Love a person even in his sin, for this
already the semblance of divine love is the top
love on earth...
F. M. Dostoevsky
F. M. Dostoevsky’s novel “Crime and Punishment” shows the hero’s path from crime to punishment through repentance, purification to resurrection. For as long as a person lives, good and evil, love and hatred, faith and atheism will live in him. Each hero is not just a literary image, but the embodiment of some idea, the embodiment of certain principles.
Thus, Raskolnikov is obsessed with the idea that for the sake of the happiness of some people one can destroy others, that is, with the idea of establishing social justice by violent means. Luzhin embodies the idea of economic predation and professes the philosophy of acquisition. Sonya Marmeladova is the embodiment of Christian love and self-sacrifice.
“Sonechka Marmeladova, eternal Sonechka, while the world stands!” What melancholy and pain can be heard in this bitter reflection of Raskolnikov! The winner in the novel is not the cunning and calculating Luzhin with his theory of “love yourself,” nor Raskolnikov with his theory of permissiveness, but the little modest Sonya. The author leads us to the idea that permissiveness, selfishness, violence destroy a person from the inside and only faith, love and suffering purify.
Among poverty, wretchedness and depravity, Sonya's soul remained pure. And it seems that such people live to cleanse the world of dirt and lies. Everywhere Sonya appears, a spark of hope for the best lights up in people’s souls.
Sonya herself is still a child: “very young, like a girl, with a modest and decent manner, with a clear... but intimidated face.” But she took upon herself to take care of her father, of Katerina Ivanovna and her children, of Raskolnikov. Sonya helps not only financially - she first of all tries to save their souls. The heroine does not condemn anyone, believes in the best in people, lives according to the laws of love, and is convinced that, having committed a crime, one must repent to oneself, to people, to one’s land. Everyone needs Sonya. Raskolnikov needs Sonya. “I need you,” he tells her. And Sonechka follows him even to hard labor. It is significant that all the convicts loved her. “Mother, Sofya Semyonovna, you are our mother, tender, sick!” - they told her. Material from the site
“Eternal Sonya” is hope. Her Gospel under Raskolnikov's pillow is hope. Hope for goodness, love, faith, that people will understand: faith must be in the soul of every person.
“Eternal Sonya”... People like her “are destined to start a new race of people and a new life, to renew and cleanse the earth.”
It is impossible in our world without such people. They give us faith and hope. They help the fallen and lost. They save our souls, helping to escape from the “dirt” and “cold”.
Sonya is “eternal”, because love, faith, beauty are eternal on our sinful earth.
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On this page there is material on the following topics:
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- Eternal Sonechka "while the world stands"
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Municipal educational institution gymnasium No. 59.
Ulyanovsk region, Ulyanovsk.
Literature 10th grade.
“Sonechka...
Eternal Sonechka!
prepared
Kashtankina Svetlana Nikolaevna,
teacher of Russian language and literature
highest qualification category.
Ulyanovsk
Topic: “Sonechka... Eternal Sonechka!”
Lesson objectives:
Educational:
determine what the “truth” of Sonya Marmeladova is;
trace how Raskolnikov’s view of Sonechka’s “crime” changes throughout the novel;
how Raskolnikov’s Christian values are discovered through Sonechka’s “truth”;
comprehend Dostoevsky’s words in the epigraph of the lesson.
Educational:
developing students’ communicative competence, the ability to critically analyze, systematize and evaluate information; find cause-and-effect relationships; work with text;
develop students’ creative abilities and oral speech;
expand your horizons.
Educators:
education of moral concepts (love, pity, compassion, faith);
improving individual and group work skills.
Tasks:
show what the writer sees as the source of renewal of life, how he solves the question of what to do to change the existing world order;
analyze scenes in which the writer protests against the inhumanity of society;
cultivate tolerance towards different religions.
Progress of the lesson.
1. Teacher's opening speech.
It has become customary to talk about Turgenev’s women. But what elemental power of protest are endowed with the female images of F.M. Dostoevsky.
A large place in his novels is given to the female theme, since Fyodor Mikhailovich believes that it is in a woman that there is a high moral force that can change life for the better. All the writer’s sympathies are on the side of those heroines who were bent and broken by life, who defended their rights and dignity. His heroines are rebellious, they have not come to terms with reality.
In the novel “Crime and Punishment”, female characters help not only to more fully understand the main character Rodion Raskolnikov, but also to help him comprehend life in a new way.
2. Statement of the topic and purpose of the lesson.
Today our lesson will be dedicated to Sonya Marmeladova, since she, according to F. Dostoevsky, is almost the main character after Raskolnikov.
“Sonechka... Eternal Sonechka!”
How do you understand this phrase?
(Eternal means always existing. These words contain a symbol. Eternal Sonechka is a symbol of sacrifice and human suffering.)
3. Working with the epigraph.
A woman... if she is morally worthy,
Equal to everyone, equal to kings.
F.M. Dostoevsky.
What does F.M. mean in the concept of morality? Dostoevsky?
(F. Dostoevsky puts into the concept of morality the eternal Christian commandments that should guide a person through life.)
What does the expression “equal to kings” mean?
(A king is a ruler, which means “equal to kings” - one in power.)
In this lesson we need to find out: Is Sonya Marmeladova morally worthy, what does she sacrifice and in whose name, “is she equal to kings”?
4. The idea of creating the image of Sonya Marmeladova.
Performance by the group "Researchers".
1) The image of Sonya Marmeladova was not immediately determined. The earliest records mention only "the official's daughter", "she". F. Dostoevsky, obviously, initially intended to emphasize the professional traits of this heroine: “Once upon a time he meets her as a professional. Scandal on the street. She stole."
At the end of the same notebook there are reflections on the nature of this image: “The official’s daughter is casually, a little more original. A simple and downtrodden creature. Or better yet, dirty and drunk with fish.”
“Drunk with Fish” is obviously an image of a drunken, beaten prostitute thrown out onto the street and pounding salted fish on the stairs, the image that was painted by the hero of “Notes from Underground.”
2) But already in the next notebook, Sonya Marmeladova appears before the readers as in the final text of the novel - the embodiment of the Christian idea: “She constantly considers herself a deep sinner, a fallen deprave who cannot beg for salvation.” Life for Sonya is unthinkable without faith in God and the immortality of the soul: “What was I without God.” This idea was also very clearly expressed by Marmeladov in the rough drafts for the novel.
The idea f. Dostoevsky’s attitude towards Sonya has changed, because “drunk with fish” is a fallen woman who has fallen morally. He decided to show a woman illuminated with an aura of purity and even holiness. By selling her body, she earned money to feed Katerina Ivanovna’s hungry children. The contrast of her pure spiritual appearance and dirty profession, the terrible fate of the girl-child is strong evidence of the criminality of society.
5. Psychological portrait of Sonya Marmeladova.
Speech by psychologists.
In the novels of F. Dostoevsky, every detail, every stroke, every proper name has its own meaning. In Dostoevsky, “even punctuation marks must be taken into account.”
1) Proper names reflect the personality of his heroes.
Sonya Marmeladova.
Sophia is “wisdom”, “listening to God”, helping people.
The surname Marmeladov is opposed to the surname Raskolnikov. Marmalade is a sweet viscous mass that has the ability to stick together into a single whole. Sonya seems to glue the separate halves of Raskolnikov’s soul into a single whole. The surname indicates the integrity of Sonya’s nature.
2) We learn about the inner world of heroes not only from the description of their actions, feelings, and experiences. Dostoevsky is a master of psychological portraiture; he reveals to us a portrait of a personality, consisting of actions and thoughts hidden behind the face.
Sonya Marmeladova is a thin, fragile, timid girl, a small, blue-eyed creature with blond curly hair. She is all so bright, pure, gentle, submissive.
When Sonya is angry, she looks like a little bird. But as soon as Raskolnikov dared to doubt God, her eyes sparkled with anger and that intoxicating awareness of the power of her own soul, led by God, awoke.
The phrase “sparkling with anger” F.M. Dostoevsky does not use it in vain, since only people obsessed with an idea, with faith, can have their eyes sparkle with anger. There is so much passion in her face when they touch on faith in God. This girl “with a modest, decent manner,” with a clear, but seemingly somewhat intimidated face, has enormous patience and moral strength.
What most attracts attention in Sonya's face are her clear, blue eyes. Blue color symbolizes constancy, devotion, peace, truth. Clear eyes symbolize the purity of the soul. Sonechka has all these qualities. At 18, she looks like a child. And an important semantic line is connected with the image of children in the novel. It is in them that all the best that is in human nature is revealed. The portrait of Sonya emphasizes her childishness, defenselessness, fragility and great moral strength: “... a thin, pale and exhausted face.”
“A girl of about 18, thin, but quite pretty blonde, with wonderful blue eyes... a kind and simple-minded expression on her face, which involuntarily attracted people to her.”
6. Sonya Marmeladova’s path to meeting Rodion Raskolnikov.
What path did Sonya take before meeting Raskolnikov?
Sofya Semyonovna Marmeladova is the daughter of an official, a man who has sunk to the extreme, driven by poverty to the point that he has “nowhere else to go.” Sonya did not receive any upbringing or education. She tries to earn money by honest work, but it is not even enough for food. This modest girl is forced to sell her body for the survival of her family. She receives a “yellow ticket”, so she cannot stay with her family. Sonechka is ashamed of her profession and considers herself a great sinner. He comes to Katerina Ivanovna and his father only at dusk. He lives in terrible poverty in Kapernaumov’s apartment. “God, God will not allow...” is the only thing that serves this girl as support and protection in life. But even at the very “bottom” of her life, Sonya maintains moral purity and continues to live for the sake of her family.
7. Analytical conversation with selective reading of the text.
The path of Sonya Marmeladova after her meeting with Raskolnikov.
Why did Raskolnikov come to Sonya after committing the crime?
Raskolnikov is looking for an ally, a kindred spirit. And Sonya, in his opinion, also overstepped and ruined her life. He believes that she has nowhere else to go. Raskolnikov thought to see a man focused on his troubles, exhausted, doomed, ready to grab hold of the slightest hope, but he saw something else that gave rise to a question.
What did Raskolnikov see? What struck him so much?
This meeting awakens his curiosity. Sonya looks at life differently, sees the good in people, feels sorry for them, and tries to understand.
“Her pale cheeks flushed again, anguish was expressed in her eyes. It was clear that she had been touched terribly, that she terribly wanted to express something, to say something, to intercede. Some kind of insatiable suffering, so to speak, was depicted in all the features of her face.”
What questions does Raskolnikov ask Sonya? For what?
Raskolnikov's questions drive Sonya into a frenzy. The whole conversation is going on at the breaking point, at the limit of human capabilities. Raskolnikov deliberately tortures Sonya in order to test the depth of her “human patience”, her fortitude, the origins of which are incomprehensible to him.
What attracted Raskolnikov to Sonya?
Raskolnikov was attracted to Sonya by the power that allowed her to live.
What is the source of this power?
In caring for other people's children and their unhappy mother. Raskolnikov could not understand where Sonya got such strength and purity of spirit in such a terrible life. He is tormented by the question: why was she able to remain in this position for too long and not go crazy? All this seems strange to him. He saw the unusualness and originality of Sonya, who, according to his theory, belongs to the category of ordinary people.
“...Still, the question arose for him: why was she able to remain in this position for too long and not go crazy, if she was not able to throw herself into the water? Of course, he understood that Sonya’s position is a random phenomenon in society, although, unfortunately, it is far from isolated and not exceptional...”
“What kept her going? Isn't it debauchery? All this shame obviously affected her only mechanically; real depravity has not yet penetrated a single drop into her heart; he saw it; she stood before him in reality..."
“But is this really true,” he exclaimed to himself, “is it really possible that this creature, who still retains the purity of spirit, will finally be consciously drawn into this vile, stinking pit?...”
Raskolnikov continues to test Sonya, peering intently at her. “Fool! Holy fool! - he repeated to himself.
What did he mean by the concept of “holy fool”?
Holy fool means insane or has taken on the appearance of being insane.
When Raskolnikov saw Sonya’s meek blue eyes sparkling with fire and her small body trembling with indignation and anger, all this seemed impossible to him. A man who lived for the sake of others, forgetting about himself, seemed like a holy fool in a world where evil and injustice were happening.
Why did Raskolnikov bow before this small, timid, frightened girl?
“I didn’t bow to you, I bowed to all human suffering,” he said somehow wildly and walked away to the window...”
Raskolnikov bowed to Sonya the sufferer, the victim - all human suffering. He sat the disgraced, trampled, expelled girl next to her mother and sister, believing that he had done them honor.
Raskolnikov believes that Sonechka sacrifices herself to some kind of insatiable suffering and always to a “hungry deity.” “Eternal Sonechka,” while the world stands, is a sacrifice, the horror of which is all the more bottomless because it is meaningless, unnecessary, does not change anything, does not correct anything. Raskolnikov understands Sonya as a symbol of eternal sacrifice. Sonya killed herself, but did she save anyone?
8. Drawing up a reference outline of “Sonya Marmeladova”.
Do you agree with Raskolnikov that Sonya destroyed herself, but did not save anyone?
“The sun must first of all be the sun...”
Sonya.
Marmeladov Raskolnikov
Convicts
Katerina Ivanovna
Porfiry Petrovich, during a conversation with Raskolnikov, advises him: “Become the sun, everyone will see you.” The sun must first of all be a sun, that is, not only to shine, but also to warm. Sonya Marmeladova is such a sun; she warms people’s souls with her warm light. Although, at first glance, she seems to be far from this moral height, her place is at the foot, on the panel. Sonya not only radiates kindness and compassion, she helps those who suffer. Sonya's stepmother, Katerina Ivanovna, condemns her to live on a “yellow” ticket. But after committing the sin, “Katerina Ivanovna... went up to Sonya’s bed and stood on her knees all evening, kissed her feet, didn’t want to get up...” For the children exhausted by hunger, who, thanks to Sonya, were able to survive, for herself, who was terminally ill, Katerina Ivanovna thanked her stepdaughter, who was helped in a difficult moment of her life. Even a moment before her death, she sincerely pitied her: “We sucked you dry, Sonya...”
Sonya’s sacrifice penetrates his father’s soul with warmth. She probes his conscience, showing endless compassion, giving him her last “sinful” pennies for his obscene drunkenness in the tavern. After the death of her father and the death of her stepmother, Sonya takes care of the children. Not only the children are grateful to her, but also the people around her, to whom such an act seems truly Christian, and even the fall in this case seems holy.
The sun's rays saved Sonya's soul and helped Raskolnikov to be reborn.
9. Analysis of the episode “Reading the Gospel by Sonya” by 1 group of analysts.
What would I be without God?..
God, God will not allow such horror!..
These words reveal the entire spiritual essence of Sonya. The Gospel story about the resurrection of Lazarus expresses the essence of her personality, her secret.
It was hard for Sonya to reveal and expose everything that was hers; she did not want to reveal the secret of her soul - this is the only thing she had left.
Sonya read at first quietly and shyly, and then with passion and strength she confessed her conviction in the words of John.
“Sonya unfolded the book and found the place. Her hands were shaking, her voice was lacking. She started twice, and still couldn’t pronounce the first syllable...”
“She was already trembling all over in a real, real fever... Her voice became ringing, like metal, triumph and joy sounded in it and strengthened it.”
“... she read loudly and enthusiastically, trembling and growing cold, as if she had seen it with her own eyes...”
Teacher's question.
Why did Sonya read the parable of the resurrection of Lazarus with such excitement and trembling?
Sonya believes in what seems completely impossible to a limited rational view - she believes in a miracle. Faith in the resurrection of Lazarus, Sonya believes in man. Subsequently, she will believe in the resurrection of Raskolnikov. She believes that you cannot live without faith, you cannot move forward through doubt to repentance, to love. The Gospel parable is refracted in the destinies of Sonya and Raskolnikov.
10. Analysis of the episode “Raskolnikov’s Confession of a Crime” by 2 groups of analysts.
The more Raskolnikov gets to know Sonya, the more he is surprised at how patiently and almost resignedly she endures all the hardships of life, without even trying to protect herself. After a humiliating and terrible scene (Luzhin’s attempt to accuse her of theft), Raskolnikov asks her a question: “...Should Luzhin live and do abominations, or should Katerina Ivanovna die? How would you decide: which of them should die?..”
Sonya answers Raskolnikov’s question: “But I can’t know God’s providence... And why are you asking what you can’t ask? Why such empty questions? How can it happen that it depends on my decision? And who made me the judge here: who should live and who should not live?”
Sonya is unable to resolve such issues; she trusts only in God: he alone can dispose of people’s lives, he alone knows the highest justice. Sonya bows before the great meaning of existence, sometimes inaccessible to her mind. She simply strives for life, affirms its positive meaning.
Teacher's question.
Why does Sonya Raskolnikov confess to the murder?
Raskolnikov is unhappy, exhausted, he goes with his confessions to Sonya with the desire to “bow to all human suffering.” As he himself says on the eve of his confession: “You should have at least caught on something, slowed down, looked at the person.” He saw in Sonya exactly the Man. Each of them has their own truth, their own path. Both of them have transgressed the moral norms of the society in which they live.
Yu. Koryakin argues that Sonya’s truth not only wins, but that Raskolnikov’s iron logic turns out to be broken by Sonya’s elementary logic. But for a person obsessed with the desire to be right at all costs, one of the most humiliating states is when all the ingenious syllogisms are broken by the elementary logic of life.
The only possible, natural, from Sonya’s point of view, explanation of the motives for the murder sounds like this:
You were hungry! Are you... to help your mother? Yes?
Raskolnikov puts forward various explanations. But all the arguments of reason, which previously seemed so obvious to him, fall away one after another. If before he believed in his theory, now before Sonya, before her truth, all his “arithmetic” crumbles to dust. There is no logic, calculation, or even convincing arguments in Sonya’s words. Sonya opposes Raskolnikov’s theory with one simple argument, with which he is forced to agree.
What feelings does Sonya experience after Raskolnikov’s confession?
The criminal inspires not disgust, not horror, but compassion. Sonya uses the word “unhappy.” She exclaims: “No, there is no one more unhappy than you in the whole world now!..” More unhappy, not meaner, more criminal, more disgusting. She passionately, painfully sympathizes with Raskolnikov and understands how he suffers. Sonya hands the cross to the killer with the words: “Together we will go to suffer, together we will bear the cross!..” Raskolnikov understands that now Sonya is with him forever.
Why does Sonya's truth win?
The basis of Sonya's truth is love. Alienated from people, having abandoned even those closest to him, Raskolnikov felt that he needed love, that Sonya was right when she said: “Well, how can one live without a person!” Sonya helped Raskolnikov find the man within himself and resurrected his spirit. Therefore, Raskolnikov is spiritually resurrected not as a result of renouncing his idea, but through suffering, faith, and love. Through Sonya's fate, he realizes all human suffering and worships it.
11. Dealing with criticism.
G.M. Bridlener notes that Raskolnikov, who fell in love with him with the love of both his beloved and his sister, leads Raskolnikov “to moral rebirth” through his confession.”
Can you agree that Sonya loves Raskolnikov with the love of a “lover and sister”?
Dostoevsky’s love acts as the main factor of Christian morality, and it must be understood in the Christian sense, for it is said in the Gospel: “Love endures for a long time, is merciful, covers everything, believes everything, hopes everything, endures everything.”
Sonya does not leave Raskolnikov even in Siberia. Now Sonya's religious beliefs have become Raskolnikov's beliefs. The suffering they endured opened the way to happiness; love resurrected them. It is love for a specific person that leads heroes to spiritual resurrection, “living life.” Therefore, we can agree with Bridlener’s thought that Sonya fell in love with Raskolnikov with the love of a sister in the Christian sense and a lover.
Teacher: It is very important that Raskolnikov fell in love with Sonya. On the one hand, she is a victim of a godless world order, and on the other, she carries the idea of Orthodox Christianity. Raskolnikov's love carries within it not an earthly, but a spiritual feeling, which leads to a complete change in his life. The divine principle, love and moral consciousness won. This means that we can say with complete confidence that Sonya also saved Raskolnikov.
Why did the convicts, these sometimes cruel, finished people, fall in love with Sonya so much?
They felt in this fragile girl great moral strength, kindness, selflessness, purity and power of soul.
“And when she appeared at work, coming to Raskolnikov, or met with a party of prisoners going to work, everyone took off their hats, everyone bowed: “Mother, Sofya Semyonovna, you are our mother, tender, sick!” - these rude, branded convicts said to this small and thin creature...” The convicts also enter Sonya’s solar circle.
Conclusion.
According to Dostoevsky, conscious self-sacrifice of oneself for the benefit of everyone is a sign of the greatest development of personality, the highest power of the soul. Sonya did not change society, evil still exists, but she still made her contribution, saving Katerina Ivanovna, her children, and Raskolnikov. And I want to believe that there are people who are capable of compassion and can give a helping hand to those in need. Sonya is the personification of kindness, self-sacrifice, meekness and forgiveness. Her image embodies one of the main ideas of Dostoevsky’s work: the path to happiness and moral rebirth of a person passes through suffering, Christian humility, and faith in “God’s providence.” The sun's rays saved Sonya's soul and helped the people around her to be reborn. She not only radiated kindness and compassion, but also really helped the unfortunate and disadvantaged.
personality). Raskolnikov to hard labor.
5. Justice, honesty. Manifests itself in all actions.
6. Faith in “God’s providence” and people. Believes in the resurrection of Lazarus, Raskolnikov,
fallen convicts.
7. Moral fortitude and strength. I didn’t sink morally when I went out to
panel for the sake of the family.
8. Love. Brotherly love for people (Liza, convicts)
The love of a lover and sister for Raskolnikov.
9. The power of the soul. Faith, love and understanding of people.
Sonya Road- Christian humility,
eternal peace, eternal rest.
Sonya's mission- rid the world of evil.
Those in power = kings.
Is Sonya morally worthy?
Can we say that Sonya is equal to kings?
We can claim that Sonya is the ruler of the world, as she strives to rid the world of evil, of pain, by healing the souls of people. Her faith, hope, love help not only her, but also her family and Raskolnikov to live.
13. Reflection.
Student performance.
Sonya Marmeladova has a beautiful and pure soul. She is forced to sell her body to help Katerina Ivanovna and her children, but her soul still remains pure. I envy Raskolnikov because next to him is a girl who sacrificed part of her life to save him. Sonya is an extraordinary person. It is easier for her to take on suffering rather than see the pain of others. At F.I. Tyutchev has a poem that, in my opinion, reflects the inner essence of Sonya.
Whatever life teaches us,
But the heart believes in miracles,
There is endless strength
There is also imperishable beauty.
And the withering of the earth
He will not touch unearthly flowers,
And from the midday heat
The dew will not dry on them.
And this faith will not deceive
The one who only lives by it,
Not everything that bloomed here will fade,
Not everything that happened here will pass away.
But this faith is for few
Grace is available only to those
Who is in the strict temptations of life,
How you knew how to suffer in love.
Healing the ailments of others
With his suffering he was able to
Who laid down his soul for others
And he endured everything to the end.
The opera of the same name by Eduard Artemyev based on the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment". (Sonya's part.)
Literature used.
1. Lesson developments in literature. 10th grade, Moscow “Wako”, 2003
2. Belov S.V. Heroes of Dostoevsky. - “Neva”, 1983, No. 11, p.195-200
3. INTERNET addresses
In this development of the lesson, the image of Sonya Marmeladova is revealed, it is shown that it was in this “outcast” girl with a pale and thin face that a great religious thought was discovered, that it was communication with Sonya that forced Raskolnikov to admit his guilt and confess.
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Development of a lesson on literature
Topic: “Eternal Sonechka, while the world stands...” (The image of Sonya Marmeladova in F. M. Dostoevsky’s novel “Crime and Punishment”)
Teacher: Kuular Chimis Eres-oolovna. MBOU Secondary School No. 1 Shagonara
Objective of the lesson:
- consider the image of Sonya Marmeladova;
Show that it is in this “outcast” girl with a pale and thin face that a great religious thought is revealed, that it is communication with Sonya that will force Raskolnikov to admit his guilt and confess.
To develop students’ ability to analyze an episode in the context of the entire work;
Develop the ability to conduct independent research;
Prepare students for homework
Epigraph: “A person deserves his happiness, and always through suffering”
F.M.Dostoevsky
Lesson progress:
I Organizational moment.
II Repetition of the covered topic. (...)
III Explanation of a new topic
Radion Raskolnikov said to Sonya: “... I chose you...”. Why did he choose her? Why? What role does Sonya Marmeladova play in the life of the main character Rodion Raskolnikov? These are the questions we must answer in today's lesson.
Teacher:
So, Raskolnikov committed a crime that led him to a dead end. Sonya received a yellow ticket at this time. The lines of their lives intersected at the most critical point for them: precisely at that moment when they had to decide once and for all how to live further. Raskolnikov's old faith has been shaken, but he has not yet found a new one. Doom and an involuntary desire for death as a way out of the deadlock took possession of him
Porfiry Petrovich, during a conversation with Raskolnikov, advises him“Become the sun, everyone will see you. The sun must first of all be the sun.", that is, not only to shine, but also to warm. Let us continue his thought.
But not Raskolnikov, but Sonya in the novel becomes such a warm light, although at first glance, she seems to be far from this moral height.
Guys, I asked you at home to prepare thin and thick questions about heroin, let's start with the thin questions.
Thin questions are questions that require a short and quick answer. You can answer in one word.
Thick questions are questions that require a detailed, complete answer.
Choose who you will ask the question to.
2. Verbal portrait of Sonya.
- What kind of Sonya do you imagine? Please describe her.
- How does Dostoevsky describe it? (read by one student)
3. Working with portraits of Sonya made by different artists. Slide show.
D.A.’s illustrations will help us in revealing the author’s intention. Shmarinov to the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment". On one of them, the artist captured Sonya Marmeladova with a candle. Looking at her pale face, one cannot help but feel “inexpressible excitement”, trepidation, some kind of inner burning of Sonya. Her portrait is perceived as a symbol of conscience, suffering and deep compassion, as a symbol of the duty that she awakens in Raskolnikov, leading him to moral rebirth. Sonya holds a candle, which illuminates her from the side and below, which highlights her face. Light becomes a “constant epithet” in Sonya’s characterization and in other drawings by the artist.
- Do you think the artists were able to convey the image of Sonya?
It is also interesting to trace the reasons for the author’s choice of the surname and name of Sonya Marmeladova.What does the name Sonya, Sophia mean? Why did Dostoevsky call her that name? (slide).
Student message. “Sofia, Sophia, Sonya - this is one of Dostoevsky’s favorite names. This name means “wisdom”, “Intelligence”. And, indeed, in the soul of Sonya Marmeladova, this is the image of all women, mothers, sisters. Sophia is also the biblical name of the mother of the three martyrs Faith, Hope and Love.
The rays of warmth emanating from Sonya’s soul reach Raskolnikov. He resists them, but still, in the end, kneels before her. This is confirmed by the hero’s encounters with her.
It was Sonechka, a defenseless victim of a cruel world, who brought to repentance the murderer who rebelled against injustice and inhumanity, who wanted to remake the world like Napoleon. It was she who saved Raskolnikov's soul
Why does a fallen woman save Raskolnikov’s soul?
(Sonya transgressed through herself for others. She lives according to the laws of love for people, committed a crime against herself, sacrificed herself in the name of the people she loved.)
What features does Dostoevsky emphasize in it?
(Dostoevsky constantly emphasizes her timidity, shyness, even intimidation.)
Tell us about Sonya's life.
(Sonya’s stepmother, Katerina Ivanovna, condemns her to life on a yellow ticket. The children, exhausted by hunger, survived thanks to Sonya. Her sacrifice penetrates the souls of people with warmth. She gives Marmeladov the last “sinful pennies” for his obscene drunkenness in the tavern... After the death of her father, death stepmother, it is she, Sonya, the fallen one, who sees the meaning of her life in caring for orphaned young children. Even to the people around her, such an act seems truly Christian, and her fall into sin in this case seems holy.)
5. Sonya and Raskolnikov
Please tell me how Raskolnikov views life and by what laws does Sonya Marmeladova live?
(Raskolnikov does not want to accept life as it is, he protests against injustice. His theory pushes him onto the path of violence against others for the sake of his well-being. He is ready to step over the corpses of others, strives to create conditions first of all for himself in order to then change life, strives to rise above this “anthill.” Raskolnikov’s idea and crime create a conflict in his soul, lead to separation from people, make the hero despise himself most of all for his humanity and sensitivity to the suffering of others. Her life is built according to the laws of self-sacrifice. In shame and humiliation, in conditions that seemed to exclude any purity (moral), she retained a sensitive and responsive soul.)
So, Raskolnikov goes to Sonya. How does he explain his first visit to Sonya? What does he expect from him?
(He is looking for a kindred spirit, because Sonya also committed a crime. At first, Raskolnikov does not see the difference between his crime and Sonya’s crime. He sees in her a kind of ally in crime.)
How can we explain Raskolnikov’s behavior, unceremoniously looking around the room? Who did he expect to see?
(He wants to understand how she lives as a criminal, how she breathes, what supports her, in the name of what she committed a crime. But, looking at her, he softens, his voice becomes quiet.
Raskolnikov expected to see a person focused on his troubles, exhausted, doomed, ready to grab the slightest hope, but he saw something different, which gave rise to the question: “Why was she able to remain in this position for too long and not go crazy, if she couldn’t was to throw myself into the water.”)
How does Raskolnikov imagine the girl’s future?
(“Throw yourself into a ditch, end up in a madhouse, or throw yourself into debauchery.”)
Three roads and all disastrous. Why didn't she do this? What is the reason?
(Faith, deep, capable of working miracles. Strength. In Sonya I saw the strength that allows her to live. Its source is in caring for other people’s children and their unfortunate mother. She trusts in God and awaits deliverance.)
Through his acquaintance with Sonya, Raskolnikov discovers a world of people living by different laws, the laws of human brotherhood. Not indifference, hatred and harshness, but open spiritual communication, sensitivity, love, compassion live in her.
What book did Raskolnikov notice in Sonya's room?
The book that I noticed on the chest of drawers in Sonya Raskolnikov’s room turned out to be the New Testament in Russian translation. The Gospel belonged to Lizaveta. The innocent victim suffers death silently, but he will “speak” with God's word. Raskolnikov asks to read to him about the Resurrection of Lazarus.
Why was this episode from the Gospel chosen?
(Raskolnikov walks among living people, talks to them, laughs, is indignant, but does not recognize himself as alive - he recognizes himself as dead, he is Lazarus, who has been in the grave for 4 days. But, like the dim light of that candle stub that illuminated in “this beggarly room of a murderer and a harlot, who strangely came together to read the eternal book,” the light of faith glowed in the soul of the criminal in his possible resurrection.)
Working with text.
Read the episode of Sonya reading a passage from the Gospel, monitor Sonya’s condition. Why does she feel this way? (The music “Ave Maria” is playing. Sonya’s hands were shaking, her voice was not strong enough, she couldn’t pronounce the first words, but from the 3rd word her voice rang and broke through like a stretched string. And suddenly everything was transformed.
Sonya reads, wanting him, blind and unbelieving, to believe in God. And she trembled with joyful anticipation of a miracle. Raskolnikov looked at her, listened and understood how Jesus loves those who suffer. “Jesus shed tears,” - at this time Raskolnikov turned around and saw “that Sonya was shaking with a fever.” He expected this.)
She wanted Raskolnikov to accept faith in Christ and through it be able to go to rebirth through suffering.
Why is the Gospel read by a criminal and a harlot? (The Gospel shows the way to revival; we felt the union of souls.)
Dostoevsky highlighted the words “I am the Resurrection and Life.” Why?
(The soul awakens.)
What impression of Sonya does Raskolnikov leave with?
(Raskolnikov, listening to Sonya’s stories about Katerina Ivanovna, her heartfelt reading of the Gospel, changed his opinion about her. Sonya loves people with Christian love. Raskolnikov, who does not believe in God, dreams of power over all trembling creatures, understood Sonya’s truth, her sacrificial purity. )
Leaving Sonya, he said that he would tell who killed. “I know and I’ll tell you... I’ll tell you alone! I chose you.”
In the novel, it is important not only to whom Raskolnikov comes with a confession, but also where this happens - in the apartment of the tailor Kapernaumov, where Sonya rents a room. Kapernaumov is a significant surname.
Sonya - the embodiment of pure good - finds something in common in Raskolnikov, as if the embodiment of pure evil, and vice versa, Raskolnikov, in the depths of Sonya’s soul, sees his own reflection, knows that they will once go “on the same road”, that they have “the same target".
Two truths: the truth, Raskolnikov and, the truth, Sonya. But one is true, the other is false. To understand where the truth is, you need to compare these heroes, whose fate has much in common, but they differ in the main thing.
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What is Sonechka's strength?
(In the ability to love, compassion, self-sacrifice in the name of love.)
Sonya, with her love, pity and compassion, her endless patience and self-sacrifice, and her faith in God, saves Raskolnikov. Living by his inhuman idea, not believing in God, he changes only in the epilogue of the novel, having accepted faith in his soul. “To find Christ means to find your own soul” - this is the conclusion to which Dostoevsky comes.
I would like you, like Sonya, to love people for who they are, to be able to forgive and to give the light emanating from your soul to other people.
7. Homework. Essay “I chose you...”
The image of Sonechka Marmeladova in the novel “Crime and Punishment” is for Dostoevsky the embodiment of the eternal humility and suffering of the female soul with its compassion for loved ones, love for people and boundless self-sacrifice. The meek and quiet Sonechka Marmeladova, weak, timid, unrequited, in order to save her family and relatives from hunger, decides to do something terrible for a woman. We understand that her decision is an inevitable, inexorable result of the conditions in which she lives, but at the same time it is an example of active action in the name of saving the perishing. She has nothing but her body, and therefore the only possible way for her to save the little Marmeladovs from starvation is to engage in prostitution. Seventeen-year-old Sonya made her own choice, decided on her own, chose the path herself, feeling neither resentment nor anger towards Katerina Ivanovna, whose words were the final push that brought Sonya to the panel. Therefore, her soul did not become bitter, did not hate the world hostile to her, the dirt of street life did not touch her soul. Her endless love for humanity saves her. Sonechka's whole life is an eternal sacrifice, a selfless and endless sacrifice. But for Sonya this is the meaning of life, her happiness, her joy, she cannot live otherwise. Her love for people, like an eternal spring, feeds her tormented soul, gives her strength to walk along the thorny path that is her whole life. She even thought about suicide to get rid of shame and torment. Raskolnikov also believed that “it would be fairer and wiser to dive straight into the water and end it all at once!” But suicide for Sonya would be too selfish an option, and she thought about “them” - the hungry children, and therefore consciously and humbly accepted the fate prepared for her. Humility, submission, Christian all-forgiving love for people, self-denial are the main things in Sonya’s character.
Raskolnikov believes that Sonya’s sacrifice was in vain, that she did not save anyone, but only “ruined” herself. But life refutes these words of Raskolnikov. It is to Sonya that Raskolnikov comes to confess his sin - the murder he committed. It is she who forces Raskolnikov to confess to the crime, proving that the true meaning of life is repentance and suffering. She believes that no person has the right to take the life of another: “And who made me a judge: who should live, who should die?” Raskolnikov's beliefs terrify her, but she does not push him away from her. Great compassion makes her strive to convince, to morally cleanse Raskolnikov’s ruined soul. Sonya saves Raskolnikov, her love resurrects him to life.
Love helped Sonya understand that he was unhappy, that, despite all his visible pride, he needed help and support. Love helped to overcome such an obstacle as a double murder in order to try to resurrect and save the killer. Sonya goes to get Raskolnikov to hard labor. Sonya's love and sacrifice cleanse her from her shameful and sad past. Sacrifice in love is an eternal trait characteristic of Russian women.
Sonya finds salvation for herself and for Raskolnikov in faith in God. Her faith in God is her last self-affirmation, giving her the opportunity to do good in the name of those to whom she sacrifices herself, her argument in favor of the fact that her sacrifice will not be useless, that life will soon find its outcome in universal justice. Hence her inner strength and resilience, which help her get through the “circles of hell” of her joyless and tragic life. A lot can be said about Sonya. She can be considered a heroine or an eternal martyr, but it is simply impossible not to admire her courage, her inner strength, her patience.
Dostoevsky, by his own admission, was concerned about the fate of “nine-tenths of humanity,” morally humiliated and socially disadvantaged under the conditions of the bourgeois system of his time. The novel “Crime and Punishment” is a novel that reproduces pictures of the social suffering of the urban poor. Extreme poverty is characterized by the fact that “there is nowhere else to go.” The image of poverty constantly varies in the novel. This is the fate of Katerina Ivanovna, who was left with three young children after the death of her husband. Crying and sobbing, “wringing her hands,” she accepted Marmeladov’s offer, “for there was nowhere to go.” This is the fate of Marmeladov himself. “After all, it is necessary that every person should have at least one place where they would be pitied.” The tragedy of a father forced to accept his daughter's fall. The fate of Sonya, who committed a “feat of crime” against herself for the sake of love for her loved ones. The suffering of children growing up in a dirty corner, next to a drunken father and a dying, irritated mother, in an atmosphere of constant quarrels.
Is it acceptable to destroy an “unnecessary” minority for the sake of the happiness of the majority?
Dostoevsky is against it. The search for truth, denunciation of the unjust structure of the world, the dream of “human happiness” are combined in Dostoevsky with disbelief in the violent remaking of the world. The path is in the moral self-improvement of each person.
The image of Sonya Marmeladova plays an important role in the novel. Active love for one's neighbor, the ability to respond to someone else's pain (especially deeply manifested in the scene of Raskolnikov's confession of murder) make the image of Sonya ideal. It is from the standpoint of this ideal that the verdict is pronounced in the novel. For Sonya, all people have the same right to life. Sonya, according to Dostoevsky, embodies the people's principles: patience and humility, immeasurable love for people.
So, let's take a closer look at this image.
Sonechka is Marmeladov’s daughter, a prostitute. She belongs to the “meek” category. “Short, about eighteen, thin, disgruntledly pretty blonde with wonderful blue eyes.” We first learn about her from Marmeladov’s confession to Raskolnikov, in which he tells how she went to the panel for the first time at a critical moment for the family, returned, gave the money to Katerina Ivanovna, and she lay down facing the wall, “only her shoulders and body were shaking ", Katerina Ivanovna stood at her feet on her knees all evening, "and then they both fell asleep together, hugging each other."
Sonya first appears in the episode with Marmeladov, who was hit by horses, and who, just before his death, asks her for forgiveness. Raskolnikov comes to Sonechka to confess to the murder and shift part of his torment onto her, for which he hates Sonya herself.
The heroine is also a criminal. But if Raskolnikov transgressed through others for himself, then Sonya transgressed through herself for others. From her he finds love and compassion, as well as a willingness to share his fate and bear the cross with him. At Raskolnikov’s request, we read him the Gospel brought to Sonya by Lizaveta, the chapter about the resurrection of Lazarus. This is one of the most majestic scenes in the novel: “The cinder had long gone out in the crooked candlestick, dimly illuminating in this beggarly room a murderer and a harlot, strangely gathered together to read an eternal book. Sonya pushes Raskolnikov to repentance. She follows him when he goes to confess. She follows him to hard labor. If the prisoners do not like Raskolnikov, then they treat Sonechka with love and respect. He himself is cold and alienated from her, until insight finally comes to him, and then he suddenly realizes that he has no person on earth closer to her. Through love for Sonechka and through her love for him, Raskolnikov, according to the author, is resurrected to a new life.
“Sonechka, Sonechka Marmeladova, eternal Sonechka, while the world stands!” - a symbol of self-sacrifice in the name of one’s neighbor and endlessly “inexorable” suffering.