In a low light with a sash window, a lamp glows in the darkness of the night: The weak light either completely freezes, or showers the walls with trembling light. The new light is neatly tidied up: The window curtain is white in the darkness; The floor is planed smooth; the ceiling is level; The stove collapsed into a corner. Along the walls there are installations with ancient goods, a narrow bench covered with a carpet, a painted hoop with an extendable chair, and a carved bed with a colored canopy. L. May L. May
“The stove fed, watered, treated and consoled, sometimes babies were born on it, and when a person became decrepit, it helped to withstand the brief death throes with dignity and calm down forever. A stove was needed at any age, in any condition, position. It cooled down along with the death of the entire family or home... The warmth that the stove breathed was akin to spiritual warmth.” “The stove fed, watered, treated and consoled, babies were sometimes born on it, and when a person became decrepit, it helped to withstand the short agony of death with dignity.” and calm down forever. A stove was needed at any age, in any condition, position. It cooled down along with the death of the entire family or home... The warmth that the stove breathed was akin to spiritual warmth.”
A) Red corner
B) Blue corner
B) Dining corner
D) Front corner
What would you call this corner in the house? In the front corner of the hut there was a red corner. This is the spiritual center of the house. There was a dining table nearby. In the corner stood icons decorated with an embroidered towel.
Seating the guest in red corner, they said: "Meet
not with flattery, but with honor."
Sleeps in summer
In winter it burns
Mouth opens
What they give, he swallows.
What do you know about the Russian stove?
And how many fairy tales were told to children on the stove!
In which fairy tales is the stove mentioned?
What tool would we not be able to see near the stove?
A) Iron grip
B) Poker
B) Wooden shovel
D) Mop
In almost every hut one could find:
A) Loom
B) Printing press
B) Drilling machine
D) Lathe
A) Polavoshniki
B) Polati
Determine what was called...
The place under the beds was a kind of hallway and was called: A) the hostess’s corner
B) owner's angle
B) angle for punishment
D) corner for children
Chests were made large and small. Chests are a mandatory part of the hut. They stored clothes, canvases and other household utensils.
What did they keep in the chests?
The space from the stove to the front wall was intended for the kitchen - kut. The hostess was in charge here, everything was adapted for cooking. At the window, closer to the light, there was a spinning wheel, and next to it there was a cradle - an unsteady one.
Zybka is a hanging cradle. A cot is an ideal place for a newborn to sleep; it is much smaller, more convenient and cozy than a crib, and it creates a feeling of safety and comfort. Silent and smooth rocking reminds the baby of sensations familiar before birth. This is how children fell asleep for many centuries in a row.
A) Cradle
B) Cradle
D) Crib
The most ancient device for lighting a hut is considered to be a “fireplace” - a small depression, a niche in the very corner of the stove. A burning splinter was placed in the fireplace; a well-dried splinter gave a bright and even light. A splinter was a thin sliver of birch, pine, aspen, oak, ash, and maple. A little later, lighting appeared with a torch inserted into the “Svetets”. And to catch the falling embers, they placed a trough of water under the light. On major holidays, expensive and rare candles were lit in the hut to provide full light.
A) Flashlight
B) Candle
B) Light bulb
D) Svetets
There are embroidered white towels on the walls; the floor is a table, the benches have been scraped; on the beds there are lace frills - valances; The frames of the icons are polished to a shine...
For good owners, everything in the hut was sparkling clean.
Review questions:
- Why do people decorate their homes?
- What can the decor of a peasant hut tell you about?
- Name the elements of the hut
- Which corner was the spiritual center of the house and what events could take place here?
- What role did the stove play in the life of a peasant family?
On long winter evenings they cut bowls and spoons, hammered ladles, wove, embroidered, wove bast shoes, tues, and baskets.
Almost everything in the hut was done by hand.
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Slide captions:
The inner world of a Russian hut Completed by: Okhapkina Nadezhda Nikolaevna, art teacher at MBOU “Secondary School No. 35” Dzerzhinsk, Nizhny Novgorod Region
Russian villages fit surprisingly harmoniously into the surrounding nature. Feeling his home was a part of nature, where everything is subordinated to order, purposefulness and beauty, the peasant felt protected and strong, and therefore free.
The peasant perceived his home as a special world. The house had three vertical tiers, reminiscent of three worlds. The ceiling, attic and roof were likened to the world above, bright, transformed.
The hut was reminiscent of the mastered, earthly, sanctified world in which human life took place.
The basement (underground) reminded of the world of evil, evil spirits. It was considered a great punishment if the prankster was locked underground.
The entire porch was decorated with carved openwork valances. There were steps leading up to the porch. The porch is the “open arms” of the house. It connects him with the street, his neighbors. “To live in neighbors is to be in conversations.” Let's go up to the porch and open the door.
Entering the hut, willy-nilly, everyone must bow to the owners, otherwise you might get a bump on your forehead: the door to the hut is low. And the threshold, on the contrary, is high, so that there is less wind. The threshold was given special significance: it was considered the boundary between the internal and external worlds. They crossed it with prayer and the sign of the cross.
The air in the hut is special, spicy, filled with the aromas of dry herbs and baked dough. Upon entering the hut, you will immediately notice the stove; it occupies almost half of the hut. The whole way of life, the whole life of a peasant, is connected with the stove. It’s not for nothing that they say: “The oven heats and cooks, bakes and fries. She will feed, dry and delight the soul.”
In front of the mouth of the stove there is a well-arranged shelf - a wide thick board on which pots and cast iron pots are placed.
Near the mouth of the oven there are iron grips at attention, which are used to place pots in the oven and remove them.
There was also a wooden tub with water near the stove.
The stove was covered with a wall on the side or a box was attached in the form of a cabinet with doors - a golbets. It was often painted with bright colors and birds and animals were depicted on it.
The corner to the right of the stove was called the woman's kut. The hostess was in charge here, everything was equipped for cooking.
The other corner, to the left of the stove, was called red, that is, beautiful. The red corner was facing southeast. He received the first rays of the sun and, as it were, personified the dawn. Here, on an elegant corner shelf (shrine), icons were placed and a lamp was burning. In the red corner there was a table where the whole family dined. This part of the house was the most honorable. If the owner wanted to show special respect to the guest, he invited him to the front corner.
From the door to the side wall there was a shop - a horse shop, this was the place of the male half. Here, on autumn and winter evenings, men repaired shoes, made crafts, and repaired horse harnesses.
Shelves with utensils were strengthened under the ceiling, and wooden floorings were arranged near the stove - floors, on which people slept. And during get-togethers or weddings, children would climb in there and gaze with curiosity at everything that was happening in the hut.
A significant place in the hut was occupied by a wooden weaving mill - krosno, on which women weaved. Its individual parts were often decorated with round rosettes - signs of the sun, as well as sculptural images of horses.
For a newborn, an elegant cradle was hung from the ceiling. Rocking gently, she lulled the baby to the melodious song of a peasant woman.
When dusk fell, they burned a torch. A forged light was used for this.
Rainbow homespun rugs stretched across the floor. They truly resembled a road running along the ground. In many northern villages, houses with painted interiors have been preserved. Sometimes it seems that the whole world fits into an ancient house: trees and grass, birds and animals, earthly and heavenly, visible and invisible.
The house resembles a ship on which a family sails and escapes on the troubled sea of everyday life, where everyone lives in harmony with each other and in harmony. A simple village hut, but how much wisdom and meaning it has absorbed! The interior of the hut is as high art as anything created by the talented Russian people.
Literature Goryaeva N.A., Ostrovskaya O.V. Decorative and applied arts in human life: A textbook on fine arts for grade 5. 2013.
On the topic: methodological developments, presentations and notes
The inner world of a Russian hut
Development of a lesson for grade 5 on the topic: “The inner world of a Russian hut.” The material is presented in an accessible form for children, allowing for dialogue. Through the lesson, students become familiar with the basic concepts in...
Outline of an art lesson in 5th grade The inner world of a Russian hut
The outline of an art lesson is compiled on the basis of the Program “Decorative and Applied Arts in Human Life”, author B.M. Nemensky. The lesson is compiled in accordance with the new provisions and requirements...
Electronic presentation of the first quarter fine arts lesson. Topic: “The inner world of a Russian hut”
Electronic presentation of the first quarter fine arts lesson. Topic: “The inner world of a Russian hut” ...
Development of a lesson on fine arts for a fine arts teacher at MBOU Secondary School No. 2
Kokorina G.N. Program: B.M. German.
First academic quarter. Lesson #3. Class: 5
Fine arts lesson in 5th grade
Subject : “Home is space. The inner world of a Russian hut"
Lesson type: lesson on the integrated use of knowledge
Lesson objectives: To cultivate love for the Motherland, its traditions and folk culture. Promote the development of creative and cognitive activity. To promote the formation of practical skills in working with a specific material (watercolor, crayons, paper, brushes).
Subject goal:
Understand the specifics of the figurative language of DPI. Use the symbolism of the ancient Slavs, expressive means of ornamental composition. Draw sketches of the interior of a Russian hut. Be able to use graphic materials and expressive means of ornamental compositions (laconicism, generalization, expressiveness of the visual motif; rhythm, symmetry) in creative work.
Meta-subject goal:
UUD
Personal: realize the need for respectful attitude towards the culture of the people, works of decorative and applied art;
Understand the roles of culture and art in human life;
Be able to observe and fantasize when creating figurative forms;
Be able to collaborate with comrades in the process of joint activity, correlate your part of the work with the general plan;
Regulatory:
be able to plan and competently carry out educational activities in accordance with the assigned task,
Find solutions to various artistic and creative problems;
Be able to rationally organize independent creative activities,
Be able to organize a place of study.
Cognitive:
search and select the necessary information; ability to create an artistic image, aesthetic appreciation the meaning of the item and the interior of a peasant home, and student work.
Communicative:
be active in solving cognitive problems
be able to discuss and analyze one’s own artistic activity and the work of classmates from the standpoint of the creative tasks of a given topic, in terms of content and means of expression
Visual and didactic materials:
General class: posters “Stages of interior construction”, “Solar signs”.
Literary series: poems by I. Denisov.
Musical series: folk songs.
Video series: presentation
Teaching Concepts (on the board): decor, design, interior, horseman, red corner.
Forms of training organization: frontal, individual.
Lesson plan:
Organizational moment;
Communication of new material;
Practical work;
Exhibition of works;
Consolidation of new knowledge
Summing up.Presentation
Lesson progress:
Hello guys, I will be glad to talk to you today and expect to be surprised by your drawings.
(Teacher shows the class the first slide)
Since ancient times, man has built his own home. Having walked the path from the cave to the palace, people tried to create a safe space. “HOUSE” why did this space come to be called that way?
(Student reflections)
In fact, these three letters are very symbolic:
D- looks like a structure, structure;
ABOUT– among almost all nations, it is a symbol of amulet;
M- reminds us of a fence, a fence separating us from the outside world.
(demonstration of the second slide)
In the perception of the ancient Slavs, our ancestors, the hut was the personification of the universe. Their worldview was based on the concept of a three-dimensional world, that is, the world was divided into three parts:
Rule (overworld)- the world of the gods, where the gods rode across the sky in chariots drawn by winged horses. The symbol of this world is a bird, which also symbolizes the feminine principle. How affectionately is a woman often called in fairy tales? In which fairy tale is a woman compared to a bird?
(students’ answers: duck, swan; Princess - swan), etc.
Reality (middle world)- the world where you and I live. We came into this world to do good. The World of Reveal is the union of heaven and earth, the birth of the human race. The symbol of the middle world is the horse - it is strength, valor, goodness and courage. It symbolizes the masculine principle, remember in which fairy tales a horse helps a person?
(students’ answers – “The Little Humpbacked Horse”; “Sivka – Burka”)
Nav (lower world)- the dark world of the dead, that light. The symbol of this world is the snake. What negative fairy tale heroes do you know?
(student answers: Serpent Gorynych, Baba Yaga, Koschey the immortal, Viy...)
In fact, ancient legends (Russian Vedas) talk about the prince of darkness who ruled the world of Navi, and he had two children: a beautiful, but treacherous and evil daughter - Yaga Vievna, and a cruel, stately, tall brunette son - Koschey Vievich . Later, in Russian fairy tales, people made them not so beautiful and attractive.
Let's try to determine how the concept of the three-dimensionality of the world was reflected in the architecture of the Russian dwelling - the hut.
(students' reflections)
- Roof of the house- honor the sky. A symbol of the heavenly chariot, that’s why each owner crowned his roof with a ridge (okhlupen). The roof is crowned with a proud horse - okhlupen. He soars like a bird that has carefully covered with its large wings a house - a nest where people live.
Remember what the image of a horse symbolized? (Sun).
Our ancestors were able to capture their observations of the movement of the sun across the sky in the figurative structure of the pediment of the house. The horse and sun signs on the towel symbolize midday sun at zenith, left end of the piers – morning rising, and the right one - evening setting.
Look at the patterned boards - towels, boards laid down. What kind of image did you see? (Circles with diamonds, diamonds and rectangles, small holes, zigzags, protrusions.)
The elegant ornamental rows on the piers are a figurative expression of heavenly water. What else did you see on the pediment?
The pediment and window casings are especially elegant. The surface of the pediment seemed to have grown with fancy herbs and flowering bushes. On the frontal board, which runs along the top of the log house, plant branches spread and fantastic creatures live.
Which? Who's to say? (half-people - half-fish, magical birds, good-natured lions, terrifying maned lion-dogs).
The fabulously outlandish images personified the lower, underground world, which seemed mysterious and enigmatic to man. The roof gable was necessarily decorated with solar signs. The ceiling in the house was painted blue, a symbol of the sky.
Walls in a hut whitewashed with white lime, honoring the world of Reveal. The windows, like the eyes of the hut, were also decorated with amulets, and the window frames were made in the form of a cross, which was protection and symbolized the four cardinal directions and the sun.
Floor- honor to the lower world (Navi) - painted in brown-ocher tones, paying tribute to the mother - the Raw Earth, the mysterious lower world.
(demonstration 3 slides)
The interior of the hut was conventionally divided into two halves: female and male.
But I still believe after the frost,
To the Russian stove, greetings and warmth,
Where more than once under a sheepskin coat,
Heavy as a cloud
Grateful for my human destiny,
Forgetting from all the troubles to come,
I fell asleep happy to the songs on the trumpet.
I. Denisov.
(Whose half is at the stove?)
The Russian stove is a home, a place surrounded by reverence for the entire peasant family: it is a source of existence and well-being. The stove is a clean place; you cannot spit on the stove or burn garbage in it. The guest who entered the hut, first of all, leaned his palms against the stove, thus paying respect to the mistress of the house and asking for favor from the brownie.
By the window there was a bench with a back on one side (Konnik) - this place was considered the male half. On long winter evenings, men did handicrafts here, weaved bast shoes, carved spoons from wood, etc.
The spiritual part of the hut was located in the “red” corner. The most important thing in the hut was the left (red) corner, in which an ICON decorated with towels was placed. The icon was always hung with its front side facing the east, where the sun rises - the embodiment of kindness. Everyone followed this rule: be it a peasant hut, royal chambers or merchant mansions. In case of any misfortune or fire, the icon was the first to be taken out of the hut.
All significant events of family life were noted in the red corner. A table was placed here, at which both everyday meals and festive feasts and rituals took place. During the harvest, the first and last ears of corn were placed in the red corner - this promised well-being in the family, home, and the entire household. Daily prayers were held in the red corner. They tried to keep the red corner always clean and elegantly decorated. The red color in our tradition means, first of all, divine fire - compare the words “red”, “beautiful” and “steal”, i.e. sacrificial fire. Red is sharply ambivalent. In ancient times, it symbolized deity, life, amulet, strength, purification, masculinity, action, health, love, dominion, the sun, on the one hand, and war, anger, hunting, lightning, blood, sacrifice, fire of the underworld, death on the other. It was decorated with embroidered towels, popular prints, and postcards. The most beautiful household utensils were placed on the shelf near the red corner, valuable papers and objects were stored. people cared very much about their souls because they believed in an afterlife.
(demonstration 4 slides)
As if birds were ringing -
How much light and warmth...
Grandma will lay down a rainbow
From threshold to table.
All doubts are garbage:
Even a hut on the ground,
But guests are walking across the sky
Directly towards the sun on the table.
Everyone wipes their feet
And passes without breathing
Where the rainbow plays
Like a grandmother's soul.
Long rugs in a hut were called rainbows. It was customary for the Russian people to cover everything up, to hide it from prying eyes. Therefore, the house had a huge number of homemade curtains, tablecloths, and towels decorated with embroidery. In mythology, the rainbow symbolizes the connection between the natural and supernatural worlds, the bridge between heaven and earth. The rainbow is a symbol of fertility, life itself (the rainbow sent to Noah after the flood), its many colors. Such multicolor is inherent in paradise,
the ideal image of nature, a woman’s festive wedding clothing
in traditional cultures.
(demonstration of slide 5)
Every hut has a hook on the ceiling, who knows what it is for?
(students' reflections)
The cradle was hung on this hook, where the baby was rocked.
(demonstration of slide 6)
The cradle was also necessarily decorated with patterns of amulets.
-We learned so many interesting things today, and I suggest you draw the interior of a Russian hut.
Where do we start?
(students' reflections)
Choosing a compositional solution.
Detailed drawing of objects.
Underpainting.
Color rendering of details.
-Requirements for independent work of students:
Aesthetics of work.
The drawing conveys the features of the way of life of Russian peasants.
Completeness of the composition in color.
4. Individual work with students.
5 . Exhibition of works(self-assessment).
SUMMARY OF THE LESSON.
What is the wisdom of arranging the living environment of a Russian hut?
What new terms did you learn in class today?
D/Z - Select illustrations for fairy tales depicting the interior decoration of a hut.
Send
Cool
Stammer
Objectives: to introduce the basic concepts of the interior decoration of a Russian hut, to develop the creative skills of students.
Materials: illustrations with images of objects of folk life, the inner world of the hut; paints, paper, brushes.
1. Organizational moment
(Greeting, checking students’ readiness for the lesson.)
2. Teacher's conversation
Today we will talk about the interior decoration of a Russian hut.
How much interesting and wise things the Russian hut has “absorbed”! The inner world of a Russian house was special and unique. The household items that filled it played a certain role in people's lives.
The hut in Rus' began with a porch, which “invited” guests to enter the house. Every house had to have a shop. The benches and benches were different from each other. The bench was most often located along the wall and stood motionless. The bench had legs and could be easily moved. If the owner of the house seated a guest on a bench, this was regarded as a sign of respect from the family. This way the guest could judge the host’s attitude towards him.
The most important place in the hut was the stove. The Russian stove is an integral national affiliation of our people. And the path of development it has gone through is as long as the hut.
Ancient people, of course, cooked food and warmed themselves near fires. But later, when the first huts appeared, the stove was invented. It heated the house well, retained heat for a long time and was much less fire hazardous than a fire.
The very first type of stove was the heater stove. It was low, rectangular in shape, measuring 1 × 1 m. The lower part of the walls was laid out from large flat stones, while small stones were used for the upper part.
Ovens were built mainly from stone or clay. Sometimes these two materials were combined. The stoves had a variety of shapes - they were round or rectangular - it depended only on the area in which people lived and according to what traditions they arranged their homes. Of course, firewood was prepared for the stove. This usually happened in winter. It was believed that such firewood rots less and burns better in the stove.
Before the firewood was used, it was aged for a year to allow it to dry better.
The process of cooking in an oven is no less interesting. The height of the mouth of the stove was no more than 25 cm, this was only enough to put a log there. It was impossible to fit a pot of food for a family there. And if the vessel with food was placed on top of the stove, the temperature would not be enough to heat it up. Bread was baked in different ovens - with wider mouths. But how then did they solve the problem with other food? Where did she prepare? A special round hole with a diameter of 20 cm was made in the oven. This hole was covered with something while the oven was being flooded. This “something” was the pots of food. Food was cooked in them as if on a stove. But it is still worth noting that the stove was only the second most important place in the house - after the red, God's corner.
The red corner was otherwise called the big, holy or God's corner in the house. It was located, as a rule, diagonally to the stove. Sometimes he was right at the entrance, not far from the door. The red corner served, first of all, as a spiritual place in the hut; the most noble and dear guests were seated there. There was a “red” shop in it. The increased meaning of the red angle is often associated with Christianity. In paganism, the center of the house was the stove. It turns out that the red corner and the stove are Christian and pagan centers that are in a struggle with each other, personifying light and darkness.
There was little furniture in the peasant house. These were mainly tables, benches, chests, and various shelves. The main piece of furniture was the dining table, which always stood in the red corner. Around it along the walls were benches, on which people not only sat, but also slept.
The wealth of a family was measured by the number of chests in the house in which all the clothes were stored. The chests, of course, also contained the girl’s dowry.
The decoration of the peasant hut was unusually harmonious. The interior of the hut is as beautiful a creation as anything the peasant created.
3. Creative task
So, now we know what the home of our ancestors was like. And today we have to depict the inner world of a Russian hut.
Draw any part of the house or household item (stove, loom, red corner, etc.).
But first you should outline clear boundaries of the floor, walls, ceiling, and only then begin to depict individual objects. You can also include human figures in your drawing, depicting the process of drinking tea, or Russian girls busy working on embroidery.
Feel free to use your imagination using paints of different colors. This work will help you plunge into the mysterious world of our ancestors.
4. Summing up the lesson
(Students demonstrate their work.)
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