The work of L.G. Tolstoy with peasant children deserves great attention. He believed that one of the reasons for the poor life of the people was their ignorance, so he undertook to correct this situation. The school that Tolstoy organized was not like an ordinary one. At first, the peasants were suspicious of the master’s idea of teaching their children for free, so there were few students, but over time there were a lot of them, and they all read with satisfaction, walked, listened to interesting stories, and counted. The writer even went abroad to see how children were taught there
With his help, schools began to open in the surrounding villages, students worked as teachers, Tolstoy was very satisfied with them. On Sundays they gathered in Yasnaya Polyana and talked about school and work. Tolstoy published the magazine “Yasnaya Polyana”, which published his articles and articles of other teachers on teaching and education
Lev Nikolaevich's love for the land was not ephemeral. He loved not only to walk, relax, enjoy the wonderful scenery, and hunt. No! As a count, he did not hesitate to wear a simple linen shirt, with his sleeves rolled up; he loved to go to the field behind the plow and mow hay to the fullest. On his estate he tried to engage in farming, dug stakes, planted orchards, raised purebred pigs and cows. He did not succeed in everything; he was disappointed in many ways, felt dissatisfied with his actions, but still worked. Tolstoy was a passionate defender of forests and loved his forest with a special, tender love
Tolstoy’s true friend, assistant and support in life was his wife Sofia Andreevna, a natural Beret. When they Testo 416. Testo 325 XL. They got married, he was thirty-four years old, she was eighteen, but she was smart, wise for life, carefully, lovingly arranged her life, and took care of the housework. When she arrived at Yasnaya Polyana, everything was abandoned here, there were no flower beds or paths. And the young hostess quickly put everything in order. The family multiplied. Gradually ten children appeared in it. Lev Nikolaevich constantly rebuilt and completed the house. They lived amicably and cheerfully, in the evenings they played the piano, sang, the owner read his works, and played chess. Relatives and friends came more and more often, and it didn’t bother anyone that the house was small, that the furniture in it was not new, and in general everything was almost ascetic. It was so easy to write in this house...
But the further life went, the more it suppressed Tolstoy. From his early youth he asked himself the question: what is a living person for? Why are people unequal? Why do some live at the expense of others? And all my life I was ashamed of belonging to the ruling class. In 1878, he began to work on a large article, “Confession,” where he wrote: “A revolution happened to me, which had been preparing for a long time in my mind and the makings of which were always in my mind. What happened to me was that the life of our circle - the rich, the learned - not only became disgusted with the world, but also lost all meaning... the life of the entire working people, all of humanity creating life, seemed to be marked by the world in its present.”
Later, for this article, for his seditious views, the church declared an anathema to him and excommunicated him from its bosom. But this did not sadden the great master much.
With his life and his writing, he long ago won the love and respect of the people. Before the news of the excommunication appeared in the newspapers, Tolstoy began to receive telegrams, letters, and addresses from all over the country, in which ordinary people expressed support for their beloved writer. He was so popular, so openly expressed his views on the tsarist autocracy and its laws, that the tsar was afraid of him. Yasnaya Polyana was under surveillance. Even the editor of the Black Hundred newspaper “Novoye Vremya” wrote: “We have two kings: Nicholas II and Leo Tolstoy. Which one is stronger? Nicholas II cannot do anything with Tolstoy, cannot shake his throne, while Tolstoy, without a doubt, is shaking the throne of Nicholas and his dynasty.”
On August 28, 1908, L. G. Tolstoy turned 80 years old. In many countries around the world, his anniversary was solemnly celebrated, and the tsarist government in Russia tried to do everything to prevent the celebration. But he could not prevent it from the fact that telegrams and letters were coming to Yasnaya Polyana from everywhere, people were coming and coming - many just to stand near the house, perhaps to see the great genius and thank him for the joy and happiness that his books give
But life in the family became more and more difficult and alarming. The adult children went their own way, the youngest son Vanyusha died, the daughter Masha, with whom he was especially close, died. My wife and I have long lost common ground. For how many years she was his faithful assistant and comrade-in-arms, but for a long time she did not share his views, she could not understand the complex, contradictory life of her man - a great artist, a rebellious person. The very one, driven to despair by such a life, at one time rushed into betting. she was saved by Dushan Petrovich Makovitsky, the Tolstoy family doctor. “Soul Petrovich” - that’s what the Yasnaya Polyana peasants called him. Him alone. Lev Nikolayevich trusted Lev Nikolaevich with the secret of his will; he took him alone with him when he finally decided to break with the world to which he belonged by birthright and live a simple peasant life.
The cold autumn of 1910 arrived with early snows and frosts. Tolstoy spent the night from November 9 to 10 restless; at 5 in the morning he woke up his second Makovitsky and told him that he had made the final decision to leave home. They began to quickly get ready for the road. On the way, he fell ill with pneumonia and was forced to get off the train at Astapovo station. Here, in the house of the station chief, the writer spent the last 7 days of his life...
A crowd of thousands gathered for the funeral. Workers, peasants, intellectuals, students - everyone went to bow to the great genius for the last time. Yasnaya Polyana peasants felt orphaned...
After saying goodbye, the sons lift the coffin, take her out of the house, those present kneel down, then the procession heads to the forest, to the Old Order, where the body is given to the earth. This was the place where, on the edge of the gulley, a green stick with a secret was hidden, how to make all people happy. Tolstoy commanded that his body be buried here and that no majestic tombstones or monuments be erected. Let the grave be simple and modest, peasant. The main thing is that he is at home, in his painfully beloved Yasnaya Polyana
So, you and I are convinced that the true greatness of a person lies in her deeds, in her inextricable connection with her native land, native nature, and native people. Only having realized himself as part of a large concept - Russia, Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy could say: “No, this world is not a joke, not a vale of testing only and a transition; the world is better, eternal, but this is one of the eternal worlds, which is beautiful, joyful, and which we not only can we, but we must do it more beautifully and joyfully for those who live with us and for those who will live in it after us.”
The work of the great Russian writer Leo Nikolaevich Tolstoy makes an invaluable contribution to the history of Russian literature, to the treasury of world culture.
Revealing the diversity and complexity of such a great literary and social phenomenon as Tolstoy’s work, V.I. Lenin wrote: “...L. Tolstoy managed to pose so many great questions in his works, managed to rise to such artistic power that his works took one of the first places in world fiction.”
With the name of Tolstoy, V.I. Lenin associated the long transitional era from 1861 to 1905 - the period of preparation for the first Russian revolution. “The era of preparation for revolution in one of the countries oppressed by serfdom, thanks to Tolstoy’s brilliant illumination, appeared as a step forward in the artistic development of all mankind.” The process of preparation and development of the first Russian revolution was complex and contradictory.
Having traveled a long life path - almost a century, Tolstoy witnessed great social and political transformations. Responding to all the events of his era, Tolstoy with enormous artistic force sharply criticized all the injustice of the life around him, revealing the inconsistency of a system based on the enslavement of workers.
His merciless exposure of the autocratic apparatus of Tsarist Russia, the “tearing off of all and every mask” reflected the freedom-loving aspirations of the broad peasant masses for independence, their angry protest against difficult living conditions, their hatred of exploitation.
And, despite the fact that Tolstoy denied revolution, vaguely imagined, like most peasants of that era, what a new society in Russia should be like and what the actual paths to it were, he, with his accusatory activities, contributed to the struggle for the overthrow of the old system, the revolutionization of the consciousness of the people wt.
Having for the first time established the revolutionary essence of Tolstoy’s denunciation and protest, reflecting the aspirations of the people, V. I. Lenin wrote: “... Tolstoy not only gave works of art that will always be valued and read by the masses when they create human living conditions for themselves, overthrowing the yoke of the landowners and capitalists - he was able with remarkable power to convey the mood of the broad masses oppressed by the modern order, to outline their situation, to express their spontaneous feeling of protest and indignation.”
The global significance of the work of the great Russian writer was emphasized by the outstanding French writer Romain Rolland, who studied Tolstoy for many years. Speaking about the greatness of Tolstoy, he noted: “Leo Tolstoy brilliantly exposed the lies and crimes of the then existing social system, directing criticism at it, which in itself was a call for revolution.”
So, in the manifestation of a deep knowledge of life, in true democracy, in selfless service to the people lies the enduring value of Tolstoy’s legacy.
The books placed in the cabinets of the introductory hall tell about the global significance of the great writer’s work. These are various editions of works in the languages of the peoples of the world, in Russian and many languages of our country. Among them are a number of beautifully designed publications with illustrations by artists D. Shmarinov, A. Samokhvalov, S. Kharshak and others. Here is the Complete (anniversary) collected works of L.N. Tolstoy, numbering 90 volumes. This first complete collection of the writer's works, published by the State Publishing House of Fiction in 1928-1958, is a major event in the history of world culture. The publication was started in 1928 to commemorate the centenary of the writer's birth.
In terms of its volume, this publication has no equal. It took 30 years to prepare all the volumes for printing and release them into the world. The texts of all works were checked against surviving manuscripts. They corrected errors in previous editions, eliminated distortions and restored omissions made by the tsarist censorship. The anniversary edition includes not only the text of the writer’s works, but also drafts, sketches, excerpts, and entire sections discarded by the author for some reason. It also publishes diaries, notebooks, and letters. All this is accompanied by numerous comments. This publication includes unusually important material for the study of Tolstoy’s works, makes it possible to penetrate into his creative laboratory, and trace the entire process of his thinking.
Along with Soviet publications, the exhibition presents Tolstoy’s works in the languages of peoples of all continents. In terms of the number of translations of books and the number of languages into which they are translated, Tolstoy occupies one of the first places among writers in the world.
Many books were donated to the Yasnaya Polyana Estate Museum by various international public and cultural organizations, and a number of books were donated by distinguished visitors to Yasnaya Polyana.
The books speak of Tolstoy’s great popularity abroad, of the deep attention paid to him by the peoples of all countries.
L. N. Tolstoy’s activities with peasant children deserve great attention. He believed that one of the reasons for the poor life of the people was their ignorance, and therefore undertook to correct this situation. The school that Tolstoy organized was not like an ordinary one. At first, the peasants were suspicious of the master’s idea of teaching their children for free, so there were few students, but over time there were a lot of them, and they all enjoyed reading, walking, listening to interesting stories, and counting. The writer even traveled abroad to see how children were taught there. With his help, schools began to open in the surrounding villages, with students working as teachers. On Sundays they gathered in Yasnaya Polyana and talked about school and work. Tolstoy published the magazine “Yasnaya Polyana”, which published his articles and articles of other teachers on teaching and upbringing. Lev Nikolaevich's love for the land was not ephemeral. He loved not only to walk, relax, enjoy the wonderful scenery, and hunt. No! As a count, he did not hesitate to wear a simple linen shirt, with his sleeves rolled up; he loved to go to the field behind the plow and mow hay until he sweated. On his estate he tried beekeeping, dug stakes, planted orchards, and raised purebred pigs and cows. He did not succeed in everything, he was disappointed in many ways, felt dissatisfied with his actions, but still worked. Tolstoy was a passionate defender of forests and loved his forest with a special, tender love. His wife Sofia Andreevna became a true friend, assistant and support in life for Tolstoy. When they got married, he was thirty-four years old, she was eighteen, but she was smart, wise in life, caring, lovingly arranged her life and took care of the housework. When she arrived in Yasnaya Polyana, everything was abandoned here, there were no flower beds or paths. And the young hostess quickly put everything in order. The family multiplied. Gradually ten children appeared in it. Lev Nikolaevich constantly rebuilt and completed the house. They lived amicably and cheerfully, in the evenings they played the piano, sang, the owner read his works, and played chess. Relatives and friends came more and more often, and it didn’t bother anyone that the house was small, that the furniture in it was not new, and in general everything was almost ascetic. It was so easy to write in this house... But the further life went, the more depressing it became for Tolstoy. From his early youth he asked himself the question: why does a person live? Why are people unequal? Why do some live at the expense of others? And all his life he was ashamed of his belonging to the ruling class. In 1878, he began to work on a long article, “Confession,” where he wrote: “A revolution happened to me, which had been preparing for a long time in me and the makings of which were always in me. What happened to me was that the life of our circle - the rich, the learned - not only became disgusting to me, but also lost all meaning... the life of all the working people, all of humanity creating life, appeared to me in its present.” Later, for this article, for his seditious views, the church declared an anathema to him and excommunicated him from its bosom. But this did not sadden the great master much. With his life and his writing, he long ago won the love and respect of the people. Before the news of the excommunication appeared in the newspapers, Tolstoy began to receive telegrams, letters, and addresses from all over the country, in which ordinary people expressed support for their beloved writer. He was so popular, so openly expressed his views on the tsarist autocracy and its laws, that the tsar was truly afraid of him. Yasnaya Polyana was under surveillance. Even the editor of the Black Hundred newspaper “Novoye Vremya” wrote: “We have two kings: Nicholas II and Leo Tolstoy. Which one is stronger? Nicholas II cannot do anything with Tolstoy, cannot shake his throne, while Tolstoy, without a doubt, is shaking the throne of Nicholas and his dynasty.” August 28, 1908 L.N. Tolstoy turned 80 years old. In many countries around the world, his anniversary was solemnly celebrated, and the tsarist government in Russia tried to do everything to interfere with the celebration. But it could not interfere because telegrams and letters were coming to Yasnaya Polyana from everywhere, people came and came - many of them just to stand near the house, perhaps to see the great genius and thank him for the joy and happiness that his books give . But life in the family became more and more difficult and alarming. The adult children went their own way, the youngest son Vanyusha died, and his daughter Masha, with whom he was especially close, died. My wife and I have long lost common ground. For how many years she was his faithful assistant and comrade-in-arms, but for a long time she did not share his views, she could not understand the complex, contradictory life of her husband - a great artist, a rebellious man. Driven to despair by such a life, she once threw herself into betting. She was saved by Dushan Petrovich Makovitsky, the Tolstoy family doctor. “Soul Petrovich” - that’s what the Yasnaya Polyana peasants called him. Lev Nikolayevich trusted him alone with the secret of his will; he took him alone with him when he finally decided to break with the world to which he belonged by birthright and live a simple peasant life. The cold autumn of 1910 arrived with early snows and frosts. Tolstoy spent the night from November 9 to 10 restless; at 5 am he woke up his friend Makovitsky and told him that he had made the final decision to leave home. They began to quickly get ready for the road. On the way, he fell ill with pneumonia and was forced to get off the train at Astapovo station. Here, in the house of the station chief, the writer spent the last 7 days of his life... A crowd of thousands gathered for the funeral. Workers, peasants, intellectuals, students - everyone went to bow to the great genius for the last time. The Yasnaya Polyana peasants felt orphaned... After saying goodbye, the sons lift the coffin, take it out of the house, those present kneel down, then the procession heads to the forest, to the Old Order, where the body is interred. This was the place where, on the edge of the gulley, a green stick with a secret was hidden, how to make all people happy. Tolstoy bequeathed to bury his body here, not to erect any majestic tombstones or monuments. Let the grave be simple and modest, peasant. The main thing is that he is at home, in his painfully beloved Yasnaya Polyana. So, you and I are convinced that the real greatness of a person lies in his deeds, in his inextricable connection with his native land, native nature, native people. Only after realizing himself as part of the great concept - Russia, Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy could say: “No, this world is not a joke... this is one of the eternal worlds, which is beautiful, joyful, and which we not only can, but must make more beautiful and joyful for those living with by us and for those who will live in it after us.”
One of the most common misconceptions is to consider people good, evil, stupid, smart. A person changes, and he has all the possibilities: he was stupid, he became smart, he was angry, he became kind and vice versa. This is the greatness of man.
L.N. Tolstoy
On December 15, an expressive reading of excerpts from L.N. Tolstoy’s novel “War and Peace” took place. The event was attended by 12 INPO first-year students: Kirill Mikryukov, gr.1392; Chagina Ksenia, gr. 1412; Ivanov Nikita, gr.1411; Kamanchadzhyan Valeria, group 1221; Sekerin Evgeniy, gr.1231; Matveev Alexander, group 1032; Reshetnikov Evgeniy, group 1392; Chernienko Taras, gr.1172; Shklyaev Anton, group 1031; Rudovskaya Daria, group 1171; Usanov Ivan, gr.1391; Emshanova Diana, gr.1131.
All the students read the passages artistically, but one cannot help but note the special insight into the great work of L. N. Tolstoy Mikryukov Kirill, gr.1392
, who read an excerpt about the club of the people's war: "...the club of the people's war rose with all its formidable and majestic force and, without asking anyone's tastes and rules, with stupid simplicity, but with expediency, without considering anything, it rose, fell and nailed the French until everything was lost invasion.
And good for the people who, not like the French in 1813, saluted according to all the rules of art and turned the sword over with the hilt, gracefully and courteously handing it over to the magnanimous winner, but good for the people who, in a moment of trial, without asking how they acted according to the rules others in similar cases, with simplicity and ease, pick up the first club he comes across and nail it with it until in his soul the feeling of insult and revenge is replaced by contempt and pity.".
Everyone also remembered the lyrical reading Reshetnikova Evgeniya, gr.1392 , which artistically conveyed the night conversation between Sonya and Natasha. Both students are students of the teacher of Russian language and literature Gashkova Galina Vasilievna . The event was accompanied by illustrations for the novel, which were selected by Grigory Glushkov, gr. 1032.
Reading excerpts from L.N. Tolstoy’s novel “War and Peace” showed that great literature unites the people. The epic novel carries a huge patriotic charge; covering the life of all social strata of Russia, shows the nation at a turning point in history.
What is the greatness of man? In goodness and justice, in the spirit of the people. According to “popular thought,” Tolstoy created the image of Kutuzov. Of all the historical figures depicted in War and Peace, the writer calls him a truly great man. The source that gave the commander the extraordinary power of insight into the meaning of the events that took place “lay in this popular feeling, which he carried within himself in all its purity and strength.” Military review scene. Kutuzov walked through the ranks, “occasionally stopping and speaking a few kind words to the officers whom he knew from the Turkish war, and sometimes to the soldiers. Looking at the shoes, he sadly shook his head several times...” The field marshal recognizes and warmly greets his old colleagues . He enters into a conversation with Timokhin. When meeting with soldiers, the Russian commander knows how to find a common language with them, often using a funny joke, or even an old man’s good-natured curse. The feeling of love for the Motherland was embedded in the soul of every Russian soldier and in the soul of the old commander-in-chief. Unlike Bonaparte, the Russian commander did not consider the leadership of military operations a kind of game of chess and never ascribed to himself the main role in the successes achieved by his armies. The field marshal led the battles not in Napoleonic style, but in his own way. He was convinced that the “spirit of the army” was of decisive importance in war, and he directed all his efforts to leading it. During battles, Napoleon behaves nervously, trying to keep in his hands all the threads of control of the battle. Kutuzov, on the other hand, acts with concentration, trusts the commanders - his comrades-in-arms, and believes in the courage of his soldiers. It is not Napoleon, but the Russian commander-in-chief who takes full responsibility on his shoulders when the situation requires the most difficult sacrifices. It is difficult to forget the alarm-filled scene of the military council in Fili. Kutuzov announced his decision to leave Moscow without a fight and retreat into the depths of Russia! In those terrible hours, the question arose before him: “Did I really allow Napoleon to reach Moscow? And when did I do this?” It is difficult and painful for him to think about this, but he gathered all his mental and physical strength and did not succumb to despair. The Russian commander-in-chief retains confidence in victory over the enemy and in the rightness of his cause to the end. He instills this confidence in everyone - from the general to the soldier. Only Kutuzov could have predicted the Battle of Borodino. Only he alone could give Moscow to the enemy in order to save Russia, for the sake of saving the army, in order to win the war. All the commander’s actions are subordinated to one goal - to defeat the enemy, to expel him from Russian soil. And only when the war is won, Kutuzov ceases his activities as commander-in-chief. The most important aspect of the appearance of a Russian commander is a living connection with the people, a heartfelt understanding of their moods and thoughts. The ability to take into account the mood of the masses is the wisdom and greatness of the commander in chief. Napoleon and Kutuzov are two commanders, two historical figures with different essence, purpose and purpose in life. The “Kutuzov” principle as a symbol of the people is opposed to the “Napoleonic”, anti-people, inhumane. That is why Tolstoy leads all his favorite heroes away from “Napoleonic” principles and puts them on the path of rapprochement with the people. Truly, “there is no greatness where there is no simplicity, goodness and truth.”