A, m. 1. Preliminary sketch of a drawing, painting or part of it. I showed Kuindzhi a large sketch of the planned painting. The sketch depicted the figure of a contemplator in the evening in a field. Rylov, Memoirs. Small academic dictionary
For any beginning fashion designer, it is important to understand the difference between a sketch and a drawing and technical drawing. Without this it is simply impossible to move on. You must understand how to move from a mental image to a finished image of an item of clothing from which you can sew a quality product. Therefore, everyone should know the answer to the question: “What is the difference between a technical sketch of a skirt and a drawing?”
Of course, you can argue that great couturiers do not have to be guided by any drawings or sketches. And this is absolutely true, because couturiers can experiment with fabrics directly on the mannequin, creating a unique image. But in order to launch it to the masses, it is necessary to sew a lot of such outfits. It is then that the moment comes when one should move from the idea to the creation of graphic models. Only they will help your hired workers sew an exact copy of unique clothes.
Difference between sketch, drawing and drawing
Now, to clarify the question, What is the difference between a sketch and a drawing and a technical drawing? Let's look at each type of graphic image separately.
Sketch– this is an approximate image of a piece of clothing, one might say a sketch. In this case, the drawing is done without the use of drawing tools, but even so there should remain some proportionality in the details. That is, a sketch is a preliminary sketch of the future product.
Drawing- this is an accurate image of the future item of clothing or its detail. Made using programs or special drawing tools. In addition to the image of the item of clothing itself, the drawing also indicates the dimensions that you need to know when sewing. Here, without exception, all details of clothing must be made to scale while maintaining shapes and sizes, which are indicated in millimeters.
Technical drawing– the primary tool for conveying information from the designer to the manufacturer. The technical drawing is formed at the model design stage and is performed mainly without the use of drawing tools. Its main task is to convey all design decisions to the manufacturer. Therefore, it depicts only elements of clothing without the figure of the model. The emphasis is on decorative elements and clothing design. Additionally, division lines, decorative stitches and other elements that create the overall image of the model are shown. The main requirement for a technical drawing is to have a schematic form of presentation without unnecessary lines and exactly repeat the finished product.
The essence of each graphic method of depicting clothing
Having understood the purpose of each type of graphic image of clothing, you can create a certain sequence and understand that one cannot exist without the other. So, first, the couturier creates an image and applies it to a preliminary sketch. Then, to submit an idea for production, a technical drawing is made, on the basis of which a working drawing is already constructed. After all stages have been completed, mass production of the model begins, and only if all stages are completed efficiently, an exact copy of the original idea reaches the market.
Sketches are intended for one-time use. Working drawings are made from the sketches, and in some cases parts are manufactured.
Sketches are usually made with a soft pencil on checkered paper. Lines, inscriptions and numbers must be clear. All constructions should be done by hand. In the sketch, it is necessary to observe the proportionality of the linear dimensions of the elements of the parts and the projection relationship.
A working drawing of a part differs from a sketch in that it is performed using drawing tools or using a drawing program on a computer (for example, in AutoCAD, Compass, etc.) in a standard scale, in standard formats, with strict adherence to line types and their thickness. The working drawing, as well as the sketch of the part, must contain all the information necessary for the manufacture of the part, i.e. The shape of the part and its dimensions must be conveyed, and permissible deviations from the nominal dimensions must be indicated.
Sketches and drawings made by students in the “Mechanical Engineering Drawing” course can be considered as a design document drawn up for a specific educational task. Each drawing must have a title block, which is located in the lower right corner of the drawing. The form of the title block for mechanical engineering drawings must comply with GOST 2.104-68.
Applying dimensions on sketches and drawings
Before applying dimensions, we recommend that you carefully study GOST 2.307-68 on applying dimensions and maximum deviations in drawings. When putting down dimensions, you should take into account the design requirements, part processing technology and the possibility of control. Therefore, before setting dimensions, you should select the surfaces or lines of the part from which the part will be measured when it is processed on mills. These surfaces are called bases. The bases can be design and technological. The relative position of different surfaces of a part is specified by linear or angular dimensions. The points and lines of the drawing of a part, in relation to which the designer orients other parts, are called design bases. The surface from which it is best to measure during the manufacturing process of a part is called the technological base.
Setting dimensions in such a way that the requirements of design and technology are taken into account is a very difficult task, since often dimensioning from structural bases does not coincide with dimensioning from technological bases. Dimensions should be set in such a way that they can be conveniently controlled with a specific measuring tool, so that the worker, when manufacturing a part according to the drawing, does not make any calculations and uses only those dimensions that are marked on the drawing.
Shown is the application of dimensions from one base (surface of the part) of holes located on the same axis. In the figure, the axis is taken as the base, since the holes are located around the circle.
In practice, three methods of applying dimensions are used: chain, coordinate (from one base) and combined. When applying dimensions in a chain, one of them is not indicated, since it is determined by the overall size of the part. The main disadvantage of this method is the accumulation of errors that may appear during the manufacturing process of the part. With the coordinate method, dimensions are applied from the selected base. With this method, any size does not depend on other dimensions of the part. The combined method combines the features of the chain and coordinate methods. This method is the most common.
The total number of dimensions in the drawing should be minimal, but sufficient for the manufacture of the part. It is not allowed to repeat the dimensions of the same element in different images. The dimensions of several identical elements can be applied once, with the number of these elements indicated on the callout.
Each size corresponds to a specific technological operation. It is recommended that dimensions relating to the internal surface be applied from the cut sides, and external dimensions - from the view side.
When making sketches of parts from nature, as well as when making working drawings of parts, you should use the normal linear dimensions established by GOST 6636-69.
The requirement to use normal dimensions applies to those surfaces that are manufactured according to a tolerance system. It is recommended to round normal dimensions, if possible, giving preference first to numbers ending in zero, then zero and five, and finally 2 and 8. The use of normal linear and angular dimensions in the manufacture of machine parts significantly reduces the number of required measuring gauges and the cost of products.
esquisse) - a preliminary sketch that captures the concept of a work of art, a structure, a mechanism or a separate part of it. In design documentation: a sketch is a drawing made by hand on a visual scale.Sketch – A quickly executed free-form drawing, not intended to be a final work, often consisting of many overlapping lines. Can be made using various techniques.
Sketching is inexpensive and allows the artist to sketch and try out other ideas before turning them into painting. Pencil or pastel are preferred for sketching due to time constraints, but a quick sketch in watercolor or even a quickly modeled model in clay or soft wax can also be considered a sketch in the broader sense of the word. Graphite pencils are a relatively new invention; Renaissance artists made sketches using a silver pen on specially prepared paper.
When working on a sketch, you can use an eraser, which is used to remove construction lines or soften too sharp lines.
Sometimes a sketch is called a sketch (not to be confused with a skit - a one-act play with comedic content). “Sketch” (from the English “sketch” - outline, sketch) is a drawing quickly done by hand, usually not considered a completed work. A sketch can serve a variety of purposes - it can help you quickly capture what the artist sees. Record or develop an idea for the purpose of further use, or serve as a convenient form of graphic demonstration of a picture, idea or principle.
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A sketch is a design document made by hand, without the use of drawing tools, without exact adherence to scale, but with mandatory observance of the proportions of the elements of the parts. The sketch is a temporary drawing and is intended for one-time use.
The sketch must be drawn up carefully in compliance with projection connections and all the rules and conventions established by the ESKD standards.
A sketch can serve as a document for the manufacture of a part or for the execution of its working drawing. In this regard, the sketch of the part must contain all the information about its shape, dimensions, surface roughness, and material. The sketch also contains other information, presented in the form of graphic or text material (technical requirements, etc.).
Sketching is carried out on sheets of any standard size paper. In educational settings, it is recommended to use checkered writing paper.
The sketching process can be divided into separate stages, which are closely related to each other. In Fig. 367 shows a step-by-step sketch of the “support” part.
I. Familiarization with the part
Upon familiarization, the shape of the part is determined (Fig. 368, a and b) and its main elements (Fig. 368, c), into which the part can be mentally divided. Whenever possible, the purpose of the part is clarified and a general idea is formed about the material, processing and roughness of individual surfaces, the manufacturing technology of the part, its coatings, etc.
II. Selecting the main view and other required images
The main view should be chosen so that it gives the most complete idea of the shape and dimensions of the part, and also facilitates the use of the sketch during its manufacture.
There are a significant number of parts limited by surfaces of rotation: shafts, bushings, sleeves, wheels, disks, flanges, etc. In the manufacture of such parts (or workpieces), processing is mainly used on lathes or similar machines (rotary, grinding).
The images of these parts in the drawings are positioned so that in the main view the axis of the part is parallel to the main inscription. This arrangement of the main view will make it easier to use the drawing when manufacturing parts based on it.
If possible, you should limit the number of invisible contour lines that reduce the clarity of images. Therefore, special attention should be paid to the use of cuts and sections.
The required images should be selected and performed in accordance with the rules and recommendations of GOST 2.305-68.
In Fig. 368, a and b, options for the location of the part are given and the arrows indicate the direction of projection, as a result of which the main view can be obtained. Preference should be given to the position of the part in Fig. 368, b. In this case, the view on the left will show the outlines of most of the elements of the part, and the main view itself will give the clearest idea of its shape.
In this case, three images are enough to represent the shape of the part: main view, top view and left view. A frontal incision should be made at the site of the main view.
III. Selecting a Sheet Size
The sheet format is selected according to GOST 2.301-68 depending on the size of the images selected during stage II. The size and scale of the images must allow all elements to be clearly reflected and the necessary dimensions and symbols to be applied.
IV. Sheet preparation
First, you should limit the selected sheet to an outer frame and draw a drawing frame of a given format inside it. The distance between these frames should be 5 mm, and a 20 mm wide margin is left on the left for filing the sheet. Then the outline of the main inscription frame is applied.
V. Arrangement of images on a sheet
Having chosen the visual scale of the images, the ratio of the overall dimensions of the part is established by eye. In this case, if the height of the part is taken as A y, then the width of the part is B^A, and its length is C«2L (see Fig. 367, a and 368, b). After this, rectangles with the overall dimensions of the part are drawn in thin lines on the sketch (see Fig. 367, a). The rectangles are positioned so that the distances between them and the edges of the frame are sufficient for applying dimension lines and symbols, as well as for placing technical requirements.
The layout of images can be facilitated by using rectangles cut from paper or cardboard and having sides corresponding to the overall dimensions of the part. By moving these rectangles around the drawing field, the most suitable location of the images is selected.
VI. Drawing images of part elements
Inside the resulting rectangles, images of the part elements are drawn with thin lines (see Fig. 367, b). In this case, it is necessary to maintain their proportions
sizes and ensure projection connection of all images by drawing appropriate axial and center lines.
VII. Design of views, sections and sections
Next, in all views (see Fig. 367, c), details not taken into account when performing stage VI (for example, roundings, chamfers) are clarified and auxiliary construction lines are removed. In accordance with GOST 2.305-68, cuts and sections are drawn up, then a graphic designation of the material is applied (hatching of sections) in accordance with GOST 2.306-68 and the images are outlined with the corresponding lines in accordance with GOST 2.303-68.
VIII. Drawing dimension lines and symbols
Dimensional lines and symbols that determine the nature of the surface (diameter, radius, square, taper, slope, type of thread, etc.) are applied according to GOST 2.307-68 (see Fig. 367, c). At the same time, the roughness of individual surfaces of the part is marked and symbols are applied to determine the roughness.
IX. Applying dimensional numbers
Using measuring tools, determine the dimensions of the elements and apply dimensional numbers on the sketch. If the part has a thread, then it is necessary to determine its parameters and indicate the corresponding thread designation on the sketch (see Fig. 367, d).
X. Final design of the sketch
When finalized, the main inscription is filled in. If necessary, information is provided on the maximum deviations of the dimensions, shape and location of surfaces; technical requirements are drawn up and explanatory notes are made (see Fig. 368, d). Then a final check of the completed sketch is made and the necessary clarifications and corrections are made.
When sketching a part from life, you should be critical of the shape and arrangement of its individual elements. For example, casting defects (uneven wall thicknesses, displacement of hole centers, uneven edges, asymmetry of parts of a part, unreasonable tides, etc.) should not be reflected in the sketch. Standardized elements of the part (grooves, chamfers, drilling depth for threads, roundings, etc.) must have the design and dimensions provided for by the relevant standards.