A. S. Pushkin became interested in the events of the Pugachev rebellion (judging by his letter to his brother) in 1824, during Mikhailov’s exile; asked to send the well-known, even fashionable (although, as it turned out, full of absurdities and nonsense) novel “False Peter III, or the Life and Adventures of the rebel Emelyan Pugachev.”
In the summer of 1832 (or, as Pushkinists believe, a little earlier), Pushkin sketched out the first plan for a story or novel known to us, in which the features of the future “Captain's Daughter” are discerned. After some time, a second one appeared, and then a third one; below it is the date: “Jan 31. 1833,” but the novel “didn’t work”... Why? - One of the reasons we see is that Pushkin, most likely, did not know the era of the Pugachev revolt so well as to write a historical novel.
Pushkin studied newspapers and books and soon knew “everything that was published by the government regarding Pugachev.”
At the beginning of February 1833, Pushkin turned to the Minister of War, Count Alexander Ivanovich Chernyshev, asking for permission to use materials from the military archive. He explained his desire by his intention to write “The History of the Generalissimo Prince of Italy, Count Suvorov-Rymniksky,” but Pushkin was interested not in the brilliant commander, but in the forbidden “peasant king” Emelka Pugachev: for the time being, his true intentions had to be hidden.
The answer came quickly - permission was received. At the end of February - beginning of March, Pushkin was already getting acquainted with the materials
Map of Pushkin's journey
The secret expedition of the Military Collegium, archival materials of the General Staff, and in April he began “The History of Pugachev” and completed the work in just five weeks. This speed is explained by the fact that “History” was probably conceived as an introduction to the novel, but quickly developed into an independent study that did not cross out the idea of the novel, but constituted its verified historical basis.
In September, Pushkin visited the places of the Pugachev rebellion in Nizhny Novgorod, Kazan, Simbirsk, Orenburg, Uralsk, interviewed old people, contemporaries and witnesses of the peasant war, recorded their stories, devotions, songs; collected materials in provincial archives.
In October he arrived in Boldino; put the papers in order here, wrote a new preface to “The History of Pugachev” and, returning to St. Petersburg, addressed the head of the III department of His Imperial Majesty’s Chancellery, Adjutant General A. Kh. Benckendorff with a letter:
“Dear Sir Count Alexander Khristoforovich!
Although I tried as little as possible to use my precious permission to bother the attention of the sovereign emperor, I now dare to ask for the highest permission: I once thought of writing a historical novel dating back to the time of Pugachev, but, having found a lot of materials, I abandoned fiction and wrote the history of Pugacheashchina. I dare to ask, through Your Excellency, permission to submit it for the highest consideration.”
The Tsar read the manuscript, made 23 amendments, noticed that the title “The History of Pugachev” would be better replaced by “The History of the Pugachev Rebellion” (with which Pushkin agreed: “the Tsar’s name, we admit, is more accurate”), and not only allowed the book to be printed, but also the expenses According to the publication, he attributed it to his own account: Pushkin received a loan of 20,000 rubles.
In December 1834, “The History of the Pugachev Rebellion” was published. The book was greeted coldly. The circulation sold out poorly, and the Minister of Public Education Sergei Semenovich Uvaroa “shouted” about it “as an outrageous composition.” In Pushkin’s time, the word “outrage” had the following meaning: “to excite, disturb, disturb, incite to grumbling, displeasure, rebellion, to produce an uprising.”
What was it that excited and alarmed the minister so much? What “outrageous” did he find in “The History of the Pugachev Rebellion”? What is the general significance of this historical work of the great Poet of Russia?
Pushkin was the first to make a hole in the decree on eternal tradition
The history of the creation of the story "The Captain's Daughter"
From mid-1832, A.S. Pushkin began work on the history of the uprising led by Emelyan Pugachev. The king gave the poet the opportunity to familiarize himself with secret materials about the uprising and the actions of the authorities to suppress it. Pushkin turns to unpublished documents from family archives and private collections. His “Archival Notebooks” contain copies of Pugachev’s personal decrees and letters, extracts from reports on military operations with Pugachev’s detachments.
In 1833, Pushkin decides to go to those places in the Volga and Urals regions where the uprising took place. He looks forward to meeting eyewitnesses of these events. Having received permission from Emperor Nicholas I, Pushkin leaves for Kazan. “I’ve been in Kazan since the fifth. Here I was busy with old people, contemporaries of my hero; I traveled around the outskirts of the city, examined the battle sites, asked questions, wrote down notes, and was very pleased that it was not in vain that I visited this side,” he writes to his wife Natalya Nikolaevna on September 8. Next, the poet goes to Simbirsk and Orenburg, where he also visits the sites of battles and meets with contemporaries of the events.
From materials about the riot, the “History of Pugachev” was formed, written in Boldin in the fall of 1833. This work of Pushkin was published in 1834 under the title “The History of the Pugachev Rebellion”, which was given to him by the emperor. But Pushkin conceived the idea of a work of art about the Pugachev uprising of 1773–1775. It arose while working on Dubrovsky in 1832. The plan of the novel about a renegade nobleman who found himself in Pugachev’s camp changed several times. This is also explained by the fact that the topic that Pushkin addressed was ideologically and politically acute and complex. The poet could not help but think about the censorship obstacles that had to be overcome. Archival materials, stories of living Pugachevites, which he heard during a trip to the site of the uprising of 1773–1774, could be used with great caution.
According to the original plan, the hero of the novel was to be a nobleman who voluntarily went over to Pugachev’s side. His prototype was second lieutenant of the 2nd Grenadier Regiment Mikhail Shvanovich (in the plans of the novel Shvanvich), who “preferred a vile life to an honest death.” His name was mentioned in the document “On the death penalty for the traitor, rebel and impostor Pugachev and his accomplices.” Later, Pushkin chose the fate of another real participant in Pugachev’s events - Basharin. Basharin was captured by Pugachev, escaped from captivity and entered the service of one of the suppressors of the uprising, General Mikhelson. The name of the main character changed several times until Pushkin settled on the surname Grinev. In the government report on the liquidation of the Pugachev uprising and the punishment of Pugachev and his accomplices dated January 10, 1775, Grinev’s name was listed among those who were initially suspected of “communication with the villains,” but “as a result, turned out to be innocent” and were released from arrest. As a result, instead of one hero-nobleman in the novel, there were two: Grinev was contrasted with a nobleman-traitor, the “vile villain” Shvabrin, which could make it easier to carry the novel through censorship barriers.
Pushkin continued to work on this work in 1834. In 1836 he reworked it. October 19, 1836 is the date of completion of work on The Captain's Daughter. “The Captain’s Daughter” was published in the fourth issue of Pushkin’s Sovremennik at the end of December 1836, a little over a month before the poet’s death.
What is the genre of The Captain's Daughter? Pushkin wrote to the censor, handing over the manuscript: “The name of the girl Mironova is fictitious. My novel is based on legend...” Pushkin explained what a novel is: “In our time, by the word novel we mean a historical era developed in a fictional narrative.” That is, Pushkin considered his work a historical novel. And yet, “The Captain’s Daughter”, a small work, is more often called a story in literary criticism.
Sections: History and social studies , Literature
Class: 8
Lesson topic: A historical era developed in a fictional narrative.
(Based on the novel by A.S. Pushkin “The Captain’s Daughter”).
It is not only possible, but also necessary to be proud of the glory of your ancestors; not to respect it is shameful cowardice.
A.S. Pushkin
Presentation of the educational project.
The topic of the project was chosen taking into account the educational situation in the subject for the subsequent deepening of students’ knowledge.
Goals:
- Explore the historical era shown by Pushkin in the novel “The Captain's Daughter”, present Pushkin’s historical work dedicated to this era.
- Find out what the attitude of the people and historians is towards Pugachev.
- Develop skills of independent work with historical sources and information technologies.
- To instill in children an interest in the history and culture of Russia.
Implementation of an educational project.
To develop skills in search and research activities, the project is carried out in several stages.
Stage I– the class is divided into 3 groups:
Historians are collecting information about the historical era of Catherine II;
Pushkin scholars are working on Pushkin’s historical work “The History of the Pugachev Rebellion” and the novel “The Captain’s Daughter”;
Artists illustrate the text.
Stage II– summing up interim results:
The participants of each group present a report on the work done and develop a plan for further activities.
Stage III– working with a computer:
Placement of information collected on slides.
Stage IV- presentation:
Students clearly present the results of their project activities.
“The Age of Catherine II.”
Slide number 1. The topic of the research is presented, the epigraph is given - the words of A.S. Pushkin.
Slide number 2. The objectives of the lesson are displayed.
Slide number 3. On the slide are portraits of Catherine II and Peter III
Historians present historical facts about the era of the reign of Catherine II.
Slides No. 4, 5. The slide contains a table showing the strengthening of serfdom in the era of Catherine II.
Historians examine the situation of serfs and state peasants, working people and Cossacks of the era in question.
Slide number 6. On the slide is a map of the peasant war led by Emelyan Pugachev.
Historians present the information they collected about the course of the peasant war.
Slide number 7. The slide contains a statement by a historian of the era of Catherine II about Emelyan Pugachev.
“Research on the Novel
“The Captain's Daughter”
Slide number 8. On the slide is the title of A.S. Pushkin’s historical work.
Slide number 9. On the slide is a portrait of A.S. Pushkin and an image of the book “The History of the Pugachev Rebellion”, published in 1934.
Students explore the history of the creation of A.S. Pushkin’s historical work.
Slide number 10. On the slide is the route of A.S. Pushkin’s trip to the places of the Pugachev uprising.
Students study Pushkin’s path using a map, describe his meetings with eyewitnesses of the events.
Slide number 11. The students' conclusions about the role of A.S. Pushkin in the study of the era of Catherine II are presented.
Students summarize the poet’s activities as a historian.
Slide number 12. On the slide is the title of the novel “The Captain’s Daughter” and a question from M.I. Tsvetaeva’s essay “Pushkin and Pugachev.”
Students are looking for an answer to the question: “How do historical truth and fiction relate in the novel, what is the real Pugachev like?”
Slide number 13. Answer to the question given in slide No. 5 by M.I. Tsvetaeva.
Slide number 14. A statement by A.S. Pushkin about the meaninglessness and mercilessness of the Russian revolt is given.
Students try to comprehend the presented statement and connect it with modernity.
Slides No. 15, 16, 17, 18, 19. The slides show illustrations by artists for the novel “The Captain's Daughter.”
Students present their own illustrations for the novel.
Teacher's conclusion about the lesson.
Lesson topic: Historical era developed in a fictional narrative.
(Based on the story by A.S. Pushkin “The Captain’s Daughter”).
It is not only possible, but also necessary to be proud of the glory of your ancestors; not to respect it is shameful cowardice.
A.S. Pushkin
Target: Introduce students to the historical events of 1773, show the reasons for Pushkin’s appeal to the topic of the Pugachev uprising, doubts about the choice of the main character.
Explore the historical era shown by Pushkin in the novel “The Captain's Daughter”, present Pushkin’s historical work dedicated to this era.
Find out what the attitude of the people and historians is towards Pugachev.
Develop skills in independent work with historical sources and information technologies
Tasks:
repeat biographical information about Pushkin known to children, repeat the concept of a historical novel, expand children’s knowledge about the history of Pugachev’s rebellion.
Implementation of an educational project.
To develop skills in search and research activities, the project is carried out in several stages.
Stage I – the class is divided into 3 groups:
Historians are collecting information about the historical era of Catherine II;
Pushkin scholars are working on Pushkin’s historical work “The History of the Pugachev Rebellion” and the novel “The Captain’s Daughter”;
Artists illustrate the text.
Stage II – summing up interim results:
The participants of each group present a report on the work done and develop a plan for further activities.
Stage III – working with a computer:
Placement of information collected on slides.
Stage IV – presentation:
Students clearly present the results of their project activities.
Lesson progress
1. Organizational moment.
Introduction.
History teacher:– On January 10, 1775, on a frosty morning in Moscow on Bolotnaya Square, Emelyan Pugachev was executed. The personality of the legendary rebel is inseparable from Russian history.
Literature teacher: Moreover, the tragedy of Pugachev and the Pugachev rebellion attracted the closest attention of our great writers: Pushkin in the 19th century, Yesenin in the 20th century.
Today in class we will look at the historical situation, learn the history of the creation of A.S. Pushkin’s story “The Captain’s Daughter”.
1. The history of the creation of the story “The Captain's Daughter” by A. S. Pushkin.
– History and literature are so intertwined in this work of art that only by studying these two sources can we unravel the mystery of Pushkin’s hero.
1) The reasons for the poet’s appeal to Pugachev’s rebellion.
The reasons that prompted Pushkin to turn to the history of Pugachev are related to the events of December 14, 1825. After Pushkin learned about the Decembrist uprising, no matter what he thought about, no matter what he wrote, the thought of “friends, brothers, comrades” possessed him relentlessly.
Shocked by the news of the heroic deed and death of his friends, the poet turns to the history of his people, to the theme of popular uprisings.
It was at this time that “Songs about Stenka Razin” were born, then “Message to Siberia”.
It is with the Decembrists exiled to Siberia that the poet shares his idea: “I want to write an essay about Pugachev: “I’m going to the places, I’ll cross the Urals, I’ll go further and come to ask you for refuge in the Nerchinsk mines.”
Pushkin is concerned with the question of why all the peasant revolts and noble rebellions were defeated? Is it possible to find other ways to Russia's prosperity? The figure of the rebellious Pugachev attracts Pushkin more and more. He decides to dedicate to him the historical work “The History of Pugachev” and a work of art.
To identify the reasons for the appearance of the rebel Pugachev, let's remember what the situation was in Russia in the 60-70s of the 18th century.
2. The situation in Russia.
Strengthening serfdom.
Considering the reign of Catherine the Second as the heyday of serfdom, we see that popular anger, which resulted in the grandiose uprising of 1773-1774, was a response to the monstrous economic, legal, and moral suppression of the people.
The continuous strengthening of serfdom and the growth of duties during the first half of the 18th century caused fierce resistance from the peasants. Its main form was flight. The fugitives went to the Cossack regions, to the Urals, to Siberia, to Ukraine, to the northern forests. They often created “robber gangs” that not only robbed on the roads, but also destroyed landowners’ estates, and destroyed documents on the ownership of land and serfs. More than once the peasants openly rebelled, beat and even killed their masters, and resisted the troops that pacified them. The finally established serfdom caused 120 serf uprisings in 1762-1769 alone.
What was the state policy towards the peasants? Pushkin depicted in the story the 17th century, the reign of Catherine II, née Sophia Frederica Augusta, Princess of Anhalt-Zerbst. In August 1745, she married the heir to the Russian throne, Grand Duke Peter Fedorovich.
In June 1762, Catherine II came to power, with the help of the guard, overthrowing Peter III, her husband, who was killed, and the nobles who served in the guard and assisted her were generously rewarded. The time of her reign was called the Catherine era. During this period, Russia expanded its territory and conducted extensive trade through the ports of the Baltic and Black Sea regions. The apparatus of power became stronger, the courtyard expanded, and science developed.
The situation of the serfs at this time worsened even more: the peasants were begging, they could be sold like things, like cattle. The newspapers were full of advertisements for the sale of peasants. By decree of the Empress, landowners received the right to punish guilty peasants without trial, send them to hard labor, and commit arbitrariness. Lack of rights and poverty pushed peasants into riots, which were brutally suppressed. In such a situation, after the sudden and mysterious death of Peter III for the people, rumors spread that the emperor was alive, that someone else had been killed, and that the emperor was hiding somewhere. But he will appear and save the people, give the peasants freedom and land.
3. Working with documents.
“Research on the novel “The Captain's Daughter”
Students explore the history of the creation of A.S. Pushkin’s historical work.
Slide number 10. On the slide is the route of A.S. Pushkin’s trip to the places of the Pugachev uprising.
Students study Pushkin’s path using a map, describe his meetings with eyewitnesses of the events.
Slide No. 11. Students’ conclusions about the role of A.S. Pushkin in the study of the era of Catherine II are presented.
Students summarize the poet’s activities as a historian.
2) How Pushkin collects material about Pugachev.
Even from exile in Mikhailovskoye, in letters to his brother and friends, he asked to send him “The Life of Emelka Pugachev” and other materials about him. In subsequent years, he read a lot about Pugachev and studied archival documents. But all this seemed insufficient to him; he wanted to know more, better. In 1833, having taken a four-month leave from service, he decided to travel to the places where peasant uprisings took place; to see where Pugachev’s troops were stationed, where the landowners’ estates were burning, where, perhaps, old people were still alive - witnesses of the uprising.
He goes to the Kazan and Orenburg provinces. In September he visited Kazan, Simbirsk, Orenburg, Uralsk - the village of Berdy.
He worked with enthusiasm, talked with old people, wrote down songs, fairy tales, stories about Pugachev. “I sleep and see coming to Boldino and locking myself there...” he wrote to his wife and in late autumn he was already in Boldino, putting his notes in order, writing “The History of Pugachev.” At the end of next year, “The History of Pugachev” was published. Tsar Nicholas I changed the name. He believed that a criminal like Pugachev could not have a history, and ordered the book to be called “The History of the Pugachev Rebellion.”
But Pushkin saw in Pugachev not a criminal, but a major leader of the peasant movement, showed his leading role in the popular uprising, spoke about him as an intelligent, talented person who knew how to treat enemies mercilessly and generously towards ordinary people
3) The time depicted in the story.
And now, in the endless Orenburg steppes, appeals appear, written in a simple language understandable to the people on behalf of Emperor Peter III.
The frequent repetition of popular uprisings and the fierceness of the rebels testified to the trouble in the country and the impending danger. The spread of imposture indicated the same thing. Impostors under the name of Pyotr Fedorovich appear in different places under different guises. Talk about saving Peter III began immediately after his death in 1762. People talked about this, passed rumors from mouth to mouth both in St. Petersburg itself and far from it. Until 1773, six impostors of Peter III appeared.
The bargaining merchant Anton Aslanbekov posed as the emperor in 1764 in the area of Kursk, Oboyan, and Miropol. He was supported by local members of the same palace.
The fugitive recruit Ivan Evdokimov pretended to be Peter III in the Nizhny Novgorod district.
Gavrila Kremnev, a single-palace resident of the village of Gryaznovka, Lebedinsky district, acted in 1765 in the Voronezh province and Sloboda Ukraine. With two fugitive peasants (one he called General Rumyantsev, the other General Alexei Pushkin), he traveled through the villages and brought the population to swear an oath to the “emperor” - to himself. He promised local residents to free them from taxes and release convicts from prisons.
At the same time, another “emperor” appeared in the Izyum province - the fugitive soldier Pyotr Chernyshev.
In 1772, one of the Kozlovsky odnodvortsev claimed that Peter III was hiding among the Don Cossacks. Many others have spoken about this as well. However, only one of the many impostors managed to seriously shake the empire.
This emperor was named the Yaik Cossack Emelyan Ivanovich Pugachev. The people followed him, the uprising covered a vast territory and lasted a year and a half. It was brutally suppressed, and Pugachev was executed.
3. Biographical information about Emelyan Pugachev (student message).
Emelyan Pugachev was born in the village of Zimoveyskaya Don province. Father - Ivan Mikhailovich Pugachev, died in 1762, mother - Anna Mikhailovna in 1771. The surname Pugachev comes from the nickname of his grandfather - Mikhail Pugach. In addition to Emelyan, the family had a brother, Dementey, and two sisters, Ulyana and Fedosya. As Pugachev himself pointed out during interrogation, his family belonged to the official Orthodox faith, unlike the majority of the Don and Yaik Cossacks, who adhered to the old faith. He was in the service from the age of 18, at the age of 19 he married Sofya Dmitrievna Nedyuzheva, a Cossack woman from the village of Esaulovskaya. From 1763 to 1767, Pugachev served in his village, where his son Trofim was born in 1764, and his daughter Agrafena was born in 1768. During the break between the births of his children, Pugachev was sent to Poland with the team of Captain Elisey Yakovlev to search for and return the escaped Old Believers to Russia.
After the troops were withdrawn to winter quarters in Elizavetgrad in 1771, Pugachev fell ill (“...and his chest and legs rotted”). Colonel Kuteynikov sent him to the Don as part of a team of 100 Cossacks to replace horses. Due to illness, Pugachev could not return back, he hired a replacement - “Glazunovskaya village (on the Medveditsa River) Cossack Biryukov, to whom he gave two horses with saddles, a saber, a cloak, a blue zipun, all kinds of grub and twelve rubles of money.” He himself went to the military capital of Cherkassk to ask for his resignation. They refused to resign him, offering him treatment in the infirmary or on his own. Pugachev preferred to undergo treatment on his own, after which he went to see his sister Feodosia and then Simon Pavlov in Taganrog, where he served. In a conversation with his son-in-law, Pugachev learned that he and several comrades wanted to escape from service, and volunteered to help him.
After his capture, Pavlov spoke about the circumstances of the escape. As a result, Pugachev was forced to hide, was repeatedly detained and fled, and unsuccessfully tried to move to the Terek.
In November 1772, Pugachev hid in the Old Believer monastery of the Presentation of the Virgin Mary, with abbot Philaret, from whom he heard about the unrest that had occurred in the Yaitsky army. A few days later, at the end of November - at the beginning of December, Pugachev went on a trip to buy fish in the Yaitsky town, where he met with one of the participants in the 1772 uprising, Denis Pyanov. In a conversation with him, Pugachev for the first time called himself the survivor of Peter III and discussed the possibility of organizing the escape of the hiding participants of the uprising to Kuban. Upon returning to Mechetnaya Sloboda, following a denunciation from the peasant Filippov, Pugachev, who was with him on the trip, he was arrested and sent for investigation, first to Simbirsk, and then in January 1773 to Kazan. On the way he managed to escape.
4) Work on the story.
Work on the story of Pugachev inspired Pushkin: he began to write the story “The Captain's Daughter” - his best work in prose. He changed six plans without settling on one. Work on the story was difficult, because Pugachevism was a taboo topic. In the story, Pushkin wanted to make the main character a noble officer who went over to the side of the rebels. He reworks the plot several times, changing the names of the characters. Finally, he settled on one, which will remain in the final version of the text of the novel - Grinev. This surname is taken from archival materials. Second Lieutenant A.M. Grinev was among those officers who were suspected of “communication with villains, but as a result of the investigation they turned out to be innocent.” In Pushkin’s story, Grinev became an eyewitness, a witness and a participant in the events. Together with him we will go through trials, mistakes and victories, discoveries and difficulties, through learning the truth, comprehending wisdom, love and mercy.
In the story, Pushkin showed bloody episodes of Pugachevism. But he does not admire the peasant rebellion. Even in his historical work, he showed that the cruelty of the rebels was provoked by the injustice of local and government authorities. A Bashkir appears on the pages of the story - a participant in the riot of 1741. The pages where this man is described cannot be read without shuddering.
So, Pushkin finished the story a year before his death in the fall of 1836. He submitted The Captain's Daughter to the censor for permission to publish. He sent a letter to the censor in which he wrote: “My novel is based on a legend I once heard, as if one of the officers who betrayed his duty and joined Pugachev’s gangs was pardoned by the empress at the request of his elderly father, who threw himself at her feet.”
Pushkin is referring to the story of officer Shvanvich. His father, a strongman, brawler and bully, back in the time of Peter III, in a tavern quarrel, cut the cheek of Alexei Orlov, the favorite of Catherine II, the wife of Peter III. Alexey Orlov led the conspiracy, as a result of which Peter III was overthrown from the throne, and Catherine became empress. Shvanvich thought that he would be executed, but Orlov did not take revenge on the offender, but remained friends with Shvanvich. Many years later, Shvanvich’s son “had the cowardice to pester Pugachev and the stupidity to serve him with all diligence.” They said that it was Alexei Orlov, now a count, the empress’s favorite, who “begged from the empress a mitigation of the sentence” for the son of his former enemy, and then friend. What is reliable in this “anecdote”?
Young Shvanvich, taken prisoner by the rebels, swore allegiance to Pugachev and served on his headquarters. After the defeat of the rebellion, Shvanvich fled, but was caught and arrested. He was deprived of his nobility and ranks and exiled to Siberia. He died without waiting for his fate to be mitigated. Where is the “pardon of the empress”, which so struck Pushkin that he based it on the novel? There was no pardon. And, of course, there was no scene with the father falling at the feet of the empress. Pushkin knew this, but it was a “red herring.” Pushkin explains to the censor what the plot of “The Captain's Daughter” is. He, referring to this legend, inspires him that the novel, in fact, was written for the sake of the final episode - the meeting of Masha Mironova and Catherine II and, therefore, has the goal of glorifying royal mercy. Pushkin is forced to interpret the plot of the novel this way, because the plot of “The Captain's Daughter” was completely different. We will learn about this in subsequent lessons.
Students are looking for an answer to the question: “How do historical truth and fiction relate in the novel, what is the real Pugachev like?”
Slide No. 13. Answer to M.I. Tsvetaeva’s question given in slide No. 5.
Slide number 14. A statement by A.S. Pushkin is given about the meaninglessness and mercilessness of the Russian revolt.
Students try to comprehend the presented statement and connect it with modernity.
Slides No. 15, 16, 17, 18, 19. The slides show artists’ illustrations for the novel “The Captain’s Daughter.”
Students present their own illustrations for the novel.
Summing up the lesson.
Homework.
Lesson topic: Historical era developed in a fictional narrative. (Based on the novel by A.S. Pushkin “The Captain’s Daughter”). It is not only possible, but also necessary to be proud of the glory of your ancestors; not to respect it is shameful cowardice. A.S. Pushkin Purpose: To acquaint students with the historical events of 1773, to show the reasons for Pushkin’s appeal to the topic of the Pugachev uprising, doubts about the choice of the main character. Explore the historical era shown by Pushkin in the novel “The Captain's Daughter”, present Pushkin’s historical work dedicated to this era. Find out what the attitude of the people and historians is towards Pugachev. Develop skills for independent work with historical sources and information technology Tasks: repeat biographical information about Pushkin known to children, repeat the concept of a historical novel, expand children’s knowledge about the history of the Pugachev rebellion. Implementation of an educational project. To develop skills in search and research activities, the project is carried out in several stages. Stage I - the class is divided into 3 groups: - historians are collecting information about the historical era of Catherine II; - Pushkinists are working on Pushkin’s historical work “The History of the Pugachev Rebellion” and the novel “The Captain’s Daughter”; - artists illustrate the text. Stage II – summing up interim results: - participants of each group present a report on the work done and develop a plan for further activities. Stage III – working with a computer: - placement of information collected on slides. Stage IV – presentation: - students visually present the result of their project activities. Lesson progress 1. Organizational moment. Introduction. History teacher: - On January 10, 1775, on a frosty morning in Moscow on Bolotnaya Square, Emelyan Pugachev was executed. The personality of the legendary rebel is inseparable from Russian history. Literature teacher: Moreover, the tragedy of Pugachev and the Pugachev rebellion attracted the closest attention of our great writers: Pushkin in the 19th century, Yesenin in the 20th century. Today in class we will look at the historical situation, learn the history of the creation of A.S. Pushkin’s story “The Captain’s Daughter”. 1. The history of the creation of the story “The Captain's Daughter” by A. S. Pushkin. – History and literature are so intertwined in this work of art that only by studying these two sources can we unravel the mystery of Pushkin’s hero. 1) The reasons for the poet’s appeal to Pugachev’s rebellion. The reasons that prompted Pushkin to turn to the history of Pugachev are related to the events of December 14, 1825. After Pushkin learned about the Decembrist uprising, no matter what he thought about, no matter what he wrote, the thought of “friends, brothers, comrades” possessed him relentlessly. Shocked by the news of the heroic deed and death of his friends, the poet turns to the history of his people, to the theme of popular uprisings. It was at this time that “Songs about Stenka Razin” were born, then “Message to Siberia”. It is with the Decembrists exiled to Siberia that the poet shares his idea: “I want to write an essay about Pugachev: “I’m going to the places, I’ll cross the Urals, I’ll go further and come to ask you for refuge in the Nerchinsk mines.” Pushkin is concerned with the question of why all the peasant revolts and noble rebellions were defeated? Is it possible to find other ways to Russia's prosperity? The figure of the rebellious Pugachev attracts Pushkin more and more. He decides to dedicate to him the historical work “The History of Pugachev” and a work of art. To identify the reasons for the appearance of the rebel Pugachev, let's remember what the situation was in Russia in the 60-70s of the 18th century. 2. The situation in Russia. Strengthening serfdom. - Considering the reign of Catherine the Second as the heyday of serfdom, we see that popular anger, which resulted in a grandiose uprising of 1773-1774, was a response to the monstrous economic, legal, and moral suppression of the people. The continuous strengthening of serfdom and the growth of duties during the first half of the 18th century caused fierce resistance from the peasants. Its main form was flight. The fugitives went to the Cossack regions, to the Urals, to Siberia, to Ukraine, to the northern forests. They often created “robber gangs” that not only robbed on the roads, but also destroyed landowners’ estates, and destroyed documents on the ownership of land and serfs. More than once the peasants openly rebelled, beat and even killed their masters, and resisted the troops that pacified them. The finally established serfdom caused 120 serf uprisings in 1762-1769 alone. What was the state policy towards the peasants? Pushkin depicted in the story the 17th century, the reign of Catherine II, née Sophia Frederica Augusta, Princess of Anhalt-Zerbst. In August 1745, she married the heir to the Russian throne, Grand Duke Peter Fedorovich. In June 1762, Catherine II came to power, with the help of the guard, overthrowing Peter III, her husband, who was killed, and the nobles who served in the guard and assisted her were generously rewarded. The time of her reign was called the Catherine era. During this period, Russia expanded its territory and conducted extensive trade through the ports of the Baltic and Black Sea regions. The apparatus of power became stronger, the courtyard expanded, and science developed. The situation of the serfs at this time worsened even more: the peasants were begging, they could be sold like things, like cattle. The newspapers were full of advertisements for the sale of peasants. By decree of the Empress, landowners received the right to punish guilty peasants without trial, send them to hard labor, and commit arbitrariness. Lack of rights and poverty pushed peasants into riots, which were brutally suppressed. In such a situation, after the sudden and mysterious death of Peter III for the people, rumors spread that the emperor was alive, that someone else had been killed, and that the emperor was hiding somewhere. But he will appear and save the people, give the peasants freedom and land. 3. Working with documents. “Research on the novel “The Captain's Daughter” Students research the history of the creation of A.S. Pushkin’s historical work. Slide number 10. On the slide is the route of A.S. Pushkin’s trip to the places of the Pugachev uprising. Students study Pushkin’s path using a map, describe his meetings with eyewitnesses of the events. Slide No. 11. Students’ conclusions about the role of A.S. Pushkin in the study of the era of Catherine II are presented. Students summarize the poet’s activities as a historian. 2) How Pushkin collects material about Pugachev. Even from exile in Mikhailovskoye, in letters to his brother and friends, he asked to send him “The Life of Emelka Pugachev” and other materials about him. In subsequent years, he read a lot about Pugachev and studied archival documents. But all this seemed insufficient to him; he wanted to know more, better. In 1833, having taken a four-month leave from service, he decided to travel to the places where peasant uprisings took place; to see where Pugachev’s troops were stationed, where the landowners’ estates were burning, where, perhaps, old people were still alive - witnesses of the uprising. slide 8 He goes to the Kazan and Orenburg provinces. In September he visited Kazan, Simbirsk, Orenburg, Uralsk - the village of Berdy. slide 9-10 He worked with enthusiasm, talked with old people, wrote down songs, fairy tales, stories about Pugachev. “I sleep and see coming to Boldino and locking myself there...” he wrote to his wife and in late autumn he was already in Boldino, putting his notes in order, writing “The History of Pugachev.” At the end of next year, “The History of Pugachev” was published. Tsar Nicholas I changed the name. He believed that a criminal like Pugachev could not have a history, and ordered the book to be called “The History of the Pugachev Rebellion.” But Pushkin saw in Pugachev not a criminal, but a major leader of the peasant movement, showed his leading role in the popular uprising, spoke about him as an intelligent, talented person who knew how to treat enemies mercilessly and generously towards ordinary people 3) Time depicted in stories. And now, in the endless Orenburg steppes, appeals appear, written in a simple language understandable to the people on behalf of Emperor Peter III. - The frequent repetition of popular uprisings and the fierceness of the rebels testified to the trouble in the country and the impending danger. The spread of imposture indicated the same thing. Impostors under the name of Pyotr Fedorovich appear in different places under different guises. Talk about saving Peter III began immediately after his death in 1762. People talked about this, passed rumors from mouth to mouth both in St. Petersburg itself and far from it. Until 1773, six impostors of Peter III appeared. The bargaining merchant Anton Aslanbekov posed as the emperor in 1764 in the area of Kursk, Oboyan, and Miropol. He was supported by local members of the same palace. The fugitive recruit Ivan Evdokimov pretended to be Peter III in the Nizhny Novgorod district. Gavrila Kremnev, a single-palace resident of the village of Gryaznovka, Lebedinsky district, acted in 1765 in the Voronezh province and Sloboda Ukraine. With two fugitive peasants (one he called General Rumyantsev, the other General Alexei Pushkin), he traveled through the villages and brought the population to swear an oath to the “emperor” - to himself. He promised local residents to free them from taxes and release convicts from prisons. At the same time, another “emperor” appeared in the Izyum province - the fugitive soldier Pyotr Chernyshev. In 1772, one of the Kozlovsky odnodvortsev claimed that Peter III was hiding among the Don Cossacks. Many others have spoken about this as well. However, only one of the many impostors managed to seriously shake the empire. This emperor was named the Yaik Cossack Emelyan Ivanovich Pugachev. The people followed him, the uprising covered a vast territory and lasted a year and a half. It was brutally suppressed, and Pugachev was executed. 3. Biographical information about Emelyan Pugachev (student message). - Emelyan Pugachev was born in the village of Zimoveyskaya Don province. Father - Ivan Mikhailovich Pugachev, died in 1762, mother - Anna Mikhailovna in 1771. The surname Pugachev comes from the nickname of his grandfather - Mikhail Pugach. In addition to Emelyan, the family had a brother, Dementey, and two sisters, Ulyana and Fedosya. As Pugachev himself pointed out during interrogation, his family belonged to the official Orthodox faith, unlike the majority of the Don and Yaik Cossacks, who adhered to the old faith. He was in the service from the age of 18, at the age of 19 he married Sofya Dmitrievna Nedyuzheva, a Cossack woman from the village of Esaulovskaya. From 1763 to 1767, Pugachev served in his village, where his son Trofim was born in 1764, and his daughter Agrafena was born in 1768. During the break between the births of his children, Pugachev was sent to Poland with the team of Captain Elisey Yakovlev to search for and return the escaped Old Believers to Russia. After the troops were withdrawn to winter quarters in Elizavetgrad in 1771, Pugachev fell ill (“...and his chest and legs rotted”). Colonel Kuteynikov sent him to the Don as part of a team of 100 Cossacks to replace horses. Due to illness, Pugachev could not return back, he hired a replacement - “Glazunovskaya village (on the Medveditsa River) Cossack Biryukov, to whom he gave two horses with saddles, a saber, a cloak, a blue zipun, all kinds of grub and twelve rubles of money.” He himself went to the military capital of Cherkassk to ask for his resignation. They refused to resign him, offering him treatment in the infirmary or on his own. Pugachev preferred to undergo treatment on his own, after which he went to see his sister Feodosia and then Simon Pavlov in Taganrog, where he served. In a conversation with his son-in-law, Pugachev learned that he and several comrades wanted to escape from service, and volunteered to help him. After his capture, Pavlov spoke about the circumstances of the escape. As a result, Pugachev was forced to hide, was repeatedly detained and fled, and unsuccessfully tried to move to the Terek. In November 1772, Pugachev hid in the Old Believer monastery of the Presentation of the Virgin Mary, with abbot Philaret, from whom he heard about the unrest that had occurred in the Yaitsky army. A few days later, at the end of November - at the beginning of December, Pugachev went on a trip to buy fish in the Yaitsky town, where he met with one of the participants in the 1772 uprising, Denis Pyanov. In a conversation with him, Pugachev for the first time called himself the survivor of Peter III and discussed the possibility of organizing the escape of the hiding participants of the uprising to Kuban. Upon returning to Mechetnaya Sloboda, following a denunciation from the peasant Filippov Pugachev, who was with him on the trip, he was arrested and sent for investigation, first to Simbirsk, and then in January 1773 to Kazan. On the way he managed to escape. 4) Work on the story. Work on the story of Pugachev inspired Pushkin: he began writing the story “The Captain's Daughter” - his best work in prose. He changed six plans without settling on one. Work on the story was difficult, because Pugachevism was a taboo topic. In the story, Pushkin wanted to make the main character a nobleman, an officer who went over to the side of the rebels. He reworks the plot several times, changing the names of the characters. Finally, he settled on one, which will remain in the final version of the text of the novel - Grinev. This surname is taken from archival materials. Second Lieutenant A.M. Grinev was among those officers who were suspected of “communication with villains, but as a result of the investigation they turned out to be innocent.” In Pushkin’s story, Grinev became an eyewitness, a witness and a participant in the events. Together with him we will go through trials, mistakes and victories, discoveries and difficulties, through learning the truth, comprehending wisdom, love and mercy. In the story, Pushkin showed bloody episodes of Pugachevism. But he does not admire the peasant rebellion. Even in his historical work, he showed that the cruelty of the rebels was provoked by the injustice of local and government authorities. A Bashkir appears on the pages of the story - a participant in the riot of 1741. The pages where this man is described cannot be read without shuddering. So, Pushkin finished the story a year before his death in the fall of 1836. He submitted The Captain's Daughter to the censor for permission to publish. He sent a letter to the censor in which he wrote: “My novel is based on a legend I once heard, as if one of the officers who betrayed his duty and joined Pugachev’s gangs was pardoned by the empress at the request of his elderly father, who threw himself at her feet.” Pushkin is referring to the story of officer Shvanvich. His father, a strongman, brawler and bully, back in the time of Peter III, in a tavern quarrel, cut the cheek of Alexei Orlov, the favorite of Catherine II, the wife of Peter III. Alexei Orlov led the conspiracy, as a result of which Peter III was overthrown from the throne, and Catherine became empress. Shvanvich thought that he would be executed, but Orlov did not take revenge on the offender, but remained friends with Shvanvich. Many years later, Shvanvich’s son “had the cowardice to pester Pugachev and the stupidity to serve him with all diligence.” They said that it was Alexei Orlov, now a count, the empress’s favorite, who “begged from the empress a mitigation of the sentence” for the son of his former enemy, and then friend. What is reliable in this “anecdote”? Young Shvanvich, taken prisoner by the rebels, swore allegiance to Pugachev and served on his headquarters. After the defeat of the rebellion, Shvanvich fled, but was caught and arrested. He was deprived of his nobility and ranks and exiled to Siberia. He died without waiting for his fate to be mitigated. Where is the “pardon of the empress”, which struck Pushkin so much that he based it on the novel? There was no pardon. And, of course, there was no scene with the father falling at the feet of the empress. Pushkin knew this, but it was a “red herring.” Pushkin explains to the censor what the plot of “The Captain's Daughter” is. He, referring to this legend, inspires him that the novel, in fact, was written for the sake of the final episode - the meeting of Masha Mironova and Catherine II and, therefore, has the goal of glorifying royal mercy. Pushkin is forced to interpret the plot of the novel this way, because the plot of “The Captain's Daughter” was completely different. We will learn about this in subsequent lessons. Students are looking for an answer to the question: “How do historical truth and fiction relate in the novel, what is the real Pugachev like?” Slide No. 13. Answer to M.I. Tsvetaeva’s question given in slide No. 5. Slide No. 14. A statement by A.S. Pushkin is given about the meaninglessness and mercilessness of the Russian revolt. Students try to comprehend the presented statement and connect it with modernity. Slides No. 15, 16, 17, 18, 19. The slides depict artists’ illustrations for the novel “The Captain’s Daughter.” Students present their own illustrations for the novel. Summing up the lesson. Homework.