Several reports on ethnic clashes that occurred in southern Kyrgyzstan in June 2010 have become public. Their colleagues abroad got acquainted with the conclusions of Kyrgyz experts.
The National Commission for the Investigation of Ethnic Clashes in the Southern Regions of Kyrgyzstan on June 10-15, 2010, the Independent Ombudsman Commission of Kyrgyzstan, and the Osh Initiative group announced the results of their work in mid-January.
Human Rights Watch report
A report by the international human rights organization Human Rights Watch was published earlier. The international commission, which plans to release its report in early February, also announced the completion of the independent investigation. Several groups were simultaneously collecting information, trying to analyze the causes of the conflict and find those responsible.
"Pogroms of Uzbeks with the approval of official Bishkek"
Each of the commissions in its report names the historical, social and political prerequisites for the outbreak of conflict in Osh. The conclusions and assessments contained in the reports are sometimes completely opposite. Thus, the Osh Initiative organization, consisting of Uzbek and Kyrgyz human rights activists, believes that pogroms of the Uzbek population took place in Osh in June.
“Pogroms were sanctioned and planned not by third forces, but by individual Kyrgyz politicians in solidarity with the leaders of organized crime in the country and supporters of ex-president Kurmanbek Bakiev,” the report says. In its conclusions, the Osh Initiative claims that the June riots “occurred with the approval and connivance of official Bishkek.”
" Interethnic conflict provoked by Uzbek communities and the Bakiyev clan"
According to the findings of the national commission of inquiry into the June events in Osh, the perpetrators of the events that took place in the south of Kyrgyzstan are representatives of the Bakiyev clan and the leaders of the Uzbek community, in particular Kadyrzhan Batyrov. "We do not agree that this was genocide or civil war. We believe that there was a major inter-ethnic conflict provoked by the Uzbek communities and the Bakiyev clan, accompanied by violence, arson and looting."
As Abdygany Erkebaev emphasized, “these events began thanks to the extremist actions not of the Kyrgyz or Uzbek people, but of Kadyrzhan Batyrov and his accomplices, who organized rallies and were the ideological inspirers of those events. Then other forces began to gather there, which had different goals, including including the Bakiyev clan."
" The National Commission's report is superficial"
The human rights organization "Kylym Shamy", led by Aziza Abdirasulova, also collected data on the Osh tragedy. Last fall, Abdirasulova resigned from the national commission, accusing it of superficiality. In an interview with Deutsche Welle, Aziza Abdirasulova said: “I agree that this is a major interethnic conflict, but I do not agree that it was provoked by the Uzbek community or the Bakiyev clan. And I also do not agree with the fact that the national commission is asking to nominate the President of Uzbekistan for an award Islam Karimov."
According to the human rights activist, the national commission did not take into account or kept silent about many facts during the investigation. “The commission’s conclusion does not say anything about the huge amount of firearms that fell into the hands of the crowd. It says nothing about snipers. It doesn’t say anything about the responsibility of government officials,” says Aziza Abdirasulova.
“People must know the truth, no matter how bitter it may be: neither the Kyrgyz nor the Uzbeks were the first to use weapons,” the human rights activist emphasized. According to her version, law enforcement officers were the first to use firearms. “They were forced to shoot at the crowd at the Alai Hotel, because they began to burn, cut, and kill. And the law enforcement agencies did not have special equipment on hand: rubber bullets, flash-noise grenades.”
According to Abdirasulova, the events in the report of the Osh Initiative are presented one-sidedly. “They began their report on May 19, when a crowd of Kyrgyz destroyed a university owned by Kadyrzhan Batyrov. But they remained silent about the facts on May 14, when, led by Kadyrzhan Batyrov and representatives of the Ata-Meken party, supporters of the governor of the Jalal-Abad region, they They went and burned a house that belonged to the Bakiyevs’ relatives. The whole tragedy began with this.”
The commission also made its conclusions Ombudsman of Kyrgyzstan
According to the findings of the Kyrgyz Ombudsman Commission, interethnic conflicts in the south are “the fruit of the work of the ousted presidents Akaev and Bakiev.” The roots of inter-ethnic tension in the south, as stated in the report, "lie in poverty and poverty, which are easy to mobilize under any slogans."
In particular, the authors point to the activities of the leader of the Uzbek community, Kadyrzhan Batyrov. “Batirov’s provocative speeches at rallies in Jalal-Abad were the detonator of the emergence of an interethnic conflict,” says the report of the Kyrgyz Ombudsman Commission. “The main reason for such a large-scale and bloody conflict in the south was the inability of the state to protect its citizens, regardless of race and nationality.”
"The law of the street, aggression in society, settling scores"
According to German expert on Central Asia Beate Eschment, some of the conclusions of the national commission are beyond doubt, although the causes of the conflict require much more in-depth study. “I am almost sure that both the Uzbeks and representatives of the Bakiyev clan are involved in this conflict. But searching for those responsible in this form will not bring anything. It is much more important now to understand how to improve the situation,” says the expert. In her opinion, a number of preconditions led to the outbreak of conflict in the south of Kyrgyzstan.
“Of course, the important fact is that the socio-economic situation of the Uzbeks all these years was much better, and meanwhile the Kyrgyz were in power. But the decisive factor is that due to the events taking place in the country in recent years, the population everywhere is trying solve their problems by holding protests, rallies, demonstrations. The Kyrgyz people chose the law of the streets, no longer relying on the government. People from the Bakiyev clan and the leaders of the Uzbek diaspora took advantage of this situation. The conflict in such conditions was almost impossible to prevent!”
Another German expert from the Institute for Peace and Security Policy in Hamburg, Anna Kreikemeier, also says that she would not name the culprits now. “With such a high level of aggression, any tension in relations between representatives of different nationalities in the south of Kyrgyzstan led to serious consequences: the image of an enemy began to take shape in society, then the search for “scapegoats” began.
According to Anna Kraikmeyer, “during the investigation, it became quite obvious that the Bakievs, especially Maxim Bakiev, the son of the president, and Zhanysh, the president’s brother and head of the presidential security service, were very closely connected with criminal structures. The events in Osh became a kind of settling of scores.”
Context
The international commission began work in the south of Kyrgyzstan with a great delay
Due to difficult negotiations at the international level, an independent investigation into the conflict in southern Kyrgyzstan is starting almost two months later than previously planned. The preparation of the report is postponed to a later date. (10/18/2010)
On Saturday, September 15, residents of the Volga region organized a public rally against the cell phone tower that was placed under their windows. About 70 people came out into the street from houses on Dzerzhinsky Avenue.
As one of the local residents, Galina Mubarakshina, told Komsomolskaya Pravda, police officers were present at the event, but they did not interfere in the process, did not check documents and did not take anyone away.
According to a representative of the Main Directorate of the Ministry of Internal Affairs for the Nizhny Novgorod Region, no violations were recorded at the gathering.
We stood on the street and talked with MTS employees, who showed us documents according to which the tower did not pose a threat. But Rospotrebnadzor says that they have not received any documents on calculating the levels of electromagnetic fields for the base station of MTS PJSC to coordinate the size of the sanitary protection zone and restricted zones. We don’t believe these papers,” Galina shared.
The gathering lasted approximately an hour. The administration of the Volga region was not there.
In the end, of course, MTS and I never came to a common opinion. They stated that the tower was not dangerous and they would not dismantle it. But this doesn’t suit us,” the Volga woman confidently said.
According to her, after everything that happened, city residents decided to refuse MTS services.
We also learned that the range of this tower is 800 meters. Can you imagine? That is, such a structure can now be installed every 800 meters. None of the local residents want this. Residents of houses that are located far from ours even came to the gathering,” Galina said.
Now townspeople continue to collect signatures for the dismantling of the tower. They are going to draw attention to what happened and continue to contact supervisory stations and check the safety of the tower. At the moment, more than 200 signatures of Volga residents have been collected.
Let us remind you that at the beginning of September, a cellular communication tower from MTS PJSC appeared near house No. 55 on Dzerzhinsky Avenue. Many are unhappy with this because: firstly, the structure is located 10 meters from a residential building, secondly, the view from the window is spoiled, and most importantly, residents are afraid of radiation. They didn't like that their opinion wasn't even asked during installation.
However, the press service of MTS PJSC in the Nizhny Novgorod region, KP NN, reported that the tower was installed according to the law and it does not pose any danger to people.
The base station is installed in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation - the Urban Planning Code of the Russian Federation, as well as the Law of the Nizhny Novgorod Region “On the fundamentals of regulation of urban planning activities in the territory of the Nizhny Novgorod Region”. The sanitary certificate of the facility has already been examined with a positive result, and the project documentation has been sent to Rospotrebnadzor. The distance from the installation site of the base station to residential building No. 55 also meets the requirements of the legislation of the Russian Federation, which was developed taking into account all possible risks and dangers, MTS responded.
In Kyiv this evening it was announced the suspension of the operation using the army in the eastern regions. This was stated in the commentary of the Ukrainian Foreign Ministry to the agreements reached in Geneva. Regarding them, the acting head of the department said a little earlier that the force operation would continue until the protesters were completely disarmed.
There are other inconsistencies regarding the document that Switzerland had been working on all day the day before. According to the Kyiv version, there are two types of rallies: the only correct one and all the others.
The unexpected interpretation by the Kyiv authorities of what was achieved in Geneva was voiced, as they say, first-hand. Andrei Deshchytsia, acting head of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, commented on the demands for the disarmament of all illegal armed groups.
“If you carefully read the agreements, then we are talking about the liberation of roads and squares that were illegally occupied by protesters. As far as I know, the activities of the Maidan are legal,” he said.
Meanwhile, the Geneva agreements spell out literally the following: “All illegal armed groups must be disarmed; all illegally occupied buildings must be returned to their rightful owners; all illegally occupied streets, squares, and other public places in all cities of Ukraine must be vacated.”
That is, the Maidan, at a minimum, occupies buildings that do not belong to the Maidanites, and, at a maximum, is armed. The Russian Foreign Ministry also expresses disappointment with such free interpretations.
“When we talk about disarmament in Ukraine, we mean, first of all, the confiscation of weapons from the Right Sector militants and other pro-fascist groups that participated in the coup in Kyiv,” the Russian Foreign Ministry said in an official statement.
It is clear why the Verkhovna Rada, which spent the whole day trying to develop a memorandum on resolving the situation in the east, went on Easter holidays without agreeing on anything. They just talked about different things. The meeting, by the way, began with a brawl. Presidential candidate Lyashko kicked out of the hall Vladimir Oleynik, the one who, during the confrontation between Maidan and Yanukovych, was the author of the law restricting the rights of rally participants.
Neither the regionalists nor the communists believed the parliamentary majority, which proposed to set a certain deadline for the surrender of weapons for the armed formations as a solution to the conflict. True, when asked whether this concerns Kyiv, the deputies answered evasively.
“This is a clear statement about the time by which this should happen. Whoever does not do so will use the force of the law. There are no territorial instructions, the law must be the same throughout the entire territory,” said the acting. Chairman of the Batkivshchyna faction Sergei Sobolev.
Such general phrases and lack of specifics did not please the opposition deputies, who sensed a catch.
“They don’t hear us when we assume specifics point by point, saying that disarmament and liberation of buildings should take place throughout the country,” says Verkhovna Rada deputy from the Communist Party Oksana Kaletnik.
“The adoption of a separate amnesty law will not solve anything. People in the east do not consider themselves criminals. They say that in Kyiv they are activists, and here we are terrorists? And the buildings there are occupied, and the buildings here are occupied. Why such double standards? " - Chairman of the Party of Regions faction Alexander Efremov is perplexed.
Whoever was the first to arm himself and seize buildings should be the first to set an example of disarmament. In addition, the authorities must release detained and arrested Anti-Maidan activists, drop charges against the protesters, return the army to their places of deployment and remove special forces from the southeast, and finally stop the threats.
According to self-defense leaders in the east, Kyiv must actually prove that it will comply with the Geneva agreements, but so far this is not in sight.
"We continue preparations for the referendum. Kyiv is not going to fulfill these agreements, they already started violating them yesterday, they announced their refusal to withdraw troops from Slavyansk and Kramatorsk. The buildings need to be vacated either by everyone or by no one. Both Turchinov and Yatsenyuk will vacate the illegally occupied buildings," says Denis Pushilin, co-chairman of the Presidium of the Donetsk People's Republic.
And these are not the demands of some political group, people on the streets of Donetsk and Lugansk are talking about this. This is exactly what Vladimir Putin spoke about the day before. Without people's trust in the government, the crisis cannot be resolved.
“Why are Kyiv politicians going to the east? Who are they talking to there? With their appointees? You don’t need to travel for this. You need to talk to the people, to those whom people trust. And they are dragging the army. And they say - disarm. Well, the east will disarm, and who will disarm the Right Sector? Then they will say, sorry, it didn’t work out?” - the Russian President is perplexed.
But what kind of trust can we talk about if, while demanding that the East stop resistance, the authorities simultaneously place large rewards on the heads of the so-called “Russian saboteurs,” only fueling the paranoia reigning in society?
“For each transferred saboteur, the Headquarters of National Defense of the Dnepropetrovsk Region announces a reward of 10 thousand US dollars. For each liberated administrative building, I announce a reward of 200 thousand US dollars,” said the commander of the Dnepr-1 unit, Yuriy Bereza.
What kind of trust can we talk about if the Right Sector is still recruiting fighters on the Maidan, including to be sent to the eastern regions?
“Mobilization is going well, several groups have left for Dnepropetrovsk, Poltava, and Kharkov regions. They are learning to shoot, disassemble and assemble weapons. Their instructors are military men to teach the basics of military affairs,” said Right Sector coordinator for the Kyiv region Igor Gorban.
Supporters of the Right Sector are making their contribution to the persecution of politicians disliked by Kyiv. Here they are picketing the Rada, demanding to literally put an end to presidential candidate Oleg Tsarev, against whom, by the way, they are already going to open a third criminal case under the article “Separatism” - this is how calls for federalization are now called in Kiev. True, the right-wingers could not explain why it was necessary to end Tsarev. Just "annoying".
The people of Kiev themselves are calling to finally disarm the radicals. And today people, mostly pensioners and students, came to a spontaneous rally at the building of the National Bank of Ukraine. They demanded that its chairman resign and stop the endless rise in prices.
MOSCOW, May 16 - RIA Novosti. Rostechnadzor has not established the cause of the accident at the Krylatskoye ice complex in Moscow, which had to be closed last November due to the threat of a roof collapse, the Kommersant newspaper wrote on Friday.
“The experts were unable to come to a consensus, since federal-level experts refuted the conclusions of Moscow Mayor Yuri Luzhkov and his subordinates that the emergency was caused by poorly manufactured metal structures. According to experts, the error was inherent in the design of the palace itself,” the publication writes.
The five-story sports complex in Krylatskoye was built in 2004 and is one of the largest indoor ice palaces in Europe. The project of the complex was developed by the State Unitary Enterprise "Mosproekt-4", the total cost of construction was about 180 million dollars. Structurally, the complex resembles a large tent - 19 cable cables, fixed to a load-bearing L-shaped support 72 m high, hold a metal roof attached to them with steel hinges.
On November 22 last year, one of these hinges suddenly burst, creating a real threat of roof collapse, and the complex had to be closed.
“On the same day, Moscow Mayor Yuri Luzhkov blamed the accident on JSC Elektrostal Heavy Engineering Plant (EZTM), whose specialists cast hinges for the structure. The mayor promised to restore the structure and recover the money spent on repair work from the metallurgists through the court. two months later, the mayor’s conclusions were confirmed by experts from the Moscow construction industry. Elektrostal did not agree with the conclusions of the Muscovites,” the newspaper recalls.
The final word remains with the federal-level commission, which was supposed to announce its findings last Wednesday, but this did not happen.
The head of the federal commission of Rostechnadzor, Yuri Artyukh, explained to Kommersant that the ice palace is a unique object from a design and architectural point of view, and it is not surprising that opinions differed about the causes of the emergency.
“As a result, we needed additional time to study all the submitted materials, as well as to order additional examinations and studies. I hope that we will reach the final conclusions by May 29, but I can’t call this date final yet,” Artyukh said.
Meanwhile, scientists involved in the investigation as technical experts have already made their conclusions.
Professor Vladimir Larionov, scientific director of the leading Russian organization in the field of metal structures design, TsNIIPSK named after Melnikov, believes that the culprit of the emergency was not the hinge at all, “but the designer who proposed to install it in the structure.”
The scientist believes that the mistake of the designers of the ice palace was that under load the hinge began to work according to an unusual pattern for such a unit: its finger began not only to bend, but also to twist and stretch. As a result, cracks appeared in the central part of the element, which led to its complete destruction on November 22.
“The analysis showed that the structure was in a pre-emergency condition throughout the entire period of operation,” Larionov points out in his conclusion.
In his opinion, the design of the hinges itself needs to be changed. “However, in this case, it will be necessary to change not only the hinges, but also the entire structure of the roof of the palace,” the scientist believes. “In other words, a new design of the structure and its large-scale reconstruction are needed.”
The State Unitary Enterprise "Mosproekt-4" told Kommersant that they do not agree with the calculation methods presented by Professor Larionov.
We absolutely need sleep. A person can last quite a long time without food, without water he can last a week, and five to six days without sleep can lead not only to serious consequences for the body, but also to death. It is no coincidence that sleep deprivation torture, which was also practiced in the dungeons of the Lubyanka in order to break a person, is one of the most severe.
Not only do we need sleep, animals and birds sleep. Other animals - reptiles and even invertebrates - have a resting stage. However, according to Doctor of Biological Sciences Vladimir Kovalzon, leading researcher, head Russian Society of Somnologists, only warm-blooded animals—mammals and birds—possess true sleep. And this dream is complexly organized, consisting of several stages.
The need for sleep for life, as a Gazeta.Ru correspondent was told, was proven by a Russian researcher at the end of the 19th century Maria Manaseina. In her experiments, she did not let the puppies sleep, petted them constantly, and after four to five days the puppies died.
If sleep is so necessary for the body, then why? The answer to this question - during the day our body gets tired and rests in sleep - ceased to be obvious when scientists discovered that our internal organs work during sleep and, most importantly, the brain works very actively.
How sleep works
The French researcher Michel Jouvet, who is also known as author of the novel "The Dream Thief". He established that sleep consists of two alternating phases.
If sleep is involved in memory processes, it does not play a major role.
Scientists conducted experiments in which rats were deprived of sleep by riding them on a merry-go-round. It turned out that sleep deprivation impaired the rats' learning ability, but not by much. The neurophysiologist believes that, most likely, in a dream, the brain gets rid of unnecessary information, cutting off everything unnecessary and leaving what is really important.
Another hypothesis is that important metabolic stages occur during sleep.
Data have been obtained that during slow sleep in mice, genes encoding proteins involved in the synthesis of various enzymes and other vital proteins are active in the cerebral cortex and hypothalamus.
Thus, the brain prepares for wakefulness during sleep. Perhaps at this time biochemical reactions occur that require a lot of time.
And according to the hypothesis of Doctor of Biological Sciences, leading researcher Ivan Pigarev, during sleep, brain neurons switch to a different mode of operation. They stop perceiving information from the external environment and switch to information from internal organs. The activity of neurons during sleep ensures the coordination of all body systems: cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive.
Back in Soviet times, neurophysiologists Vadim Rotenberg and Viktor Arshavsky hypothesized that
REM sleep provides a psychological defense mechanism against stress.
Typically, under stress, the proportion of REM sleep increases. According to scientists' hypothesis, at this time the brain tries to find a solution to a situation that a person is not able to resolve in reality. This “search activity” saves the body from the severe consequences of stress.
Another important role of sleep has recently received evidence. Answering Gazeta.Ru about the most interesting discoveries of recent times, Vladimir Kovalzon said: “Perhaps the most interesting thing is a sensational article that published October 18, 2013 in Science(“Gazeta.Ru” wrote). A group of researchers led by Danish woman Maken Niedergaard, who is now working in the USA at the University of Rochester, has discovered a previously unknown drainage system in the brain. It serves to remove large molecules that cannot leave it in the usual way. In the body they are removed by lymph, but in the brain there is no lymph, and it was unknown how this happens. The authors called this system glymphatic, from the word “glia.” Astrocyte cells have channels that conduct water, and until now it was not entirely clear why they are needed. These tubules open, water enters the intercellular fluid and washes away all harmful substances. These tubules open during sleep, but when awake they are closed.
This is also very important for the mechanisms of development of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s, when pathological proteins are formed. Drainage removes these proteins, and this happens during sleep. And if circulation is disrupted, they accumulate and form plaques.
It has long been intuitively clear that sleep cleanses the brain; it is no coincidence that we wake up with a fresh head. But now this has been proven using the most modern technology, two-photon microscopy.”
Sleep bills
“The normal duration of sleep for an adult is seven to eight hours,” a somnologist, associate professor at the Moscow Medical Academy told a Gazeta.Ru correspondent. Sechenov Mikhail Poluektov. — The most obvious consequences of lack of sleep are decreased attention, memory, and performance. Labor productivity decreases by approximately half, and the number of errors increases.
It is estimated that the risk of getting into an accident for a person who does not get enough sleep increases five times.
The danger of man-made disasters due to his fault is also growing. At the same time, insufficient sleep syndrome is common today, especially for residents of large cities. It is believed that out of ten actively working people, nine do not get enough sleep on weekdays.”
Lack of sleep can make you seriously ill. As Mikhail Poluektov said, “people who chronically do not get enough sleep are more likely to have hypertension, bronchial asthma, gastritis, peptic ulcers, and, as has been shown, even one and a half times higher mortality in the long term from various diseases.”
Lack of sleep is a direct path to diabetes, as it develops cell resistance to insulin.
People who work at night are more likely to gain excess weight. Staying awake causes hunger, and the person goes to the kitchen to eat something. And his biological clock is not adjusted to food at this time, and calories turn into fat deposits.
The immune system also suffers from lack of sleep. This fact was experimentally tested on volunteers who, for scientific purposes, were infected with rhinovirus (the virus that causes ARVI). It turned out that those who sleep less than seven hours a day got sick more often than those who sleep seven to eight hours.
Insomnia is a serious condition; according to statistics, it affects about 6% of people in the population, and with age their number reaches 15%.
To avoid suffering from insomnia, it is important to maintain sleep hygiene.
What this is, Mikhail Poluektov explained to a Gazeta.Ru correspondent: sleep in silence, in the dark, on a comfortable pillow, in a room where it is not too hot and not too cold; before going to bed, do not watch movies with shooting and do not quarrel with your family; At night, do not eat much, do not drink coffee or alcohol.
A glass at night to fall asleep is not the best remedy: the inhibitory effect of alcohol will be replaced by an exciting one, and sleep will be interrupted.
You need to go to bed and get up at the same time so that your body gets used to when to become active and when to relax.
Good night everyone!