Methods of using information technology in the museum. Information technologies in the work of the school museum. Innovations of the modern museum

09.10.2021

The use of information technology is an integral part of the activities of a modern museum, requiring careful interaction between various specialists and having a large number of advantages

The role of a modern museum is not only to collect and store collections and exhibits. Currently, it is a socio-cultural center, which, together with the formation of the fund, provides optimal conditions for leisure and education of users. One of the features of this cultural institution is the use of advanced information technologies in all areas of its activities.

About the advantages of using modern information technologies in the museum

The use of information technology in museums makes it possible to solve many problems related to increasing the efficiency of museum activities.

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The introduction of such innovations contributes to the improvement of information activities.

Thanks to this, employees of cultural institutions create databases of museum collections and objects. This significantly reduces the time of searching for the necessary exhibits and using the results obtained for scientific, restoration, exhibition and other purposes.

This eliminates the need to duplicate the same information several times.

The creation of an automated information system allows you to quickly keep track of the necessary documents and record the movement of exhibits not only inside the museum, but also outside it.

Information technology plays a big role in design.

Thanks to their use, the museum visitor has the opportunity to obtain sufficiently in-depth information about the events to which the exhibition is dedicated.

And using the electronic guide, take a virtual tour of the exhibition halls.

Among other things, it is worth noting other useful aspects of the use of information innovations:

promoting the activation of publishing activities of museums;
accelerating the process of publishing scientific and popular publications on electronic media - catalogues, monographs, encyclopedias and others.

If we talk about the creation of electronic publications, then, as a rule, two types of multimedia technologies are used to create them - static and dynamic.

The first ones are CD-ROM and DVD. And the second type includes publications on the Internet.

Most modern museums have their own website, which allows users to obtain various information about the museum’s activities, for example:

on the composition of the museum fund and exhibitions;
on holding new exhibitions, conferences and other events;
about the operating hours of the institution;
about the scientific publications available in the museum, and so on.

It is necessary to note the advantages that multimedia software provides for visitors to a modern museum:

freedom of choice;
playing or actively participating in presented exhibitions;
orientation in the museum space;
demonstration of phenomena and processes that are quite difficult to observe in real life.

What are the functions of multimedia programs in a museum?

In many modern museums, at the entrance to the exhibition, information kiosks are equipped with various multimedia programs installed in them.

They perform a number of functions, among which the following are worth highlighting:

search engines - a museum visitor can obtain any information regarding the composition of the exhibition, the principles of its organization, the exhibitions presented, and other things;
a guide to a temporary exhibition or exposition - visitors can take advantage of audio-visual accompaniment, which provides a clear and interesting story on a particular topic, allowing them to better understand the idea of the exhibition;
a tool for studying the collection or individual objects of the museum - contributes to the visual perception of that part of the collection that has never been presented to the public before;
storyteller - a multimedia exhibition program complements major exhibitions, while providing the visitor with an interesting illustrated story about the theme, idea and main objectives of the exhibition.

Multimedia systems can be installed not only in the form of an information kiosk.

Today, a wide variety of forms are used, including special information zones, multimedia installations, museum guides and others.

Developing museum services that are effective for users requires combining the efforts of many services: scientists, programmers, art historians, sociologists and others.

About the work of “virtual” museums

The widespread use of information technology in museum activities makes it possible to create a so-called “virtual” museum. It involves the use of visual images of those real museum objects and collections that are available in the museum.

Such images can be obtained using a local database or using modern means of communication.

Virtual museums are characterized by such a feature as interactivity. That is, each visitor can independently select a virtual exhibit and examine all the details, turning it in different directions, bringing it closer or further away to the desired distance.

This is quite easy to do. You just have to “click” on the selected image with your finger, and it will immediately appear in close-up. The same must be done when familiarizing yourself with this or that information.

This approach to museum activities attracts the attention of not only “advanced” older users, but also the younger generation. At the same time, fairly close contact with visitors is established, and the possibilities for transmitting information are significantly expanded.

But still, we should not forget that a museum is, first of all, a presentation of real objects to users. Therefore, information technologies, despite their enormous benefits in the development of museum affairs, play a secondary role. They cannot replace the museum fund. But their assistance to visitors in familiarizing themselves with the exhibitions or navigating the museum space is invaluable.

What are the problems of using information technology in exhibitions?

Along with the advantages of using modern information technologies in Russia, there are also some problems, for example:

the presence of multimedia can cause a negative attitude among those visitors who do not have high knowledge in this area, which primarily concerns people of the older generation;
the saturation of the museum space with multimedia in some cases distracts users’ attention from the real objects presented at the exhibition;
the use of IT sometimes leads to museum visitors behaving “contrary” to accepted rules, and so on.

To ensure the success of using modern information programs in a display or exhibition, it is first necessary to understand their advantages and limitations. Multimedia technologies must interact and complement each other.

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High technology in modern museums

In the 21st century, innovation has ceased to be the subject of mere scientific research and has become something everyday and familiar. High technologies are increasingly penetrating not only into the business sphere, but into the cultural space.

Museums, whether modern or classical, also try to keep up with progress. For those who love art but do not have the opportunity to travel a lot, virtual tours of museums in different countries have long been available. The fashionable trend of combining art with attractions has long attracted critical reviews from museum workers around the world. However, multimedia technologies, which a few years ago were only tested as prototypes at temporary exhibitions, are now increasingly being used in permanent exhibitions.

USA

The Cooper-Hewitt Design Museum in New York offers its visitors a gadget in the form of a black pen, thanks to which anyone can feel like a real designer. In a special “immersion hall”, this device should be brought to a sample of wallpaper on the display case, and a projection of the interior will immediately appear on the wall, and the visitor will thus find himself in the virtual interior of the era of his choice. And if you try to draw a flower on an interactive table, you will have the opportunity to hear the history of the use of floral motifs in room design.

Agree that the most offensive thing in museums is the ban on touching exhibits. The National Portrait Gallery in Washington has solved this problem using 3D technology. Museum workers have digitized several objects: a mammoth skeleton, Abraham Lincoln's death mask, and the Wright brothers' airplane. Now everyone can touch the beard of the legendary US President, stroke a mammoth or knock on the fuselage of the world's first airplane.

The Wall of Collections at the Cleveland Museum of Art was nominated for Best Digital Exhibition last year. A large, wall-sized touch screen allows several people to simultaneously view the museum’s collection. More than 3,500 exhibits can be examined in detail thanks to the maximum magnification; in addition, the program allows you to create your own virtual collection and add it to your personal route through the exhibition.

Cleveland Museum of Art. Photo: New-York Times

Great Britain

The National Slate Museum in Wales has started using a new service based on iBeacon technology, allowing local residents to post information about the cultural attractions of their native land. If the experiment is successful, the map of Wales will sparkle with new “beacons” with unique information from old-timers.
The British Museum in London has turned its annual Night at the Museum event into an exciting virtual game. In 2014, anyone could download the special “Secret of the Tomb” application to GooglePlay or AppleStore and try to follow a given route by answering a series of questions. The winner had a unique chance to spend a real night among the mummies in the Egyptian Hall of the museum.

European Union

The Swedish Mediterranean Museum in Stockholm used 3D technology to bring to life the same Egyptian mummies, which were subjected to CT scans and displayed on a special interactive table. A detailed digital model allows visitors to study the contents of the sarcophagus and the anatomy of the mummy, layer by layer.

The Museum of the History of Polish Jews in Warsaw uses computer technology for the effect of complete immersion in the traditions and life of the Jewish people. The audio and video sequence allows visitors to find themselves in a tavern, synagogue, school, see a panorama of the city and streets of the last century from the window of a virtual tram, and hear the speech and national music of Eastern European Jews.

Museum of the History of Polish Jews. Warsaw. Poland. Photo: official website of the museum

The Danish National Maritime Museum in Helsingor allowed its visitors to immerse themselves in the depths of the sea. 11 projectors create a giant panoramic projection, which creates the feeling of actually being on the open ocean.

In museums Greece and France There is a project developed with financial support from the European Commission by CHESS. After filling out a special online questionnaire, the program assigns a profile to the client and creates an individual route for him, which is adjusted during the visit to the museum. Upon leaving the museum, the visitor receives a photo or video of his visit. In addition, anyone can post their cultural trip on the museum’s website and repost it on social networks.

The MUSE Museum of Natural Sciences in the Italian city of Trento has acquired a special multimedia tunnel with video projections and surround sound. The tunnel gives visitors the illusion of flying over the Alps and descending along a snowy track. Another new product is an interactive globe - a copy of the Earth as it looks from space. A special online program reproduces the movement of atmospheric masses, oceans and continents, climate change and much more.

Another European Union-funded project, meSch, gives museum visitors the opportunity to interact with exhibits through smart objects. For example, a “smart” magnifying glass allows you to get as close as possible to a work of art and examine it in great detail. The “smart” book will be useful for going to a park-estate or to places of military glory: with the help of a special bookmark, which must be placed on the landmark’s icon, the visitor will hear a story about it from a loudspeaker suspended nearby, disguised as an ordinary lantern.

Australia

The Queensland Museum has released a mobile app containing descriptions of 550 species of Australian fauna. In addition to colorful photographs and a background description of the animal, the application provides information about the habitat or threat of extinction of a species.
The National Museum of Australia conducts interactive tours pair of robot chess players– Kasparov and Chester. Moreover, this excursion is accessible from anywhere in the world. All the user needs is Internet access, a webcam and a microphone.

South Africa

At the Stellenbosch Museum, visitors can find themselves in a time machine in just a few seconds. If you turn the knob clockwise, you will find yourself in the future; if you turn it counterclockwise, you will find yourself in the past. An image of the visitor's chosen era will appear on a 4-metre screen with a story in Afrikaans, Xhosa or English.

What do we have?

In domestic museums today, the most in demand are interactive displays and tables that allow visitors to independently select content to view or listen to. As well as information kiosks - a touch screen with a computer quickly provides the necessary background information about the museum and its collection.
The Museum of the History of Yekaterinburg invites its guests to look through an interactive book, on the pages of which the history of the city literally comes to life.

In several Russian museums at once - in the Museum of Local Lore in Togliatti, the Museum of Entertaining Sciences "Mobius" in Samara, the regional museum of the Northern Ladoga region, the Museum of Nature and Man in Khanty-Mansiysk - the interactive installation "Sandbox", which uses sand, is especially popular among teenagers. and projection technologies allows you to clearly show the formation of mountains and reservoirs on the planet.

The Battle of Stalingrad Museum-Reserve was also modernized for the 70th anniversary of the Victory. Thanks to modern technologies, the events of the heroic defense of the city on the Volga literally come to life before the eyes of visitors. An animated model of the city allows you to see on a plaster canvas a detailed history of the battle for Stalingrad: full-scale pictures of peaceful pre-war life are replaced by scenes of battles, movements of the Red Army, landings and the barbaric bombing of August 23, 1942.

And the updated exhibition of the museum now includes interactive stands, tables and pedestals with photographs, documents, letters, video and audio materials.

The Jewish Museum and Tolerance Center in Moscow is probably the most interactive museum in the capital. Everything in it is thought out so that the visitor can not only learn the history of Russian Jewry, but also experience the tragic pages of its history. The permanent exhibition is divided into several thematic spaces. A visitor can eavesdrop on dissidents’ kitchen conversations, flip through an interactive version of an ancient Torah, and even virtually try on a kippah.

The Universe of Water museum complex in St. Petersburg has built its exhibition space in such a way that it is in constant motion. The viewer is immersed in the water world with the help of video projections and sound that conveys the sound of water. By the way, all the exhibits can be touched.

The Darwin Museum in Moscow uses so-called living labels - small palm-sized digital panels that broadcast information from a flash drive. The labels are dynamic - they show not only photographs, but also short video clips, allowing you to see the animal in its natural environment, hear its voice and the sounds of the surrounding nature. You don’t have to read the text, because the announcer names the animal, which is very important for the youngest museum visitors who have not yet learned the alphabet.

The Chukotka Heritage Museum has completely turned its exhibition into video art, filling the space with thematic video installations. Children are offered a computer game telling about the nature of the North.

There are also several interactive museums in the country. The most famous are “Lunarium”, which is located in the Moscow Planetarium, the capital’s Museum of Entertaining Sciences “Experimentanium” and “LabyrinthUm” in St. Petersburg.
The Lunarium exhibition consists of sections “Astronomy and Physics” and “Comprehension of Space”. More than 80 exhibits demonstrate various physical laws and phenomena in a playful way.

In the Experimentanium, every visitor can become a participant in a scientific experience or experiment. 300 interactive exhibits provide fascinating information about mechanics, electricity, magnetism, and acoustics. Among other things, they solve puzzles and demonstrate optical illusions.

In “LabyrinthUm” the visitor will be clearly shown the principle of operation of various laws of physics. And in the so-called “Black Room” everyone can catch their shadow or create lightning.
Closed until 2018 for reconstruction, the Polytechnic Museum is promised to be made interactive in the full sense of the word, which is not surprising. This is the main museum not only in Moscow, but also in the country, dedicated to science and technology. And since scientific innovations have burst into the artistic environment, the use of the latest technologies at the Polytechnic University will be organic and correct, since one of its main functions is the education and popularization of science among teenagers.

Photo: Press service of the Polytechnic Museum

Work in the field of information technology is based on the concept of information support for the Kizhi Museum-Reserve and is carried out in the following areas:

The development of information systems (IS) is associated with the development of an integrated automated museum information system (KAMIS). In 2007, this system was expanded to work with immovable monuments (the “Architecture” module). The new module allows you to enter descriptions of immovable monuments into a unified system and make links between them and stock items. In 2009, the “Archival Documents” block was added, which allows for primary accounting and a detailed description of the documents included in the archive, and automatically generates all the necessary documentation when working with storage units. An important feature of the installed module is the ability to attach an unlimited number of images to the card, for example, high-quality electronic copies of documents (drawings, photographs) and even audio and video recordings. In 2010, the “Restoration of Movable Items” module was introduced, which is designed to automate the accounting and scientific storage work of the restoration department. It operates in conjunction with accounting information about objects and allows you to automatically generate restoration documents and maintain registers of restoration passports. Thus, at present, KAMIS of the Kizhi Museum includes the following modules: “Scientific fund work”, “Architecture”, “Scientific archive”, “Restoration”. The database volume is about 68 gigabytes, of which the text component is about 0.4 gigabytes (equivalent to 193,000 pages of A4 format text).

In 2009, after work on developing the network on the island of Kizhi, the opportunity was created for employees of the collections department to work year-round with the KAMIS museum system both in Petrozavodsk and on the island of Kizhi.

It should be noted that the information technology department also carries out constant work on the administration and maintenance of all other information systems and databases (DBs) of the museum, including the TicketNet resource planning and ticket sales system.

Support and development of the museum computer network. By the end of 2010, the museum's computer park consisted of 170 computers (126 desktop and 44 laptops). The museum's computers are united into a common network, which allows employees, regardless of where they work - in Petrozavodsk or on Kizhi Island, to use common network resources - an internal website, a file server, etc. The communication channels used are fiber optic channels between buildings in the city, an Internet access channel, a VPN channel to the island, and five DSL channels on the island.

The Information Technology Department is constantly working to improve the museum network. For example, in 2008, a new communication channel was organized between the administrative building in Petrozavodsk and the island of Kizhi, which has an order of magnitude greater capacity than the previously used one. In 2009, Vasiliev’s house on the island of Kizhi (funds department) was connected to the museum network, as well as a new museum building in the city at 15 Fedosova St. In 2010, the Summer Museum and Educational Center was connected to the general museum network on the island complex in the village Hole, gift shop and warehouse. In total, there are currently 7 servers and more than 50 active network devices operating in the museum’s network infrastructure.

In 2010, the museum began work on the project “Local computer network (LAN) to ensure the security of objects on the island of Kizhi.” The projected fiber-optic network will pass through the entire island, 28 objects will be connected to it: monument houses and infrastructure facilities (administrative buildings, security post, industrial complex, funds, etc.). The capacity of the projected communication will provide all data transmission requests on the island, including video broadcasts from a large number of security cameras. Design work is carried out by Archimedes LLC (Kirov).

Development of the official website of the museum. Over the past few years, the Kizhi Museum website has been one of the most popular museum Internet sites in Russia and consistently occupies a leading position on the Museums of Russia portal in terms of the number and votes of visitors. In 2010, the official website of the Kizhi Museum (website) received more than 365,000 visitors (465,000 visits, according to the mail.ru counter - 311,000). The museum’s website contains information about the museum’s exhibition, its stock collection, natural heritage, as well as information about the museum’s activities in the field of preservation, study and popularization of cultural heritage. The Information Technology Department of the Kizhi Museum is constantly working on the technical and technological development of the site, filling it with up-to-date information, as well as improving the design.

In 2010, based on the research, the format for presenting information on the initial page of the site was changed: the most interesting information for Internet users was placed on the first page (about the status of the museum and architectural monuments of the Kizhi Pogost, museum news, posters, webcams and museum Internet -shop).

The site is most popular among Russian-speaking users from Russia and neighboring countries. Distribution of languages according to Internet browser settings of visitors: Russian – 88%, English – 6.4%, German – 1%, Finnish, French – 0.55%.

The most popular sections are: “Information”, “Architecture”, “Museum collections”, “Virtual travel”, “Gallery”. These sections reflect the main activities of the museum, are regularly updated and contain a large array of up-to-date information - and that is why they are in demand. [text from the website of the Kizhi Museum-Reserve: http://site]

In 2007, the museum’s Internet project “Before the eyes of the whole world”, created with the aim of providing information support for the restoration process of the Church of the Transfiguration on the Internet and creating conditions for information exchange and cooperation among restoration specialists, became the winner of the VI All-Russian media competition “Patriots of Russia” " in the nomination "For developing the theme of folk traditions" - "Pavel Bazhov".

In 2008, the museum’s Internet project “Virtual Museum Travels” became the winner in the competition of multimedia projects “Content - 2008” within the framework of the annual international conference “EVA” in the “World of Hobbies” category.

One of the most popular and sought-after virtual museum trips is the “Virtual Tour of the House of a Karelian Peasant” - an interactive tour of the real-life exhibition of the Kizhi Museum-Reserve - the house of the Karelian peasant Yakovlev. In 2010, the Internet project was translated into the Lyudikov dialect of the Karelian language. It is the first and so far the only Internet resource in this language.

The Kizhi State Museum-Reserve thanks the Lyydilainen Seura ry society (Lyudik Society (Finland)) for translating the Internet project “Virtual journey through the house of a Karelian peasant” into the Lyudik dialect of the Karelian language.

Technical and multimedia support for museum events. Not a single museum event is held without technical support from specialists from the information technology department. For example, in 2010 alone, 95 requests for technical maintenance of museum events were completed - including such large ones as “Intermuseum - 2010”, the “Illusions of the Old Town” festival, as well as all museum exhibitions, lecture halls, and holidays on the island Kizhi. More than 30 videos and multimedia presentations were created for museum exhibitions and events.

An important area of work is the formation of a digital photo and video archive of the museum. In 2010 alone, more than 14,000 images were added to the museum's digital photographic archive. The demand for the museum's photo archive is extremely high: its materials are actively used in the preparation of publishing and souvenir products, the development of multimedia and Internet projects, and in museum information systems. In 2008, a web interface for searching the museum’s digital photo archive was opened on the museum’s intranet site, which allows museum staff to use the photo archive more efficiently.

// Report on the activities of the Kizhi Museum-Reserve. 2006-2010
Under general ed. E.V. Averyanova; comp., resp. ed. N.M.Melnikova
Kizhi Museum-Reserve. Petrozavodsk. 2011. 112 p.

Annotation.These recommendations define the concepts of “pedagogical innovation”, “pedagogical technologies” and contain systematized information about the most effective pedagogical innovative technologies applicable in the activities of school museums, the structure of planning museum and pedagogical activities.

Explanatory note

These methodological recommendations have been developed taking into account the main areas of work of school museum directors (museum teachers, teacher-organizers) based on the Concept for the development of museum activities in the Russian Federation for the period until 2020. The recommendations contribute to the development and implementation of the most effective and efficient technologies for interaction with students in the activities of museums of educational organizations.

Purpose These methodological recommendations are to systematize the knowledge of school museum managers (museum teachers, teacher-organizers), class teachers about the most effective pedagogical innovative technologies for implementation in the practice of museum activities.

Relevance is associated with the need to constantly improve the professional competencies of museum managers (museum teachers, teacher-organizers) and class teachers, with a modern understanding of the education process and the implementation of the basic principles of education laid down in the Law “On Education in the Russian Federation”.

Expected results from the use of the proposed methodological recommendations: museum managers (museum teachers, teacher-organizers), class teachers improve theoretical knowledge about innovative technologies that are possible in practical application when organizing museum teaching activities. The use of these methodological recommendations will allow organizing the activities of the school museum on the basis of modern pedagogical technologies.

School Museum is a unique platform that combines the cultural and cognitive components of the educational process. Today, in the school museum you can study academic disciplines, implement programs of extracurricular activities and additional education, and organize research activities.

Application of pedagogical innovations in the work of school museums allows us to create an effective motivating educational environment for students, thanks to which every student can become a full participant and initiator of the development of the museum.

Pedagogical innovation is understood as a set of purposeful actions that are capable of introducing transformations into the educational environment that increase the characteristics of different parts, as well as individual components of the entire system.

The concept of “pedagogical innovation” is closely related to pedagogical technologies, by which we mean a description of the process of achieving planned learning outcomes. The most effective for practical application in museum activities are student-oriented and information technologies, integrated and research activities, interactive learning and museum pedagogy.

Personally oriented pedagogical technologies are based on the creation of forms of education that are alternative to traditional ones (work in small groups, teacher-student cooperation), identify the individual characteristics of schoolchildren as subjects of cognition and subject-related activity, thereby ensuring the self-development of the students’ personality.

Information Technology ensure the collection, storage, processing and dissemination of information through the creation of an Internet space for the school museum (website, virtual excursions, blogs, etc.).

Integrated classes provide an interdisciplinary connection between the concepts of a comprehensive study of an object, promote understanding of the perception of the surrounding world, systematize the knowledge of students, encourage them to fantasy and creativity, and form a positive emotional mood. The implementing mechanism of this technology are games, virtual excursions, quizzes, discussions, debates, theatrical performances, conferences.

Research classes develop students’ ability to work with information, forming a certain style of thinking. The result of this activity is the formation of research skills that allow you to work with information, analyzing and summarizing it. Practical work in the context of research is associated with the organization of students’ activities based on the practical application of acquired knowledge. Innovative forms of practical work are projects, presentations, competitions, and quizzes.

Interactive training in the activities of a school museum, it involves dialogical methods of communication with students, the development of schoolchildren through the creation of educational situations, and a variety of creative activities. The forms of interactive learning are: brainstorming, discussion, debate, theatrical performance, conference, museum lesson.

Museum pedagogy is based on organizing a process of joint search based on the exposition of the museum of an educational organization, the result of which is knowledge independently acquired by schoolchildren. Thanks to a special approach to the visitor as a participant in the dialogue, museum pedagogy creates conditions for the development of students’ personalities through their inclusion in the diverse activities of the school museum.

The forms of museum pedagogy include play, collective creative work, problem-based and individual learning technologies.

The practical application of the above-mentioned innovative technologies contributes to the expansion of the educational space of the museum, as well as the generalization by students of knowledge about the cultural and historical past of Russia, the improvement of meta-subject competencies of schoolchildren, and the inculcation of basic national values.

Due to the high efficiency of innovative technologies in the activities of museums educational organizations are recommended:

Heads of school museums (museum teachers, teacher-organizers):

1. When organizing museum activities, use personally oriented technologies, the characteristic features of which are: discussion, pedagogical support, reflexivity, creating a situation of choice and success, diagnostics (survey, questioning), project and creative activities.

2. When creating a scenario for a museum lesson, focus on the following criteria: variability of forms, means of teaching and education; taking into account the age characteristics of students; a special place for an exhibit, an installation, the creation of a museum space as a motivating environment; the use of interactive teaching techniques in accordance with the theme, purpose and objectives of the museum lesson; rejection of the traditional excursion approach and minimization of monologue in providing information.

3. Create conditions for the systematic replenishment of the museum exhibition through the organization of research and search work with students.

4. Use information technologies for processing, storing and retrieving information, as well as for presenting materials in the format of an online excursion, video, presentation.

5. Focus on the fact that the result of a lesson in a museum should be a product of the students’ activities, with mandatory consideration of their personal characteristics.

Class teachers:

1. When implementing the goals and objectives of the educational process, use the resource of the museum of the educational organization.

2. Take into account the possibility of organizing and conducting integrated classes in the space of the school museum.

3. Use thematic exhibitions of the museum of an educational organization when conducting games, virtual excursions, quizzes, discussions, debates, theatrical performances, and conferences.

4. Use the means of museum pedagogy when organizing students’ research activities.

5. Rely on the initiative of students when planning and organizing educational events in the space of the school museum.