The problem of moral choice introduction. The problem of moral choice of modern youth. The problem of choosing a life path. Arguments from literature

Krasova A.A. 1

Smarchkova T.V. 1

1 State budgetary educational institution of the Samara region secondary school p. Pestravka municipal district Pestravsky Samara region

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I. Introduction.

We live in the 21st century... in difficult but interesting times. Perhaps the last decades have seen the most significant changes in history, in the way of life of mankind. It has been historically proven that in an era of change, understanding honor, pride, and dignity is especially important for the formation of the younger generation. The recent anniversary dedicated to the 70th anniversary of the Great Victory, the war in Chechnya and Iraq - all of this is directly connected by one link - man. A person is always faced with a choice in his personal or public life; it depends on him what will happen to him in extreme situations. To the extent that he understands the importance of moral values ​​and morality in life, he feels responsible for his actions. This is what got me interested. What do our youth think about this now, how do modern and ancient literature reflect the problems of humanity, the Russian people. These terms are the subject of this work.

Purpose of the research work:

To trace how the problem of honor, dignity, and national pride of the Russian person is revealed in Russian literature.

Common tasks in the work have also emerged:

Deepen your knowledge of ancient Russian literature, literature of the 19th century, literature of the war years.

Compare how the attitude towards moral values ​​is shown in ancient Russian literature.

Analyze how Russian literature of different years reflects the role of man in society at turning points.

To trace how the Russian national character is revealed in Russian literature of different years.

The main method is literary research.

II. The problem of human moral choice in Russian literature.

1.The theme of honor and national pride in Russian folklore.

The problem of human moral quests has its roots in ancient Russian literature and folklore. It is associated with the concepts of honor and dignity, patriotism and valor. Let's look into the explanatory dictionary. Honor and dignity are professional duty and moral standards of business communication; moral qualities and human principles worthy of respect and pride; personal non-property and inalienable benefits protected by law, meaning a person’s awareness of his social significance.

Since ancient times, all these qualities have been valued by man. They helped him in difficult life situations of choice.

To this day we know the following proverbs: “Who has honor, there is truth”, “Without a root, not a blade of grass grows”, “A man without a homeland is a nightingale without a song”, “Take care of your honor from a young age, and take care of your dress again” 1. The most interesting sources on which modern literature relies are fairy tales and epics. But their heroes are heroes and fellows who embody the strength, patriotism, and nobility of the Russian people. These are Ilya Muromets, and Alyosha Popovich, and Ivan Bykovich, and Nikita Kozhemyaka, who defended their Motherland and honor, risking their lives. And although the epic heroes are fictional heroes, their images are based on the lives of real people. In ancient Russian literature, their exploits are, of course, fantastic, and the heroes themselves are idealized, but this shows what a Russian person is capable of if the honor, dignity and future of his land are at stake.

2.1. The problem of moral choice in Old Russian literature.

The approach to the problem of moral choice in ancient Russian literature is ambiguous. Galicia-Volyn Chronicle of the 13th century... It is considered one of the most interesting monuments of ancient Russian literature, dating back to the period of the struggle of Russian principalities with foreign invaders. A very interesting fragment of an ancient Russian text concerns the trip of Prince Daniil of Galitsky to bow to Batu in the Horde. The prince had to either rebel against Batu and die, or accept the faith of the Tatars and humiliation. Daniel goes to Batu and feels trouble: “in great sorrow,” “seeing the trouble is terrible and menacing.” Here it becomes clear why the prince grieves in his soul: “I will not give up my half-fatherland, but I am going to Batu myself...” 2. He goes to Batu to drink mare's kumiss, that is, to take an oath of service to the khan.

Was it worth it for Daniel to do this, was it treason? The prince could not drink and show that he did not submit and die with honor. But he does not do this, realizing that if Batu does not give him the label to rule the principality, this will lead to the inevitable death of his people. Daniil sacrifices his honor to save his homeland.

Fatherly care, honor and pride force Daniel to drink the “black milk” of humiliation in order to ward off trouble from his native land. The Galicia-Volyn Chronicle warns against a limited and narrow view of the problem of moral choice, of the understanding of honor and dignity.

Russian literature reflects the complex world of the human soul, tossing between honor and dishonor. Self-esteem, the desire to remain a Man in any situation with full right can be placed in one of the first places among the historically established traits of the Russian character.

The problem of moral quest has always been fundamental in Russian literature. It was closely connected with other deeper questions: how to live in history? what to hold on to? what to be guided by?

2.2. The problem of moral choice in the literature of the 19th century (based on the works of I.S. Turgenev).

Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev wrote the story “Mumu” ​​3, reflecting in it his experiences and concerns about the Russian destinies and the future of the country. It is known that Ivan Turgenev, as a true patriot, thought a lot about what awaited the country, and the events in Russia in those days were far from the most joyful for the people.

The image of Gerasim reveals such magnificent qualities that Turgenev would like to see in a Russian person. For example, Gerasim has considerable physical strength, he wants and can work hard, things work out in his hands. Gerasim is also neat and clean. He works as a janitor, and approaches his duties with responsibility, because thanks to him, the owner’s yard is always clean and tidy. The author shows his somewhat reclusive character, since Gerasim is unsociable, and even on the doors of his closet there is always a lock. But this formidable appearance does not correspond to the kindness of his heart and generosity, because Gerasim is open-hearted and knows how to sympathize. Therefore, it is clear: one cannot judge a person’s internal qualities by appearance. What else is visible in the image of Gerasim when analyzing “Mumu”? He was respected by all the servants, which was deserved - Gerasim worked hard, as if he carried out the orders of his mistress, and at the same time did not lose his sense of self-respect. The main character of the story, Gerasim, never became happy, because he is a simple village man, and city life is built completely differently and flows according to its own laws. In the city there is no sense of unity with nature. So Gerasim, once in the city, realizes that he is being ignored. Having fallen in love with Tatyana, he is deeply unhappy because she becomes the wife of another.

At a difficult moment in life, when the main character is especially sad and hurt in his soul, suddenly a ray of light is visible. Here she is, hope for happy moments, a little cute puppy. Gerasim saves the puppy, and they become attached to each other. The puppy received the nickname Mumu, and the dog is always with his great friend. Mumu watches at night and wakes up his owner in the morning. It seems that life is filled with meaning and becomes more joyful, but the lady becomes aware of the puppy. Having decided to subjugate Mumu, she experiences a strange disappointment - the puppy does not obey her, but the lady is not used to ordering twice. Is it possible to command love? But that's another question. The lady, accustomed to seeing her instructions carried out at the same moment and without complaint, cannot bear the disobedience of the little creature, and she orders the dog to be taken out of sight. Gerasim, whose character is well revealed here, decides that Mumu can be hidden in his closet, especially since no one comes to see him. He does not take into account one thing: he is deaf and mute from birth, while others hear the barking of a dog. The puppy reveals itself by barking. Then Gerasim realizes that he has no choice but to resort to drastic measures, and he kills the puppy who has become his only friend. The gloomy Gerasim cries when he goes to drown his beloved Mumu, and after her death he goes on foot to the village where he used to live.

In the image of Gerasim, the author showed an unfortunate serf. Serfs are “mute”, they cannot declare their rights, they simply submit to the regime, but in the soul of such a person there is hope that someday his oppression will come to an end.

New work by I.S. Turgenev’s “On the Eve” 4 was a “new word” in Russian literature and caused noisy talk and controversy. The novel was read greedily. “Its very title,” according to the critic of “Russian Word,” “with its symbolic hint, which can be given a very broad meaning, indicated the idea of ​​the story, made one guess that the author wanted to say something more than what is contained in his artistic images." What was the idea, features, and novelty of Turgenev’s third novel?

If in “Rudin” and “The Noble Nest” Turgenev depicted the past, painted images of people of the 40s, then in “On the Eve” he gave an artistic reproduction of modernity, responded to those cherished thoughts that, during the period of social upsurge of the second half of the 50s worried all thinking and progressive people.

Not idealistic dreamers, but new people, positive heroes, devotees of the cause were introduced in the novel “On the Eve”. According to Turgenev himself, the novel was “based on the idea of ​​the need for consciously heroic natures in order for things to move forward,” that is, we are talking about the problem of choice.

In the center, in the foreground, stood a female image. The whole meaning of the novel concealed a call for “active goodness” - for social struggle, for renunciation of the personal and egoistic in the name of the general.

The heroine of the novel, the “amazing girl” Elena Stakhova, was a “new man” of Russian life. Elena is surrounded by talented young people. But neither Bersenev, who has just graduated from university and is preparing to become a professor; nor the talented sculptor Shubin, in whom everything breathes intelligent lightness and happy gaiety of health, in love with antiquity and thinking that “there is no salvation outside Italy”; much less the “groom” Kurnatovsky, this “official honesty and efficiency without substance” 5, did not awaken Elena’s feelings.

She gave her love to Insarov, a Bulgarian foreigner, a poor man, who had one great goal in life - the liberation of his homeland from Turkish oppression and in whom lived “the concentrated deliberation of a single and long-standing passion.” Insarov conquered Elena by responding to her vague but strong desire for freedom, captivating her with the beauty of her feat in the struggle for a “common cause.”

The choice made by Elena seemed to indicate what kind of people Russian life was waiting for and calling. There were no such people among “our own people” - and Elena went to a “stranger”. She, a Russian girl from a rich noble family, became the wife of a poor Bulgarian Insarov, abandoned her home, family, homeland, and after her husband’s death she remained in Bulgaria, faithful to the memory and “life’s work” of Insarov. She decided not to return to Russia. "For what? What to do in Russia?

In a remarkable article dedicated to the novel “On the Eve,” Dobrolyubov wrote: “Concepts and demands such as we see in Elena are already appearing; these demands are accepted by society with sympathy; Moreover, they strive for active implementation. This means that the old social routine is already becoming obsolete: a few more hesitations, a few more strong words and favorable facts, and leaders will appear... Then a complete, sharply and vividly outlined image of the Russian Insarov will appear in literature. And we won’t have to wait long for him: this is guaranteed by the feverish, painful impatience with which we await his appearance in life. It is necessary for us, without it our whole life somehow doesn’t count, and every day means nothing in itself, but serves only as the eve of another day. This day will finally come!” 6

Two years after “On the Eve,” Turgenev wrote the novel “Fathers and Sons,” and in February 1862 he published it 7. The author tried to show Russian society the tragic nature of the growing conflicts. The reader is exposed to economic troubles, the impoverishment of the people, the disintegration of traditional life, the destruction of the centuries-old ties of the peasant with the land. The stupidity and helplessness of all classes threatens to develop into confusion and chaos. Against this background, a dispute unfolds about the ways to save Russia, which is waged by heroes representing the two main parts of the Russian intelligentsia.

Russian literature has always tested the stability and strength of society through family and family relationships. Beginning the novel with a depiction of a family conflict between father and son Kirsanov, Turgenev goes further, to a clash of social and political nature. The relationships between the characters and the main conflict situations are revealed primarily from an ideological angle. This is reflected in the peculiarities of the construction of the novel, in which the arguments of the heroes, their painful reflections, passionate speeches and outpourings, and the decisions they come to play such a large role. But the author did not turn his heroes into exponents of his own ideas. Turgenev's artistic achievement is his ability to organically connect the movement of even the most abstract ideas of his characters and their life positions.

For the writer, one of the decisive criteria in determining a personality was how this personality relates to modernity, to the life around it, to the current events of the day. If you look closely at the “fathers” - Pavel Petrovich and Nikolai Petrovich Kirsanov, the first thing that catches your eye is that they, essentially not very old people, do not understand and do not accept what is happening around them.

It seems to Pavel Petrovich that the principles that he learned in his youth distinguish him favorably from people who listen to modern times. But Turgenev, at every step, without much pressure, completely unambiguously shows that in this stubborn desire to show his contempt for modernity, Pavel Petrovich is simply comical. He plays a certain role, which from the outside is simply funny.

Nikolai Petrovich is not as consistent as his older brother. He even says that he likes young people. But in fact, it turns out that he understands in modernity only that which threatens his peace.

Turgenev brought out several people in his novel who strive to rush with time. This is Kukshina and Sit-nikov. In them this desire is expressed very clearly and unambiguously. Bazarov usually speaks to them in a dismissive tone. It’s more difficult for him with Arkady. He is not as stupid and petty as Sitnikov. In a conversation with his father and uncle, he quite accurately explained to them such a complex concept as a nihilist. He is good because he does not consider Bazarov “his brother.” This brought Bazarov closer to Arkady, forced him to treat him softer, more condescendingly than to Kukshina or Sitnikov. But Arkady still has a desire to grab something in this new phenomenon, to somehow get closer to it, and he grabs only external signs.

And here we are faced with one of the most important qualities of Turgenev’s style. From the first steps of his literary activity, he widely used irony. In the novel “Fathers and Sons,” he awarded this quality to one of his heroes, Bazarov, who uses it in a very varied way: for Bazarov, irony is a means of separating himself from a person he does not respect, or “correcting” a person he does not respect. I haven't waved my hand yet. Such are his ironic antics with Arkady. Bazarov also masters another type of irony - irony directed at himself. He is ironic about both his actions and his behavior. Suffice it to recall the scene of Bazarov’s duel with Pavel Petrovich. He is ironic here at Pavel Petrovich, but no less bitterly and evilly at himself. At such moments, Bazarov appears in all the power of his charm. No complacency, no self-love.

Turgenev leads Bazarov through the circles of life's trials, and they reveal with real completeness and objectivity the measure of the hero's rightness and wrongness. “Complete and merciless denial” turns out to be justified as the only serious attempt to change the world, putting an end to contradictions. However, for the author it is also indisputable that the internal logic of nihilism inevitably leads to freedom without obligations, to action without love, to quests without faith. The writer does not find a creative creative force in nihilism: the changes that the nihilist envisages for really existing people are, in fact, tantamount to the destruction of these people. And Turgenev reveals the contradictions in the very nature of his hero.

Bazarov, who has experienced love and suffering, can no longer be an integral and consistent destroyer, ruthless, unshakably self-confident, breaking others simply by the right of the strong. But Bazarov also cannot reconcile himself, subordinating his life to the idea of ​​self-denial, or seek consolation in art, in the feeling of fulfilled duty, in selfless love for a woman - for this he is too angry, too proud, too unbridled, wildly free. The only possible resolution to this contradiction is death.

Turgenev created a character so complete and internally independent that the artist had only to avoid sinning against the internal logic of character development. There is not a single significant scene in the novel in which Bazarov would not participate. Bazarov passes away and the novel ends. In one of his letters, Turgenev admitted that when he “wrote Bazarov,” he ultimately felt not dislike for him, but admiration. And when he wrote the scene of Bazarov’s death, he sobbed bitterly. These were not tears of pity, these were the tears of an artist , who saw the tragedy of a huge man, in whom part of his own ideal was embodied.

“Fathers and Sons” caused fierce controversy throughout the history of Russian literature of the 19th century. And the author himself stopped with bewilderment and bitterness before the chaos of contradictory judgments: greetings from enemies and slaps in the face from friends. In a letter to Dostoevsky, he wrote with disappointment: “No one seems to suspect that I tried to present a tragic face in him - but everyone is interpreting why is he so bad? or - why is he so good? 8

Turgenev believed that his novel would serve to unite the social forces of Russia, would help many young people make the right, less tragic choice, that Russian society would listen to his warnings. But the dream of a united and friendly all-Russian cultural layer of society did not come true.

3.1. The problem of moral choice in literature about the Great Patriotic War.

But it also happens that human dignity and honor are the only weapons in the conditions of the cruel laws of existence on this earth. This helps to understand the short work of the 20th century Soviet writer M. Sholokhov, “The Fate of Man,” 9 which opens the topic of fascist captivity, which is forbidden in Soviet literature. The work raises important questions about national dignity and pride, about a person’s responsibility for his moral choice.

There were many obstacles on the life path of Andrei Sokolov, the main character of the story, but he proudly carried his “cross.” The character of Andrei Sokolov manifests itself in conditions of fascist captivity. Here is both patriotism and the pride of the Russian people. A call to the concentration camp commandant is a difficult test for the hero, but he emerges victorious from this situation. Going to the commandant, the hero mentally says goodbye to life, knowing that he will not ask for mercy from the enemy, and then one thing remains - death: “I began to gather my courage to look into the hole of the pistol fearlessly, as befits a soldier, so that the enemies would not we saw […] that it was still difficult for me to part with life...” 10

Andrei does not lose pride in front of the commandant himself. He refuses to drink schnapps for the victory of German weapons, and then he could not think about the glory of the enemy, pride for his people helped him: “So that I, a Russian soldier, would drink for the victory of German weapons?! Is there something you don't want, Herr Commandant? Damn it, I have to die, so get lost with your vodka.” Having then drunk to his death, Andrei snacks on a piece of bread, half of which he leaves whole: “I wanted to show them, the damned, that although I am disappearing from hunger, I am not going to choke on their handout, that I have my own, Russian dignity and pride and that they didn’t turn me into a beast, no matter how hard they tried,” 11 - this is what the original Russian soul of the hero says. A moral choice has been made: the fascists have been challenged. A moral victory has been won.

Despite his thirst, Andrei refuses to drink “to the victory of German weapons”, does not drink the “black milk” of humiliation and keeps his honor unsullied in this unequal battle, evoking the respect of the enemy: “...You are a real Russian soldier, You are a brave soldier” 12, - The commandant says to Andrey, admiring him. Our hero is a bearer of national character traits - patriotism, humanity, fortitude, perseverance and courage. There were many such heroes during the war years, and each of them performed his duty, and therefore a life feat.

The words of the great Russian writer are true: “Over the course of their history, the Russian people have selected, preserved, and raised to the level of respect such human qualities that cannot be revised: honesty, hard work, conscientiousness, kindness... We know how to live. Remember this. Be human." 1

The same human qualities are shown in Kondratiev’s work “Sashka” 13. In this story, the events, as in “The Fate of Man,” take place in wartime. The main character is soldier Sashka - and truly a hero. Not the least qualities for him are mercy, kindness, and courage. Sashka understands that in battle a German is an enemy and very dangerous, but in captivity he is a man, an unarmed man, an ordinary soldier. The hero deeply sympathizes with the prisoner, wants to help him: “If it hadn’t been for the shelling, they would have turned the German on his back, maybe the blood would have stopped...” 14 Sashka is very proud of his Russian character, he believes that this is what a soldier should do, a Man. He opposes himself to the fascists, rejoices for his Motherland and the Russian people: “We are not you. We don’t shoot prisoners.” He is sure that a person is a person everywhere and should always remain so: “...Russian people do not mock prisoners” 15. Sashka cannot understand how one person can be free over the fate of another, how one can control someone else’s life. He knows that no one has a Human right to do this, that he will not allow this to happen to himself. What is invaluable about Sashka is his enormous sense of responsibility, even for things for which he should not be responsible. Feeling that strange feeling of power over others, the right to decide whether to live or die, the hero involuntarily shudders: “Sashka even somehow felt uneasy... he’s not the type to mock prisoners and the unarmed” 16.

There, during the war, he understood the meaning of the word “must”. “It’s necessary, Sashok. You see, it’s necessary,” the company commander told him, “before ordering anything, and Sashka understood that it was necessary, and did everything that was ordered, as it should be” 17. The hero is attractive because he does things beyond what is necessary: ​​something ineradicable in him forces him to do this. He does not kill a prisoner on orders; wounded, he returns to hand over his machine gun and say goodbye to his brother soldiers; he himself accompanies the orderlies to the seriously wounded person, so that he knows that that person is alive and saved. Sashka feels this need within himself. Or is it the conscience that commands? But another conscience may not command - and confidently prove that it is pure. But there are not two consciences, “conscience” and “another conscience”: conscience either exists or it does not, just as there are not two “patriotisms”. Sashka believed that a Man, and especially he, a Russian, must preserve his honor and dignity in any situation, and this means remaining a merciful person, honest to himself, fair, true to his word. He lives according to the law: he was born a man, so be real inside, and not an outer shell, under which there is darkness and emptiness...

III. Questioning.

I tried to identify important moral values ​​for 10th grade students. For the research, I took questionnaires from the Internet (the author is unknown). Conducted a survey in 10th grade, 15 students participated in the survey.

Mathematical and statistical processing of results.

1.What is morality?
2. What is moral choice?
3. Do you have to cheat in life?
4. Do you help when asked?
5. Will you come to the rescue at any time?
6. Is it good to be alone?
7. Do you know the origin of your last name?
8. Does your family keep photographs?
9. Do you have any family heirlooms?
10. Are letters and postcards kept in the family?

The survey I conducted showed that for many children moral values ​​are important.

Conclusion:

Since ancient times, valor, pride, and mercy in man have been revered. And from then on, the elders passed on their instructions to the young, warning against mistakes and serious consequences. Yes, how much time has passed since then, and moral values ​​do not become obsolete; they live in every person. Since those times, a person was considered a Human if he could educate himself and possessed the following qualities: pride, honor, good nature, firmness. “Kill neither the right nor the wrong, and do not order him to be killed,” 18, Vladimir Monomakh teaches us. The main thing is for a person to be worthy of his life. Only then will he be able to change something in his country, around him. Many misfortunes and troubles can happen, but Russian literature teaches us to be strong and keep “our word, for if you break an oath, you will destroy your soul” 1, teaches us not to forget about our brothers, to love them as relatives, to respect each other. And the main thing is to remember that you are a Russian person, that you have the strength of heroes, nursing mothers, the strength of Russia. Andrei Sokolov did not forget about this in captivity, did not turn either himself or his Motherland into a laughing stock, did not want to give up HIS Russia, his children Senya from Rasputin’s story, to desecration.

We see what a person, son and protector should be like, using the example of Prince Daniel, he gave everything so that his Motherland, country, people would not perish, but would survive. He agreed to the condemnation that awaited him after accepting the Tatar faith, he fulfilled his duty, and it is not for us to judge him.

In Bazarov, the hero of the novel by I.S. Turgenev, there is also a difficult life ahead. And each of us has our own road, which we must definitely go out on, and everyone goes out on it, only someone realizes too late that they are going along it in the other direction...

IV.Conclusion.

A person always faces a moral choice. A moral choice is a decision consciously made by a person, it is the answer to the question “What to do?”: pass by or help, deceive or tell the truth, succumb to temptation or resist. When making a moral choice, a person is guided by morality and his own ideas about life. Honor, dignity, conscience, pride, mutual understanding, mutual assistance - these are the qualities that have helped Russian people at all times to defend their land from enemies. Centuries pass, life in society changes, society changes, and people change. And now our modern literature is sounding the alarm: the generation is sick, sick with unbelief, godlessness... But Russia exists! And that means there is a Russian person. Among today's youth there are those who will revive faith and return moral values ​​to their generation. And our past will be a support and help in all situations; it is from it that we need to learn, moving towards the future.

I didn’t want the work to turn out to be an essay, read and forgotten. If, after reading my thoughts and “discoveries,” at least someone thinks about the meaning of this work, about the purpose of my actions, about questions and calls for us - for modern society - then my efforts were not in vain, then this creativity will not become “dead” weight , will not gather dust somewhere in a folder on a shelf. It is in the thoughts, in the mind. Research work is, first of all, your attitude to everything, and only you can develop it and give impetus to further transformations, first in yourself, and then, perhaps, in others. I gave this push, now it’s up to each of us.

Writing such a work is half the battle, but to prove that it is really important and necessary, to make it reach people’s minds and strike like a bolt from the blue, to delight, like a problem solved at an unexpected moment, is to do much more more difficult.

V. Literature.

1. M. Sholokhov, “The Fate of Man”, story, Verkhnevolzhsky book publishing house, Yaroslavl 1979
2. V. Kondratyev, “Sashka”, story, ed. “Enlightenment”, 1985, Moscow.
3. "Stories of Russian Chronicles", ed. center "Vityaz", 1993, Moscow.
4. I. S. Turgenev “Mumu”, ed. "AST", 1999, Nazran.
5. V.I. Dal "Proverbs and sayings of the Russian people", ed. "Eksmo", 2009
6. I.S. Turgenev “On the Eve”, ed. "AST", 1999, Nazran
7. I.S. Turgenev “Fathers and Sons”, ed. "Alpha-M", 2003, Moscow.
8. V.S. Apalkova “History of the Fatherland”, ed. "Alpha-M", 2004, Moscow.
9. A.V. Century "History of Russia from ancient times to the present day", ed. “Modern writer”, 2003, Minsk.
10. N.S. Borisov “History of Russia”, ed. ROSMEN-PRESS", 2004, Moscow.
11. I.A. Isaev “History of the Fatherland”, ed. “Lawyer”, 2000, Moscow.
12. V.I. Dal "Proverbs and sayings of the Russian people", ed. "Eksmo", 2009
13. "Stories of Russian Chronicles", ed. Center "Vityaz", 1993, Moscow.
14. I.S. Turgenev “Mumu”, ed. "AST", 1999, Nazran. The story "Mumu" was written in 1852. First published in Sovremennik magazine in 1854.
15. I.S. Turgenev “On the Eve”, ed. "AST", 1999, Nazran. The novel "On the Eve" was written in 1859. In 1860 the work was published.
16. I. S. Turgenev “On the Eve”, ed. "AST", 1999, Nazran
17. I. S. Turgenev “Tales, short stories, prose poems, criticism and comments,” ed. "AST", 2010, Syzran
18. I.S. Turgenev “Fathers and Sons”, ed. "Alpha-M", 2003, Moscow. The work “Fathers and Sons” was written in 1961 and published in 1862 in the magazine “Russian Messenger”.
19. I. S. Turgenev “Tales, short stories, prose poems, criticism and comments,” ed. "AST", 2010, Syzran.
20. M.A. Sholokhov “The Fate of Man”, story, Verkhnevolzhsky book publishing house, Yaroslavl, 1979.
21. M.A. Sholokhov “The Fate of Man”, story, Verkhnevolzhsky book publishing house, Yaroslavl, 1979.
22. M.A. Sholokhov “The Fate of Man”, story, Verkhnevolzhsky book publishing house, Yaroslavl, 1979.
23. M.A. Sholokhov “The Fate of Man”, story, Verkhnevolzhsky book publishing house, Yaroslavl, 1979.
24. The story was published in 1979 in the magazine “Friendship of Peoples”.
25. V.L. Kondratiev “Sashka”, story, ed. “Enlightenment”, 1985, Moscow.
26. V.L. Kondratiev “Sashka”, story, ed. “Enlightenment”, 1985, Moscow
27. V.L. Kondratiev “Sashka”, story, ed. “Enlightenment”, 1985, Moscow
28. V.L. Kondratiev “Sashka”, story, ed. “Enlightenment”, 1985, Moscow
29. “The Teachings of Vladimir Monomakh” is a literary monument of the 12th century, written by the Grand Duke of Kyiv Vladimir Monomakh.

(based on works of the war period)

How it was! How did it coincide-

War, trouble, dream and youth!

And it all sunk into me

And only then did I wake up!

(David Samoilov)

The world of literature is a complex, amazing world, and at the same time very contradictory. Especially at the turn of the century, where those who join again, the new encounters what sometimes sees or becomes exemplary, classic. Either one formation is replaced by another: accordingly, views, ideology, sometimes even morality change, foundations collapse (which happened at the turn of the 19th - 20th centuries). Everything changes. And today, on the threshold of the 21st century, we feel it ourselves. Only one thing remains unchanged: memory. We should be grateful to those writers who left behind once recognized, and sometimes unrecognized, work. These works make us think about the meaning of life, return to that time, look at it through the eyes of writers of different movements, and compare conflicting points of view. These works are a living memory of those artists who did not remain ordinary contemplatives of what was happening. “As much memory as there is in a person, so much is the person in him,” writes V. Rasputin. And let our grateful memory be our caring attitude towards their creations.

We have experienced a terrible war, perhaps the most terrible and severe in terms of casualties and destruction in the entire history of mankind. A war that brought with it millions of innocent lives of mothers and children who tried to somehow resist this wedge of fascism, going deeper and deeper into the consciousness of every person on the planet. But after more than half a century, we are beginning to forget the horror and fear that our fathers and grandfathers experienced while defending their Motherland. We are no longer surprised by the slightly disguised swastika of Hitler's Nazism. It’s strange why the country and people who stopped fascism, seemingly once and for all, now receive people like Ilyukhin and Barkashov. Why, hiding behind the holy ideals of the unity and well-being of Mother Russia, at the same time they walk around with Nazi swastikas on their sleeves and images of Hitler on their chests.

And again, Russia faces a choice - a choice so complex and ambiguous that it makes us think about the meaning of worldly existence and the purpose of our existence on this planet.

In this work, I tried, as they say, to delve into the very essence of these two words - choice and morality. What do they mean for each of us and how will we behave in a situation that pushes us to commit an immoral crime, pushes us to commit a crime against ourselves, against the established opinion about the purity of the human soul and about morality, against the laws of God.

Choice is nothing more than an option for the further path of human development. The only difference between choice and fortune is that choice is deliberate, conscious and thoughtful behavior of a person, directed or better said, emanating from human needs and the main sense of self-preservation.

What is good and beautiful, in my opinion, are writers of the war period, if only because they are a mirror of the human soul. As if approaching a person, they turn to a certain angle, thereby showing the person’s soul from all sides. Vyacheslav Kondratyev, in my opinion, is no exception.

Kondratiev’s stories and tales take us to the Far East (where the heroes served in the army, and the war found them there), and to the warily harsh, but calm Moscow of forty-two. But in the center of Kondratiev’s artistic universe is the Ovsyannikovsky field - in craters from mines, shells and bombs, with uncleaned corpses, with bullet-ridden helmets lying around, with a tank knocked out in one of the first battles.

The Ovsyannikovskoe field is not remarkable in any way. A field is like a field. But for Kondratiev’s heroes, everything important in their lives happens here, and many are not destined to cross it; they will remain here forever. And those who are lucky enough to return from here alive will remember it forever in every detail. - every hollow, every hillock, every path. For those who fight here, even the smallest things are filled with considerable significance: huts, and small trenches, and the last pinch of terry, and felt boots that cannot be dried, and half a pot of thin millet porridge a day for two. All this made up the life of a soldier on the front line, this is what it consisted of, what it was filled with. Even death was commonplace here, although the hope did not fade away that it was unlikely to get out of here alive and uninjured.

Now, from the distance of peaceful times, it may seem that Kondratiev’s details alone are not so significant - you can do without them: the date with which a pack of concentrate is marked, cakes made from rotten, soggy potatoes. But it’s all true, it happened. Is it possible, turning away from the dirt, blood, suffering, to appreciate the courage of a soldier, to truly understand what the war cost the people? This is where the hero’s moral choice begins - between spoiled food, between corpses, between fear. A piece of war-torn land, a handful of people - the most ordinary, but at the same time unique in their own way on the entire planet. These people were able to withstand, were able to carry through the entire war a human being and a human soul, never once tainted in this mess of a dirty war. Kondratiev completely depicted folk life in a small space. In the small world of Ovsyannikov’s field, the essential features and patterns of the big world are revealed, the fate of the people appears at a time of great historical upheavals. In the small things, the big things always appear in him. The same date on a pack of concentrate, indicating that it was not from the reserve, but immediately, without delay or delay, went to the front, without further ado, indicates the extreme limit of the tension of the forces of the entire country.

Front life - reality of a special kind: meetings here are fleeting - at any moment an order or a bullet could separate them for a long time, often forever. But under fire, in a few days and hours, and sometimes in just one action, a person’s character was revealed with such exhaustive completeness, with such extreme clarity and certainty, which are sometimes unattainable under normal conditions even with many years of friendly relations.

Let’s imagine that the war spared both Sasha and that seriously wounded soldier from the “dads”, whom the hero, himself wounded, bandaged and to whom, having reached the medical platoon, he brought the orderlies. Would Sashka remember this incident? Most likely, nothing at all, for him there is nothing special in it, he did what he took for granted, without attaching any importance to it. But the wounded soldier whose life Sashka saved will probably never forget him. What does it matter if he doesn’t know anything about Sashka, not even his name. The act itself revealed to him the most important thing in Sashka. And if their acquaintance had continued, it would not have added much to what he learned about Sashka in those few minutes when a shell fragment felled him, and he lay in the grove, bleeding. And not one event can characterize a person’s morality - than this one. And Sashka gave preference to the right choice - the choice of human conscience and human mercy.

It is often said, referring to the fate of a person, - river of life. At the front, its current became catastrophically rapid, it imperiously carried a person along with it and carried him from one bloody whirlpool to another. How little opportunity he had for free choice! But when choosing, every time he puts his life or the lives of his subordinates on the line. The price of choice here is always life, although usually you have to choose seemingly ordinary things - a position with a wider view, cover on the battlefield.

Kondratiev is trying to convey this unstoppable movement of the flow of life, subjugating a person; sometimes the hero comes to the fore - Sashka. And although he tries to use all the opportunities for choice that arise, he does not miss situations the outcome of which may depend on his ingenuity, endurance, he still - still at the mercy of this indomitable flow of military reality - While he is alive and well, he can go on the attack again, press himself into the ground under fire, eat whatever he has to, sleep wherever he has to...

The story “Sashka” was immediately noticed and appreciated. Readers and critics, this time showing rare unanimity, determined its place among the greatest successes of our military literature. This story, which made the name of Vyacheslav Kondratiev, still reminds us of the horrors of that war.

But Kondratiev was not alone; the problems of moral choice fell on the shoulders of other writers of that time. Yuri Bondarev wrote a lot about the war, "Hot Snow" occupies a special place, opening up new approaches to solving moral and psychological problems posed in his first stories - "Battalions Ask for Fire" and "The Last Salvos". These three books about the war are holistic and the developing world, which reached its greatest completeness and figurative power in “Hot Snow.” The first stories, independent in all respects, were at the same time a kind of preparation for a novel, perhaps not yet conceived, but living in the depths of the writer’s memory.

The events of the novel “Hot Snow” unfold near Stalingrad, south of the 6th Army of General Paulus, blocked by Soviet troops, in the cold December 1942, when one of our armies withstood in the Volga steppe the attack of the tank divisions of Field Marshal Manstein, who sought to break through a corridor to Paulus’s army and get her out of the encirclement. The outcome of the Battle of the Volga and maybe even the timing of the end of the war itself largely depended on the success or failure of this operation. The novel's duration is limited to just a few days, during which Yuri Bondarev's heroes selflessly defend a tiny patch of land from German tanks. Thus showing the height of human heroism and the boundlessness of Russian patriotism.

These sample essays for various texts will help in preparing graduates for the state exam.

“Essay based on the text of Pavlyuchenko on December 14, 1825...”

Moral choice... Meanness or honesty, loyalty or betrayal, feelings or reason? Each of us will sooner or later face making an important decision. The famous publicist Pavlyuchenko also talks about the possibility of moral choice.

A well-known fact shows how acute this problem is: currently the waiting list for so-called nursing homes consists of 20,000 people. This is an indicator that in modern society people often put their own comfort and peace of mind above the needs of their loved ones. The author of the text offered to me examines the problem of moral choice using the example of the feat of the wives of the Decembrists. Pavlyuchenko contrasts the wealthy life of noblewomen, a happy family life, and position in society with the miserable life in “peasant huts with mica windows and a smoking stove.” The author pays special attention to the voluntary refusal of noblewomen from a rich and moderate life, analyzing the reasons for the women’s actions.

The author's position is not expressed verbally, but is understandable. It is no coincidence that the author, describing the actions of the wives of the Decembrists, says that they behaved “bravely.” Thus, the publicist focuses on the dedication, courage and perseverance of his heroines. Behind the dry words of business papers (“I wish to share the fate of my husband”) we feel the author’s deep respect for the heroines. In the final part of the text, the publicist addresses the author of the novel “Crime and Punishment.” Like F.M. Dostoevsky, Pavlyuchenko evaluates the act of the Decembrists’ wives as the highest sacrifice.

At one time, the problem of moral choice worried such writers as L.N. Tolstoy, F.M. Dostoevsky, A.I. Kuprin. I would like to turn to the latter’s story “Anathema”. The hero of the story, Father Olympius, is faced with a choice: to fulfill his official duties, which means to anathematize L.N. Tolstoy or not to disobey the orders of the ruler. Protodeacon Olympius knows the consequences of disobedience (“they’ll put you in a monastery”!), and he decides to resign his rank. His soul does not tolerate anger, revenge, punishment of the writer, who awakened the most sincere feelings in him, because even at night he admired the charming lines of the story, was touched and cried.

No less interestingly, the problem of moral choice is considered in his story “The Wolf Pack” by V.V. Bykov. The hero of the work, Levchuk, is faced with a choice: to risk himself to save someone else’s baby or to run away alone, thinking about his life. Without a moment's hesitation, the partisan chooses a difficult path through the swamp, trying with all his might not to harm the child and not to be discovered. Was it difficult for Levchuk to make his choice? Undoubtedly. The more respect the hero’s decision evokes.

Concluding my essay - reasoning, I cannot help but note that the problem of moral choice will inevitably face each of us and I want to believe that we will be able to solve it with dignity.

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“Essay based on the text by L. Sobolev Nineteen-year-old Andrei Krotkikh...”

In the text offered to me, the writer poses the problem of moral choice.

To attract the reader's attention to the question posed, A.N. Sobolev narrates an episode from the life of his hero, nineteen-year-old Red Navy man Andrei Krotkikh. Before our eyes, a young fighter has to make a difficult choice. Andrei can, without thinking about himself, throw himself onto a “burning box with mines,” which will set the entire ship on fire, and save Commissar Filatov. Or, succumbing to “mean, panicky cowardice and fear,” rush from the stern along with everyone else. It is no coincidence that the author describes in such detail the internal state of the hero, his thoughts: “if he stumbles, then no one will help him,” “if this happens, then shells will begin to explode in the fire after the mines.” It is important for the writer to show how difficult the moral choice between one’s own interests and the salvation of others can be. Of course, the author approves of the protagonist’s decision, which is why the “grateful hug” of the commissar “for the act that he, Andrei Krotkikh, just did” is so important to Andrei.

The conclusion that A.N. Sobolev comes to in the course of his narration is close and understandable to me. I believe that not only the well-being of others, but also one’s own future can depend on the correctness of the decision.

To substantiate my point of view, I would like to turn to the work “Old Woman Izergil” by the famous 20th century author M. Gorky. Our focus is on Danko, whom the main character talks about. Together with Danko, we see how people who find themselves among swamps and stone trees weaken, how fear is born in their souls, how ready they are for the fate of slaves. It is difficult to imagine the life of this people if it were not for the protagonist’s intention to sacrifice himself. Reading this story, you understand that Danko’s decision is the right moral choice. That is why people created a legend about him.

You can make sure that your own future can depend on the right choice by reading V. Bykov’s story “Sotnikov”. We learn about the partisan Rybak, who was captured by the Germans. Reading the work, you don’t fully believe that for the sake of his own life the hero will betray the partisan detachment, and Demchikha, and the headman, and the exhausted Sotnikov. V. Bykov shows what terrible consequences a mistake can lead to: Rybak understands that, having remained physically alive and avoided the gallows, the hero “liquidates” himself morally, realizing that now he has no place either among strangers or among his own.

The text by A.N. Sobolev is addressed to each of us. Only when you put yourself in the place of the main character do you think about how important the right moral choice is.

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“Essay based on the test by Yu. Bondarev. The actress was...”

Moral choice... Own well-being or the benefit of society?.. Reason or feelings?.. Fortunately or unfortunately, each of us is faced with the problem of a difficult choice. So the famous publicist Bondarev, in the text offered to me, touches on this important problem.

Of course, the question that is the focus of the author’s attention is relevant. There is confirmation of this: according to statistics, the number of so-called nursing homes is increasing, and, nevertheless, more than 20,000 people are waiting their turn in these institutions! This means that the choice between one’s own peace of mind and caring for loved ones is often not made in favor of the latter. If we talk about the historical roots of the problem, we can recall the 10 biblical commandments - more than 2000 years ago there was a need to prescribe basic moral values ​​so that the choice in favor of morality would be undeniable.

Yu. Bondarev does not verbally express his opinion on what is happening, but his position is extremely clear. We can confidently say that the author treats his heroine with sympathy: using the epithets “frightened” (eyes), “trembling” (fingers), “skinny” (bones) - the writer conveys the fear, confusion, and defenselessness of the young actress. The author convinces us that the heroine is making the right choice by depicting the second hero: “chubby hands”, “flat mouth”, “short stature” - these details create the image of “Mr. Cruelty”, an all-powerful man who uses his power without thinking about others. The writer believes that the choice made by the main character is the most correct, given the circumstances that happened to her.

Of course, I agree with Yu. Bondarenko’s point of view, and if I have to make a difficult choice, then I hope I will make it correctly. An example of this can be considered the act of Father Olympius, the hero of A. Kuprin’s story “Anathema”. In life, the archdeacon was given a choice: having betrayed his convictions, remain in the service, enjoy well-deserved respect, be the darling of the public, or betray his love for the work of L.N. Tolstoy, lose your position, public praise, but not give up your soul, faith, principles. And instead of the word “anathema,” he proclaims “many le-e-e-ta-a-a-a,” defining his choice.

The issue of true choice is illuminated no less clearly by V. Bykov in the story “The Wolf Pack.” I am surprised and delighted by the decision of one of the main characters - Levchuk. Between saving a child, three days in a swamp, his own life and the future of an unknown “little one,” he, without hesitation, chooses deprivation and danger. Following the author of the story, I understand that the sacrifice was not in vain, because after 30 years the main reward and merit of the former partisan is the life of this baby saved from the “wolf pack”.

I conclude my discussion with a firm conviction of how important the right choice is in the life of each of us.

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“Essay based on the text by K.S. Aksakov Public opinion...”

“Public opinion is good and great power...” - it is with this phrase from the text offered to me that I would like to begin my essay - reasoning. Does public opinion really have that much influence? Is it necessary to support the moral imperfection of a person if society extols him? Are moral laws important for public opinion? I am sure that the questions that arise concern not only me. So the author of the text offered to me raises the problem of a person’s responsibility to himself and society as a whole.

The moral problem that is the focus of the author’s attention undoubtedly worries many. We are all concerned about the situation in Ukraine: the “stable” shelling of “dormitory” areas, the death of children, pensioners, women, robberies and violence, the bombing of schools, hospitals and kindergartens - all this personifies Ukraine today! Is this what the people who stood in the center of Kyiv in November 2013 wanted? No, of course not, but, unfortunately, public opinion turned out to be stronger than the arguments of individual politicians and public figures. Go to a rally? - Yes! Overthrow the government? - Yes! And no one thought what would happen next! A similar situation is considered by the famous publicist K. Aksakov, analyzing the behavior of guests who came to visit a host who is not distinguished by morality and, it turns out, approve of his vices.

The author’s position, it seems to me, is formulated in the following sentence: “... personal morality alone is not enough, public morality is necessary.” In other words, in order to be considered truly kind and moral, a person is obliged to express his position, and not support the opinion of people who are immoral and deceitful, but endowed with power. Is it really that important? Yes, the author believes that this is very necessary for the development of a society that represents a moral union.

Of course, I agree with the author’s opinion: public opinion has the greatest influence. As a first argument in support of my position, I would like to recall M.A. Bulgakov’s novel “The Master and Margarita”. Pontius Pilate, this hero who amazed me, was found on “twelve thousand moons” of loneliness and glory as a coward and traitor, suffering from pangs of conscience. For what, you ask? And because, choosing between the life of Yeshua (and therefore justice!) and his own selfish well-being, he gives preference to the second. Why did he do this, because he knew that Ishua was not a criminal? And because the people (and therefore society) demanded the death of Ishua, the crowd shouted his name, demanding execution. Here is an example when public opinion is immoral. Pontius Pilate (sacrificing his career) could have stopped the execution, but the fear that society would reject him prevented this.

Ray Bradbury examines this problem no less vividly in his dystopian novel Fahrenheit 451. This work reveals a conflict between society (which prefers not reading books, but burning them, not a large family with many children, but walls with “relatives”, not conversations between people, but listening to “shells”) and a small group of people. There are few of them, but they know the value of books, live communication, morality and spirituality, they are the keepers of information, the connection between generations. The main character, Montag, tries to rebel against the “murderous regime”, but society categorically resists this. Maybe Montag should have come to terms with his “tastes”? I think not! By protesting, the main character finds like-minded people, which means that the formation of a new society has begun, in which there is no place for “relatives.”

In conclusion, I would like to remind you that the society that surrounds us is ourselves, which means that if you want to change society, start with yourself first.

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“Essay based on the text by Yu. Bondareva Actress...”

Choice... Difficult questions, in answering which one has to choose between observing one's own moral principles and receiving benefits, are classified as a problem of moral choice. The famous Russian writer Yu. Bondarev discusses its importance in the text offered to me.

Undoubtedly, the topic of observing moral commandments and moral principles worries many. It is enough to recall the Samara volunteer association “Not OUR Children”, which is engaged in charitable assistance to children's institutions, or refer to the text offered to me. Its author, Yu. Bondarev, examines moral choice using the example of the actions of the main character of the story - a young actress who finds herself in a difficult situation. She refuses to violate her moral principles against the wishes of the owner of the house, a person with influence. The author focuses the reader's attention on the difference in the position of the heroes. For example, the actress is described as very fragile and insecure: “..her thin hand trembled..”, “... defenseless bones...”. Her interlocutor, on the contrary, seems to be a very self-confident, unbending person: “... an all-powerful man...”, “... with a look... firm...”.

The author's position is not clearly expressed, however, by analyzing the text, it can be revealed. So, for example, the owner of the house is described as an omnipotent, unshakable person who only wants to satisfy his needs. And even his glasses were called ruthless by Yu. Bondarev! What, if not this, can complete the image of a negative hero? The description of the actress, in turn, is contrasted with him. “... blushed childishly...”, “... smiled at him with pitiful timidity...”, “... shoulders... thin, narrow...” - all these details evoke a feeling of compassion for the girl. It seems to me that in this way the author expresses sympathy for the heroine and his dislike for, as he writes, “Mr. Cruelty.”

I completely agree with the position of Yu. Bondarev. I have heard more than once about similar situations in which many had to sacrifice something for the sake of observing their own moral principles. The problem of moral choice is touched upon by many writers, and I would like to highlight some of them. The story of the Belarusian writer Vasil Bykov “Wolf Pack” describes the situation of a difficult moral choice that the main character faces. Partisan Levchuk finds himself in a situation where he must either try to save the baby, but possibly be discovered by enemy soldiers, or leave the child to die and reduce the risk of his own death. The hero commits the only true, but no less heroic act - he saves the newborn. During the escape of the hero and the child, they have to wait three days, being in the swamp without food and water, and this turns out to be not in vain - the heroes are saved. This act evokes many feelings, one of which is boundless respect for the hero.

The hero of another story by V. Bykov, “Sotnikov,” evokes the same feeling. The situation described in it differs from the previous one: here the hero faces a terrible choice: betray his squad and save his life, or die himself, but give others a chance to survive. The choice is truly difficult: in the face of death, not everyone can maintain humanity, but for the main character this turns out to be a feasible task - he sacrifices himself for the sake of others. Both cases are also interesting because during the war years such situations happened everywhere. Every day people sacrificed themselves to save someone else, to save people dear to their hearts.

After the analysis I have made, there is no doubt that moral choice is the most difficult choice in a person’s life. This problem is eternal, situations requiring the ability to sacrifice one’s own good for the good of other people are inevitable, and if I found myself in a similar situation, I would like to show myself as worthy as the heroes of Vasil Bykov’s stories.

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“Essay based on the text by A. Aleksin That year, father and mother...”

Does much really depend on making the right moral choice? This is exactly the question that modern prose writer Anatoly Aleksin asks in the text offered to me.

Analyzing the problem, the author turns to a fragment from the life of his hero. The writer talks about the difficult life situation in which Seryozha found himself: the teenager must choose between his own peace of mind and the well-being of his family. It seems to me that it is no coincidence that antithesis was chosen as the main compositional device. The author contrasts two points of view on solving this problem. On the one hand, this is the position of Shurik, who, for his own benefit, is ready to step over the feelings of Nina Georgievna, “disappear from this house and not remind of himself” to the woman who gave him thirteen years of her life. Seryozha is opposed to him: for three and a half years he hid his communication with Nina Georgievna, because “he was afraid of destroying something, he was afraid of offending his mother,” he valued the happiness and “exemplary character” of his family. The final part of the text contains the arguments of the main character, his internal monologues. They help the author show how difficult the path to the only correct moral choice can be and how important it is not to make a mistake when making a decision.

The author's point of view is beyond doubt. A. Aleksin is convinced that moral choice determines a person’s personality, which is why it is so important not to make mistakes in your decisions. It seems to me that the writer’s position is expressed in the point of view of the main character, who is sure that the life of those who “began to need you” can depend on the choice of one person.

I certainly agree with A. Aleksin’s point of view and believe that moral choice determines not only our future, but also the lives of those around us.

I would like to substantiate my point of view by referring to the work B. Vasilyeva “My horses are flying.” We meet one of the heroes, Dr. Jansen, in the dead rainy autumn during his funeral and see how throughout the cemetery, praying in different languages ​​to different gods, women, children, kneeling in the mud, men... How did this man deserve such respect for himself? Reading the autobiographical story, we learn that Dr. Jansen, sacrificing himself, saved two teenagers (he pulled them out of a sewer well, the air in which was oversaturated with methane). Not only did he save the children, but he also united the residents of the city of Smolensk, saving their faith in man. Reading about the hero, I realized that the lives of many may depend on the moral choice of one person.

Vasil Bykov’s story “Sotnikov” helps you think about why it is so important to make the right decision. Before our eyes, Rybak, a partisan captured by the Nazis, has to make a choice: to save his life at the cost of betraying his Motherland or to share the fate of his comrades and die with dignity. The hero chooses life, but what does this decision cost him? Having survived, Rybak “liquidates” himself as a person worthy of respect: he understands that there is no place for him on this earth: neither among his devoted comrades, nor among the Germans. Vasil Bykov shows how great the consequences of a moral choice can be and how important it is not to make a mistake when making a decision.

Of course, in life, each of us will have to make a choice between our own peace of mind and the interests of others. It is important to understand what your decision may lead to and make it consciously.

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“Essay based on the text by V. Soloukhin There was a war for which we...”

Do moral laws apply in difficult war years? Is there a place for compassion, mercy and humanity at this time? These questions are raised by the author of the text proposed to me, V.A. Soloukhin. The problem of moral choice is the focus of the writer's attention.

Revealing the problem, the author talks about the difficult, hungry life of sixteen-year-old boys during the war. We see how the heroes try to survive on four hundred grams of bread a day, how they try to get food by any means. In such a situation, is it worth thinking about others or should everyone take care of themselves, live by their own interests and needs? In order to show that this question can be answered in different ways, the author contrasts the positions of Mishka, his father, the driver and the main character. The first believe that they need to worry about themselves, so foodstuffs unthinkable in times of famine are stored in a closed, secret “barn.” This is contrasted with the point of view of the protagonist who lived in the same room, who was ready to sacrifice the weekend for the sake of his comrades, to go forty-five kilometers to the village to bring bread. It is no coincidence that in the final part of the story the author focuses on the fate of Mishka, who “didn’t complain to anyone” about the boys who broke the nightstand, but could no longer live in their room. Showing that Mishka’s consumerist, indifferent position leads him to the position of an outcast, the author convinces of how important it is to make the right decision so as not to be of no use to anyone.

We can understand the author’s position in relation to V.A. Soloukhin to his heroes. Describing Mishka, the author does not hide his negative attitude towards him. “Greedy”, “grabbers”, “shameless lies”, “cunning look” - these details leave no doubt: the writer does not accept the immoral choice of Mishka and others like him and is sure that it is very important to be able to make the right choice from a moral point of view.

The author’s position is clear and close to me. You can make sure that even today it is important to make the right decision by getting acquainted with the periodical press. Increasingly, essays about real heroes who sacrificed themselves for the sake of others appear in newspapers and magazines - the choice of these people is considered correct and worthy.

Arguing my position, I would like to turn to M. Bulgakov’s novel “The Master and Margarita”. We see how difficult it is for one of the main characters to make a decision - the procurator of Judea Pontius Pilate. He has to choose: follow the truth and save Yeshua Ha-Nozri, or go against his feelings and desires, send the prisoner to death, retaining his power and authority. Reading about the punishment of the procurator with immortality, we understand that the hero made the wrong decision, which is why he has been tormented by the reputation of a coward and a traitor for more than two thousand years. The procurator's dreams of meeting, talking with the prisoner and leaving with him along the lunar path help to realize what consequences a wrong choice can lead to.

Boris Vasiliev tells in his work “My Horses Are Flying” that the action of one person can affect the fate of an entire city. Before us is the life of Dr. Janson: he comes to patients at any time of the day, in any weather, gives life and everyday advice, does not refuse help, sacrifices himself to save teenagers. Reading about the doctor for the poorest, you understand why after his death he is revered as a saint: the ability of a modest, middle-aged Latvian to forget about himself and about time was valued very highly by the townspeople.

Of course, the text by V.A. Soloukhin is addressed to each of us. The boys' story helps you think about your decisions and actions.

Description of the presentation by individual slides:

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Problems of morality in works of Russian literature Arguments for an essay

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Morality - This is a system of rules of personal behavior, first of all, answering the question: what is good and what is bad; what is good and what is evil. This system is based on values ​​that a given person considers important and necessary. As a rule, such values ​​include human life, happiness, family, love, welfare and others. Depending on what kind of values ​​a person chooses for himself, it is determined what the person’s actions will be - moral or immoral. Therefore, morality is an independent choice of a person.

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PROBLEMS OF MORALITY: The problem of a person’s moral quest has its roots in ancient Russian literature and folklore. It is associated with such concepts as: honor, conscience, dignity, patriotism, valor, honesty, mercy, etc. Since ancient times, all these qualities have been valued by man; they helped him in difficult life situations with choices. To this day, we know the following proverbs: “In whom there is honor, there lies truth,” “Without a root, not a blade of grass grows,” “A man without a homeland is a nightingale without a song,” “Take care of honor from a young age, and take care of your dress again.” The most interesting sources on which modern literature relies are fairy tales, epics, short stories, stories, etc.

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Problems of morality In literature: In literature there are works that touch on many problems of morality.

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The problem of morality is one of the key problems in Russian literature, which always teaches, educates, and not just entertains. “War and Peace” L.N. Tolstoy is a novel about the spiritual quest of the main characters, moving towards the highest moral truth through delusions and mistakes. For the great writer, spirituality is the main quality of Pierre Bezukhov, Natasha Rostova, Andrei Bolkonsky. It is worth listening to the wise advice of the master of words and learning from him the highest truths.

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The problem of morality in the work of A. I. Solzhenitsyn “Matrenin’s Dvor”. The main character is a simple Russian woman who “didn’t chase things”, was trouble-free and impractical. But it is precisely these, according to the author, who are the righteous on whom our land rests.

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The problem of a person’s attitude to his homeland, his small homeland The problem of his attitude to his small homeland is raised by V.G. Rasputin in the story “Farewell to Matera”. Those who truly love their native land protect their island from flooding, and strangers are ready to desecrate the graves, burn down huts, which for others, for example, for Daria, are not just a home, but a home where parents died and children were born.

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The problem of a person’s relationship to his homeland, small homeland The theme of the homeland is one of the main ones in the work of I.A. Bunina. Having left Russia, he wrote only about it until the end of his days. The work “Antonov Apples” is imbued with sad lyricism. The smell of Antonov apples became for the author the personification of his homeland. Russia is shown by Bunin as diverse, contradictory, where the eternal harmony of nature is combined with human tragedies

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The problem of loneliness in the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky It seems to me that sometimes it is the person himself who is guilty of loneliness, having separated himself, like Rodion Raskolnikov, the hero of Dostoevsky’s novel, by pride, the desire for power or crime. You have to be open and kind, then there will be people who will save you from loneliness. The sincere love of Sonya Marmeladova saves Raskolnikov and gives him hope for the future.

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The problem of mercy and humanism. The pages of works of Russian literature teach us to be merciful to those who, due to various circumstances or social injustice, find themselves at the bottom of their lives or in a difficult situation. The lines of A.S. Pushkin’s story “The Station Warden,” telling about Samson Vyrin, for the first time in Russian literature showed that any person deserves sympathy, respect, compassion, no matter what level of the social ladder he is at.

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The problem of mercy and humanism in the story of M.A. Sholokhov "The Fate of Man". The soldier’s “ash-sprinkled” eyes saw the little man’s grief; the Russian soul did not harden from countless losses and showed mercy.

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The problem of honor and conscience In Russian literature there are many great works that can educate a person and make him better. For example, in the story by A.S. Pushkin's "The Captain's Daughter" Pyotr Grinev goes through the path of trials, mistakes, the path of learning the truth, comprehending wisdom, love and mercy. It is no coincidence that the author introduces the story with an epigraph: “Take care of your honor from a young age.”

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The problem of honor and dishonor In Leo Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace" Pierre Bezukhov challenged Dolokhov to a duel, defending his honor and dignity. Dining at the table with Dolokhov, Pierre was very tense. He was worried about the relationship between Helen and Dolokhov. And when Dolokhov made his toast, Pierre’s doubts began to overcome him even more. And then, when Dolokhov snatched the letter intended for Bezukhov, a challenge to a duel occurred.

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The problem of honor, conscience The problem of conscience is one of the main ones in V.G. Rasputin’s story “Live and Remember.” A meeting with her deserter husband becomes both joy and torment for the main character, Nastena Guskova. Before the war, they dreamed of a child, and now, when Andrei is forced to hide, fate gives them such a chance. Nastena feels like a criminal, because the pangs of conscience cannot be compared with anything, so the heroine commits a terrible sin - she throws herself into the river, destroying both herself and her unborn child.

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The problem of moral choice between good and evil, lies and truth The hero of Dostoevsky's novel Crime and Punishment, Rodion Raskolnikov, is obsessed with a diabolical idea. “Am I a trembling creature or do I have the right?” - he asks a question. There is a struggle between dark and light forces in his heart, and only through blood, murder and terrible spiritual torment does he come to the truth that not cruelty, but love and mercy can save a person.

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The problem of moral choice between good and evil, lies and truth Pyotr Petrovich Luzhin, the hero of the novel “Crime and Punishment” is an acquirer, a business man. This is a scoundrel by conviction who puts only money first. This hero is a warning to us living in the 21st century that forgetting eternal truths always leads to disaster.

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Problems of cruelty and betrayal in the modern world The heroine of the story by V.P. Astafieva “Lyudochka” came to the city to work. She was brutally abused, and her close friend betrayed her and did not protect her. And the girl suffers, but finds no sympathy from either her mother or Gavrilovna. The human circle did not save the heroine, and she committed suicide.

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The problem of cruelty in the modern world and people. The lines of Dostoevsky’s novel “Crime and Punishment” teach us a great truth: cruelty, murder, “blood according to conscience,” invented by Raskolnikov, are absurd, because only God can give life or take it. Dostoevsky tells us that to be cruel, to transgress the great commandments of goodness and mercy means to destroy one’s own soul.

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The problem of true and false values. Let us remember the immortal lines of “Dead Souls” by N.V. Gogol, when Chichikov at the governor’s ball chooses who to approach - the “fat” or the “thin”. The hero strives only for wealth, and at any cost, so he joins the “fat people”, where he finds all the familiar faces. This is his moral choice that determines his future fate.

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The problem of kindness and sincerity in the works of L.N. Tolstoy Kindness in a person must be cultivated from childhood. This feeling should be an integral part of the personality. All this is embodied in the image of the main character of the novel “War and Peace” Natalya Rostova.

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The problem of the moral soul, the inner spiritual world It is the moral qualities of a person that make the inner world truly rich and complete. Man is part of nature. If he lives in harmony with it, then he subtly feels the beauty of the world and knows how to convey it. Such an example could be Andrei Bolkonsky in the novel by L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace".

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The problem of self-sacrifice, compassion, mercy Sonya Marmeladova, the heroine of the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky’s “Crime and Punishment” is the embodiment of humility and Christian love for one’s neighbor. The basis of her life is self-sacrifice. In the name of love for her neighbor, she is ready for the most unbearable suffering. It is Sonya who carries within herself the truth to which Rodion Raskolnikov must come through painful searching. With the power of her love, the ability to endure any torment, she helps him overcome himself and take a step towards resurrection.

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Problems of self-sacrifice, love for people; indifference, cruelty In the story of the Russian writer Maxim Gorky “Old Woman Izergil” the image of Danko is striking. This is a romantic hero who sacrificed himself for the sake of people. He led people through the forest with calls to defeat the darkness. But during the journey, weak people began to lose heart and die. Then they accused Danko of mismanaging them. And in the name of his great love for people, he tore open his chest, took out his burning heart and ran forward, holding it like a torch. People ran after him and overcame a difficult road, forgetting their hero, and Danko died.

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Problems of fidelity, love, devotion, self-sacrifice. In the story “Garnet Bracelet” by A.I. Kuprin consider this problem through the image of Zheltkov. His whole life revolved around Vera Sheina. As a sign of his fiery love, Zheltkov gives the most precious thing - a garnet bracelet. But the hero is by no means pitiful, and the depth of his feelings, the ability to sacrifice himself deserves not only sympathy, but also admiration. Zheltkov rises above the entire society of the Sheins, where true love would never arise.

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Problems of compassion, mercy, self-confidence The heroine of the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky's "Crime and Punishment" Sonya Marmeladova with her compassion saves Rodion Raskolnikov from spiritual death. She gets him to turn himself in and then goes with him to hard labor, helping Rodion with her love to find his lost faith.

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The problem of compassion, mercy, fidelity, faith, love Compassion and mercy are important components of the image of Natasha Rostova. Natasha, like no one else in the novel, knows how to give people happiness, love selflessly, giving all of herself without a trace. It is worth remembering how the author describes her in the days of separation from Prince Andrei: “Natasha did not want to go anywhere and, like a shadow, idle and sad, walked around the rooms...”. She is life itself. Even the trials endured did not harden the soul, but strengthened it.

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The problem of a callous and soulless attitude towards a person The main character of A. Platonov’s work “Yushka” was subjected to cruel treatment. He is only forty years old, but to those around him he seems like a very old man. An incurable disease made him old before his time. Callous, soulless and cruel people surround him: children laugh at him, and adults, when they have trouble, take out their anger on him. They mercilessly mock a sick person, beat him, humiliate him. By scolding for disobedience, adults scare children with the fact that when they grow up, they will become like Yushka.

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The problem of human spirituality Alyoshka, the hero of A. Solzhenitsyn’s story “One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich,” is precisely an example of a spiritual person. He went to prison because of his faith, but did not abandon it; on the contrary, this young man defended his truth and tried to convey it to other prisoners. Not a single day passed without reading the Gospel, copied into an ordinary notebook.

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Problems of bribery and philistinism. A striking example is the heroes of N. V. Gogol’s comedy “The Inspector General”. For example, the mayor Skvoznik - Dmukhanovsky, a bribe taker and embezzler who deceived three governors in his time, was convinced that any problems can be solved with the help of money and the ability to “splurge”

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The problem of moral choice of modern youth.
“It seems interesting to me to compare the morals of that time with ours and draw attention to the fact that strong feelings have degenerated, but life has become calmer and, perhaps, happier. The question remains: are we better than our ancestors, and this is not so easy, because views on the same actions have changed dramatically over time.”
Prosper Merimee “Chronicle of the reign of Charles IX” (XIX century)

The problem of moral choice has always been relevant and quite painful for society. Our ancestors, comparing themselves with their predecessors, found that “morals are no longer the same,” fearing that they, the people of the Nth generation, are the last bearers of moral dying truths, and the next one will abandon them. But centuries changed, and new tribes were imbued with the same thoughts. Even now, in the 21st century, with all the progress and potential progress, society continues to return to the issue of “fading” morality, especially among young men and women.
One of the main indicators of moral principles is a person’s voluntary entry into “close relationships.” This decision is one of the most important made by a person in his entire life. As a rule, a person is determined by it in his youth, if not in his youth at all. This voluntary choice is extremely important for the further development of the individual, for it is one of the key moral principles embedded or nurtured in a person, or even by a person in himself.
In my opinion, it is impossible to say that the problem of this particular moral choice is facing sharply now, because it has always been relevant. But, according to many, modern conditions raise this issue more and more acutely. To a greater extent, it is television and the Internet that most distort young minds, promoting and even agitating “free morals” among the emerging youth. In this case, I will try to understand only the causes and consequences. But it’s worth understanding everything in order.
Such a sensitive topic existed long before the advent of TV or Internet resources. And for each society and time, the solution to this issue was made individually. In turn, it was adopted in accordance with various features: the general development of society, historical era, political regime, etc. Now the problem of early maturation of adolescents has been elevated to the rank of “taboo”. History already has similar cases (for example, Soviet Russia, where such issues were not raised publicly), but if we recall the free morals of France in the 16th century or even the 20th century with the period of “Hippies” promoting free love, then the assumption that the attitude to the same problem changes over time, and is also determined by moral norms (and in some cases, legal norms), it becomes quite obviously true.
In examining this issue in our century, I want to address two representatives of different civilizations: the US state of Mississippi (West; form of government: presidential republic) and the kingdom of Cambodia, Ratanakiri Province, (Southeast Asia; constitutional monarchy).
There is an ancient tradition in Ratanakiri: fathers of families build their daughters some huts intended for them and their chosen ones (one girl has the right to have several chosen ones at the same time). The girl’s age at the time of construction of her personal hut can be anything. During the day, only the officially engaged couple can see each other, but lovers can spend the night in this hut until the morning. Young girls, or even girls, decide all issues regarding their personal lives themselves.
This tradition has its own motives: firstly, Kampuchea is a poor country, women in it are obliged to have husbands who do all the hard work (farming is the main occupation). Secondly, families cannot support their daughters for a long time, so they try to get girls married as early as possible.
In this way, parents push girls to make independent decisions regarding their future and choice of spouse. According to parents, this tradition gives their daughters the freedom and ability to make wise choices so that in the future they will not need anything because of bad luck.
marriage. None of the girls felt any coercion, claiming that such huts were a place of their free space and, in turn, moral choice.
It would seem that this is a wild tradition of an underdeveloped country, but it is, in its own way, quite reasonable. But there are pitfalls here: since the level of education in the country is low, the true reasons for this custom are not known to everyone; also, due to the lack of proper knowledge, such seclusion can lead to unwanted pregnancies. In this case, boys are not forced to marry girls, this is a voluntary choice of a man.

In Mississippi, there is a different tradition: since 1998, there has been a certain “chastity ball”, where girls dressed in white robes swear an oath to God to maintain purity of body and mind until marriage. After this, rings must be placed on their ring fingers by their fathers. And until the engagement is approved by the head of the family, the rings will be placed instead of the wedding rings. But if the oath is broken, then the girl must repent for what she has done so that her father and God will forgive her. To many observers, such a ceremony seems to be a kind of wedding of a daughter and father. These vows are taken by American peers of Cambodian girls.
However, the life of the average woman in this state is a household. It is not advisable for a woman to work. Her main task is to raise children and take care of the garden and house. The decision to take part in the ball for young girls is also most often made by men.
Despite the apparent prudence and concern for the morality of their daughters, in this case it is worth looking at this ceremony from a different perspective: firstly, the main motivation for the girls is based on a strictly religious upbringing; secondly, most often girls are actively instructed about the need for this oath (but is it really impossible to be prudent without a vow?); thirdly,
those who take the vow are not allowed to make their own moral choice, convincing them that their parents know better what will be better; fourthly, social surveys have revealed that girls who have vowed to be chaste are just as likely to break their promises as others.
To summarize: comparing a “weak” country in which men help women adapt to difficult conditions (of course, the effectiveness of this method is very controversial) and one of the most developed, where women, having constitutional rights, are deprived of one of the main ones - the issue of personal morality, suppressed in them from an early age, this begs the question not only about the topic of adolescents entering into premature intimacy or, conversely, the unnatural suppression of their physiology, but also about the true social role of women in the modern world...