They belong to the branch of science that deals with teaching the differentiated use of language in communication, as well as providing knowledge regarding the language itself and the appropriate means necessary for its use. It is called "stylistics", and its predecessor was rhetoric (the concept of oratory), which dealt exclusively with the public style of speech. Stylistics as a science covers all systems of speech means. This is a kind of teaching regarding the most effective forms of expressing thoughts and feelings.
What are stylistically colored words?
They are used exclusively in specific styles, in particular:
- Scientific vocabulary. It includes words that are used in the fields of education, science and technology (for example, range, laser, etc.).
- Political vocabulary. This includes words used in the public, political field (candidate, dissertation, Duma, etc.).
- It is represented by words that are used mainly in everyday communication, orally (great, photos, Internet, etc.). Within works of art, it is used to characterize the main characters.
Summarizing the above, we can formulate what stylistically colored words are. These are words that have additional meaning; more precisely, they name an object and convey its corresponding assessment (disdain, approval, irony, etc.), as well as certain emotions towards it.
Type of stylistic coloring
It is represented by two components:
1. Functional-target stylistic coloring (coloring of individual units of language), which, in turn, is divided into three main types:
- conversational;
- book;
- neutral.
The first two types can be:
Grammatical forms (for example, agreements (neutral) - agreements (colloquial);
Words (for example, place (neutral) - location (book);
Phraseologisms (for example, stretch out your legs (colloquial) - rest in eternal sleep (book);
Sentences (for example, due to bad weather conditions, the flight is delayed (neutral) - because of the fog I didn’t fly (colloquial).
2. Expressive-evaluative stylistic coloring (there is no connection to a specific style, it is contained in the word itself) includes three types:
- reduced;
- increased;
- neutral.
Example: life (neutral) - life (decreased) - life (increased).
Neutral and stylistically colored words
Vocabulary in a literary language is usually divided into two main components: stylistically colored and neutral vocabulary.
Neutral vocabulary is words that are not tied to any of the existing styles of speech, that is, they can be used in any system of speech means, because they are not expressively and emotionally colored. However, these words have stylistic synonyms (colloquial, bookish, colloquial).
According to the theory of M. V. Lomonosov (“Three Calms”), all other words belong either to the high system of speech means (for example, rest, homeland, etc.) or to the low system (for example, napedni, belly, etc. .).
In this regard, there is colloquial vocabulary (gray gelding, tsyts, etc.) and book vocabulary, which, in turn, is divided into the following types:
Directions of linguistic stylistics
There are two of them in particular:
- language stylistics;
- speech stylistics (functional stylistics).
The first direction studies the stylistic means of vocabulary, grammar and phraseology, as well as the stylistic structure of the language.
The second is different types of speech and their conditioning by various purposes of utterance.
Linguistic stylistics must contain the principle of consistency and functionality and reflect the relationship of various types of speech with the purpose of the statement, its subject matter, communication conditions, the author’s attitude and the addressee of the speech.
Styles are different combinations of language use in the communication process. Each system of speech means is characterized by the originality of the linguistic means used, as well as their unique combination with each other.
Thus, it is worth formulating a definition of what linguistic stylistics is. This is, first of all, a section of linguistics that studies various styles (language, speech, genre, etc.). Also, the subject of her research is the emotional, expressive and evaluative properties of linguistic units both in the paradigmatic aspect (within the language system) and in the syntagmatic aspect (in various spheres of communication).
The structure of the section of linguistics under consideration
These include combinations that are stable in nature (employment service, public sector workers, international, etc.). They are widely used by journalists due to the fact that it is impossible to constantly invent fundamentally new means of expression.
What is important in a poem is a style that matches the theme.
(N.A. Nekrasov)
When using words, one cannot help but take into account their belonging to a particular style of speech. In modern Russian, book styles are distinguished (scientific, journalistic, official business) and colloquial. The stylistic coloring of words depends on how they are perceived by us: as assigned to one or another style or appropriate in any, i.e. commonly used. We feel the connection between words and terms with the language of science (for example: quantum theory, experiment, monoculture)", highlight journalistic vocabulary (aggression, commemorate, proclaim, election campaign)", We recognize words in official business style by the clerical coloring (prohibited, prescribe, proper, following).
Bookish words are inappropriate in casual conversation: “On green spaces the first leaves appeared"; "We were walking in forest area and sunbathed at reservoir." Faced with such a mixture of styles, we hasten to replace foreign words with their commonly used synonyms (not green spaces, A trees, bushes; not a forest area, an alley; Not water, A lake). Colloquial, and especially colloquial words cannot be used in a conversation with a person with whom we have official relations, or in an official setting, say, in a lesson. Wouldn’t it seem strange, for example, the use of colloquial vocabulary in students’ answers to literature: “In the image of Khlestakov, Gogol showed terrible impudence, which turns the head of both daughter and mother, godlessly lies And enough bribes";“Chichikov is a swindler, he is eager to become a millionaire and dreams of making money at the expense of foolish landowners buying “dead souls” from them?
The use of stylistically colored words must be motivated. Depending on the content of the speech, its style, on the environment in which the word is born, and even on how the speakers relate to each other (with sympathy or hostility), they use different words. High vocabulary is necessary when talking about something important and significant. This vocabulary is used in the speeches of speakers, in poetic speech, where a solemn, pathetic tone is justified. But if you, for example, are thirsty, it wouldn’t occur to you to turn to a friend with a tirade on such a trivial matter: “Oh my! unforgettable comrade and friend! Utoli mine I thirst for life-giving moisture!”
If words with one stylistic connotation or another are used inappropriately, they give the speech a comical sound. Comedians deliberately violate stylistic norms. Here, for example, is an excerpt from a parody of a critical article about fairy tales in which the “image of a mouse” is found.
Let's analyze this artistic image in a famous work of Russian folklore - the folk tale "Turnip". The image of an advanced, progressive mouse is displayed here. This is far from being the same mouse - a pest and a spendthrift - that we saw in “Ryab the Hen,” and certainly not the same one that we met in “Puss in Boots.” In “Repka” we are presented with a mouse of a completely new, advanced format. She seems to be a collective image of useful mice. I would like to involuntarily exclaim: “I wish there were more mice like this in books for our kids!”
Of course, such use of book vocabulary and literary terms that give the speech a scientific character cannot but make the reader smile.
Even in ancient manuals on eloquence, for example in Aristotle’s Rhetoric, much attention was paid to style. According to Aristotle, he “must approach the subject of speech”: important things should be spoken about seriously, choosing expressions that will give the speech a sublime sound. Trifles are not spoken of solemnly; in this case, humorous and contemptuous words are used, i.e. reduced vocabulary. M.V. also pointed out the contrast between “high” and “low” words. Lomonosov in the theory of “three styles”. Modern explanatory dictionaries give stylistic marks to words, noting their solemn, sublime sound, as well as highlighting words that are degraded, contemptuous, derogatory, dismissive, vulgar, abusive.
Of course, when talking, we cannot look into the dictionary every time, clarifying the stylistic markings for this or that word, but we feel which word needs to be used in a certain situation. The choice of stylistically colored vocabulary depends on our attitude to what we are talking about. Let's give a simple example.
The two were arguing:
- - I can't take seriously what this guy says. blond youth, - said one.
- “And in vain,” the other objected, “the arguments for this blond boy very convincing.
These contradictory remarks express different attitudes towards the young blond: one of the debaters chose offensive words for him, emphasizing his disdain; the other, on the contrary, tried to find words that would express sympathy. The synonymous riches of the Russian language provide ample opportunities for the stylistic selection of evaluative vocabulary. Some words contain a positive assessment, others - a negative one.
Emotionally and expressively colored words are distinguished as part of the evaluative vocabulary. Words that convey the speaker's attitude to their meaning belong to emotional vocabulary.
Emotional means based on feeling, caused by emotions. Emotional vocabulary expresses various feelings.
There are many words in the Russian language that have a strong emotional connotation. This is easy to verify by comparing synonyms: blond, blond, whitish, white, white, lily; handsome, charming, charming, delightful, cute; eloquent, talkative; proclaim, blurt out, blurt out, etc.
From words that are close in meaning, we try to choose the most expressive ones, which can convey our thoughts stronger and more convincingly. For example, you can say I don't like it but you can find stronger words: I hate, I despise, I disgust. In these cases, the lexical meaning of the word is complicated by special expression.
Expression means expressiveness (from lat. expressio- expression). Expressive vocabulary includes words that enhance the expressiveness of speech. Often one neutral word has several expressive synonyms that differ in the degree of emotional stress: misfortune, grief, calamity, catastrophe; violent, unrestrained, indomitable, furious, furious. Often synonyms with directly opposite connotations gravitate towards the same neutral word: ask - beg, beg; cry - sob, roar. Expressively colored words can acquire a variety of stylistic shades, as indicated by the marks in dictionaries: solemn ( unforgettable, accomplishments), high (forerunner), rhetorical (sacred, aspirations), poetic (azure, invisible). All these words differ sharply from the reduced ones, which are marked with marks: humorous (blessed, newly minted), ironic (deign, vaunted)", familiar (not bad, whisper), disapproving (pedant), dismissive (daub), contemptuous (sycophant) derogatory (hpop) vulgar (grabber), expletive (fool).
Evaluative vocabulary requires careful attention. Inappropriate use of emotionally and expressively charged words can give speech a comical sound. This often happens in student essays. For example: “Nozdrev was an inveterate bully" ","All Gogol's landowners fools, parasites, slackers And dystrophy"","To me crazy I like Gogol's works, I love him I idolize and I consider myself victim his talent" (probably the word sacrifice the author used it by mistake instead of nouns admirer, admirer).
Does it ever happen to you that, when you put pen to paper, you suddenly use the wrong words that should be used in a given speech situation? For example, in your writings is it always justified to use vocabulary that has a certain stylistic connotation? Perhaps, without exaggeration, we can say that the stylistic selection of vocabulary causes the greatest difficulties for those who learn to write essays.
What should the style of your speech be so that strict teachers do not find speech errors in it?
Undoubtedly, the style of an essay depends on its content. If you write about a historical era that left its mark on the writer’s worldview and work, characterize literary movements, the poet’s aesthetic views, talk about his philosophical quests, then, of course, the style of your speech will be closer to scientific, journalistic. If you draw your favorite hero, remembering the most interesting pages of his biography, emphasizing the most striking features of his character and recreating the cute features of his imaginary appearance, your speech will become like art, it will be especially emotional and figurative. By giving a critical review of a work of art, you draw on the arsenal of language usually used by critics, and your style will absorb the features of the style of critical articles. Finally, if you want to talk about yourself, make an excursion into your childhood, or present your first steps in your chosen profession (which is possible in essays on a free topic), you involuntarily turn to the means of a conversational style: use expressive vocabulary that sounds relaxed and simple. In each case, the choice of linguistic means must be stylistically justified: sublime thoughts, lofty matters turn us to a solemn style and, on the contrary, everyday phenomena reduce the style of speech.
Does the style of essays always correspond to their content, feelings, and mood of their authors? Alas, not always. For example, a student writes about her love for Pushkin’s poetry:
My acquaintance with Pushkin took place with “The Tale of the Fisherman and the Fish,” when a little snub-nosed girl climbed onto the sofa and, curled up in a ball, began to read the first lines of the fairy tale. And from that moment on, I began a strong friendship with the poet. But, selflessly loving his poems, did I appreciate them as they deserved?..
Words of lower stylistic coloring (snub-nosed girl climbed in) colloquial expressions (a strong friendship was formed, she appreciated what she deserved) are stylistically inappropriate in the context, as are phrases that tend towards official business speech (acquaintance took place starting from this moment). The author’s lack of linguistic sense is also evidenced by the following clauses: “the acquaintance took place from a fairy tale,” “read... lines by syllables” (only words can be read by syllables), “curled up into a ball” (curled up), etc.
A person who neglects the requirements of stylistic selection of linguistic means, without hesitation, declares: “When Tatyana was introduced to Onegin, not a single vein trembled on his face society lady"; “Meeting with Natasha, moonlit night in Otradnoye did their job..."“We meet the landowner Korobochka. This a merchant, stupid and shady." Of course, diverse vocabulary in such cases indicates an inability to correctly formulate a thought. However, such a sharp violation of the stylistic norms of written speech is not found very often in essays.
Another evil causes greater damage to style - the habit of schoolchildren to write about great masters of words, about their favorite literary heroes in colorless, inexpressive language, often with a clerical tone. Every now and then in my writings we read: “Radishchev has a negative attitude to the tsarist autocracy"; "Griboyedov has a negative attitude to the Famus society"; "Chatsky has a negative attitude to gallomania"; "Condemnation of serfdom is the main idea of Pushkin’s poem, “Village””; “These words (“Here the lordship is wild...”) were a protest against Russian reality”; “Tatyana is my favorite literary hero"; "Katerina is“a ray of light in a dark kingdom.” The use of the same words when describing a wide variety of literary characters, the repetition of cliched expressions deprives speech of vitality and gives it a clerical coloring. It would seem, where does clericalism come from in the language of schoolchildren? And yet we constantly find them in the works: “Pushkin gave positive reference for Tatyana"","Onegin made an attempt “engage in socially useful work” etc.
Verbal nouns give a clerical flavor to speech, which in essays on any topic, as a rule, crowd out stylistically neutral verbal forms: “Manilov spends all his time in construction castles in the air"; “When the gendarme announces the arrival of a real auditor, all the officials come to petrification".
Students even describe Pushkin’s Tatyana in the same colorless language, “decorating” phrases with verbal nouns: “Tatyana spent my time reading French novels"; "Tatyana faith was characteristic in the legends of common folk antiquity"; "Explanation Tatiana with Onegin is happening in the garden"; " Talk Tatiana with nanny is happening at night"; "To reveal Tatyana's image is of great importance episode of her conversation with the nanny." Can't you just write: To understand Tatyana, let’s remember how she speaks to her nanny!
If the topic of the essay refers to revolutionary events, the author considers it his duty to report: “There is a growth in self-awareness workers"; “There is an increase in activity in revolutionary activities"; "There is an awakening revolutionary consciousness of the masses"; “Preparations are underway to revolutionary action”, etc. All this is true, but why does everyone write about it the same way, using the same clerical figures of speech?
Often in essays you can read: “For understanding the writer's intentions it is important to reveal the motives that guide main character." Why not say it more simply, for example, like this: in order to penetrate the writer’s plan, it is necessary to understand the motives that guide the actions of the main character?
In almost every essay one can find cliched formulations: “Onegin - a typical phenomenon of the pre-Decembrist era,”"Pechorin - typical phenomenon of his time", "Kirsanov - typical representative liberal nobility." Such examples should not be imitated!
The language of the essay should be expressive and emotional. It can become like this only on the condition that the writer does not repeat memorized phrases or well-known book formulations, but tries to find his own words to express thoughts and feelings.
The style of the essay will not be colorless, devoid of living colors, if its author turns to emotional, expressive vocabulary. You can cite an excerpt from an essay written in bright, good language.
Although Nilovna is only forty years old, she considers herself an old woman. She felt old, having not truly experienced either childhood or youth, without experiencing the joy of “recognizing” the world. As if emphasizing Nilovna’s terrible past, Gorky paints her portrait in such a way that sad, gray tones predominate in it: “She was tall, slightly stooped, her body, broken by long work and beatings from her husband, moved silently and somehow sideways... There was a deep scar above her right eyebrow... She was all soft, sad and submissive.” Surprise and fear are what this woman’s face constantly expressed. The sad image of a mother cannot leave us indifferent...
Don't impoverish your speech! Use vivid, emotionally expressive vocabulary, which our language is so rich in! Then your writings can be cited as an example of good style.
- The school textbook also includes the style of fiction.
Annotation:The use of stylistic coloring of linguistic units in creating an image. Book and colloquial functionally and stylistically colored vocabulary. Its emotional-evaluative variety.
Key words: stylistics, syntax, synonym, artistic speech, brightness of speech, words, language, development, stylistic resources
The Russian language is a broad, comprehensive concept. Laws and scientific works, novels and poems, newspaper articles and court records are written in this language. The Russian language has inexhaustible possibilities for expressing a wide variety of thoughts, developing a variety of topics, and creating works of any genre.
However, language resources must be used skillfully, taking into account the speech situation, the goals and content of the utterance, and its targeting. When thinking about the richness of the Russian language, one should not lose sight of stylistics. Its skillful use opens up wide possibilities for enhancing the emotionality and brightness of speech.
Modern Russian is one of the richest languages in the world. The high advantages of the Russian language are created by its huge vocabulary, wide ambiguity of words, wealth of synonyms, inexhaustible treasury of word formation, numerous word forms, peculiarities of sounds, mobility of stress, clear and harmonious syntax, and variety of stylistic resources.
The Russian language is a broad, comprehensive concept. Laws and scientific works, novels and poems, newspaper articles and court records are written in this language. Our language has inexhaustible possibilities for expressing a wide variety of thoughts, developing a variety of topics, and creating works of any genre. However, language resources must be used skillfully, taking into account the speech situation, the goals and content of the utterance, and its targeting. When thinking about the richness of the Russian language, one should not lose sight of stylistics. Its skillful use opens up wide possibilities for enhancing the emotionality and brightness of speech.
What is stylistics?
There are ancient sciences, the age of which is measured not even in centuries, but in millennia. Medicine, astronomy, geometry. They have a wealth of experience, research methods developed over centuries, traditions that are often continued in our time. There are also young sciences - cybernetics, ecology, astrobotany. They were born in the 20th century. This is the brainchild of rapid scientific and technological progress. But there are also sciences without age, or more precisely, with a difficult to determine age. This is the style.
Stylistics is very young, as it became a science and was formed as an independent branch of knowledge only at the beginning of the twentieth century, although people have been interested for a very long time not only in what he says, but also in how he says it. And this is what stylistics does. Stylistics comes from the word style (stylus) - this is what the ancients called a pointed stick, a rod for writing on wax tablets. In this meaning (pen, writing instrument) in the Russian language the now outdated cognate word stylo was used. But the history of the term stylistics does not end there. The word style then acquired the meaning of handwriting, and later expanded even more and began to mean manner, method, features of speech. Any developed language, be it Russian or Chinese, Spanish or Mongolian, English, French or German, is extremely beautiful and rich.
Many people know the inspired lines of M. Lomonosov about the Russian language: “Charles the Fifth, the Roman Emperor, used to say that it is decent to speak Spanish with God, French with friends, German with enemies, Italian with the female sex. But if he were skilled in the Russian language, then, of course, he would have added that it is decent for them to speak with all of them. For I would find in it the splendor of Spanish, the liveliness of French, the strength of German, the tenderness of Italian, and, moreover, the richness and strong depiction of the brevity of the Greek and Latin languages.” Each language is beautiful in its own way. But the native language is especially dear. What is the wealth, beauty, strength, expressiveness of language?
The artist conveys the beauty of the material and spiritual world through paints, lines of color; musician, composer express the harmony of the world in sounds, sculptor uses stone, clay, plaster. Words and language have access to color, sounds, volumes, and psychological depth. Its possibilities are endless. A. Akhmatova wrote:
Gold rusts and steel decays,
Marble is crumbling. Everything is ready for death.
The most lasting thing on earth is sadness
And more durable is the royal word. With what respect the poet speaks about the word - royal! It is more durable than gold, marble, steel. Everything passes. The Word remains. How does this happen? How does a word become royal? How are the magical lines “I remember a wonderful moment...” born from the most ordinary words, consisting of sounds or letters? Stylistics tries to answer this question. He strives to solve this riddle, to explain the miracle of transforming words into poetry and harmony. One possible explanation is the existence of particularly expressive words and expressions that make up the richness of the language. These are the words that stylistics is interested in. How can a text attract us? First of all, of course, the brightness and richness of colors, that is, figurative expressions.
Here are two suggestions:
1. Below was Kazbek, covered with never-melting snow.
2. Under him, Kazbek, like the face of a diamond, shone with eternal snow. (M. Lermontov).
Both sentences contain the same idea, but the difference between them is enormous. If in the first phrase we are given information, information, then in the second we see a picturesque picture painted with words. Just a few words - and before us is an amazing picture. This is the beauty of poetry and fiction in general - to paint with words. And there are words, figures of speech, special techniques, as if intended for depiction in words.
stylistics vocabulary language
Stylistic coloring of linguistic units
For stylistics studying the language of fiction, it is very important to see the possibilities contained in the language, in the word, to distinguish the subtlest shades of the meaning of a particular expression. All educated people can write and speak correctly as taught by grammar. However, this is not enough for the art of words. Artistic speech must not only be correct, but also expressive, figurative, and accurate.
There are many amazing words in the Russian language that stop your attention. At first glance, there is nothing unusual - the word is just a word. But you need to listen to its sound, and then the miracle contained in this word will be revealed. Everyone is familiar, for example, with the word sunflowers, or sunflowers. Indeed, the most common word. But let's listen to its sounds: under the sunflower - under the sun. It means growing under the sun. The sounds not only name the plant, but also draw it. You hear a sunflower, and immediately these beautiful, slender plants appear before your eyes, bearing round golden shaggy hats on tall stems. And these same hats are always turned towards the sun, absorbing its rays, energy, and strength. Sunflower - reaching towards the sun. Not a word, but a picture. In its name, people highlighted the most important feature of the plant. In order to discover the beauty of the sound of a word, you must be able to listen, you must love language. The wonderful Russian writer K. Paustovsky was a subtle connoisseur and observer of the beauty of the folk word. In his book “Golden Rose”, which talks about how a writer works, there is a chapter dedicated to the writer’s work on the word, it is called “Diamond Language”. It is preceded by an epigraph from N. Gogol: “You marvel at the preciousness of our language: every sound is a gift; everything is grainy, large, like the pearl itself, and, truly, another name is even more precious than the thing itself.” And further K. Paustovsky writes: “Many Russian words themselves radiate poetry, just as precious stones radiate a mysterious shine.
It is relatively easy to explain the origin of the “poetic radiation” of many of our words. Obviously, a word seems poetic to us when it conveys a concept that is filled with poetic content for us. But the effect of the word itself (and not the concept that it expresses) on our imagination, at least, for example, such a simple word as lightning, is much more difficult to explain. The very sound of this word seems to convey the slow night brilliance of distant lightning. Of course, this feeling of words is very subjective. You cannot insist on it and make it a general rule. This is how I perceive and hear this word. But I am far from the idea of imposing this perception on others. These simple words revealed to me the deepest roots of our language. The entire centuries-old experience of the people, the entire poetic side of their character was contained in these words.” So, many Russian words radiate poetry.
In the dry and precise language of science, stylistics, this means that they have a stylistic coloring, that is, they not only name, but also evaluate the named object, express the emotions (feelings) associated with it, expression (strengthen the meaning), evaluation - approval (cute ), disapproval (chattering, slob), affection, familiarity (trouble, showing off), condemnation, joke, etc.
In explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language, such words are accompanied by stylistic marks, that is, a characteristic of the evaluation or feeling expressed by the word: humorous, ironic, familiar, contemptuous, disapproving, abusive, etc. These are stylistically colored words, that is, words that have a stylistic coloring - an emotional, expressive meaning, which, as it were, is added to the main meaning that names, defines the object.
In the meaning of a word, in addition to the subject information and the conceptual and logical component, connotations are distinguished - additional meanings, i.e. by definition O.S. Akhmanova in the “Dictionary of Linguistic Terms”, “accompanying semantic or stylistic shades... to express various kinds of expressive-emotional-evaluative overtones.” For example, a brother is a son in relation to other children of the same parents. Brother is the same as brother plus the affection and diminutive expressed by this word (about a child). This tenderness that sounds in a word is connotation, or stylistic coloring. It seems to be superimposed on the main meaning, added to it. So, the stylistic connotation of a linguistic unit is those additional expressive or functional properties (components of meaning) in addition to the expression of subject-logical and grammatical meanings, which limit the possibilities of using this unit to certain spheres and conditions of communication and thereby carry stylistic information.
Literature
- Golub I.B. Russian language and culture of speech: Textbook M.: Logos, 2002. - 432 pp.
- Dunev A.I., Dysharsky M.Ya., Kozhevnikov A.Yu. And etc.; Ed. Chernyak V.D. Russian language and speech culture. Textbook for universities. M.: Higher School; WITH. - PB.: Publishing house of the Russian State University for the Humanities named after. Herzen A.I., 2002. - 509s.
- Solganik G.Ya. Stylistics of the Russian language. 10-11 grades: Textbook for general education institutions. M.: Bustard, 2001. - 304s.
- Kozhina M.N. Stylistics of the Russian language a: Textbook for students of pedagogy. institutions. M.: Education, 1993. - 224s.
The concept of stylistic coloring, its types. Expressive possibilities of stylistically colored vocabulary.
There are words that do not carry additional information.
There are words that, in addition to subject content, have additional information. They have a stylistic connotation.
Stylistic coloring is additional to the direct content of an expressive or functional nature, which limits the possibilities and scope of use of the word.
Synonyms – connotation or stylistic marking. An unsuccessfully used evaluative word can lead to serious consequences (journalistic material).
There are 2 types of tonality: functional-stylistic (carries information about the usual sphere of use for a word) and expressive-stylistic tonality (this is the ability of a word to convey an attitude towards what is being communicated and carries information about the attachment of the word to the evaluative context)
These shades are the basis for the stylistic qualification of vocabulary.
Expressive and stylistic coloring.
Expression is expressiveness.
Expressions are the speaker’s ability to express his attitude to what is being communicated, expressing his emotional state, which allows us to characterize the speaker as a representative of a certain social environment.
Essential features:
The meaning of a word is perceived through stylistic coloring.
Sometimes expressive coloring has a formal expression - a suffix. Sometimes it is expressed in the very lexical meaning of the word. Most often it is expressed by the tradition of assigning a word to an evaluative context.
Shcherba classification:
High vocabulary creates a certain uplifting tone. This also includes poetic vocabulary.
Decreased (familiar, expressing a disrespectful attitude towards the subject of speech)
Neutral
Modern classification
1.convey an emotional attitude (subjective assessment)
2nd intellectual-evaluative vocabulary.
1. We can distinguish 2 types of tonality - positive (high vocabulary, words marked rhetorical, poetic, approving, humorous) and negative (low vocabulary, words marked disapproving, dismissive, abusive)
2. Vocabulary that gives phenomena an intellectual assessment, which expresses the attitude entrenched in society.
Functional and stylistic coloring.
1. book vocabulary
2. colloquial vocabulary.
1. These are words that are used in book and written styles of the language. There are general books (abbreviations) and words used in one of the functional styles.
2. Orally. Unites different groups of words - expressive-colored vocabulary, semantic equivalents of neutral or official designations (in the theater the upper level is a gallery), the everyday sphere.
It is distinguished by a broad subject correlation. This is semantic certainty.
Filin proposed to distinguish between literary and non-literary vernaculars. Literary ones are used by educated people for certain purposes.
Stylistic coloring is presented mainly in vocabulary and phraseology.
At other levels:
Word formation relationship neutral and high
Important - important
Pronunciation
Compass - compass
Case ending options
On vacation - on vacation
In syntax
Where is the notebook that was lying here?
Non-union subordinating connection.
Historically, the stylistic coloring changes. Book words are neutralized.
Used for stylization, creating color, often means belonging to a certain social environment.
Archaisms, historicisms Can be a source of comedy.
Borrowings + Barbarisms (words transferred to Russian soil, the use of which is individual in nature) and Exoticisms (borrowed words that characterize the specific national characteristics of the life of different peoples and are used to describe non-Russian reality.) Macaronic speech is a mixture of Russian and foreign languages.
Neologisms are new words that have not yet been fully included in the active vocabulary. They retain a touch of freshness. For example, in the Soviet era, neologisms were NEP, Komsomolets, five-year plan. + Occasionalisms
In artistic and journalistic speech it is a characterological means (determines belonging to the social sphere)
Dialectisms
Colloquial words
Jargon is a type of colloquial speech used by a certain circle of native speakers united by common interests and social status. Argo is a secret, artificial language of criminals, known only to the initiated. +slang
Professionalisms
Stylistic coloring
IN lexical stylistics: expressive properties of a linguistic unit, superimposed on its basic, or subject-logical, meaning. * sail(neutral color) - sail(sublime coloring); hit(neutral color) - kick(reduced color).
Educational dictionary of stylistic terms. - Novosibirsk: Novosibirsk State University. O. N. Laguta. 1999.
See what “stylistic coloring” is in other dictionaries:
stylistic coloring- see coloring...
See the article stylistic coloring... Educational dictionary of stylistic terms
Functional and stylistic coloring- – see Stylistic resources of vocabulary, or lexical stylistics ...
COLORING- COLORING, colors, many. no, female 1. Action under Ch. dye and dye dye. Painting the house and outbuildings. 2. Color, shade of color of something. A bird with variegated colors. 3. transfer A special tone, an expressive shade of something (book).... ... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary
Stylistic connotation- (coloring, stylistic meaning) is usually defined as additional, in relation to the objectively logical and grammatical meaning of a linguistic unit, its expressive, emotional, evaluative and functional properties. In a broader sense... ... Stylistic encyclopedic dictionary of the Russian language
COLORING- COLORING, and, women. 1. See dye and paint. 2. Color 1 or combination of colors 1 on whatever. Protective o. in animals. Brightly colored fabrics. 3. transfer Semantic, expressive shade of something. Give the story a humorous twist. Stylistic o.... ... Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary
coloring- Additional stylistic shades that are superimposed on the basic, objectively logical meaning of the word and perform an emotionally expressive or evaluative function, giving the statement a character of solemnity, familiarity,... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms
stylistic coloring- An expressive or functional property of a linguistic unit, conditioned either by the properties of the unit itself (proshelya - expressive coloring), or by the context of use (outgoing, debit - functional coloring) ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal
coloring- And; and. 1. to Color color (1 digit). O. buildings. O. hair. Dye the fur. A butterfly with brownish-yellow wings. Tender o. foliage. 2. Color, shade of something. Autumn o. foliage. The clouds are soft blue in color. / About the characteristic color... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary
coloring- And; and. see also painting 1) to paint 1) to paint Painting of buildings. Hair color. Dying fur... Dictionary of many expressions
Books
- Dictionary of Russian phraseology. Historical and etymological reference book, A.K. Birikh, V.M. Mokienko, L.I. Stepanova. The dictionary is the first attempt in Russian lexicography to provide the most complete information about the history and etymology of Russian phraseological units. Revealing the original image of each sustainable... Buy for 1,500 rubles
- Stylistics and literary editing. Textbook for bachelors, Vayrakh Yulia Viktorovna. The textbook examines the categories of stylistics, the stylistic system of the Russian language, style-determining factors, stylistic meaning and coloring (connotation), expressiveness of speech,...