Parents planning to send their child to music school, as well as all art lovers, need to know that the instruments they play are divided into several types. Electrical devices, such as a synthesizer, stand apart. Wind instruments sound by oscillating air in a hollow tube. When playing the keyboard, you need to activate the hammer, which strikes the string. This is usually done using finger pressure.
Violin and its variants
There are two types of string instruments:
- bowed;
- plucked
They are very popular among music lovers. Bowed instruments often play the main melodies in orchestral pieces and symphonies. They acquired their modern appearance quite late. The violin replaced the ancient viol only in the 17th century. The rest of the bowed strings were formed even later. In addition to the classical violin, there are other varieties of this instrument. For example, baroque. Bach's works are often performed on it. There is also a national Indian violin. Folk music is played on it. In the folklore of many ethnic groups there is a sounding object similar to a violin.
Main group of the symphony orchestra
String instruments are very popular all over the world. Their names are:
- violin;
- alto;
- cello;
- double bass
These instruments make up the string section of a symphony orchestra. The most popular of them is the violin. It is she who attracts many children who want to learn music. This is logical, because there are more violins in the orchestra than other instruments. Therefore, art needs specialists of the appropriate profile.
String instruments, the names of which are listed here, were formed in parallel. They developed in two directions.
- Appearance and physical and acoustic properties.
- Musical abilities: melody or bass performance, technical agility.
Antonio Stradivari
In both cases, the violin was ahead of its “colleagues”. The heyday of this instrument was the 17th and 18th centuries. It was at this time that the great master Antonio Stradivari worked. He was a student of Nicolo Amati. When Stradivari began to learn the profession, the shape and components of the violin were already formed. The size of the instrument was also established, convenient for the musician. Stradivarius contributed to the development of art. He focused on the material from which the body is made and the composition covering it. The master made musical instruments by hand. The violin was an exclusive item at that time. Only court musicians played it. They often made individual orders. Stradivari knew the requirements and preferences of all leading violinists. The master paid a lot of attention to the material from which he made the instrument. He often used used wood. There is a legend that Stradivarius tapped fences with a cane while walking. If he liked the sound, then the students, at the command of Signor Antonio, broke out suitable boards.
Secrets of the master
Stringed instruments are coated with a special varnish. Stradivari developed a special composition, which he kept secret. He was afraid of competitors. Researchers have established that the master coated the body with oil to prime wooden boards, which was used by painters of that time. Stradivari also added various natural dyes to the composition. They gave the instrument not only an original color, but also a beautiful sound. Today violins are coated with alcohol varnishes.
String instruments developed very intensively. In the 17th and 18th centuries, virtuoso violinists worked at aristocratic courts. They composed music for their instrument. Such a virtuoso was Antonio Vivaldi. The violin developed as a solo instrument. She acquired unprecedented technical capabilities. The violin could play beautiful melodies, brilliant passages and even polyphonic chords.
Sound features
String instruments were often used in orchestral works. Composers used such a property of violins as continuity of sound. A smooth transition between notes is possible by moving the bow along the strings. The violin sound, unlike the piano sound, does not fade. It can be strengthened or weakened by adjusting the bow pressure. Therefore, the strings were assigned to play long-sounding melodies at different volume levels.
Musical instruments of this group have approximately the same properties. The viola, cello and double bass are very similar to the violin. They differ in size, timbre and register.
The viola is larger than the violin. It is played with a bow, pressing the instrument with the chin to the shoulder. Because the viola's strings are thicker than those of the violin, it has a different range. The instrument is capable of low sounds. He often plays accompanying melodies and backing notes. The large size interferes with the viola's mobility. He cannot master rapid virtuoso passages.
Bow giants
Music under current
Harrison was an electric guitar virtuoso. This instrument does not have a hollow resonator body. Vibrations of metal strings are converted into electric current, which is then transformed into sound waves perceived by the ear. The performer can change the timbre of his instrument using special devices.
There is another type of electric guitar that is widely popular. It sounds exclusively in the low range. This is a bass guitar. It has four thick strings. The function of an instrument in an ensemble is to support a strong bass support.
Basic information, structure Viola or violin viola is a stringed, bowed musical instrument of the same structure as a violin, but somewhat larger in size, which is why it sounds in a lower register. Viola names in other languages: viola (Italian); viola (English); alto (French); bratsche (German); alttoviulu (Finnish). The viola strings are tuned a fifth below the violin strings and an octave above the cello strings.
Basic information, origin Apkhyartsa or Apkhyartsa is a stringed musical instrument, one of the main folk musical instruments of the Abkhaz-Adyghe peoples. The name "apkh'artsa" in its origin is associated with the military life of the people and goes back to the word "apkh'artsaga", which translated into Russian means "that by which one is encouraged to go forward." Abkhazians use singing accompanied by apkhartsa as a healing remedy. Under
Basic information Arpeggione (Italian arpeggione) or guitar-cello, guitar of love is a stringed bowed musical instrument. It is close to the cello in size and method of sound production, but, like the guitar, it has six strings and frets on the neck. The German name for the arpeggione is Liebes-Guitarre, the French name is Guitarre d’amour. Origin, history The Arpeggione was designed in 1823 by the Viennese master Johann Georg Stauffer; a little
Basic information, origin Banhu is a Chinese stringed musical instrument, a type of huqin. The traditional banhu was used primarily as an accompanying instrument in northern Chinese musical drama, northern and southern Chinese operas, or as a solo instrument and in ensembles. In the 20th century, the banhu began to be used as an orchestral instrument. There are three types of banhu - high, medium and
Basic information, history, types of viols Viola (Italian viola) is an ancient stringed musical instrument of various types. Viols form a family of ancient stringed bowed musical instruments with frets on the fingerboard. Violas developed from the Spanish vihuela. Viols were widely used in church, court and folk music. In the 16th-18th centuries, the tenor instrument became especially widespread as a solo, ensemble and orchestral instrument.
Basic information Viola d'amore (Italian viola d'amore - viola of love) is an ancient stringed musical instrument of the viol family. The viola d'amore was widely used from the end of the 17th to the beginning of the 19th century, then gave way to the viola and cello. Interest in the viola d'amore was revived at the beginning of the 20th century. The instrument has six or seven strings, on the earliest models -
Basic information Viola da gamba (Italian viola da gamba - foot viol) is an ancient stringed musical instrument of the viol family, close in size and range to the modern cello. The viola da gamba was played sitting down, holding the instrument between the legs or resting it sideways on the thigh - hence the name. Of the entire viol family, the viola da gamba is the longest of all instruments.
Basic information, structure, playing The cello is a stringed musical instrument of the bass and tenor register, known since the first half of the 16th century. The cello is widely used as a solo instrument, a group of cellos is used in string and symphony orchestras, the cello is an obligatory participant in a string quartet, in which it is the lowest sounding instrument, and is also often used in other compositions
Basic information Gadulka is a Bulgarian folk stringed musical instrument used to accompany dances or songs and has a special soft harmonic sound. Origin, history The origin of the gadulka is associated with the Persian kamancha, Arab rebab and medieval European rebek. The shape of the body and sound holes of the gadulka is very similar to the so-called armudi kemenche (also known as the Constantinople lyre,
Basic information Gidzhak (gydzhak) is a stringed musical instrument of the peoples of Central Asia (Kazakhs, Uzbeks, Tajiks, Turkmen). Gijak has a spherical body and is made of pumpkin, large nut, wood or other materials. Covered in leather. The number of gijak strings is variable, most often - three. The tuning of a three-string gijak is fourth, usually es1, as1, des2 (E-flat, A-flat of the first octave, D-flat of the second octave).
Basic information Gudok is a bowed string musical instrument. The most common whistle was in the 17th-19th centuries among buffoons. The horn has a hollowed-out wooden body, usually oval or pear-shaped, and a flat soundboard with sound holes. The neck of the buzzer has a short neck without frets that holds 3 or 4 strings. You can play the buzzer by installing it
Basic information Jouhikko (youhikannel, jouhikantele) is an ancient Finnish stringed musical instrument. Similar to the 4-string Estonian hiyukannel. Jouhikko has a hollowed out birch body in a boat-shaped or other figured shape, covered with a spruce or pine soundboard with resonator holes, and a side cutout that forms the handle. There are usually 2-4 strings. As a rule, the strings are hair or gut. The tuning of the jouhikko is quart or quart-fifth. During
Basic information Kemenche is a folk stringed musical instrument, akin to the Arabic rebab, medieval European rebec, French pochette, and Bulgarian gadulka. Pronunciation options and synonyms: kemendzhe, kemendzhesi, kemencha, kemancha, kyamancha, kemendzes, kementsia, keman, lira, pontiac lira. Video: Kemenche on video + sound Thanks to these videos you can get acquainted with the instrument, watch a real game on it, listen to it
Basic information Kobyz is a Kazakh national stringed musical instrument. The kobyz does not have a top board and consists of a hollowed-out, bubble-covered hemisphere, with a handle attached to it at the top and an outlet at the bottom to secure the stand. The strings tied to the kobyz, two in number, are woven from horse hair. They play the kobyz, squeezing it in their knees (like a cello),
Basic information The double bass is the largest stringed musical instrument, combining the features of the violin family and the viol family. The modern double bass has four strings, although double basses of the 17th and 18th centuries may have had three strings. The double bass has a thick, hoarse, but somewhat dull timbre, which is why it is rarely used as a solo instrument. Its main area of application is a symphony orchestra,
Basic information Morin khuur is a stringed musical instrument of Mongolian origin. Morin khuur is widespread in Mongolia, regionally in northern China (primarily the Inner Mongolia region) and Russia (in Buryatia, Tuva, Irkutsk region and Trans-Baikal Territory). In China, the morin khuur is called matouqin, which means “horse-headed instrument.” Origin, history One of the Mongolian legends attributes
Basics The Nyckelharpa is a traditional Swedish bowed string instrument that has several modifications as it has evolved over more than 600 years. In Swedish, "nyckel" means key. The word "harpa" usually refers to stringed instruments like the guitar or violin. The nyckelharpa is sometimes called the "Swedish keyboard violin". The very first evidence of the use of nykelharpa is considered to be an image of two musicians playing this instrument,
Basic information, structure Rabanastre is an Indian stringed musical instrument, related to the Chinese erhu and distantly to the Mongolian morin khuur. Rabanastre has a small cylindrical wooden body, covered with a leather soundboard (most often made of snakeskin). A long neck in the form of a wooden rod passes through the body, with pegs attached near the upper end. The rabanastrum has two strings. Usually the strings are silk
Basic information Rebab is a stringed musical instrument of Arabic origin. The word "rebab" in Arabic means combining short sounds into one long one. The body of the rebab is wooden, flat or convex, trapezoidal or heart-shaped, with small notches on the sides. The sides are made of wood or coconut, the soundboards are made of leather (from the intestines of a buffalo or the bladder of other animals). The neck is long,
Basic information, structure, origin Rebek is an ancient stringed musical instrument. The rebek consists of a pear-shaped wooden body (without shells). The upper tapering part of the body of which passes directly into the neck. There are 2 resonator holes in the soundboard. The rebec has 3 strings that are tuned in fifths. Rebek appeared in Western European countries around the 12th century. Applied until the 3rd quarter
Basic information The violin is a high-register stringed musical instrument. Violins have a leading place among bowed strings - the most important part of a modern symphony orchestra. Perhaps no other instrument has such a combination of beauty, expressiveness of sound and technical agility. In an orchestra, the violin performs various and multifaceted functions. Very often violins, due to their exceptional melodiousness, are used for
In bowed musical instruments, sounds are produced by rubbing the hair of the bow on the strings; In this regard, their sound characteristics are significantly different from plucked instruments.
Bowed instruments are distinguished by high sound quality and endless possibilities in the field of performance technique and therefore are leading in various orchestras and ensembles and are widely used for solo performance.
This subgroup of instruments includes violins, violas, cellos, double basses, as well as a number of national instruments 1 (Georgian chianuri, Uzbek gidzhak, Azerbaijani kemancha, etc.).
Violin among bowed instruments it is the highest register instrument. The sound of the violin in the upper register is light, silvery, in the middle - soft, gentle, melodious and in the lower register - tense, thick.
The violin is tuned in fifths. The range of the violin is 3 3/4 octaves, from G of the small octave to E of the fourth octave.
They produce solo violins, size 4/4; training, size 4/4, 3/4, 2/4, 1/4, 1/8. Educational violins, unlike solo ones, have a slightly worse finish and lower sound quality. In turn, educational violins, depending on the sound quality and external decoration, are divided into educational violins of 1st and 2nd classes. Class 2 violins differ from class 1 violins in worse sound quality and external finish.
Alto somewhat larger than a violin. In the upper register it sounds tense and harsh; in the middle register the sound is dull (nasal), melodious, in the lower register the alto sounds thick, somewhat rough.
The viola strings are tuned in fifths. Range - 3 octaves, from note to minor octave to note to third octave.
Violas are divided into solo (size 4/4) and educational violas of grades 1 and 2 (size 4/4).
Cello almost 3 times the size of a full-size violin, it is played while sitting. The tool is placed on the floor, after inserting the stop.
The sound of the upper register of the instrument is light, open, chesty. In the middle register it sounds melodious and thick. The lower register sounds full, thick, dense. Sometimes the sound of a cello is compared to the sound of the human voice.
The cello is tuned in fifths, an octave below the alto. The range of the cello is 31/3 octaves - from C to the major octave to E of the second octave.
Cellos are divided into solo and study:
♦ solo (4/4 size) are made according to one of the Stradivarius models; they are intended for solo, ensemble and orchestral performance of musical works;
♦ educational cellos of classes 1 (size 4/4) and class 2 (sizes 4/4, 3/4, 2/4, 1/4, 1/8) differ in sound quality and presentation. Designed for teaching music to students of various ages.
Double bass- the largest of the family of bowed instruments; it is almost 31/2 times longer than a full-sized violin in length. The double bass is played while standing, placed on the floor in the same way as a cello. In its form, the double bass retained the features of ancient viols.
The double bass is the lowest sounding instrument of the bow family. Its sound in the middle register is thick and quite soft. The top notes sound liquid, sharp and intense. The lower register sounds very dense and thick. Unlike other stringed instruments, the double bass is built in fourths and sounds an octave lower than the iotated one. The range of the double bass is 21/2, octaves - from E counter-octave to B-be-mol small octave.
Double basses are divided into: solo (size 4/4); educational 1st grade (size 4/4); educational 2 classes (size 2/4, 3/4, 4/4).
Five-string solo double basses (4/4 size) are also produced, ranging from notes to counter-octave to notes to the second octave.
In their design, the violin, viola, cello and double bass are of the same type. The difference between them is mainly in size and structure. Therefore, this article describes the design of only one bowed instrument - the violin.
The main structural components of a violin are: body, neck with neck, head, tailpiece, stand, peg box, strings.
The figure-eight shaped body amplifies the sound vibrations of the strings. It consists of upper and lower decks (14, 17), which are the most important resonating parts of the violin, and shells (18). The top deck is thickest in the middle, gradually decreasing towards the edges. In cross-section, the decks have the shape of a small arch. The top soundboard has two resonator holes shaped like the Latin letter "f", hence their name - f-holes. The decks are connected by shells.
The tool shells consist of six parts and are attached to six body posts (16, 19). A neck (20) is attached to the upper body post, on which the neck (10) is mounted. The neck serves to press the strings during performance; it has a conical shape along the length, and a slight curvature at the end. A continuation of the neck and its end is the head (3), which has a peg box (12) with side holes for strengthening the pegs. The curl (11) is the end of the peg box and has a different shape (often shaped).
Pegs have the shape of cone-shaped rods with a head and are used to tension and tune the strings. The nut (13) at the top of the neck limits the sounding part of the strings and has a curvature of the neck.
The tailpiece (6) is designed to secure the lower ends of the strings. For this purpose, it has corresponding holes in its wide part.
The stand (15) supports the strings at the required height from the fingerboard, limits the sounding length of the strings and transmits the vibration of the strings to the soundboards.
All bowed instruments have four strings (only the double bass can have five strings).
To produce sound, bows are used, which differ in size and shape.
The bow consists of a reed (2) with a head at the upper end, a tension screw block (5) and a hair (6). The bow reed, on which the evenly spaced hair is pulled, is slightly curved. It has a head (1) at the end and springs in the direction opposite to the hair. A block is used to secure the hair, and at the other end of the bow the hair is secured at the end of the cane in the head. The block moves along the reed by rotating the screw (4), located at the end of the reed, and provides the hair with the required tension.
Bows are divided into solo and educational bows of 1st and 2nd classes.
Spare parts and accessories for bowed instruments
Spare parts and accessories for bowed instruments are: tailpieces and fingerboards, stands, pegs made of stained hardwood or plastic; mutes made of plastic or wood; machines for adjusting the tension of brass strings; plastic violin and viola chinrests; strings; buttons; cases and covers.
big violin
Alternative descriptions. (Italian alto - literally - high), part in a choir, performed by low children's or women's voices
Instrument from the Krylov quartet
Musical instrument by Yuri Bashmet
Intermediate stage between violin and cello
A variety of some orchestral musical instruments
. "nasal" violin
Bowed string instrument
Bass of a young choir singer
The main character of the story by Vladimir Orlov played this musical instrument
Bowed musical instrument
The smaller brother of the double bass
Yuri Bashmet's instrument
Violin's Big Brother
Overgrown violin
Between soprano and tenor
Bowed instrument
Bashmet's violin
Soprano, ..., tenor, bass
More violin
One of the bowed
Bowed “middle”
Middle of the string trio
Direct descendant of viola
Instrument in a violin quartet
Musical instrument
Treble, ..., tenor
Between tenor and treble
Above tenor
Big Buddy Violin
. "eldest" of the violins
Violin by Yuri Bashmet
Less cello
The oldest of the violins
Violin in lower register
Danilov's instrument
Bashmet musical instrument
A little more than a violin
Female bass
A little older violin
Female contralto
Between violin and cello
Violin-shaped instrument
Boyish "bass"
Little more than a violin
Violin type instrument
Violin double
Variety of saxophone
Stringed musical instrument
German mechanic and engineer, one of the founders of the geometric method of mechanism synthesis (1889-1954)
. "Nasly" violin
. "Elder" of violins
Anagram for the word "tal"
Big brother of the violin
Children's basque
M. Italian voice between treble and tenor; low female voice, violin type, secondaries, viola; it is larger than a violin, with a decrease in the thin string and an increase in the bass. Alto clef, note, between treble and bass. Alto voice, low, close to alto. Violist m. violist female who sings or plays viola. Altana f. zap. belvedere, gazebo, tower, tower. Altimetry, part of trigonometry, the science of measuring heights
Boyish "bass"
The oldest of the violins
Violin
Bowed "middle"
Quarter violin quartet
A jumble of letters from the word "tal"