To narrow down the search results, you can refine your query by specifying the fields to search for. The list of fields is presented above. For example:
You can search in several fields at the same time:
Logical operators
The default operator is AND.
Operator AND means that the document must match all elements in the group:
research development
Operator OR means that the document must match one of the values in the group:
study OR development
Operator NOT excludes documents containing this element:
study NOT development
Search type
When writing a query, you can specify the method in which the phrase will be searched. Four methods are supported: search taking into account morphology, without morphology, prefix search, phrase search.
By default, the search is performed taking into account morphology.
To search without morphology, just put a “dollar” sign in front of the words in the phrase:
$ study $ development
To search for a prefix, you need to put an asterisk after the query:
study *
To search for a phrase, you need to enclose the query in double quotes:
" research and development "
Search by synonyms
To include synonyms of a word in the search results, you need to put a hash " #
" before a word or before an expression in parentheses.
When applied to one word, up to three synonyms will be found for it.
When applied to a parenthetical expression, a synonym will be added to each word if one was found.
Not compatible with morphology-free search, prefix search, or phrase search.
# study
Grouping
In order to group search phrases you need to use brackets. This allows you to control the Boolean logic of the request.
For example, you need to make a request: find documents whose author is Ivanov or Petrov, and the title contains the words research or development:
Approximate word search
For an approximate search you need to put a tilde " ~ " at the end of a word from a phrase. For example:
bromine ~
When searching, words such as "bromine", "rum", "industrial", etc. will be found.
You can additionally specify the maximum number of possible edits: 0, 1 or 2. For example:
bromine ~1
By default, 2 edits are allowed.
Proximity criterion
To search by proximity criterion, you need to put a tilde " ~ " at the end of the phrase. For example, to find documents with the words research and development within 2 words, use the following query:
" research development "~2
Relevance of expressions
To change the relevance of individual expressions in the search, use the " sign ^
" at the end of the expression, followed by the level of relevance of this expression in relation to the others.
The higher the level, the more relevant the expression is.
For example, in this expression, the word “research” is four times more relevant than the word “development”:
study ^4 development
By default, the level is 1. Valid values are a positive real number.
Search within an interval
To indicate the interval in which the value of a field should be located, you should indicate the boundary values in parentheses, separated by the operator TO.
Lexicographic sorting will be performed.
Such a query will return results with an author starting from Ivanov and ending with Petrov, but Ivanov and Petrov will not be included in the result.
To include a value in a range, use square brackets. To exclude a value, use curly braces.
GOST 7.1-2003
Book by one author:
Abeleva, I. Yu. Speech about speech. Human communication system [Text] / I. Yu. Abeleva. – M.: Logos, 2004. – 304 p.
Azhezh, K. The speaking man: the contribution of linguistics to the humanities [Text] / K. Azhezh / trans. from fr. – ed. 2nd, stereotypical. – M.: Editorial URSS, 2006. – 304 p.
Alefirenko, N. F. Controversial problems of semantics: monograph [Text] / N. F. Alefirenko. – Volgograd: Peremena, 1999. – 274 p.
Andreeva, G. M. Social psychology: a textbook for higher educational institutions [Text] / G. M. Andreeva. – 5th ed., rev. and additional – M.: Aspect Press, 2006. – 363 p.
Apresyan, Yu. D. Selected works [Text] / A. D. Apresyan. – M.: School “Languages of Russian Culture”, 1995. – a. – T I. Lexical semantics. – 472 p.
Apresyan, Yu. D. Selected works [Text] / A. D. Apresyan. – M.: School “Languages of Russian Culture”, 1995. – b. – T II. Integral description of language and system lexicography. – 767 p.
Arutyunova, N. D. Discourse [Text] / N. D. Arutyunova // Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary / ch. ed. V.N. Yartseva. – M.: Sov. encyclopedia, 1990. – P. 136 – 137.
Bell, R. T. Sociolinguistics. Goals, methods, problems [Text] / R. T. Bell / trans. from English – M.: International relations, 1980. – 318 p.
Belyanin, V.P. Psycholinguistics: textbook [Text] / V.P. Belyanin. – 3rd ed., rev. – M.: Flinta: Moskovsky, 2005. – 232 p.
Berger, P. Social construction of reality: a treatise on the sociology of knowledge [Text] / P. Berger, T. Lukman. – M.: Mosk. Philosopher fund, 1995. – 322 p.
Bulygina T.V. Linguistic conceptualization of the world (based on Russian grammar) [Text] / T.V. Bulygina, A.D. Shmelev. – M.: School “Languages of Russian Culture”, 1997. – 576 p.
Vasilik, M. A. Fundamentals of the theory of communication: textbook [Text] / M. A. Vasilik, M. S. Vershinin, V. A. Pavlov [etc.] / ed. prof. M. A. Vasilika. – M.: Gardariki, 2006. – 615 p.
Goikhman, O. Ya. Speech communication: textbook [Text] / O. Ya. Goikhman, T. M. Nadeina. – 2nd ed., revised. and additional – M.: INFRA-M, 2006. – 272 p.
Antonova, N. A. Strategies and tactics of pedagogical discourse [Text] / N. A. Antonova // Problems of speech communication: interuniversity. Sat. scientific tr. / ed. M. A. Kormilitsyna, O. B. Sirotinina. – Saratov: Publishing house Sarat. University, 2007. – Issue. 7. – P. 230 – 236.
Barth, R. Text linguistics [Text] / R. Barth // New in foreign linguistics. – M.: Progress, 1978. – Issue. VIII: Text linguistics. – pp. 442 – 449.
Bogdanov, V.V. Speech communication [Text] / V.V. Bogdanov // Language and culture: collection. reviews / USSR Academy of Sciences INION; redol. : F. M. Berezin, V. G. Sadurov. – M.: INION AN SSSR, 1987. – 208 p.
Vezhbitskaya, A. Language. Culture. Cognition [Text] / A. Vezhbitskaya / trans. from English M. A. Krongauz, intro. Art. E. V. Paducheva. – M.: Russian dictionaries, 1996. – 416 p.
Sirotinina, O. B. Structural and functional changes in the modern Russian literary language: the problem of the relationship between language and its real functioning [Text] / O. B. Sirotinina // Russian literature in the context of modern integration processes: materials of the Second International. scientific conf. – Volgograd: VolSU Publishing House, 2007. – a. – T. 1. – P. 14 – 19.
Turkina, O. Golem of consciousness 3. Changing the stage of a performance: from theater to virtual reality [Text] / O. Turkina, V. Mazin // Metaphysical Research. – St. Petersburg. : St. Petersburg State University Publishing House, 1997. – Issue. 4: Culture. – P. 122 – 143.
Karasik, V. I. Linguocultural type: to the definition of the concept [Text] / V. I. Karasik, O. A. Dmitrieva // Axiological linguistics: linguocultural types: collection. scientific tr. / ed. V.I. Karasik. – Volgograd: Paradigma, 2005. – P. 5 – 25.
Braslavsky, P. I. Internet as a means of inculturation and acculturation [Text] / P. I. Braslavsky, S. Yu. Danilov // Mutual understanding in the dialogue of cultures: conditions for success: monograph: in 2 hours / edited by. ed. L. I. Grishaeva, M. K. Popova. – Voronezh: Voronezh State. University, 2004. – Part 1. – P. 215 – 228.
Ushakova, G. D. Features of virtual communication through chats [Text] / G. D. Ushakova, Yu. V. Balabanova // Philological journal: interuniversity collection of scientific articles. – Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk: SakhSU Publishing House, 2004. – Issue. XII. – P. 59 – 61.
Voyskunsky, A. E. Metaphors of the Internet [Text] / A. E. Voyskunsky // Questions of Philosophy. – 2001. – No. 11. – P. 64 – 79.
Glagolev, N.V. Isolation of semantic elements of communicative strategy in the text [Text] / N.V. Glagolev // Philological Sciences. – 1985. – No. 2. – P. 55 – 62.
Vorozhtsova, O. A. Precedent names in the Russian and American press [Text] / O. A. Vorozhtsova, A. B. Zaitseva // News of the Ural State University. – 2006. – No. 45. – P. 222 – 229.
Asmus, N. G. Linguistic features of virtual communicative space: abstract. dis. ...cand. Philol. Sciences: 02.10.19 [Text] / Asmus Nina Gennadevna. – Chelyabinsk: Chelyabinsk State. univ., 2005. – 23 p.
Bakumova, E. V. Role structure of political discourse: abstract. dis. ...cand. Philol. Sciences: 02.10.19 [Text] / Bakumova Elena Vladimirovna. – Volgograd: Volgograd State. ped. univ., 2002. – 20 p.
Galichkina, E. N. Specifics of computer discourse in English and Russian (based on the genre of computer conferences): abstract. dis. ...cand. Philol. Sciences: 10.02.20 [Text] / Galichkina Elena Nikolaevna. – Volgograd: Volgograd State. ped. univ., 2001. – 19 p.
Thesis:
Reinhardt, N.V. Transformation of human identity in the information and computer world: dis. ...cand. Philosopher Sciences: 09.00.13. [Text] / Reinhardt Natalya Viktorovna. – Kursk, 2006. – 136 p.
Utkina, T. I. Metaphor in popular scientific medical discourse: semiotic, cognitive-communicative, pragmatic aspects: dis. ...cand. Philol. Sciences: 02.10.19 [Text] / Utkina Tatyana Igorevna. – Perm, 2006. – 210 p.
Shkolovaya, M.S. Linguistic and semiotic aspects of identity construction in electronic communication: dis. ...cand. Philol. Sciences: 02.10.19 [Text] / Shkolovaya Marianna Sergeevna. – Tver, 2005. – 174 p.
Internet sources:
Bakhtin, M.M. Bakhtin M. M. The work of Francois Rabelais and folk culture of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance [Electronic resource] / M. M. Bakhtin. – 2nd ed. – M.: Khudozh. lit., 1990. – 543 p. // Access mode: http://www.philosophy.ru/library/bahtin/rable.html#_ftn1
Bergelson, M. B. Language aspects of virtual communication [Electronic resource] / M. B. Bergelson // Bulletin of Moscow University. – 2002. – No. 1. – Ser. 19. Linguistics and intercultural communication. – P. 55 – 67 // Access mode: http://www.ffl.msu.ru/staff/mbergelson/14.doc, free. - Cap. from the screen.
Borges, H. L. A terrible dream [Electronic resource] / H. L. Borges // Letters of God: collection. – M.: Republic, 1992. – 510 p. // Access mode: http://literature.gothic.ru/articles/nightmare.htm, free. - Cap. from the screen.
b) in the online publication:
Belous, N. A. Pragmatic implementation of communicative strategies in conflict discourse [Electronic resource] / N. A. Belous // World of linguistics and communication: electronic scientific journal. – 2006. – No. 4 // Access mode: http:// www. tverlingua. by. ru/ archive/005/5_3_1. htm, free. - Cap. from the screen.
Galkin, D.V. Binary language and virtual discourse: towards the philosophy of digital culture [Electronic resource] / D.V. Galkin // Humanitarian informatics: an open interdisciplinary electronic journal. – 2005. – Issue. 2. // Access mode: http://huminf.tsu.ru/e-jurnal/magazine/2/galkin.htm, free. - Cap. from the screen.
Gorny, E. About guest books [Electronic resource] / E. Gorny // Network literature. Seterature theory. – 2000. – 11.02 // Access mode: http://www.netslova.ru/gorny/eg_gb.html, free. - Cap. from the screen.
c) in a foreign language:
Slembrouk, S. What is Meant by “Discourse analysis”? / S. Slembrouk // Gent Universiteit. English Department. – 1998 // Access: http://bank.rug.ac.be/da/da.htm, free. – Title from screen.
Schmückle, B. Spam: Linguistische Untersuchung einer Neuen Werbeform / B. Schmückle, T. Chi. // Networx. – 2004. – No. 39 // Zugang: http://www.mediensprache.net/de/networx/networx-39.pdf, kostenlos. – Bildschirmtitel.
VIDEO EDITIONS
From Dusk to Dawn [Video recording] / dir. Robert Rodriguez; starring: K. Tarantino, H. Keitel, J. Clooney; Paramount Films. – M.: Premier video film, 2002. – 1st century. – The film was released in 1999.
AUDIO EDITIONS
Gladkov, G. A. How the lion cub and the turtle sang a song and other tales about Africa [Sound recording] / Gennady Gladkov; Spanish: G. Vitsin, V. Livanov, O. Anofriev [and others]. – M.: Extrafon, 2002. – 1 micron.
Links in the text:(Karasik 2002: 35)
UNDER THE GENERAL EDITION OF V. M. KOZHEVNIKOV and P. A. NIKOLAEV
EDITORIAL BOARD
L. G. ANDREEV, N. I. BALASHOV, A. G. BOCHAROV, M. L. GASPAROV, C. G. GUSEINOV, 3. S. KEDRINA, M. B. KOZMIN, V. I. KULESHOV, D. S. LIKHACHEV, D. F. MARKOV, A. A. MIKHAILOV, S. V. NIKOLSKY, M. N. PARKHOMENKO, V. F. PIMENOV, A. G. SOKOLOV, M. N. KHITROV
“SOVIET ENCYCLOPEDIA” 1987
Literary encyclopedic dictionary/Under general. ed. V. M. Kozhevnikova, P. A. Nikolaeva. Editorial team: L. G. Andreev, N. I. Balashov, A. G. Bocharov and others - M.: Sov. encyclopedia, 1987.-752 p.
The Literary Encyclopedic Dictionary is the first one-volume reference book of our days. In the main part of the book, numbering approx. 1,700 articles, including articles on literary theory, poetics, reviews and references about the literatures of individual countries and peoples of the world, materials on creative methods, literary trends, movements, schools, the most significant phenomena of Russian literary periodicals, publishing houses. The second part of the book includes about 8,000 bio-bibliographic reference articles about writers
Comment. In some places, especially in the case of capital letters, the dictionary is marked with emphasis. Due to the absence of I with emphasis, Y appears instead of and.
00.htm - glava01
FROM THE EDITOR
“Literary Encyclopedic Dictionary” (LES) is designed for a wide range of readers interested in both literature itself and the basics of scientific knowledge about it. It includes articles on the terms and concepts of the theory of literature and poetics, on the history and modern development of national literatures, and biobibliographic information about writers.
The first part of the LES, its main body, consists of articles and references presenting the terms and concepts used by modern literary studies, folkloristics, and literary criticism. It also includes articles and references of a historical and literary nature - about national literatures, about the most important literary and folklore monuments, about directions, movements, schools in literature and literary criticism, about literary and social movements and associations, about Russian and Soviet literary magazines, etc. .d.
The second part of the LES is a reference section, which simultaneously plays the role of an Index to the first part of the book. The articles in this section are brief bio-bibliographical information about writers. by using the references available at the end of each such reference, the reader will significantly supplement the information contained in them: in the articles of the main corpus he will find information about the writer’s place in the history of literature, his participation in the literary process of his time, belonging to one or another movement, direction, school , about his appearances in periodicals, etc. On the other hand, getting acquainted with the review article of the first part of the LES, the reader has the opportunity to find in the second part of the book information about the works of a particular writer, about editions of his works, about major works dedicated to him and etc. In the two-part structure of the Dictionary, the compilers sought to make maximum use of the principle of complementarity and interconnectedness of information. For example, if the bibliographic section (Index) contains lists of the writer’s main works with their dating, then in historical and literary reviews and reference articles of the main corpus the in-text bibliography is reduced to a minimum: only individual works that played a significant role in development of a given national literature, in the formation and evolution of a genre, literary movement, school, etc.
One of the features of the Dictionary, which largely determined the principles of selection and presentation of material, is the predominant attention to the modern meaning and use of terms and concepts with relatively less attention to their
history; LES also includes a number of terms that have come into scientific use in relatively recent times. A large place in the Dictionary is occupied by materials on Russian literature and the literatures of the peoples of the USSR, including those missing from previous Soviet encyclopedic publications: for example, an article on multinational Soviet literature provides an extensive chronicle of literary life after 1917.
Factual information was brought to the LES, mainly before 1984.
A wide range of specialists in the theory and history of literature, Marxist-Leninist aesthetics, as well as linguists and historians were involved in the work on the “Literary Encyclopedic Dictionary”. After the death of the editor-in-chief of the Dictionary, the famous Soviet writer Vadim Mikhailovich Kozhevnikov, the general editorship of the book was taken over by a member of the LES Editorial Board, corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Pyotr Alekseevich Nikolaev.
The editors express deep gratitude to everyone who took a close part in the creation of the Dictionary, in reviewing and advising its materials - employees of academic institutes, university departments, consultants of the Union of Writers of the USSR.
All material, both in the main body of the LES and in the bibliographic section, is located in an alphabetical sequence of articles - the so-called. “black words” (the difference between “e^ and “e” does not affect the location of the term in the Dictionary).
If a term consists of more than one word, then the initial one, as a rule, is the word that carries the main semantic load: Artistic idea, “Spontaneous generation of plots” theory, etc. When the title of an article is used repeatedly in the text, it is indicated by the first letters of its constituent words (for example: Soviet literature - S. l.. Pamphlet - P.). The names of Soviet magazines and newspapers published in national languages are given in Russian transcription. --
The Dictionary uses the basic abbreviations for spelling words and bibliographic descriptions accepted in encyclopedic publications (the corresponding lists of abbreviations are given at the beginning of the volume).
References to the works of K. Marx and F. Engels are given according to the 2nd edition: vol. 1-50, M., 1955-81. References to the works of V.I. Lenin are given according to the Complete Works, 5th edition, vol. 1-55, M., 1958-65. In the bibliography of articles, the sign · means works, the sign · means literature.
LIST OF BASIC ABBREVIATIONS
Abkh. - Abkhazian Aug. - August Austrian - Austrian Australian - Australian adj. - Adjarian adm. - administrative Adyghe - Adyghe Azerbaijani - Azerbaijani academician - academician Alo. - Albanian Alzh. - Algerian Alt. - Altai Amer. - American Academy of Sciences - Academy of Sciences English - English Angol. - Angolan Antique - Antique AO - Autonomous Region Adr. - April Aram. - Aramaic Argentine - Argentine
ΑΡΕ - Arab Republic of Egypt
armenian - armenian
Assyrian - Assyrian
afg.- afghan
african - african
B.- Big
b.- former
b. h. - mostly
balt.- baltic
Bashk - Bashkir
white - Belgian
Beng - Bengali
bibliography
biogr.- biographical
Burmese - Burmese
b-ka - library
BKP - Bulgarian Communist Party
Bl. East - Middle East
Bulgarian - Bulgarian
Bolivian - Bolivian
br. - brothers (with surname)
brazilian - brazilian
Brett - Breton
British - British
literal-literal
bourgeois - bourgeois
East - east
century, century-issue, century, century
basically - basically
including - including
Hungarian - Hungarian
Venezuelan - Venezuelan
Byzantine - Byzantine
incl. - inclusive
Hungary - Hungarian People's Republic
VOAPP - All-Union Association of Proletarian Writers' Associations
military - military
vol.- parish
east - east
eastern european - eastern european
VS - Supreme Council
HSWP - Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party
gas - newspaper
GAKhN - State Academy of Artistic Sciences of Guatemala - Guatemalan Guinea - Guinea - years
GDR - German Democratic Republic
german - german gl - main
Ch. arr. - mainly Dutch - Dutch city - urban state - state state - state
civil - civil, civil cargo - Georgian province - Guj province - Gujarat dag - Dagestan Dec - December
dep. - department, deputy village - village
Dominican - Dominican Ancient - Ancient
other, other, ancient... ^ Heb. - Jewish European - European Egypt - Egyptian unit. h. - singular monthly - monthly weekly - weekly magazine - magazine (with name) W.-it· west
head - manager deputy - deputy deputy - western, notes
foreign - foreign
etc. - and the like
Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences - Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences
Izv.-Izvestia
favorites - favorites
ed. - publications, publish, be published, published, etc.
publishing house - publishing house
Israeli - Israeli
PCI - Italian Communist Party
named after
IMLI - Institute of World Literature named after. M. Gorky
imp. - imperial
Indian - Indian
indonesian - indonesian
foreign - foreign
int - institute
Irish - Irish
IRLI - Institute of Russian Literature (Pushkin House)
art - art
isl.-Icelandic
yen - spanish
ist., historical-historical
italian - italian
Kabardian - Kabardian
DPRK - Democratic People's Republic of Korea
PRC - People's Republic of China
Korean - Korean
Costa Rican - Costa Rican
CCP - Chinese Communist Party
CPSU - Communist Party of the Soviet Union
CPC - Communist Party of Czechoslovakia
CPYU - Communist Party of Yugoslavia
cross - peasant
to-ry - which
committee - committee
cult.-educational-cultural-educational
lat.- latin
Latin-American - Latin American
Latvian - Latvian
LSPI - Leningrad State Pedagogical Institute
Leningrad State University - Leningrad State University
Flax. Ave. - Lenin Prize
Leningr. - Leningradsky
LEF - Left Front of Art
Liberian - Liberian
linguistic - linguistic
lit. - literature, literary
literary studies - literary studies
lit-ra - literature
m.- place
m.b.- maybe
Macedonian - Macedonian
March - Mari
Moroccan - Moroccan
MGPI - Moscow City Pedagogical Institute. Moscow State Pedagogical Institute
MSU - Moscow State University
med. - medical
international - international
mex.- Mexican
min. - minister, minute
min-in - ministry
mythological - mythological
MIFLI - Moscow Institute of Philosophy, Literature, History
million - million
plural - many
MPR - Mongolian People's Republic
Moldovan - Moldavian
Mongolian - Mongolian
Mord. - Mordovian
MOSCOW - MOSCOW
music - musical
Muslim - Muslim
n. Art. - new style
n. BC - Common Era
name - name
most - most, greatest
eg - for example
vernacular - folk
present - present
scientific - scientific
national - national
beginning - beginning Negro - Negro unknown - unknown some - some German - German Nepal - Nepalese several - several Dutch - Dutch New Zealand - New Zealand Norse - Norwegian
ΗΡΑ - People's Republic of Albania NRB - People's Republic of Bulgaria society - society region - regional, region about, islands - island, islands of the same name - same name ok. - about okr. - okrug okt. - oktober
Oct. revolution - October Revolution UN - United Nations publ. - published, published, published
org-tion - organization Ossetian - Ossetian
main - founded, founded, main department - separate official - official Pakistani - Pakistani Paraguayan - Paraguayan party - party partisan - partisan pedagogical - pedagogical Punjab - Punjabi paragraph, translation - original translation - original renamed - renamed Persian - Persian St. Petersburg - St. Petersburg Petrogr. - Petrograd PPR - Polish People's Republic of the Peninsula - peninsula Pol. - half Polynesian - Polynesian political - political poly. - full PUWP - Polish United Workers
portuguese - Portuguese village - village pope - dedicated post - staging, decree etc. - other, award orthodox - orthodox government - government pred. - chairman pref. - preface preim, - mostly approx. - approx. .- note province.- province of Provence.- Provençal progress.- progressive production.- work proletarian.- proletarian enlightenment.- educational prof.- professor pseudonym.- pseudonym psychol.- psychological PSS - Complete works of Puerto Rico.- puerto -Rican born, born - colloquial - colloquial section - various section - various RAPP - Russian Association
proletarian writers
ed. - editor, editorial office, editorial religious - religious republic - republican republic - review district - region russian, - russian romanian - romanian north - north
village - village, Salvadoran page - Salvadoran Sanskrit - Sanskrit collection, collections - collection, collections from above, holy Social Democratic - social democratic north-northern village - rural, village of Saint , - September Serb. - Serbian Sib. - Siberian Sindhi. - Sindhi Scand. - Scandinavian SKY - Union of Communists of Yugoslavia Slav. - Slavic
next - next
Slovak - Slovak
see - look
collection - meeting
Soviet - Soviet
Sov. Min.-Council of Ministers
jointly - jointly
Sovnarkom - Council of People's Commissars
modern - modern
abbr. - abbreviated
op. composition
SP - Writers' Union
specialist. special
Wed - compare
SRV "" Socialist Republic of Viet
us SRR - Socialist Republic of Ru
USA - United States of America middle-Asian - Central Asian middle-century - medieval station - station, article verse. poem of poems, - poetic SFRY -*- Socialist Federal
Republic of Yugoslavia i.e. - that is t.z. - point of view t.k. - since t.i. - so-called t.o. - thus Taj, - Tajik Tamil.
Tat Tatar
t-partnership
theater - theatrical
territorial - territorial, territory
notebook - notebook
tr. - labor, works
Tuvan - Tuvan
tur.-"Turkish
Turkmen - Turkmen
thousand - thousand, millennium
Turkic - Turkic
Udm.-- Udmurt
Uzbek - Uzbek
Ukrainian - Ukrainian
univ - university
nee - born
Uruguayan - Uruguayan
obsolete - obsolete
scientist - scientist, scientists
school - school
surname - surname
Sui.- fascist time.- February one.~ feudal philol.- philological
$ilos.- philosophical inic.- Phoenician inl.- Finnish
PCF - French Communist Party Flemish - Flemish
French French
Germany - Federal Republic of Germany
faculty - faculty
household - economic
Croatian - Croatian
christian - Christian
artistic - artistic
center -- central
church - church
Central Committee - Central Committee
Erk. - Circassian
Montenegrin - Montenegrin
ech.- Chechen
ill. Chilean
l.corr. - Corresponding Member of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic - Czechoslovak Socialist
Republic of Switzerland - Swiss Scotland - Scottish copy - Est copy - Estonian South-South
southeast - southeast southwest - southwest Yugoslavia - Yugoslav south - south UNESCO - UN Commission on
education, science and culture language - Jan. - January
In adjectives and participles, it is allowed to cut off endings (including suffixes): “skiy”, “enny”, “ionic”, “cozy”, “eskiy”<альный”, “ельный”, и др. напр.: “письм.”. “революц.”, “господств.”, “критич.”, “значит.”
00.htm - glava03
ABBREVIATIONS IN BIBLIOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTIONS
Edition, published ed., йd., Aufl., Ausg. hrsg., wyd., vyd., uppi
Tom t., v., t.. Bd., bd., sv., di
Part h., pt., ΤΙ, cz. ρ tr
Notebook notebook
Section section, Abt
Chapter chapter, eh., cap., Kap., kap. .
Page s., r., S-, s
Issue - issue, fasc
Editor, editorial office, ed., red., red-, dir. Hrsg.
Without indicating the year of publication - b. g., s. A.
Without indicating the place of publication - b. m., s. l.
BVL - Library of World Literature
“V*DI”—“Herald of Ancient History”
<ВЛ”-“Вопросы литерач^уры”
<ВЯ” “Вопросы языкознания”
“Doc. USSR Academy of Sciences” -<Доклады Академии наук СССР”
<ЖМНП”-“Журнал Министерства народного просвещения”
“Izv. ORYAS AN” - “Izvestia of the Department of Russian Language and Speech”
of the Imperial Academy of Sciences"
<Изв. АН СССР ОЛЯ>-“Izvestia of the Academy of Sciences” USSR Department
knowledge of literature and language”
<ИЛ”, “Ин. лит-ра”-“Иностранная литература”
"LG"<Лит. газета”-“Литературная газета”
LN - Literary heritage
<ЛО”-“Литературное обозрение”
“New. world"-<Новый мир”
PLDR - Monuments of Ancient Literature / Rus', [vol. 1-7], M., 1978-1985.
“Owl. Kyrgyzstan” - “Soviet Kyrgyzstan”
“TODRL”,<Тр. ОДРЛ”-“Труды Отдела древнерусской литературы
Institute of Russian Literature of the USSR Academy of Sciences”
PG - Patrologiae cursus completus, series Graeca, ed. J. P. Migne.
t. 1-166, P.. 1857-66
PL - Patrologiae cursus completus, series Latina, ed. J. P. Migne, t. 1-221, P, 1844-64
Note. In the titles of works in Russian, all abbreviations accepted in LES are used
00.htm - glava04
ABBREVIATIONS OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES
A A Alma Ata
aiu.. Ashkh Ashgabat
G Gorky
Shower Dushanbe
Yer Yerevan
Kaz Kazan
Kish Chisinau
L. Leningrad
Novosib. Novosibirsk
O., Od. - Odessa
P. - Petrograd, St. Petersburg
Rostov-n/D. - Rostov-on-Don
Sverdl.- Sverdlovsk
SPB - St. Petersburg \
Tal Tallinn
Tash Tashkent
Tb. Tbilisi.
scientific-industrial reference book
b/w illustration, examples of alphabets and written characters (tables)
Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary (LES) - a one-volume encyclopedic dictionary published in 1990 by the publishing house "Soviet Encyclopedia". It was called upon to “give a systematized body of knowledge about human language, the languages of the world, and linguistics as a science.” The team of authors of the dictionary included more than 300 scientists.
Characteristics of the dictionary
The dictionary contains articles about units of language, their relationships, language laws, the functioning of language in society, philosophical problems of linguistics, theories of the origin of language, sections, methods and schools in linguistics, languages and groups of languages, and scripts. On the contrary, the LES does not contain independent articles about linguists: the names of linguists who made a significant contribution to the consideration of certain issues are named in the relevant articles; There is also a name index of researchers mentioned in the texts of articles, supplied with some additional information. The dictionary entry ends with a bibliography.
When creating the dictionary, the editorial board was guided by the principle of consolidating articles, which is due to the desire to “avoid dispersion of the material.”
Review
Editorial board
Editions
The first edition of the dictionary was published in 1990 (circulation 150,000 copies; ISBN 5-85270-031-2). In 1998, a reprint of the first edition was published under the title “Linguistics. Big encyclopedic dictionary" (ISBN 5-85270-307-9).
The second edition of the dictionary was published by the Great Russian Encyclopedia publishing house in 2002 (circulation 3000 copies; ISBN 5-85270-239-0). The second edition contains an appendix that includes articles that for various reasons were not included in the first, an additional bibliography for articles in the main corpus, and a list of errata.
See also
- List of dictionary entries
Notes
Links
Categories:
- Books in alphabetical order
- Dictionaries
- Russian encyclopedias
- Encyclopedias of the USSR
- Linguistic works
- Books from the publishing house "Soviet Encyclopedia"
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See what the “Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary” is in other dictionaries:
A dictionary that provides information about objects, persons, phenomena, concepts denoted by certain words. cf.: linguistic dictionary...
1) vocabulary, the vocabulary of a language, a dialect of a social group, an individual writer, etc. 2) A reference book containing a collection of words (or morphemes, phrases, idioms, etc.), arranged according to a certain principle, and giving … … Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
I; m. 1. A book containing a list of words arranged in a certain order (usually alphabetically), with interpretations or translation into another language. Compose with. Cook with. for publication. Buy from. Use a dictionary. Read with a dictionary.... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary
1) The same as vocabulary in the 1st meaning. 2) The same as vocabulary in the 5th meaning. 3) A collection of words arranged in alphabetical order, with explanations, interpretations or translation into another language. Academic dictionary. Dictionary normative. Dictionary… … Dictionary of linguistic terms
encyclopedic- (other Greek: ένκυκλιός παιδευτικός comprehensively educated). 1) Relating to an encyclopedia; 2) covering all areas of knowledge; 3) E. dictionary - a reference publication that provides all kinds of theoretical personalities and practical information in... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal
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"Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary" provides information about human language and linguistics as a science. His articles reveal the features of the sound, grammatical, lexical structure of languages, talk about theories of the origin of language, the laws of its development. Information is given about the languages of the world, about families and groups of languages, about scripts and the history of writing. Information is presented about the different stages of development of linguistics, its main schools, directions, and sections. Pointers are given. The dictionary is designed for linguists, teachers and students of philology, specialists in sciences related to linguistics, and anyone interested in language.
From the editorial board
The Dictionary offered to the reader aims to provide a systematized body of knowledge about human language, the languages of the world, and linguistics as a science. The dictionary is the first encyclopedic publication designed to highlight the achievements of domestic and foreign linguistics from the standpoint of the modern concept of language that has developed in Soviet science. It is designed for a wide range of philologists and linguists of all specialties, researchers, teachers and students, as well as specialists in related fields of knowledge - psychologists, logicians, philosophers, historians, literary critics, ethnographers, etc. At the same time, any reader interested in the properties of language and linguistics , will find the necessary information in this book.
The dictionary reflects modern scientific knowledge about language and, in accordance with this, recreates a certain modern “image of language” - as a system that serves as the most important means of human communication. In the articles of the Dictionary, the compilers sought to show a certain internal organization of the language, based on universal principles; its dynamism - the ability to change under the influence of both internal and external (social) reasons with the stability of the main frame; the close connection of language both with culture as a whole - as a component and means of the latter, and with the inner world of a person - his thinking and psyche; the participation of language as an active principle in social progress (since language, to a certain extent, is the subject of influence and a tool of social groups and society as a whole); its participation in scientific and technological progress, which requires special modeling of language in accordance with given parameters (the number of artificial languages associated with computerization is approximately equal to the number of natural languages), etc. The total “image of language” consists of Dictionary entries containing information about the units of language (phoneme, word, morpheme, sentence, etc.), about their relationships and systems (language, language system, speech, levels of language, etc.), about the internal laws of language development (laws of language development, phonetic laws, Fortunatova - Saussure’s law, Shakhmatov’s law, etc.), about the social and communicative role of language in the human community (language and society, international languages, etc.), about philosophical problems associated with the study of language (language and thinking, philosophical problems of linguistics, methodology , Marx K., Engels F. about language, etc.), about methods of studying language (method, articles devoted to individual methods, for example, experimental methods, comparative historical method, etc.); about theories of the origin of language (origin of language, monogenesis theory, glottogenesis, etc.).
Knowledge about the nature and internal structure of human language is based on the study of specific languages of the world. The world's population speaks at least 5,000 languages (it is impossible to establish an exact figure, since the difference between different languages and dialects of the same language is arbitrary). They are united into large and small language families and groups. The Dictionary includes articles about individual languages of the world (living and dead), which talk about the language’s belonging to a particular family or group of languages, indicate the area of distribution, the number of speakers, features of the sound system, grammar, vocabulary, the time of the appearance of writing, the most ancient written monuments , social status: information about the use of the language as an official or state language (these concepts are not differentiated in the Dictionary), as a language of interethnic or intertribal communication, etc. Articles are included on families and groups of related languages (Indo-European languages, Slavic languages, Turkic languages, Finno-Ugric languages, Semitic languages, etc.), which indicate the composition of a given family or group, ancient and modern area of distribution, features of sound structure, grammar, vocabulary, and other characteristics common to all languages of the family or group. Articles are given that provide genealogical and typological classifications of the world's languages.
A large section of the Dictionary consists of articles on writing: these are articles of a historical and typological nature (writing, Indian writing, Libyan writing, Asia Minor alphabets, etc.) and articles describing specific types of writing serving one or more languages (Armenian writing, Georgian writing, Greek letter, etc.).
The dictionary reflects the structure of linguistics as a science and the main stages of its formation. In addition to the generalizing article on linguistics, the Dictionary contains articles devoted to its sections that arose as science developed, which in turn branched into subsections as new knowledge was accumulated, research methods were improved, and more and more new properties of language and languages were involved in the field of research (grammar, lexicology, dialectology, etymology, areal linguistics, sociolinguistics, phonology, morphonology, text theory, etc.).
The development of science is uneven; in each period, priority topics and areas of research are put forward; individual disciplines can significantly advance in depth of development, while others remain more traditional. This picture was observed, for example, in the first half of the 20th century, when phonology acted as a source of new ideas and at the same time tested them on specific material, becoming the basis for a structural approach to language. Later, however, the leading role shifts to formal grammar and then to semantics. The uneven development of science, of course, could not help but be refracted in the structure and content of the Dictionary: some articles are marked by a more traditional approach, while others exhibit a search character, reflecting the current state of the corresponding linguistic discipline (taking into account the conventionality of the concept of “modern linguistics” and the absence of an absolute standard “ modernity").
The study of languages has been carried out since ancient times; the practical needs of interpreting old texts (if a written tradition existed in a given society), improving rhetoric, teaching oratory and poetry, and emerging language contacts led to the creation in a number of countries of philological schools and directions that laid the scientific foundation for the study of language. Therefore, in addition to articles describing the history of the study of a particular family of languages (see Indo-European Studies, Turkology, Slavic Studies, German Studies, Iranian Studies, etc.), the Dictionary includes articles that examine scientific and linguistic traditions characteristic of individual ancient cultural areas (see . Ancient linguistic tradition, Indian linguistic tradition, etc.).
At every moment of its existence, linguistics is associated with the philosophical views of the era. Of course, the influence of philosophy on linguistics is not mechanical and direct, but the very approach to language and the assessment of its inherent categories depend on the philosophical and methodological position of representatives of a particular school of linguistics. To a certain extent, the promotion of certain techniques and methods of language learning depends on this. Thus, positivist philosophy largely determined the development of descriptive linguistics, natural philosophy played its role in the formation of the ethnolinguistic direction, Marxist dialectics determined the development paths of schools and directions, primarily of Soviet linguistics, etc. These and other issues of the connection between general philosophical ideas and linguistics as a science are covered in articles devoted to individual schools and directions (see Humboldtianism, Aesthetic Idealism, Neo-Humboldtianism, Geneva School, Prague Linguistic School, Moscow Fortunatov School, Kharkov Linguistic School, Kazan Linguistic School, Vinogradov School, etc.), as well as methods of studying language and languages and the history of their development (neogrammatism, comparative historical linguistics, structural linguistics, etc.). In cases where in different areas of modern linguistics there is a different understanding of the same term (voice, discourse, etc.), the articles note this different understanding, as well as the unresolved, debatable problems that exist in the modern science of language.
The decision to publish a Dictionary, where in one volume articles so diverse in subject matter would be collected, predetermined the selection of material, as well as the very type and features of dictionary entries. The general principle, which the editorial board considered reasonable to follow, is to consolidate articles, in an effort to avoid the dispersion of material characteristic of many terminological dictionaries (in the preparation of the Dictionary we had to resort to a number of restrictions due to the volume of the publication). “Generic” concepts (terms) are given in a separate dictionary entry (“black word”), and “specific” ones are included in the corresponding “general” entry, explained there and included in the terminological index. Thus, an explanation of specific “private” terms and concepts is given in the context of broader topics and problems that have received separate dictionary entries; Thanks to the terminological index, particular terms expand the informative boundaries of the dictionary. The same role is played by the index of languages, containing not only those languages that are given in the Dictionary by separate dictionary entries, but also languages named in articles about families and groups, but which do not have separate entries.
The compilers of the Dictionary sought to present the material in a system based on a unified methodological approach: this explains the features of the typical structure (scheme) of many articles in the Dictionary. For example, articles about individual languages belonging to any family or group of languages, and articles about these families and groups represent a single interconnected, complementary group of articles, where information is distributed as follows: an article about a family or group describes the features of the sound structure, grammar, vocabulary, etc., characteristic of all languages included in this family or group, and in an article about a particular language only its individual characteristics are emphasized. Thus, the compilers sought to solve the problem of describing the typology of the language as completely as possible (within the framework of a one-volume dictionary). This principle of organizing material is also embedded in the coverage of other topics. Thus, the article Languages of the Peoples of the USSR talks about the functions and social status of all languages of the peoples of the USSR. This information, common to these languages, is not repeated in articles about individual languages of the peoples of the USSR, where only the individual characteristics of languages relating to their functions or social status are noted.
The technique of references is used as a complementary way of describing the material.
The bibliography includes only the most important works published in the USSR and abroad. Special mention should be made of the literature provided in articles devoted to the description of individual languages. The degree of knowledge of the world's languages varies. For example, the languages of large areas of the Pacific region, the Indian Ocean, and some areas of Southeast Asia have not been sufficiently studied. If we add to this the ongoing deciphering of old manuscripts and inscriptions discovered as a result of archaeological excavations and containing information about now extinct languages, it becomes clear that the Dictionary records in the bibliography only a certain stage of the work of linguists, and by the time the book is published, new ones can be made discoveries that, unfortunately, were not included in the Dictionary.
It was decided not to include articles dedicated to linguistic scientists in the Dictionary; The names of linguists who contributed to the development of a particular topic are indicated in the relevant articles. The reader will find some additional information about these scientists in the annotated index of researchers mentioned in the texts of the articles.
A large team of scientists (over 300 authors) worked on the book. Any collective work (and an encyclopedic publication is collective by definition) inevitably bears the imprint of the personalities of the authors, their talent, scientific tastes and passions, however, the natural non-uniformity of the articles does not go beyond the framework of the general concept shared by all authors of this Dictionary (from the point of view of methodology) .
The members of the editorial board, Academician G.V. Stepanov and Doctor of Philology G.V. Kolshansky, who left us untimely, did a lot to create the Dictionary.
The Editorial Board expresses its gratitude to all authors, scientific consultants, reviewers and editors of the Dictionary. It is impossible not to note with gratitude the work of S. I. Brook, who checked and clarified the data on the number of speakers of the languages included in the Dictionary corpus (for 1985; the number of speakers of the languages of the peoples of the USSR is given according to the 1979 census), participation in editing parts of the Dictionary articles by V. I. Belikov, N. A. Gryaznova, N. D. Fedoseeva, participation in the compilation of indexes by L. N. Fedoseeva (languages of the world, personalities), S. L. Ivanova (author of the annotated part to the index of personalities) , F. D. Ashnina (personnel), A. D. Shmeleva and S. A. Krylova (terminology).
The Institute of Linguistics and the Publishing House will gratefully accept all comments from readers that will improve the Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary during its possible reprint. Please send all comments to the following addresses: Moscow, 103009, st. Semashko, 1/12, Institute of Linguistics of the USSR Academy of Sciences or: Moscow, 109817, Pokrovsky Boulevard, 8, publishing house "Soviet Encyclopedia".
HOW TO USE THE DICTIONARY
The Dictionary entries are arranged in alphabetical order. In cases where a term, language name, concept has a synonym, it is indicated in brackets under the “black word”. Only the most common synonyms or those widely used previously in linguistic works are given.
The name of the language is given either in a Russified form [for example, Bengali (Bengali)], or in a form corresponding to the national tradition and widely used in literature [for example, Punjabi (Punjabi language)].
The articles of the Dictionary preserve two types of transcriptions - based on the Latin alphabet and based on the Cyrillic alphabet, which are traditionally used in a number of directions and schools, and for the Russian language - the transcription adopted at the Leningrad Phonological School (LPS) and the Moscow Phonological School (MPS).
Sentence patterns are given in Latin script (for example, SVO) or in Cyrillic script (for example, PSD), as they are traditionally used in different schools and directions.
During the signing of the Dictionary for publication, some states changed their official names, changes occurred in the administrative-territorial division and in some geographical names of the USSR. These changes could not be made to the text in its entirety. They are reflected in the tables at the end of the Dictionary.
List of basic abbreviations
abbl. - ablative
abh. - Abkhazian
Austrian - Austrian
Australian - Australian
auto - autonomous
adm. - administrative
Circassian - Adyghe, Adyghe
Azeri - Azerbaijani
acad. - academician
acc. - accusative
alb. - Albanian
alzh. - Algerian
alt. - Altai
Amer. - American
AN - Academy of Sciences
English - English
ANDR - Algerian People's Democratic Republic
antique - antique
AO - autonomous region
APN - Academy of Pedagogical Sciences
argent. - Argentine
ARE - Arab Republic of Egypt
Arm. - Armenian
arch. - archipelago
Assyrian - Assyrian
afg. - Afghan
afr. - African
B. - Big
b. h. - most of, for the most part
bulk - Balkar
balt. - Baltic
bass - pool
head - Bashkir
Belgian - Belgian
beng. - Bengali
Burm. - Burmese
b-ka - library
Bl. East - Middle East
Bulgarian - Bulgarian
br. - brothers
braz. - Brazilian
bud. vr. - future tense
letters - literally
bourgeois - bourgeois
ex. - former
V. - east
including - including
centuries - centuries
Hungarian - Hungarian
top-top
Byzantine - Byzantine
wine n. - accusative case
ext. - external
Hungarian - Hungarian People's Republic
internal - internal
ascend - elevation
eastern - eastern
city - year, city
gas. - newspaper
Gwyn. - Guinean
gg. - years, cities
GDR - German Democratic Republic
gene. - genitive
German - Germanic
Ch. - main
Ch. arr. - mainly
Dutch - Dutch
mountains - urban
state - state
state - state
citizen - civil
Greek - Greek
cargo. - Georgian
D. East - Far East
dag. - Dagestan
date - Danish
date n. - dative case
dv. h. - dual number
gerund - participle
dep. - department
village - village
dial - dialect
dis. - dissertation
Dr. - Ancient
other - other
etc. - ancient...
DRA - Democratic Republic of Afghanistan
DRV - Democratic Republic of Vietnam
euro - Jewish
European - European
Egypt - Egyptian
units h. - singular
wives gender - feminine
magazine - magazine
W - west
borrowed - borrowed
hall. - bay
zap. - western
IVAN USSR - Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences
fav. - chosen
ed. - edition
publishing house - publishing house
them. - name
them. n. - nominative case
ind. - Indian
indonesian - Indonesian
foreign - foreign
int - institute
inf. - infinitive
irl. - Irish
iron. - ironic
isl. - Icelandic
Spanish - Spanish
ist. - historical
ref. p. - original case
Italian - Italian
YAR - Yemen Arab Republic
cab. - Kabardian
Caucasian - Caucasian
Kalm. - Kalmyk
Karakalp. - Karakalpak
Karelian. - Karelian
Kyrgyzstan - Kyrgyz
whale. - Chinese
class - Class
k.-l. - any
Ph.D. - some
book - book
book - book
DPRK - Democratic People's Republic of Korea
PRC - People's Republic of China
quantity - quantity
colonial - colonial
end - end
Korean - Korean
cr. f. - short form
committee - committee
lat. - Latin
latv. - Latvian
Leningrad State University - Leningrad State University
leningr. - Leningradsky
lit. - literary
literary studies - literary studies
lit-ra - literature
Lao PDR - Lao People's Democratic Republic
LO IVAN USSR - Leningrad branch of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences
loc. - locative
puddle - Lusatian
M. - Maly
maked. - Macedonian
Max. - maximum
Manchu - Manchu
Mar. - Mari
math. - mathematical
MGPIIYA - Moscow State Pedagogical Institute of Foreign Languages named after M. Thorez
MSU - Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov
Mex. - Mexican
pronoun - pronoun
min. - minimal
million - million
pl. - many
pl. h. - plural
MPR - Mongolian People's Republic
mold. - Moldovan
Mong. - Mongolian
muzzle - Mordovian
ISCO. - MOSCOW
husband. gender - masculine
Muslim - Muslim
N. - New
n. e. - our era
called - called
name - Name
eg - For example
eg n. - directive case
adv. - folk
present vr. - present tense
scientific - scientific
national - national
beginning - beginning
PDRY - People's Democratic Republic of Yemen
some - some
German - German
inanimate - inanimate
several - some
nepereh. - intransitive
nesov. view - imperfect view
Netherlands - Dutch
lower - lower
n.-i. - research
Scientific Research Institute - Research Institute
novozel. - New Zealand
norwegian - Norwegian
NRA - People's Republic of Angola
NRB - People's Republic of Bulgaria
NRK - People's Republic of Congo
NSRA - People's Socialist Republic of Albania
O. - island
UAE - United Arab Emirates
society - society
islands - islands
region - region, regional
circumstances - circumstance
shower - animate
lake - lake
OK. - ocean, about
env. - district
Oct. - October
Oct. revolution 1917 - Great October Socialist Revolution
UN - United Nations
org-tion - organization
Osset - Ossetian
basic - basic
dept. - department, separate
official - official
Pakistani - Pakistani
memory - monument
ped. - pedagogical
lane - translation
original - original, originally
trans. - portable
trans. - transitional
Persian. - Persian
Petersburg - St. Petersburg
Poland - Polish People's Republic
peninsula
floor. - half
watered - political
Polish - Polish
Portuguese - Portuguese
dedicated - dedicated
honor member - honorary member
etc. - bonus, etc.
sentence n. - prepositional case
preface - preface
preim. - mainly
adj. - adjective
prib. - participle
Prov. - province
Provence - Provençal
prod. - work
prol. - strait
simple - colloquial
prof. - professor
past vr. - past tense
decomposition - conversational
diff. - various
ed. - editor, editors
district - district
religious - religious
rep. - republican
rice. - drawing
genus. n. - genitive case
rum - Romanesque
grew up - Russian
RSFSR - Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (for all other republics of the USSR - generally accepted abbreviations)
room - Romanian
S. - north
With. - village, page
Skt. - Sanskrit
Saudi Arabian
sb., sb-ki - collection, collections
St. - from above
S.-V. - northeast
north - northern
north-east - northeast
north-west - northwestern
sat down - village, rural
ser. - middle
N.-W. - northwest
Sib. - Siberian
scand. - Scandinavian
glory - Slavic
track. - next
Slovak - Slovak
see - look
collection - meeting
owls - Soviet
owls view - perfect view
joint - together
modern - modern
abbr. - abbreviated
resp. - corresponding
op. - composition
specialist. - special
Wed - compare, average
Wed. Asia - Central Asia
Middle-century - medieval
Wed. East - Middle East
Wed gender - neuter
SRV - Socialist Republic of Vietnam
SRR - Socialist Republic of Romania
USSR - Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
St.-Old
article - article
Old Slavic - Old Church Slavonic
suff.- suffix (in examples)
SFRY - Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
USA - United States of America
table - table
Taj. - Tajik
tat. - Tatar
TV n. - instrumental case
i.e. - that is
t.zr. - point of view
because - since
so-called - the so-called
That. - Thus
terr. - territory
vol. - volumes
Tuv. - Tuvan
tung. - Tunguska
tour. - Turkish
Turkmenistan - Turkmen
thousand - millennium
thousand people - thousand people
udm. - Udmurt
Uzbek - Uzbek
Ukrainian - Ukrainian
univ - university
obsolete - obsolete
academic - educational
philosophical - philosophical
Finnish - Finnish
French - French
Germany - Federal Republic of Germany
Croatian - Croatian
ridge - ridge
christian - Christian
artistic - artistic
CAR - Central African Republic
church - church
person - person
quarter - quarter
Chech.-Ingush.- Chechen-Ingush
Czech - Czech
numeral - numeral
Corresponding Member - Corresponding Member
Czechoslovakia - Czechoslovak Socialist
Republic of Switzerland - Swiss
Scottish - Scottish
COMPUTER - electronic computer
copy - copy
Est. - Estonian
South Africa - South African Republic
SE - southeast
southeast - southeast
S.W. - southwest
southwest - southwest
south - south
language - language
language-knowledge - linguistics
In adjectives and participles, it is allowed to cut off suffixes and endings: “alny”, “annay”, “elny”, “elskiy”, “ennyy”, “eskiy”, “skiy”, etc. (for example, “univers.”, “ specialized.", "meaning.", "reading.", "writing.", "creative.", "Belarusian.").
The following letter designations are used in the diagrams:
P - subject
D - addition
O - definition
C - predicate
G - vowel
Latin
P - predicate
O - object
S - noun, subject
V - verb, vowel
C - consonant
Basic abbreviations in the bibliography
General abbreviations are retained in work titles
bibliography
bulletin - bulletin
v.- release
Reports - Reports
additional - addition, additional
Zap.- Notes
Favorite op.- Selected works
Izv.-Izvestia
Sources.- Sources
resp. ed. - executive editor
lane with... - translation from...
publ. - publication
rus. lane - Russian translation
ser. - series
comp. - compiler
Op. - Essays
Tr. - Proceedings
Uch. zap.- Scientific notes
ABBREVIATIONS OF CITY NAMES
A.-A. - Almaty
Ash. - Ashgabat
G. - Gorky
Shower. - Dushanbe
Er. - Yerevan
Amst. - Amsterdam
Antw. -Antwerp
V. Aires - Buenos Aires
Bait. - Baltimore
Bdpst - Budapest
Berk. - Berkeley
Brat. - Bratislava
Brux. - Bruxelles
Buc. - Bucuresti
Camb. - Cambridge
Kaz. - Kazan
Quiche. - Chisinau
L. - Leningrad
M. - Moscow
M. - L. - Moscow - Leningrad
Novosib. - Novosibirsk
Cph. - Copenhagen, Copenhague
Fr./M. - Frankfurt am Main
Gott. - Gottingen
Hdlb. - Heidelberg
Hels. - Helsingfors, Helsinki
Kbh. - Kobenhavn
Od. - Odessa
P. - Petrograd (St. Petersburg)
R. n/a - Rostov-on-Don
SPB - St. Petersburg
Tal. - Tallinn
Los Ang. -Los Angeles
Mass. -Massachusetts
Melb. - Melbourne
Fur. -Mexico
Munch. - Miinchen
N. Y. - New York
Phil. -Philadelphia
Tash. - Tashkent
Tb. - Tbilisi
Fr. - Frunze
Har. - Kharkov
Rio de J.- Rio de Janeiro S. F. - San Francisco
Stockh.- Stockholm
Stuttg. - Stuttgart
Warsz.- Warszawa
Wash.-Washington
List of abbreviations for periodical titles in the bibliography below the text
Russians
NPP - "African ethnographic collection"
VYa - "Issues of linguistics"
ZVO - "Notes of the Eastern Branch"
Izv. USSR Academy of Sciences, ser. LiYa - "Izvestia of the USSR Academy of Sciences", series of literature and language
Izv. USSR Academy of Sciences, OLYA - "Izvestia of the USSR Academy of Sciences", department of literature and language
Izv. IYAMK - "News of the Institute of Language, History and Material Culture named after N. Ya. Marr"
ILS - "Foreign language at school"
NDVSH. FN - "Scientific reports of higher education." Philological sciences.
NZL - "New in Foreign Linguistics"
NL - "New in Linguistics"
RYAS - "Russian language at school"
SMOMPC - "Collection of materials for describing the localities and tribes of the Caucasus"
Foreign
AANL - "Atti della Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei. Memorie della Classe di scienze morali, storiche e filologiche"
ALS - "African Language Studies"
BCDR (ASEMY) - "Asie du Sud-East et Monde Insulidien. Bulletin du Center de documentation et de recherche"
BEFEO - "Bulletin de l"Ecole Francaise d"Extreme Orient"
BIFAN - "Bulletin de lnstitut Francais d"Afrique Noire"
BSELAF - "Bulletin de la Societe des etudes linguistiques d"Afrique Francaise"
BSLP - "Bulletin de la Societe linguistique de Paris"
GTL - "Gurrent Trends in Linguistics"
GSA - "Giornale della Societa Asiatica Italiana"
HAL - "Handbook of African Languages"
IF - "Indogermanische Forschun-gen"
IJAL - "International Journal of American Linguistics"
IJDL - "International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics"
ILR - "International Language Review"
JAL - "Journal of African Languages"
JAOS - "Journal of the American Oriental Society"
JEGP - "The Journal of English and Germanic Philology"
JPS - "Journal of the Polynesian Studies"
JSFOu - "Journal de la Societe Finno-Ougrienne"
MIF AN - "Memoires de la Societe Francais d"Afrique Noire"
MSFOu - "Memoires de la Societe Finno-Ougrienne"
MSLL - "Monograph Series on Languages and Linguistics"
MSLP - "Memoires de la Societe linguistique de Paris"
MSOS - "Mitteilungen des Seminars fur orientalische Sprachen"
OL - "Oceanic Linguistics"
PR - "Psychological Review"
RRAL - "Rendiconti della Reale Academia dei Lincei"
RT - "Revue Tunisienne"
SAL - "Studies in African Linguistics"
SbAWW - "Sitzungsberichte der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien"
SbGEG - "Sitzungsberichte der Gelehrten Estnischen Gesell-schaft"
SbW - "Sitzungsberichte der Wissenschaft"
SCOPIL - "Southern California Occasional Papers in Linguistics"
TCLP - "Travaux du Cercle linguistique de Prague"
ZDMG - "Zeitschrift der Deut-schen Morgenlandischen Gesell-schaft"
ZES - "Zeitschrift fur eingebore-nen Sprachen"
ZSPh - "Zeitschrift fur slavische Philologie"
ZVS - "Zeitschrift fur verglei-chende Sprachforschung"
TILP - "Travaux de l"Institute de linguistique de Paris"
Abbreviations of personal names and patronymics
Abr. - Abram
Aug. - August
Al. - Alexey
Aldr(a) - Alexander(a)
Ambr. - Ambrose
Anast. - Anastasia
Anat. - Anatoly
Andes. - Andrey
Ant. - Anton(ina)
Arc. - Arkady
Arn. - Arnold
Ars. - Arseny
Art. - Artemy
Arch. - Arkhip
Af. - Afanasy
Bogd. - Bogdan
Bor. - Boris
Bron. - Bronislaw
Vad. - Vadim
Shaft. - Valentin(s)
Valer. - Valerian, Valery, Valeria
Varv. - Varvara
Varl. - Varla(a)m
You. - Vasily
Ven. - Benjamin
Vic. - Vikenty
Vikt. - Victor
Vis. - Vissarion
Vit. - Vitaly
Vl. - Vladimir
Vlad. - Vladislav
Sun. - Vsevolod
Vyach. - Vyacheslav
Le Havre - Gabriel
Gal. - Galina
Gene. - Gennady
George. - Georgiy
Ger. - Gerasim
Germ. - Herman
Grieg. - Gregory
Gust. - Gustav
Dove. - David
Dan. - Daniel
Dem. - Demyan
Dm. - Dmitry
Evg. - Evgeniy, Evgeniya
Evd. - Evdokim, Evdokia
Evs. - Evsey
Eust. - Evstigney
Evstaf. - Eustathius
Euph. - Evfimy
Eg. - Egor
Ek. - Ekaterina
Ate. - Elena
Eliz. - Elizar, Elizabeth
I eat. - Emelyan
Erm. - Ermil
Eph. - Efim
Efr. - Ephraim, Euphrosyne
Zach. - Zakhar
Zin. - Zinovy, Zinaida
Iv. - Ivan
Ig. - Igor
Ign. - Ignatius
From. - Isabella
Israel - Israel
Il. - Ilya
Ill. - Hilarion
Inn. - Innocent
Jos. - Joseph
Ir. - Irina, Iraida
Is. - Isaac
Isis. - Isidore
Cap. - Capitolina
Cyrus. - Kirill
Cl. - Claudius, Claudia
Klim. - Clement
Cond. - Kondratiy
Const. - Konstantin
Body - Kuzma
Laurel. - Lavrentiy
Laz. - Lazarus
Lar. - Larisa, Larion
Leon. - Leonid
Leontes. - Leonty
Lead. - Lydia
Love. - Love
People - Lyudmila
Poppy. - Makar
Max - Maxim
March. - Martin, Martyan
Marg. - Margarita
Matv. - Matvey
Chalk. - Melitina
Metropolitan - Mitrofan
Mich. - Mikhail
Moses - Moses
Mst. - Mstislav
Over. - Nadezhda
Name - Nazar
Nat. - Nathan, Natalia
Nick. - Nikolay
Nikan. - Nikanor
Nikif. - Nikifor
Nikod. - Nicodemus
Pav. - Pavel
Pant. - Panteleimon
Plat. - Plato
Floor. - Polycarp, Polina
Prot. - Protasius
Raf. - Raphael
Rum. - Novel
Myself. - Samuel
Sams. - Samson
Light. - Svetlana
Holy - Svyatoslav
Sem. - Semyon
Ser. - Sergey
Seraph. - Seraphim(s)
Sol. - Solomon
Step. - Stepan
There. - Tamara
Tat. - Tatiana
Tim. - Timofey
Trif. - Tryphon
Troph. - Trofim
Fed. - Fedor
Phil. - Philip
Friedr. - Friedrich
Kharl.- Kharlampy
Christ. - Christian, Christina
Hrnstof. - Christopher
Ed. - Edward
Em. - Emil, Emilia
Esf. - Esther
Yul. - Julius, Julia, Julian
Changes in the names of cities in the USSR that occurred during the preparation of the dictionary for publication
Andropov - Rybinsk (Russia)
Brezhnev - Naberezhnye Chelny (Russia)
Voroshilovgrad - Lugansk (Ukraine)
Gegechkori - Martvili (Georgia)
Gottwald - Zmiev (Ukraine)
Zhdanov - Mariupol (Ukraine)
Zhdanovsk - Beylagan (Azerbaijan)
Kalinin - Tver (Russia)
Kapsukas - Marijampole (Lithuania)
Kingisepp - Kuressaare (Estonia)
Kirovabad - Ganja (Azerbaijan)
Makharadze - Ozurgeti (Georgia)
Mayakovsky - Baghdadi (Georgia)
Ordzhonikidze - Vladikavkaz (Russia)
Rybachye - Issyk-Kul (Kyrgyzstan)
Tallinn - Tallinn (Estonia)
Tsulukidze - Khoni (Georgia)
Tskhakaya - Senaki (Georgia)
Chernenko - Sharypovo (Russia)
Changes in the official names of states that occurred during the preparation of the dictionary for publication
Burma (Union of Burma) - Union of Myanmar (Myanmar)
Hungarian People's Republic - Hungarian Republic (Hungary)
Yemen Arab Republic People's Democratic Republic of Yemen - Republic of Yemen
Namibia - Republic of Namibia (Namibia)
People's Republic of Kampuchea - State of Cambodia (Cambodia)
Polish People's Republic - Republic of Poland (Poland)
Socialist Republic of Romania - Romania
Czechoslovak Socialist Republic - Czech and Slovak Federal Republic (Czechoslovakia)
Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary / Ch. ed. L 59 V. N. Yartseva, - M.: Sov. encyclopedia, 1990. - 685 p.: ill. ISBN 5-85270-031-2
Editor-in-Chief V. N. YARTSEVA
Editorial Board N. D. ARUTYUNOVA, V. A. VINOGRADOV (Deputy Editor-in-Chief), V. G. GAK, T. V. GAMKRELIDZE, T. A. GANIEVA (executive secretary), I. M. DYAKONOV, Yu N. KARAULOV, G. A. KLIMOV, G. V. KOLSHANSKY, I. K. SAZONOVA (deputy editor-in-chief), V. M. SOLNTSEV, G. V. STEPANOV, Y. S. STEPANOV
A. M. PROKHOROV (chairman), L. I. ABAKIN, I. V. ABASHIDZE, S. S. AVERINTSEV, P. A. AZIMOV, S. S. ALEXEEV, V. A. AMBARTSUMYAN, S. F. AKHRO -MEEV, F. S. BABICHEV, N. N. BOGOLYUBOV, M. B. BORBUGULOV, E. P. VELIKHOV, A. K. VILCHS, V. V. VOLSKY, A. P. GORKIN (Deputy Chairman), D. B. GULIEV, A. A. GUSEV (Deputy Chairman), N. I. EFIMOV, Y. A. ISRAEL, A. Y. ISHLINSKY, M. I. KABACHNIK, Y. A. KAEVATS, G. V. KELDYSH , V. A. KIRILLIN, V. N. KIRICHENKO, I. L. KNUNYANTS, I. D. KOVALCHENKO, V. N. KUDRYAVTSEV, V. G. KULIKOV, N. P. LAVEROV, D. S. LIKHACHEV, G I. MARCHUK, M. M. MIKALAYUNAS, G. I. NAAN, M. F. NENASHEV, A. A. NIKONOV, R. N. NURGALIEV, V. G. PANOV (first deputy chairman), B. E. PATON, V. M. POLEVOY, Y. V. PROKHOROV, I. M. TEREKHOV, V. A. TRAPEZNIKOV, N. T. TUKHLIEV, P. N. FEDOSEEV, K. V. FROLOV, M. N. KHITROV ( Deputy Chairman) E. I. CHAZOV, I. P. SHAMYAKIN, A. V. YABLOKOV, G. A. YAGODIN, V. R. YASCHENKO.
Scientific consultants of the publication:
O. S. AKHMANOVA, S. B. BERNSTEIN, A. V. BONDARKO, L. V. BONDARKO, M. N. BOGOLYUBOV, A. V. DESNITSKAYA, A. A. ZALIZNYAK, G. A. ZOGRAF, Vyach. Sun. IVANOV, A. N. KONONOV, A. A. KOROLEV, A. A. LEONTIEV, G. A. MENOVSHCHIKOV, V. P. NE" ROZNAK, D. A. OLDEROGGE, N. V. OKHOTINA, V. S. RASTORGUEVA, Y. X. SIRK, N. A. SLYUSAREVA, N. I. TOLSTOY, V. N. TOPOROV, O. N. TRUBACHEV, N. Y. SHVEDOVA, S. YA. YAKHONTOV
Literature and Language Editorial
Head of the group of linguists Art. scientific editor candidate of philology Sciences I. K. SAZONOVA. Art. scientific editors T. A. GANIEVA, candidate of philology. Sciences L. I. LEBEDEVA; ml. editors A. I. OSTROVSKAYA, V. A. SVETUSHKINA
The following also took part in the preparation for the publication of the dictionary:
Scientific and methodological reading - art. scientific editor candidate of philology Sciences G. V. YAKUSHEVA
Bibliography - art. scientific editor V. A. STULOV, senior editor Z. S. IZMAILOVA
Literary control editor - G.I. ZAMANI (head of editorial office), art. editor T. N. PARFENOVA, editor M. F. GUBINA
Transcription and etymology - scientific editors M. A. KRONGAUZ, E. L. RIF, M. S. EPITASHVILI
Dictionary editor - A. L. GREKULOVA (head of editorial office), editor G. A. SADOVA
Acquisition department - ml. editors L. N. VERWALD, N. F. YARINA Manuscript reprinting department - L. A. MALTSINA (head of department) Copying laboratory - operators Z. Y. EPIFANOVA, V. I. ANPILOGOVA, L. F. DOLGOPOLOVA
Department of reading and production of originals - T. I. BARANOVSKAYA (head of department)
Editing of illustrations - A. V. AKIMOV (head of editorial office), art. art editor M. K. MOREINIS
Production Department - N. S. ARTEMOV (Head of Department), Deputy. head Department of V. N. MARKIN
Technical edition - R. T. NIKISHINA (head of editorial office), art. technical editor - V.V. LUNYASHINA Proofreading department - N.M. KATOLIKOVA (head of the proofreading department)
ISBN 5-85270-031-2
Delivered to set 12/18/87. Signed for publication on 10/17/89. Format 84 x 108 1/16. Printing paper No. 1. Kudryashov encyclopedic typeface. High printing. Volume of publication 72.24 standard units. oven l.; 162.93 academic ed. l.; 72.24 conventional cr.-ott. Circulation 150 thousand copies.
Order No. 1390. Price 12 rubles. 50 kopecks
Order of the Red Banner of Labor, publishing house "Soviet Encyclopedia". 109817, Moscow, Pokrovsky Blvd., 8. Moscow Order of the Red Banner of Labor printing house No. 2 of the USSR State Press Committee. 129301, Moscow, Prospekt Mira, 105.