You and I know well the feat of Minin and Pozharsky and the battle that broke out for the freedom of the Motherland in 1612.
But let's remember what preceded these events.
About the causes and failures of the “First Militia” and about the conclusions that the National Liberation Movement in modern Russia should make.
FIRST PEOPLE'S MILITARY
With the death of False Dmitry II, Tsar Vladislav remained in the country, but he lived outside the Russian state, because his father Sigismund III was afraid to let his son go to a country engulfed in civil war. The people were indignant that an Orthodox country was ruled by a Catholic, that foreigners were rampaging in the capital, that the occupying royal troops were shedding innocent blood and burning cities and villages.
21 September 1610 years, the Polish gentlemen settled in Moscow. First of all, Pan Zolkiewski took measures to secure his stay in the city. The main part of the Streltsy army was expelled from Moscow under the pretext of defending Novgorod. Pan Gonsevsky was placed in charge of the remaining part. Allied German mercenaries, of whom there were 2.5 thousand people, were also expelled. Of these, Zholkiewski left about 800 people in Moscow, because he did not trust the Germans. The lord settled with those expelled with the royal treasures captured in the Kremlin. There was also a contender for these treasures - Jan Sapieha; Zholkiewski gave him the Seversk land for plunder and gave him valuables from the Russian treasury. Sapieha was a compatriot of Zolkiewski.
The Polish government was preparing to destroy the Russian state.
But They didn’t talk about it openly, moreover propaganda lies said that the new Tsar Vladislav will soon come to Moscow to be baptized and that order in the state will be restored. Zolkiewski was smart and cunning, realizing that he couldn’t lie indefinitely, fearing an uprising of the Russian people, he left for Poland, leaving Gonsevski in charge.
The lords created an occupation government in Moscow, which consisted of a group of traitor boyars, accomplices of the occupiers, and headed by Gonsevsky. Boyar Saltykov, his son, Prince Vasily Mosalsky, Duma clerk Ivan Gramotin, Prince Khvorostinin, merchant Androvnov and others were placed at the head of central Moscow departments and orders. The traitors unconditionally followed Gonsevsky's instructions; the latter's willfulness outraged even the traitors and they complained about him to Sigismund.
The lords who settled in Moscow mocked the Russian people, their language, faith, and customs. The invaders robbed the population and raped them. Massive indignation grew among the people, because they realized the growing threat of foreign enslavement. The indignation was noticed by Gonsevsky in Moscow and he took the following measures: he left only German and Polish detachments in Moscow and strengthened armed patrols. The last remnants of the Russian Streltsy army were expelled from Moscow, and the Poles killed many Streltsy at night. The artillery was transported to the Kremlin and Kitai-Gorod, and it was ordered to hand over the weapons to the population.
Already in January 1611 The people in Kazan and Vyatka began to arm themselves against the invaders. Letters from patriots were sent throughout the country with a call to clear Moscow of “Lithuanian people” and elect a Russian Tsar. The call was supported by Patriarch Hermogenes. Nizhny Novgorod, Yaroslavl, Ryazan, Volga and Pomeranian cities rose up to fight. In Ryazan, Prokopiy Lyapunov became the head of the movement. He established contact with the rebel cities. Calls to fight the occupiers even reached the very outskirts of the Russian state: Perm, Verkhoturye, Siberia. The slogan of liberating the Motherland from the arrogant invaders was universally popular and found a lively response in the hearts of people. Yaroslavl residents responded to the call of the Nizhny Novgorod residents, and the Novgorod and Pskov residents, who suffered from both the Polish and the Swedish yoke, responded to their calls. To fight to the death for the liberation of their native land - such was the will of the people. The people joined the militia, even against the will of the traitors - the governor, as for example it was in Kolomna. The organization of the militia was complicated by many factors: Polish detachments were scouring the country, there was no universally recognized center, all central power was in the hands of the occupiers. Gonsevsky began to get nervous, especially after a cache of weapons was found in one of the carts in Moscow. He began to monitor the Russian population even more vigilantly, widespread searches and massacres have become commonplace. There was an attempt by Jan Sapieha to join the people's militia, but Lyapunov did not believe the mercenary - a scoundrel, because he knew that he was in touch with Gonsevsky, seeking from him new handouts from the captured treasures.
But to another person - Ivan Zarutsky managed to join the militia. He had long been associated with Poland; it was no coincidence that Jan Sapieha, in the summer of 1611, having visited Moscow, hastened to contact Zarutsky, and after a conversation with him, he advised Gonsevsky to keep in touch with him. Zarutsky wanted to achieve the royal throne for the son of Marina Mnishek, who, after the death of False Dmitry II, became his wife. The militia was also supported by Prince Dmitry Trubetskoy, who hoped that he, like Shuisky, would succeed in becoming king. These people held command positions And had the opportunity to harm the popular uprising. The Poles wanted to suppress the NOD at the very beginning and, unexpectedly for Lyapunov, a Polish detachment besieged him in the city of Pronsk. The Zaraisk governor, Prince Dmitry Mikhailovich Pozharsky, came to Lyapunov’s rescue. After some time, the lords tried to attack Zaraysk and kill Prince Pozharsky, but it didn’t work out. During the first two months of 1611, in a number of cities and volosts, local militias managed to free themselves from the invaders and deal with the traitor boyars . 11 February 1611 years, a major victory was won near Vladimir. At the beginning of March, the Poles were defeated by the Novgorodians. Gradually, the forces of the NOD were drawn towards Moscow. Muscovites knew about the successes of the militia and were ready to rebel as soon as the troops of Lyapunov and Zarutsky approached. The boyars felt this very well - traitors who were afraid of popular anger and warned Gonsevsky that in response to bullying the Russian people would rebel, and then not be good for everyone. The occupiers became even more suspicious and forbade Muscovites from carrying not only weapons, but also large sticks, they hired secret agents who reported on the mood of the people. This is what they reported: “We chose the Polish prince for the wrong end, so that every brainless Pole would push us around, and we, the Moscow people, would have to disappear! The king's old dog will not let his puppy come to us for a whole year... Let him remain in his own land forever. We don’t want him to be our sovereign. If these six thousand verbs don’t get away from here, they will kill them here like dogs... Our seven hundred thousand will be found for them, you just have to get down to business together.” However, the militia failed to act in unison: On the one side belated Zarutsky with the Cossacks (!) and Trubetskoy with service people, and on the other hand, a premature uprising broke out in Moscow. Zarutsky and Trubetskoy were delayed by the presence in winter quarters, not far from Kaluga, of the mercenary army of Jan Sapieha, who offered their services. In Moscow, the situation was like this: March 19, 1611 year mercenaries began to prepare the Kremlin for hostilities and install cannons on the walls. Their commanders tried to forcefully involve the population in the work. The Muscovites refused and then the mercenaries rushed at them with sabers, and the mass extermination of Russians began. About 7 thousand unarmed Russian people were killed!!! This barbaric extermination was accompanied by violence and plunder. Gonsevsky believed that brutal reprisals would frighten the Russians, but he again repeated the mistake of all foreign nit-occupiers; the brutal reprisals further inflamed hatred of the enslavers and as a result, thousands of Russian people took up arms. Only a few had guns; the poor took stones, sticks, and other improvised means into their hands. Fighting took place all over Moscow with varying degrees of success and then Gonsevsky gives instructions to set fire to the city... And when thousands of Russian people rushed to put out the fire, the occupiers and their accomplices began to kill them vilely. The vast city turned into ruins in a couple of days. Hetman Zholkiewski wrote in his memoirs: “In the extreme crowd of people, a great murder took place: the crying, screaming of women and children represented something similar to the day of the Last Judgment, many of them with their wives and children threw themselves into the fire and many were killed and burned, a large a number fled to their troops, who they knew were close…. Thus, the capital of Moscow burned down with great bloodshed and loss, which cannot be estimated.” According to the memoirs of the same Zolkiewski, the Moscow of that time was better and richer than such European capitals as Rome, Paris, Lisbon, and for the atrocities of his compatriots even he called “scoundrels” in his “Notes”. The fire of March 19-21 showed the bestial face of the Polish lords. The occupiers robbed, killed, and raped. They say that they collected so many pearls that they even loaded guns with them and shot Muscovites!
The Seven Boyars and the occupiers held in their hands the Kremlin and Kitai-Gorod, where the best part of the Russian artillery was located. The militia did not have sufficient forces and means and, having undertaken a general assault, was not successful.
Chronology of the battle for Moscow of the first militia
March 27 Gonsevsky withdrew his troops from the Yauz Gate and tried to push back the militia in the vicinity of the Simonov Monastery. But this test of strength did not bring success.
April 1 Lyapunov approached Moscow with his troops and occupied the suburban Moscow villages.
April 6 The Poles launched a failed assault, but Lyapunov put them to flight, his militia entered the White City and occupied the Yauzkiye, Pokrovskiye, Sretenskiye and Tverskoye Gates.
In May Fights broke out with the mercenaries of Jan Sapieha, to whom the boyars gave more money than Lyapunov could offer. But the militia completely defeated him and captured the banners.
In July, the situation of the Poles became critical; most likely, through Zarutsky, they began to implement a military-political operation to eliminate the leader of the NOD, Lyapunov.
The militia were able to block the roads leading from Moscow and created conditions under which the occupiers did not have enough food. The latter wrote a letter to Sigismund asking for help, otherwise they would not last more than three weeks.
At this time, peasants armed with pitchforks, axes, and clubs waged a merciless guerrilla war. The occupiers contemptuously called them “shishas,” but at the same time they suffered significant damage from the courageous actions of our ancestors. In May, partisan detachments of peasants recaptured the treasury that the Seven Boyars sent to the mercenaries of Jan Sapieha.
During the days of fighting in the camps of the first militia A permanent government body arose - the Zemsky Sobor. The decisive vote in it belonged to the provincial nobility and Cossacks.
The verdict of the council of June 30, 1611 determined the direction of all the activities of the Zemstvo government. The “sentence” was drawn up on behalf of “the Moscow state, various lands of princes, boyars, okolnichi, nobles and children of boyars, atamans and Cossacks.” The traitors - the boyars and the capital's nobility were supposed to lose all their enormous land wealth. The confiscated lands were to be distributed among the poor and ruined nobles. In their appeals to the population of the free outskirts, the authorities called all the Cossacks, yesterday’s serfs and slaves into the militia, promising them freedom. “Young Cossacks” were entitled to cash and grain salaries. There was a decision to return the serfs to their former owners. This document reflected the interests of the boyars and the Cossack elite, which violated the promises made by Lyapunov in his charter when organizing the militia. Why were the Cossacks outraged?
The new government was actually headed by Lyapunov and his comrades: the Cossack leader Ivan Zarutsky and Prince Dmitry Trubetskoy. However, there were problems in the leadership: Zarutsky was connected with the Poles, while playing a double game and pursuing personal goals, he wanted to gain power by bringing his son Mniszech to the throne. Lyapunov interfered with him, and therefore it is logical to assume that he helped Gonsevsky in carrying out the provocation. Prince Trubetskoy also did not root for his Motherland with all his soul, but he himself dreamed of the throne.
Food arrived intermittently and the Cossacks suffered the most from this; they arbitrarily confiscated bread from the population. Lyapunov suppressed robberies with harsh measures, which led to an even greater split in the militia between the Cossacks (Zarutsky's subordinates) and the nobility. One of Lyapunov’s adherents, the Tushino boyar Matvey Pleshcheev, initiated a trial of 28 Cossacks convicted of robbery and ordered them to be drowned.
Some historians write that Lyapunov expressed unpopular thoughts that after the victory a Swedish prince should be placed on the Russian throne. Most likely this is not true. The fact is that the Swedish king turned to the residents of Novgorod the Great and offered them protection from the Poles. He wanted to make it a vassal state and separate it from Russia. Lyapunov decided to make peace with the Swedes against the Poles and sent his representatives to Novgorod the Great. However, the Swedes asked in exchange for their prince for the Russian throne. This was probably a foreign policy maneuver to appease the Swedes and not fight with everyone at the same time.
Gonsevsky , using the contradictions among the first militia, he carried out a provocation against Lyapunov. Moscow clerks composed a letter with an order to “beat and drown” Cossacks throughout the country, which was provided with Lyapunov’s false signature and forwarded to the camps where the Cossacks were located. The indignant Cossacks called Lyapunov to a circle for an explanation and “smashed him to pieces with sabers.” It should be noted that this tragic event could hardly have happened without the participation of Zarutsky. The militia has lost its leader. The contradictions between the Cossacks and the nobility intensified; the latter, fearing for their lives, began to leave the militia.
After the death of Lyapunov, the first zemstvo militia disintegrated.
Zarutsky became the leader of the remaining militias, and Trubetskoy came under his influence. They sent letters to cities asking for help, but could not unite the popular forces around themselves, since they did not inspire confidence.
At this time, Russia's foreign policy situation sharply deteriorated. June 3, 1611 Smolensk fell, bravely defending itself, and was captured by royal troops. 16 July 1611 year the troops of Charles the ninth broke through the outer defense belt of Novgorod and captured the settlement on the Sofia side. At the same time, residents en masse showed heroism, despite the fact that governor Buturlin, not accepting battle, fled from the city. Detachments of archers and Cossacks preferred death in battle to captivity. The archpriest of the St. Sophia Cathedral, Ammos, stubbornly fought against the interventionists. He shut himself up in his yard with other Novgorodians and steadfastly repelled the onslaught of the Swedes, not sparing his life. Then the invaders set fire to the courtyard, but Ammos and his comrades burned alive, but the Russian spirit was not broken and they did not betray their Motherland and did not lay down their arms! Power in Novgorod passed to Delagardie, which hastened to introduce an occupation regime that was not inferior in its monstrosity to the Polish one. He arbitrarily carried out justice and reprisals, taking away estates and giving them to the Swedes. He began to subjugate the surrounding cities to the power of the Swedish king. Pali Koporye, Yam, Ivangorod, Oreshek. Pskov survived and became the main stronghold of the fight against the invaders in northwestern Russia. In addition to the Swedes, Pan Lisovsky’s detachments operated near Pskov, mercilessly robbing and killing civilians.
They took Korela, where out of 3,000 inhabitants only 100 people remained alive, but they did not surrender the city until the last!!! After the capture of Novgorod, the governor and nobles chose to follow the example of the Seven Boyars and elected the son of Charles the Ninth as king. But the population of the northern lands launched a guerrilla war against the Swedes. They went into the forests, hid food, and fought even on enemy territory.
The situation in the country was difficult: the enemy was in Moscow, and the accomplices of the occupiers were the boyars. Foreign gangs were rampant in a number of areas. Pan Lisovsky plundered the Pskov land. North of Moscow, occupiers from Jan Sapieha’s gang carried out massacres of unheard-of cruelty against the civilian population. These bastards cut off the noses and ears of old men and women, cut off their arms and legs, and roasted people on coals. As a result of the defeat, the territory that was declared Novgorod was given under the protection of the King of Sweden and a peace treaty was concluded against Poland. From the south, gangs of the Crimean Khan burst into the Russian land. Only the North and the Volga region survived, but they were under threat not only from Poland and Sweden, but also from England!!! The Englishman John Merrick, who was a merchant and apparently also an intelligence officer, periodically sent espionage information collected through his clerks and agents to London. Hoping for the weakening of Russia, he developed a plan for the English government for an English protectorate over Russian lands.
False Dmitry the Third appeared in Ivangorod, to whom Pskov swore allegiance, and then the militias near Moscow with Zarutsky and Prince Trubetskoy.
By the autumn of 1611, the country was on the brink of an abyss. Polish troops took Smolensk and settled in Moscow. The first zemstvo militia disintegrated. The Swedes captured Novgorod the Great. The invaders, both Swedes and Poles, rampaged across a vast territory; their troops ravaged, killed, and robbed. The raids of the Crimean Khan intensified. The Moscow boyars stained themselves by collaborating with the occupiers and lost their authority among the masses. They were openly called traitors. This is how contemporaries describe the events: “Some were thrown down from city towers, others were pushed from steep banks into the depths of the river with stones, others were shot with bows and self-propelled guns... Some children were grabbed and thrown into the fire in front of their parents, others from the mother's breast was taken away, smashed on the ground, and on thresholds, on stones and corners; others were stuck on spears and sabers and carried in front of their parents.” Therefore, our ancestors understood perfectly well what freedom of the Motherland is and what occupation is. Is it possible to live in peace when all kinds of scum on your land kill and rape? Our ancestors were in a more difficult situation, but did not lose spirit. At this critical moment, Russian genetics showed itself, and the resistance of the Russian people intensified. He was fueled by the inhuman suffering that befell every person, anger for the desecrated sense of national dignity gave scope and strength, and the intolerance of the created situation was increasingly realized. The growing patriotic upsurge of broad layers organized an effective rebuff to the occupiers. Partisan units operated throughout the country:
In the north, in the area of the Sumy fort, in the forests of the Novgorod and Pskov regions, in the forests of Smolenshchen, near Moscow, in the Yaroslavl region, in the Vologda region... According to foreigners, crowds of peasants appeared from all sides, who with righteous anger exterminated the Germans and Poles. The rebels caught messengers and attacked small detachments of foreigners.
Despite the difficult situation, it was no longer possible to stop the national liberation movement in Russia, the people made their choice and were ready to fight to the death for the freedom of their Fatherland, the people demanded a national leader who would lead this fight. And the latter did not take long to wait, so a second militia arose, which took into account the experience and mistakes of the first.
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Today it is also useful for us to understand what these mistakes were so as not to repeat them again.
People and organizations pursuing only selfish goals, thirsting for power, but alien to the ideas of freedom of their Fatherland, can betray and if they are used in the activities of the NLM, then very carefully, not allowing them into the decision-making mechanisms.
The main criterion for a NOD fighter is love for his Fatherland and the willingness to lay down his life to achieve this holy goal.
Material support for militia fighters must be decent, timely, and at the same time follow a separate line that does not intersect with the administrative-command hierarchy in the structure of the NOD;
Because historical experience shows that the presence of both military and administrative and economic functions in the hands of military commanders leads to abuses, reduces the level of discipline, causes moral decay and decline in the spirit of the NOD. This happened because the commanders of the detachments had their own orders, through which they themselves distributed estates and collected “food,” which often turned into robberies and self-will.
In the structure of the NOD there must be unity of command, excluding systemic contradictions and inconsistency of actions;
It is necessary to ensure the physical security of the leader(s) of the NOD;
The NOD program must contain the ideas of freedom of the Fatherland; it is unacceptable to include in the program items that could cause serious disagreements in social groups and harm the cause of the NOD;
- Inattentive treatment of people in the GCD system is unacceptable.
Alexander Turykin coordinator of the Bryansk branch of the NOD.
This email address is being protected from spambots. You must have JavaScript enabled to view it.
The first militia (Ryazan militia) of 1611, to combat the Polish intervention in the Time of Troubles, was formed in Ryazan, consisting of detachments of nobles from the southeastern counties and the Volga region, nobles and Cossacks of the former Tushino camp, and townspeople.
The conditions for the creation of the First Militia arose in 1610. The boyar government (Semiboyarshchina) in August 1610 entered into an agreement with the Polish king Sigismund III Vasa, according to which his son Vladislav was recognized as the Russian Tsar. In this regard, in September, Polish troops led by Hetman A. Gonsevsky entered Moscow. Representatives of various strata of the Russian people spoke out against the Poles and traitorous boyars. Letters were distributed throughout the country, including from Patriarch Hermogenes, calling for a fight against the interventionists. The initiator of the creation of the anti-Polish militia was the residents of Ryazan, led by governor P.P. Lyapunov. Yaroslavl, Nizhny Novgorod, Suzdal, Vladimir, Murom, Kostroma and their counties joined the movement. The first militia included nobles and children of boyars, archers and service Cossacks of city garrisons, black-sown peasants, townspeople, datochny people from serfs; it also included the “Tushino” boyars and governors, military men from the Kaluga camp of False Dmitry II, led by Prince D.T. Trubetskoy, Cossack detachments from Tula I.M. Zarutsky and from Suzdal A. Prosovetsky. At the beginning of March 1611, the militia set out from Kolomna to Moscow, where the uprising against the Poles began. During the fighting, the rebels (posad people, archers, peasants) expelled the Poles from the White City; Prince D.M. took part in the battles at Lubyanka. Pozharsky. The main forces of the First Militia approached the capital on March 24; by this time the interventionists had managed to suppress the uprising. During the siege of Moscow, contradictions between the nobility and the Cossacks intensified in the militia, among whom there were many fugitive peasants and slaves attracted by promises of “freedom and salary.” On June 30, 1611, the “Verdict” was adopted, which approved the structure of the supreme power - the “Council of the Whole Land”. The “verdict” caused discontent among the “Tushin people” and especially the Cossacks, since it proclaimed a return to the old norms of ownership of estate lands, abolished the legality of “Tushino” salaries, placed Cossack detachments under the leadership of nobles, and obliged runaway peasants and slaves to return to their former owners. The “Council of the Whole Earth” included Trubetskoy, Zarutsky and Lyapunov, who essentially headed the government. An explosion of dissatisfaction among the Cossacks with the politics of the nobility led to the murder of Lyapunov (July 22), after which the bulk of the service people left the militia; Mostly detachments of Cossacks (about 10 thousand) remained near Moscow. The liberation of Moscow and the creation of conditions for expelling the interventionists from the country were decided by the Second Militia under the leadership of Minin and Pozharsky, which was joined by a significant part of the participants in the First Militia.
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Second zemstvo militia. Minin and Pozharsky
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Internal situation in Russia in 1608-1610
Such a plight in Russia forced Tsar Vasily Shuisky to resort to the help of the Swedes. Charles IX sent an advance detachment to Russia in April 1609 under the leadership of Jacob Delagardie. Russian troops, led by a relative of the Tsar, the talented governor Prince Mikhail Vasilyevich Skopin-Shuisky, popular in the government of Shuisky, together with the Swedes, expelled the Poles from Pskov and other cities and in October 1609 approached Moscow. Having liberated Aleksandrovskaya Sloboda, Skopin-Shuisky forced Hetman Sapega, who was helping False Dmitry II, to lift the siege of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery.
Perceiving the alliance between the Russians and the Swedes as a threat to Poland, King Sigismund III moved on to open action against the Moscow state. In mid-September 1609, the advanced corps under the leadership of Lev Sapieha crossed the Russian border, heading towards Smolensk. Soon King Sigismund himself approached the city, inviting all the Poles and everyone from the camp of False Dmitry II to his service. Residents of Smolensk refused to surrender and found themselves under siege. Many troops serving the Pretender abandoned him, and False Dmitry II was forced to flee in January 1610 from Tushin to Kaluga, where he was subsequently killed in December 1610.
Among the Muscovites were the advanced militia detachments that penetrated the city, led by Prince Pozharsky, Buturlin and Koltovsky. Pozharsky's detachment met the enemies on Sretenka, repulsed them and drove them to Kitai-Gorod. Buturlin's detachment fought at the Yauz Gate, Koltovsky's detachment fought at Zamoskvorechye. Seeing no other way to defeat the enemy, Polish troops were forced to set fire to the city. Special companies were appointed, which set fire to the city from all sides. Most of the houses were set on fire. Many churches and monasteries were looted and destroyed.
March 20 [ ] the Poles counterattacked a detachment of the First Militia, entrenched in Lubyanka. Pozharsky was seriously wounded and was taken to the Trinity Monastery. The Poles' attempt to occupy Zamoskvorechye failed, and they fortified themselves in Kitai-Gorod and the Kremlin.
FIRST MILITARY 1611
militia created in Russia in the beginning. 1611 to combat Polish intervention. feudal lords Conditions for creating a P. o. formed into a con. 1610. Boyar Prospect ("Seven Boyars") in August 1610 entered into an agreement with the Poles, according to which the son of Sigismund III Vladislav was recognized as a Russian. king, on Sept. Poland entered Moscow. The interventionists and their direct proteges, led by the Polish, came to power. Hetman A. Gonsevsky. Against the Polish Various layers of Russians began to act as interventionists and traitor boyars. people. Letters were sent from Moscow and other cities throughout the country, including from Patriarch Hermogenes, with a call to launch a fight against the enemy. Organization of P. o. began in Ryazan. The Ryazan governor P.P. Lyapunov became its leader. Yaroslavl, Nizh. joined the movement. Novgorod, Suzdal, Vladimir, Murom, Kostroma and other cities with counties. By. included nobles and children of boyars, archers and service Cossacks of the mountains. garrisons, black-haired peasants, townspeople, detachments of datochny people from serfs; it also included the “Tushino” boyars and governors, military men from the Kaluga camp of False Dmitry II, led by Prince. D. T. Trubetskoy, Cossack detachments from Tula led by I. M. Zarutsky and from Suzdal led by A. Prosovetsky. In the beginning March 1611 P. o. set out from Kolomna to Moscow. People were already brewing in the capital. uprising against the Polish interventionists. The Poles planned reprisals against the population of the capital, which began on March 19 during the Narod. uprising in the city. During the battles, the rebel townspeople, archers, gunners and peasants expelled the Poles from the White City. The prince played an active role in the battles at Lubyanka. D. M. Pozharsky. Advance detachments of the P. o. approached the capital when the uprising was virtually suppressed (March 21). On March 24, Ch. approached the capital. forces P. o. Clashes with the interventionists began. During the siege of Moscow in P. o. The contradictions between the nobility and the Cossacks intensified, among whom there were many fugitive peasants and slaves attracted by promises of “freedom and salary.” Strong dissatisfaction among the people from the Tushino camp and especially the Cossacks caused the adoption of the Verdict on June 30, 1611. The verdict was declared by the supreme power of the “Council of the Whole Land,” which included the leaders of the P. O. detachments, and the restoration of the old administrative administration. The verdict did not recognize “Tushinsky” salaries as local salaries; providing for local and monetary salaries. salaries of the Cossacks, he forbade the latter to occupy the positions of bailiffs in cities, palace and black volosts, to which only nobles were supposed to be appointed. In violation of Lyapunov's promises, the Verdict demanded the return of fugitive peasants and slaves to the landowners. Trubetskoy, Zarutsky and Lyapunov were placed at the head of the temporary administration. In fact, it was headed by Lyapunov. An explosion of dissatisfaction among the Cossacks with the politics of the nobility led on July 22, 1611 to the murder of Lyapunov. After this, the rows of P. o. left the main masses of service people; OK. Moscow remained ch. arr. Cossack detachments (approx. 10 thousand people). However, the liberation of Moscow and the creation of conditions for the expulsion of the Polish-Swedish. invaders from the country were resolved by the second militia (see People's militia under the leadership of Minin and Pozharsky).
Lit.: Platonov S.F., Essays on the history of the Time of Troubles in Moscow. state ve XVI-XVII centuries, M., 1937; Shepelev I.S., Organization of the first zemstvo militia in 1611, "Uch. zap. Pyatigorsk State Pedagogical Institute", Stavropol, 1949-51, vol. 5-6; his, The struggle of the first zemstvo militia for the liberation of Moscow from foreign invaders in 1611, "Izvestia Voronezh. State Pedagogical Institute", 1958, vol. 26; Dolinin N.P., Moscow Region regiments (Cossack “camps”) in the national liberation. movement of 1611-1612, X., 1958.
V. I. Buganov. Moscow.
Soviet historical encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. Ed. E. M. Zhukova. 1973-1982 .
See what "FIRST MILITA 1611" is in other dictionaries:
Militia in Russia to combat the intervention of Polish feudal lords. Conditions for creating a P. o. formed in 1610. The boyar government (“Seven Boyars”) in August 1610 concluded an agreement with the Poles, according to which the son of Sigismund III Vladislav ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
- (Ryazan militia), formed in Ryazan to fight the Poles. Consisted of a detachment of nobles from the southeastern districts and the Volga region, nobles and Cossacks from the former Tushino camp, and townspeople. Besieged Moscow occupied by the Poles in March 1611, collapsed in... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary
1611 (Ryazan militia) formed in Ryazan to fight the Poles. Consisted of a detachment of nobles from the southeastern districts and the Volga region, nobles and Cossacks from the former. Tushino camp, townspeople. Besieged Moscow occupied by the Poles in March 1611, collapsed in... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
1611 (Ryazan militia), during the Time of Troubles, formed on the initiative of the residents of Ryazan (voivode P.P. Lyapunov) to fight against the Poles. Included nobles, archers, service Cossacks, black-growing peasants, townspeople, datochny people, as well as... ... Russian history
- (Ryazan militia) in 1611, to combat the Polish intervention in the Time of Troubles (see TIME OF TROUBLES), formed in Ryazan, consisted of detachments of nobles from the southeastern districts and the Volga region, nobles and Cossacks of the former Tushino camp, townspeople. Conditions... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary
Russian-Polish War 1605 1618 Bely - Dobrynichi - Vorsma Trinity Sergius Monastery - Smolensk - Tsarevo Zaimishche - Klushino - Mozhaisk - Moscow (1611) - Moscow (1612) The first people's (zemstvo) militia, militia under the leadership of Prokopiy Lyapunov,... ... Wikipedia
MILITARY, 1) military formations created from free peasants, nobles, townspeople, etc. during the period of enemy invasions; were called zemstvo or state O. (see FIRST MILITA 1611, SECOND MILITA 1611 12, PEOPLE'S MILITA 1812) ... Russian history
National stage of the Troubles
The Russian-Swedish treaty became a pretext for war for the Polish king Sigismund III. In September 1609 The Polish army besieged Smolensk, which staunchly defended itself from the enemy for 20 months. The Poles were ordered to leave Tushino and go to Smolensk. The Tushino boyars in February 1610 entered into a preliminary agreement with Sigismund III on the calling of his son, Prince Vladislav, to the Russian throne.
Shuisky continued military operations against False Dmitry II and the Polish troops.
The government troops were led by M.V. Skopin-Shuisky (23 years old), a talented commander. Together with the Swedish detachment of Delagardi, he clears the northwestern lands of the Tushins and Poles. He was preparing to go to the rescue of Smolensk, but in the midst of preparations for the campaign he suddenly died. Perhaps he was poisoned (by order of Prince Dmitry Shuisky, who saw his nephew as an obstacle to his accession to the throne).
In June 1610, Russian-Swedish troops led by Dmitry Shuisky were defeated near Mozhaisk, near the village of Kliushino by the troops of Hetman Zholkiewski. Dmitry's mediocrity as a military leader and the betrayal of the Swedes, who could not withstand the onslaught of the Poles and began to go over to their side, had an impact. The position of the Shuisky government became catastrophic.
By the summer of 1610, Moscow found itself surrounded on one side by Polish troops and on the other by the troops of False Dmitry II.
The boyars, wanting to negotiate favorable terms of surrender for themselves, July 17, 1610 Vasily Shuisky was overthrown from the throne and forcibly tonsured a monk.
The Boyar Duma, a government of seven boyars, came to power, "Seven Boyars". It was assumed that the boyars would rule until the congress of representatives of the entire land, which would elect a new king. It turned out differently. (F.I. Mstislavsky, I.M. Vorotynsky, A.V. Trubetskoy, A.V. Golitsyn, B.M. Lykov, I.N. Romanov, F.I. Sheremetyev)
IN August 1610 At meetings of the Boyar Duma, the son of the Polish king Sigismund, Vladislav, was accepted to the Russian throne. This opened the way to Moscow for Zolkiewski's Polish troops. In fact, this meant establishing Polish control over all institutions of power.
Military operations began against the Tushino thief, who died in December 1610 (he was killed while hunting by the head of the guard).
People's militia - national liberation movement against interventionists.
The militia began to be created on Ryazan land. Former detachments of the “Tushino camp” led by P. P. Lyapunov, Prince D. T. Trubetskoy and I. M. Zarutsky April 7, 1611 create "The Council of All the Earth"- the highest authority in the entire territory liberated from the invaders, the single leading center of the liberation movement in the country.
IN March 1611 Having stopped near Moscow, the people's militia did not begin active military operations against the Poles who were under siege, but began to restore the structures of power.
On the basis of the army headquarters, the Zemsky Sobor was founded, which consisted of vassal Tatar khans (princes), boyars and okolnichy, palace officials, clerks, princes and murzas (Tatar princes), nobles and boyar children, Cossack atamans, and service people.
The Cossacks, led by Zarutsky, sought to preserve their freedom, the nobles - to strengthen serfdom and state discipline. The Poles sent fabricated letters to the Cossacks, where it was written that the leader of the nobility, Lyapunov, was allegedly trying to destroy the Cossacks. Lyapunov was summoned to the Cossack circle and hacked to death on June 22, 1611. After this, most of the nobles left the camp; Cossacks under the command of Zarutsky and Prince Trubetskoy remained until the approach of the Second Militia of Prince Pozharsky.
At this time, the Swedes captured Novgorod, besieged Pskov and began to impose the candidacy of the Swedish prince Karl Philip on the Russian throne. Sigismund III announced that he himself would become the Russian Tsar, and Russia would join the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. There was virtually no central government. Different cities independently decided who they would recognize as ruler.
Second Militia (September 1611–October 1612)
In Moscow, all affairs were managed by the Poles, and the boyars, the rulers from the “Seven Boyars,” sent letters to cities, counties and volosts calling for an oath to the Polish prince Vladislav.
In the fall of 1611 in Nizhny Novgorod - the Second or Nizhny Novgorod Militia.
The initiator of the formation of the new militia was the zemstvo, a merchant Kuzma Minin. Then he was supported by the Nizhny Novgorod city council, governors, clergy and service people. The chief governor was invited Prince Dmitry Pozharsky.
All militiamen received good support: a salary of 50 to 30 rubles per year. The presence of a monetary salary among the militia attracted servicemen from all surrounding regions. Composition: Nizhny Novgorod people, Smolensk nobles, Kolomna and Ryazan landowners, archers and Cossacks from outlying fortresses. Unlike the First Militia, in which even the goals were unclear, here militia target- liberation of the capital with the subsequent convening of the Zemsky Sobor to elect a new king.
The “Council of the Whole Earth” (something like the Zemsky Sobor) was created, which included representatives of all classes. The Council was headed by Pozharsky, who was in charge of military issues, and Minin, who was in charge of finances and supplies.
Government institutions functioned: under the “Council of the Whole Land” there were orders Local, Discharge, and Ambassadorial.
Order was gradually established over an increasingly large territory of the state. The militia army already numbered up to ten thousand warriors, well armed and trained.
The militia authorities were also involved in everyday administrative and judicial work (appointing governors, maintaining discharge books, analyzing complaints, petitions, etc.). All this gradually stabilized the situation in the country and led to a revival of economic activity.
In July 1612, the campaign against Moscow began.
On July 24, 1612, Pozharsky’s advanced detachments entered the capital. Under the walls of the Novodevichy Convent, a battle took place with the troops of Hetman Khotkevich, who was coming to the aid of the Poles besieged in Kitai-Gorod. The hetman's army suffered great damage and retreated
On October 22-26, 1612, Kitay-gorod was taken. The Poles signed a surrender agreement. By the end of 1612, Moscow and its surroundings were completely cleared of occupiers.
The battle began at one o'clock in the afternoon and lasted until eight o'clock in the evening.
Only militias took part in it, and Trubetskoy’s Cossacks did not enter the battle, saying, “The rich came from Yaroslavl and alone they can fight off the hetman.” Only cavalry fought, because Hetman Khodkevich had mainly a cavalry army.
To weaken the onslaught of Khodkevich, Pozharsky and other militia commanders ordered their cavalry to fight hand-to-hand, dismounting. Seeing this state of affairs, the leaders of Trubetskoy’s detachments, without his permission, hastened to help the militia. They were also supported by some Cossack atamans with their troops, again without Trubetskoy’s consent, after which Khodkevich was forced to retreat to their original positions on Poklonnaya Hill, and then go to the Donskoy Monastery.
Results of the Troubles:
Desolation and ruin reigned in the country.
Further weakening of the boyars. Some boyar families were destroyed, others became impoverished, and others lost their power and political influence for a long time.
The nobility and the upper classes of the settlement grew stronger and began to play a significant role in state affairs.
The northwestern Russian lands with Novgorod remained in the hands of the Swedes;
Western, Smolensk lands passed to the Poles.
Until this time, in people's minds, the concepts of “sovereign” and “state” were inseparable. In relation to the sovereign, all subjects were considered slaves, servants who lived on the territory of his hereditary property, his “patrimony”. The succession of kings during the Time of Troubles, their election to the throne by the will of the people, expressed in the decisions of the Zemsky Sobor, in congresses elected from cities and all lands, led to the realization that the state and the people can be “above” the sovereign.
All these consequences of the Time of Troubles affected the development of Russia in the 17th century and created the economic, political and moral situation in which the first Romanovs had to act.
January-February 1613 Zemsky Sobor, which raised the question of choosing a new Russian Tsar. Representatives of the clergy, Moscow and city nobility, Cossacks, townspeople and black-growing peasants took part in its work. The number of people gathered in Moscow exceeded 800 people, representing no less than 58 cities.
There was fierce rivalry between various political factions. The candidates for the Russian throne are the Polish prince Vladislav, the son of the Swedish king Karl Philip, the son of False Dmitry II and Marina Mnishek Ivan, nicknamed “Vorenko”, representatives of some of the largest boyar families.
But the main struggle flared up around two candidates: the Swedish prince, who was supported by the so-called “government party” (D. T. Trubetskoy, D. M. Pozharsky, etc.), and 16-year-old Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov, who was supported by the Moscow clergy and Cossacks.
The leaders of the zemstvo cause were deeply convinced that the election of one of the great Moscow boyars as the new sovereign would only lead to a deepening of the crisis - to “an increase in hostility”, to the “ultimate ruin” and death of the state.
21 February 1613 The Zemsky Sobor chose Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov, the 16-year-old great-nephew of Ivan the Terrible’s first wife, Anastasia Romanova. This preserved the principle of inheritance of the Russian throne. On May 2, 1613, Mikhail arrived in Moscow, and on July 11 he was crowned king. Power in the form of an autocratic monarchy was restored. The time of troubles is over.
The new Russian sovereign had to agree to a certain limitation of his rights and privileges. The first tsar from the House of Romanov pledged to follow traditional forms of government, not to introduce new laws without the consent of the Boyar Duma and the Zemsky Sobor, to protect the rights of the Russian Orthodox Church and not to remember “any private enmity.” The powers of the new sovereign in the field of foreign policy were also significantly limited (“to undertake neither war nor peace with neighbors alone and at his own discretion”).
Thus, during the Time of Troubles, when “Power” completely lost any ability to govern the state, it was “Earth” that saved Russia. At the same time, zemstvo self-government and government, restored in the most difficult years of the Troubles, demonstrated great potential.