth century. METABOLISM (Greek: metabole change) is a direction in architecture and urban planning that emerged in the 1960s. and represented primarily by the works of Japanese architects K. Tange, K. Kikutake, K. Kurosawa and others, a direction in architecture and urban planning that arose in the 1960s. and represented primarily by the works of Japanese architects K. Tange, K. Kikutake, K. Kurosawa and others.
Kisho Mayokawa. Metropolitan Festival Hall in Ueno Park, Tokyo
Tange Kenzo. Monument to the victims of the atomic bombing in Hiroshima,
The new Tokyo TV Tower is the tallest in the world Project authors: architect Tadao Ando; sculptor Kiichi Sumikawa.
Yoga is characterized by easel oil painting on canvas. Among the first yoga artists are Kawakami Togai () and Takahashi Yuichi (), who began to engage in European painting even before the Meiji Restoration.
1876 - The School of Western Oriented Arts was established at the State College of Engineering. Several Italians were invited to teach there. One of them, Antonio Fontanesi () had a significant influence on the artistic world of Japan.
After 1882, Yoga painting was no longer allowed at state exhibitions in the city - the Society of Meiji Art was founded, which included realist artists who had returned from Europe.
Kuroda Seiki () Maiko. JAPANESE IMPRESSIONISM
Maruki Toshiko and Maruki Iri (Nobel Peace Prize laureates) “Atomic Bomb”, “Atomic Bomb”, MODERN TRENDS IN JAPANESE PAINTING
The undisputed leader is Takeuchi Seiho (). Takeuchi Seiho, together with two other prominent masters: Kikuchi Homon () and Yamamoto Shunkyo () - determined the direction of development of the Kyoto school of nihonga.
A separate movement in Nihonga is the Bundzinga school - painting of educated people, or Nanga - southern painting. The most prominent representative is Tomioka Tessai ().
2. The middle generation Ito Shinsui (), Hashimoto Meiji (), Yamaguchi Hoshun () and others - embodied the ideals of nihonga in traditionally consistent style directions.
3. The younger generation believed that the old forms and techniques of nihonga do not provide the opportunity to convey the realities of modern life. The emerging youth associations became the focus of innovative developments and experiments and contributed to the renewal of nihonga at the end of the twentieth century. Representatives: Azami Takako (b. 1964).
“Art of the 19th century in Russia” - Physical education. I. Repin was born on July 24, 1844 in the city of Chuguev. The world. Creating artistic images using paints. Conclusion. Literature. This is precisely why the 19th century was called “Golden”. You'll see, now they'll come closer, it's worth taking a look... They're getting closer. Works by A.S. Pushkin enters the life of a Russian person from early childhood.
“Art Project” - Questions. Ensuring: Working in a team and in groups creates a situation of success. Informational resources. Visual: Develop teamwork skills. Evaluation criteria. Abstract: Final collective work on the project. True. What is the interior of a peasant house like? In art, people express their soul, their mentality and character.
“Beauty in art” - I. Aivazovsky “The Ninth Wave”. K. Korovin “Roses”. Centuries passed. I. Levitan “Golden Autumn”. I. Levitan “Birch Grove”. Phloxes." The beautiful in life and works of art. Some people have achieved great skill in drawing. I. Shishkin “Rye”. I. Kramskoy “Bouquet of flowers. Man has always wanted to capture the beautiful, that which surprised and pleased.
“Creativity in art” - Bogdanov-Belsky. 1915. World of Art. 1916-1920. The founders of the “World of Arts” were the artist A. N. Benois and theater figure S. P. Diaghilev. He was buried in the cemetery of Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois. Symbolism and Art Nouveau as stylistic trends of the early 20th century. I will bow my head silently at your feet. Artists organized exhibitions under the auspices of the World of Art magazine.
“Art of the 20th Century” - Outline: Conclusion. The novel is written in the form of a diary. characteristics of the era Sections on art representatives. Sections on art. Visual range illustration. Representatives. Existentialism arose in philosophy in the 20s. 20th century. The novel “The Glass Bead Game” depicts a reality that practically does not exist.
“Russian Decorative Art” - State Armory Chamber. Russian porcelain reaches European levels. Moscow becomes the capital of a mighty power. Wood carving, painting. Pano. First half of the 19th century. Tile from the 17th century. Gold, pearls, and precious stones are used in abundance in artistic embroidery. Imperial Porcelain Factory.
1 slide
2 slide
Japanese culture is a unique, original phenomenon not only in the context of global culture, but also among other eastern cultures. It has developed continuously since the 10th and 11th centuries. From the 17th to the mid-19th century, Japan was practically closed to foreigners (connections were maintained only with the Netherlands and China). During this period of isolation in Japan, national identity was creatively developed. And when, after several centuries, the rich traditional culture of Japan was finally revealed to the world, it had a strong influence on the subsequent development of European painting, theater and literature. Japanese civilization was formed as a result of complex and multi-temporal ethnic contacts. Japanese culture, unlike Indian and Chinese, was just being born at the turn of the Middle Ages, so it was characterized by increased dynamism and special sensitivity to the perception of foreign influences.
3 slide
In Japanese mythology, the divine spouses Izanagi and Izanami were considered the ancestors of everything that exists. From them came a triad of great gods: Amaterasu - the goddess of the Sun, Tsukiyomi - the goddess of the Moon. Susanoo - the god of storms and wind. According to the ideas of the ancient Japanese, the deities did not have a humanoid or bestial appearance, but were embodied in nature itself - in the Sun, Moon, mountains and rocks, rivers and waterfalls, trees and herbs, which were revered as spirits-kami (“kami” in translation from Japanese means "divine wind"). This deification of nature underlies the national Japanese religion, which is called Shintoism (from the Japanese “Shinto” - “way of the gods”).
4 slide
According to the Kojiki, the oldest monument of Japanese language and literature, the sun goddess Amaterasu gave her grandson Prince Ninigi, the deified ancestor of the Japanese, the sacred Yata mirror and said: “Look at this mirror as you look at me.” She gave him this mirror along with the sacred sword Murakumo and the sacred jasper necklace of Yasakani. These three symbols of the Japanese people, Japanese culture, and Japanese statehood have been passed down from time immemorial from generation to generation as a sacred relay of valor, knowledge, and art.
5 slide
In the history of Japanese culture and art, one can distinguish three deep, still living currents, three dimensions of Japanese spirituality, interpenetrating and enriching each other: Shinto (“the path of heavenly deities”) - the folk pagan religion of the Japanese; Zen is the most influential movement of Buddhism in Japan (Zen is both a doctrine and a lifestyle, similar to medieval Christianity and Islam); Bushido (“the way of the warrior”) - the aesthetics of samurai, the art of the sword and death.
6 slide
Jasper is the oldest symbol of Shinto ideas, which is based on the cult of ancestors. The mirror is a symbol of purity, dispassion and self-absorption, and expresses the ideas of Zen in the best possible way. The sword (“the soul of the samurai,” as an ancient Japanese proverb says) is a symbol of Bushido. The three named trends in Japanese culture and art cannot, of course, be isolated in their pure form. At the same time, they to a certain extent determine the sequence of development of Japanese culture.
7 slide
The earliest, already in the 3rd-7th centuries, an ideological and artistic complex associated with Shinto was formed. It was dominant during the era of the formation of the Yamato state, retained its position during the period of the first penetration of Buddhism, and finally practically merged with it (8th century). These early centuries pass, as it were, under the sign of jasper. Then, with its roots in the warlike era of Yamato, gradually maturing, they emerged at the turn of the 12th-13th centuries as the established ideological and artistic system of ethics and aesthetics of bushido: culture under the sign of the sword. Since the 13th century, it has continued its development in close interaction and interpenetration with the Buddhist Mahayana teachings of Zen. Intertwined in both ideological and purely artistic manifestations, Zen and Bushido defined Japanese national culture almost until our 21st century.
8 slide
The oldest monuments of art in Japan date back to the Neolithic period (8th century - mid-1st millennium BC): ceramic dishes with lush molded decoration, stylized figurines of idols, anthropomorphic masks. At the end of the Neolithic - the beginning of the early Iron Age (5th century BC - 4th century AD), along with dugouts and huts, granaries were built from logs - rectangular in plan, without windows, with a gable roof, raised by pillars above earth. In the first centuries of our era, with the establishment of the Shinto religion, the main shrines of Japan in Ise and Izumo (550) were built in the form of granaries on vast, pebble-strewn territories surrounded by fences. With the simplicity and clarity of their designs, they laid the foundation for the tradition of Japanese architecture. Household ceramics acquired clarity of form and rigor of geometric patterns, and ritual bronze swords, mirrors, and bells became widespread. In the 4th-6th centuries, with the formation of the state of Yamato (in the center of the island of Honshu), grandiose burial mounds of rulers were built. Located on their surface are clay figurines of magical purposes (“haniwa”) - warriors, priests, court ladies, animals, etc. - are distinguished by the lively spontaneity of facial expressions and gestures.
Slide 9
The Middle Ages, which lasted over a thousand years (VI-XIX centuries), was the most fruitful for Japanese art. A significant event in the development of Japanese culture was the introduction of the Buddhist faith at the end of the 5th century. Along with writing and a sophisticated continental culture brought by Buddhist monks, the new religion marked the beginning of Japan's contact with the rest of the Asian world.
10 slide
With the spread of Buddhism, intensive construction of Buddhist monasteries began, dating back to Korean and Chinese models. The most famous was Horyuji (late 6th - early 7th centuries) - a small temple complex located outside the city of Nara, the site of the most important monuments of Japanese Buddhism, as well as the oldest wooden buildings in the world. The temple ensemble included: a multi-tiered pagoda, the main temple - the condo (Golden Hall), a hall for sermons, a repository of Buddhist sutras, monks' homes and other buildings. The temple buildings were located on a rectangular square surrounded by two rows of walls with gates. The buildings were erected on the basis of a post-and-beam frame structure. Red-lacquered columns and brackets supported a massive tiled, curved, one- or two-tier roof. The “miracle of beauty” of the Horyuji ensemble lies in the amazing balance and harmony of two buildings of different shapes - the temple with its light, as if floating roofs and the upward pagoda, ending with a spire with nine rings - a symbol of the Buddhist celestial spheres.
11 slide
Another significant phenomenon of Japanese sculpture of this period is the figures of meditating or praying monks, with soulful and emphatic realism conveying not only their physical features, but also spiritual ecstasy and prayerful concentration.
12 slide
The main event in the architecture of the XII-XIII centuries. was the restoration of buildings in the old capital of Heijo (modern Nara), destroyed and burned during internecine wars. Thus, in 1199, the Great South Gate of the Todaiji ensemble was re-erected and the Daibutsuden (Big Buddha Hall) was restored.
Slide 13
Slide 14
15 slide
16 slide
Slide 17
The tea ceremony (chado), philosophical “rock gardens,” short and succinct tercets of reflection (haiku) - everything is cultivated under the sign of self-deepening and insight, under the sign of the mirror. This is how the thousand-year relay of Japanese culture and Japanese art, “programmed” in the ancient myth of the three treasures, takes place.
18 slide
Ikebana is the traditional Japanese art of flower arranging. Literally, ikebana means “flowers that live.” In European art, the composition of a bouquet demonstrates the skill of the person who created it, while the creators of ikebana strive to reveal not their preferences and tastes, not their individuality, but the natural essence of the plants presented in ikebana, the deep meaning of their combinations and arrangement - the composition as a whole. In addition, Europeans for the most part strive for pomp, elegance, and richness of color, while Japanese ikebana masters strive for extreme rigor, even laconicism in form, sometimes limiting themselves to two or three branches and paying special attention to the simplest and most modest plants. This art form, which originated in India and penetrated into Japan along with Buddhism from China, became widespread in this country and began to play a significant role in the cultural life of its society.
Slide 19
20 slide
21 slides
22 slide
It was in Japan that ikebana, going beyond the ritual rite of offering symbolically significant flowers to the Buddha, as well as revered ancestors, became a special form of art, widely introduced into various spheres of public life. Simplicity as a sign of originality and the individual as a sign of the whole - this is the credo of true ikebana artists. Their creations in this sense resemble Japanese haiku poems: they are distinguished by the same brevity, depth and perfection. The art of ikebana in modern Japan is one of the most popular; it is perceived as a symbol of national identity and as the embodiment of high artistic taste, recognized throughout the world.
Slide 2
- 1 slide - Title page
- Slide 2 - Contents
- Slide 3 - Introduction
- Slide 4 - Japanese art in the Hermitage collection
- 5.6 slides - Woodcut
- Slides 7-9 - Netsuke
- 10,11 slides - Theater of Japan. Noh theater masks
- Slide 12 - Noh theater costume
- Slide 13 - Kimono
- Slide 14 - Collection of applied art in the Hermitage
- 15 slide - Dish (porcelain)
- Slide 16 - Ceramic vase
- Slide 17 - Cold steel
- Slide 18 - Samurai costume
- 32.33 slides - Japanese painting
- Slide 34 - Bibliography
Slide 3
Introduction
- The main task of aesthetic education in primary school is to involve students in an atmosphere of art, and this is only possible in a museum.
- The State Hermitage provides an opportunity to get acquainted with materials of fine and decorative art on a variety of topics. You can take a tour with children through its halls, as well as take a virtual tour on the Hermitage website/www.hermitagemuseum.org/, to get acquainted with the history of Japanese art and its culture.
Slide 4
- Russia's largest collection of Japanese art from the 13th – 19th centuries contains about 8 thousand works. These are mainly monuments of the Tokugawa period (1603 - 1868) - the time of the last flourishing of traditional Japanese culture.
- The Hermitage houses 1,500 sheets of color woodcuts, including works by famous masters of Japanese engraving from the ser. XVIII to XX centuries (Syuzuki Harunobu, Utagawa Kunisada, Ichinosai Kuniyoshi, etc.); Japanese painting is represented by a few but interesting examples.
Slide 5
- Japanese print
- Woodcut (from the Greek helon tree and grbpho I write, I draw), woodcut, one of the types of engraving.
- The printing form (cliché) is made by hand engraving.
- Japanese artist Utagawa Kunisada (1786-1864)
Slide 6
Woodcut
- Japanese artist Ichinosai Kuniyoshi “Cherry blossoms”
- Sakura is the Japanese name for the decorative cherry tree and its flowers.
Slide 7
- The most valuable part of the Hermitage's Japanese collection is the collection of netsuke - miniature sculpture of the 17th - 19th centuries, numbering more than a thousand works.
- All known schools of carving, all the most significant masters and subjects characteristic of netsuke are displayed in the Hermitage collection.
- Three monkeys playing go
- Puppy on the mat
Slide 8
Netsuke is a keychain or counterweight with which a tobacco pouch, a bunch of keys, or an intro-box for perfumes and medicines was attached to the belt. The need for such a device was caused by the lack of pockets in Japanese traditional costume. The specific artistic design of such a keychain (in the form of a carved sculpture, relief plate, etc.) was borrowed from China. Netsuke is both a utilitarian piece of costume, having a specific shape, and a work of art, decorated in a certain style. The main material for making netsuke was ivory.
Slide 9
- Netsuke is both a utilitarian piece of costume, having a specific shape, and a work of art, decorated in a certain style. The main material for making netsuke was ivory.
- Professional craftsmen transform netsuke into an independent art form, with a specific set of forms, materials, range of subjects and symbolism.
Slide 10
Theater of Japan
- One of the earliest types of theater was the noh theater (Japanese 能 no: “talent, skill”), which developed in the 14th-15th centuries; actors played in masks and luxurious costumes. Theater is considered "masked" drama, but masks (o-mote) are worn only by shite and waki. In the 17th century, one of the most famous types of Japanese traditional theater developed - kabuki (Japanese 歌舞伎 “song, dance, skill”), the actors of this theater were exclusively men, their faces were made up in a complex way. The art of onnagata (Japanese: 女形 female character), actors playing female roles, is highly valued.
Slide 11
Noh theater masks.
Slide 12
- Noh theater costume
- Karigina
- First half of the 19th century. Silk
Slide 13
- Kimono (Japanese 着物, kimono, “clothing”; Japanese 服, wafuku, “national clothing”) is traditional clothing in Japan.
- Since the mid-19th century, it has been considered the Japanese “national costume”. Also, kimono is the work clothes of geisha and maiko (future geisha).
Slide 14
In the collection of applied art of the State Hermitage:
- edged weapons (blades, tsuba, menuki, etc.),
- collection of porcelain and ceramics
- (over 2000 copies),
- varnishes of the XIV -XX centuries,
- fabric and costume samples.