1. What is a calendar
2. What kind of calendars are there in countries: Ancient, Pocket, Calendar of significant dates, Church, Fisherman's calendar, Fan's calendar, Astrological calendar.
3. Types of calendars: Table calendar, Tear-off calendar, Desk calendar, Book type calendar.
What is a calendar?
- Days turn into weeks, weeks into months, and months into years - this is how time flows.
- Without a calendar, it would be difficult to determine what day or month it is. It lists the days of the week and months sequentially throughout the year.
- The word “calendar” translated from Latin literally means the following: “record of loans”, “debt book”. The fact is that in Ancient Rome, debtors paid debts or interest on them on the days of the Kalends - in the first days of the month. Hence the name. But the Greeks did not have calends. Therefore, the Romans ironically said about inveterate defaulters that they would repay the debt in Greek calendars, that is, it is not known when. This expression has become popular in many languages of the world.
The priests also noted that every year, approximately simultaneously with the beginning of the flood, a bright star appeared in the sky before sunrise. We counted the days between these events - it turned out to be 365 days. This was 6,000 years ago, and before that no one knew that there are 365 days in a year. The Egyptians divided the year into 12 months of 30 days, adding 5 additional days at the end of the year.
Ancient calendar
What types of calendars are there?
The modern 12-month calendar appeared thanks to the Roman Emperor Gaius Julius Caesar. Before this, a calendar of 10 months was in use. In a four-year cycle, three years have 365 days, and the fourth has 366 days. Thus, it was possible to achieve correspondence between the calendar and the time of the Earth’s revolution around the Sun.
There are many more ways to count dates: Muslim, Israeli, Chinese, Indian and Buddhist calendars, which are still used today.
Pocket calendar
- The word “calendar” (we are talking about single-sheet pocket calendars, which have a picture on one side and a table of the days of the year on the other) appeared in Russia in 1780. However, they had to wait another hundred years for their printed embodiment.
- Such calendars were first printed in Russia in the mid-1880s in Moscow. And the first calendars with a new style were published in St. Petersburg at the beginning of 1918, immediately after the signing of the decree on the introduction of the Western European calendar in our country.
Time sheet calendar
- Time sheet calendar, in the form of a sheet publication containing a list of days of the year, arranged by month in table form
Tear-off calendar
- Tear-off calendar, in which separate tear-off sheets are allocated for each day (week, month)
Desk calendar
Desk calendar, in which separate flip sheets are allocated for each day (week, month)
Book type calendar
- Book type calendar, published in the form of a book publication containing materials selected in accordance with a specific topic and (or address)
Calendar of significant dates
- Calendar of significant dates, including a selective list of days of the year associated with any memorable events, and information about these events
Church calendar
Calendar of church holidays and fasts, dictionary of names, lives of saints. List of troparia; prayers and gospel readings for every day.
Astrological calendar
When compiling horoscopes, astrologers rely on the lunar calendar
MAYAN calendar
A system of calendars created in the pre-Columbian era by the Mayan civilization. This calendar was also used by other Central American peoples - the Aztecs, Toltecs, etc.
Peoples who lived in Western Europe, left behind them are giant structures made of stone blocks standing in a circle - cromlechs. To the most famous cromlech, Stonehenge in southwest England, already 4000 years. This observatory monitored the movements of the Sun, Moon and planets.
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History of the calendar Completed by Valeria Afunova, 10th grade student
The peoples who lived in Western Europe left behind gigantic structures made of stone blocks standing in a circle - cromlechs. The most famous cromlech, Stonehenge in southwest England, is 4,000 years old. This observatory monitored the movements of the Sun, Moon and planets.
Lines connecting various stone blocks indicate the most important points of sunrise and sunset of the Sun and Moon. The main circle of stones, some of which still survive, had 29 large gates and a small arch, i.e. 29 and a half entrances. This corresponded to 29 and a half days of the synodic month - the time from one full moon to the next. Every day a stone was placed on one portal further. In one month he walks around the entire structure. The pits represented the lunar calendar. Every day the stone was moved to the next hole.
The ancient inhabitants of Mesopotamia were already able to distinguish individual constellations located along the visible annual path of the Sun among the stars. Later they became known as the zodiac belt.
Babylonian astronomers divided the day into 24 hours and dedicated each of them to one of the seven planets known to them, including the Sun. They began counting the hours from Saturday, the first hour of which was “ruled” by Saturn, the second by Jupiter, etc. in a circle. It turned out that the first hour of Sunday was “ruled” by the Sun, the first hour of Monday by the Moon... Based on the luminary of the first hour of each day, the days of the week, which have been preserved in many languages, received their names.
The high priest, commander, writer Gaius Julius Caesar, before starting the calendar reform, visited Egypt, where he became acquainted with the Egyptian solar calendar. The month of July was named in honor of this great Roman. And the calendar itself, transformed at the behest of Caesar by Sosigenes, is called Julian.
The ancient Chinese believed that the Universe was dominated by five elements - Fire, Water, Metal, Wood and Earth, which constantly interact: water extinguishes fire, fire melts metal, metal cuts down wood, wood grows in the earth, earth gives birth to water. Ideas about the five elements easily form the basis of a 60-year calendar.
The Mayans monitored the movement of celestial bodies from structures similar to the towers of modern observatories. And they expressed their observations in manuscripts. This page from a miraculously surviving manuscript describes the movement of Venus. The Mayans created special calendar systems. They were so complex that only dedicated astronomer priests could understand them.
- What is a “calendar” and its necessity, objectives and basis?
- Calendar systems
- Sumerian calendar
- Babylonian calendar
- Old Persian calendar
- Ancient Roman calendar
- Sources used
New Year's Eve
he came to the house Such a ruddy fat man, But every day he lost weight, And finally he disappeared completely.
Calendar
What is a "calendar"?
Calendar - This is a printed publication in the form of a table(sheet calendar) or books, where it is contained list of numbers, days of the week, months(less often than years). Holidays and astronomical information (lunar phase, eclipses, etc.) are also indicated.
Meaning of the word
Word " calendar"had in its history different meanings
Then the word appeared calendarium.
That's what they called it debt book, in which creditors recorded the interest paid on debts on the first day of each month.
From lat. calendae, calends, is the name first day of every month in ancient Rome .
Printed edition in table form
Year
List of months
List of days of the week
List of numbers
The need for a calendar
The need for calendars arose in ancient times, when people did not yet know how to read and write. .
The need for a calendar
Calendars determined the onset of spring, summer, autumn and winter, periods of flowering of plants, ripening of fruits, collection of medicinal herbs, changes in the behavior and life of animals, weather changes, time of agricultural work and much more.
Calendar tasks
Measuring Time Intervals
Fixing dates
Calendar basis
Change of lunar phases and the change of seasons
Day
Night
Calendar systems
Different peoples at different times created and used three types of calendars:
Solar
They sought to coordinate the length of the year with the periodicity of processes occurring in nature
Lunar
We wanted to coordinate the calendar month with the phases of the moon
Lunisolar We wanted to agree on both
Sumerian calendar
One of the first creators of calendars were inhabitants of ancient Sumer . They enjoyed lunar calendar, based on observations of the movement of the Moon. In the ancient Sumerian year there were 354 days, and it consisted of 12 months of 29 and 30 days.
Babylonian calendar
Later, when the Babylonian priest-astronomers determined that a year consists of 365.6 days , the previous calendar was reworked, it became lunisolar.
Old Persian calendar
Ancient farmers had their own calendar and knew: there are days in the year the day of the longest night and the shortest day which is called winter solstice day . On this day, ancient farmers celebrated birth of the sun god Mithras.
Ancient Roman calendar
In the Roman Empire the months had different lengths, But New Year invariably fell on January 1 - date of change of consuls. December 25 - celebrations winter solstice has become a convenient time for New Year's festivities.
- In 46 BC, Julius Caesar introduced the calendar, called the Julian . This calendar was based on annual movement of the Sun through the 12 zodiacal constellations . According to the imperial reform the year began on January 1. The first month of the year was named after the god Janus. The average length of a year in an interval of four years was equal to 365.25 days.
- In Ancient Greece early summer fell on the longest day of the year - June 22.
- A chronology the Greeks led from the famous Olympic Games.
- Gregory XIII introduced the Gregorian calendar in 1582 (new style). The need for changes was determined by the fact that the Julian calendar lagged behind the natural one.
- The date of the vernal equinox is March 21 , from the calendar leap years were removed , falling in the last years of centuries: 1600, 1700, 1800, etc.
- Acted in Rus' Julian calendar. Before the decree of Peter I (1700), Russians kept their calendar “from the creation of the world,” which occurred 5506 BC.
- Beginning of the New Year They celebrated some in September, after the harvest, and some in March, on the day of the spring solstice.
- brought our chronology in accordance with European and commanded celebrate the New Year in winter - January 1st.
- Until October 1917, Russia lived according to the Julian calendar, “lagging” behind European countries by 13 days.
- On February 1, 1918, a decree was issued , who declared this day to be the 14th. This year turned out to be the shortest, consisting of 352 days
- In a number Muslim countries still use it lunar calendar , in which the beginning of calendar months corresponds to the moments of new moons.
- In a number of countries Southeast Asia, Iran, Israel have varieties of lunisolar calendar , in which the change in phases of the Moon is consistent with the beginning of the astronomical year. The lunisolar calendar is used in Jews , professing Judaism, to calculate the dates of religious holidays.
Riddles about time, about the calendar
There is an oak tree, there are twelve nests on the oak tree,
And in each nest there are four tits.
Where is all this stored?
Without legs, but running -
Doesn't end
Never back
Doesn't return.
(Time)
( Calendar)
The timber fell all over Rus',
On that beam
Twelve Christmas trees
Each has four branches.
The fat man is losing weight every day
And it won't get better.
(Year, months, weeks)
(Tear-off calendar)
Sources used
http://www.alkor-4.ru/kalendari_2011/uvartalnye_kalendari/kvartalnye_kalendari_na_2011_god/prn_prd2581.php
http://www.xrest.ru/original/160395/
http://arthic.ru/eg/2.htm
http://elitklub.info/forum/23-238-1
http://pritchi.diary.ru/?from=80
Thank you
for your attention!
Slide 1
History of the calendar I am Time. I am terrifying. I am good and evil. I am happiness and sorrow... There is no change in me: I was the same at the dawn of the distant universe; I saw the beginning of all beginnings, - With me the cycle of centuries was completed; And I will also cover our days with dust... W. Shakespeare Physics teacher Zhinkina E.V. Municipal educational institution "Secondary school No. 32 with in-depth study of the English language" in Ozersk, Chelyabinsk regionSlide 2
All peoples of the world at different stages of their development approached the need to create a chronology
Slide 3
Era - “initial number” - a chronology system with its initial date. It is believed that this word is a combination of the initial letters of the Latin phrase “Ab exordio regni Augusti” - “From the beginning of the reign of Augustus.” Octavian Augustus became Roman Emperor at 27
Slide 4
Many peoples also had widespread eras, determined by the reign of various dynasties.
Slide 5
A calendar is a system for counting large periods of time, based on the periodicity of the visible movements of celestial bodies. This name comes from the Latin word calendarium, which literally translates as “debt book”
Slide 6
Basically, calendar systems were based on the movement of the Earth around its axis (day), on the movement of the Moon (month), on the movement of the Earth around the Sun (year)
Slide 7
In history, there were calendar systems based on the movement of other celestial objects. In the East, special importance was attached to the largest giant planet, Jupiter, which makes one revolution around the Sun in 12 years
Slide 8
Mayan calendar For religious purposes - short years of 260 days: 13 months of 20 days, weeks of 13 days, indicated by numbers For civil affairs - long years "tun" and "haab", containing 360 and 365 days, respectively, Haab contained 18 months 20 days + 5 holidays
Slide 9
Aztec calendar Similar to the Mayan calendar Answers the question of when the world was created This happened in 995 BC. During this time, 4 eras passed: The Age of the Tiger 13 * 52 The Age of Wind 7 * 52 The Age of Rain 6 * 52 The Age of Water 13 * 52 The Age of Movement... The cycle of 52 years is associated with the appearance of the Pleiades in the sky
Slide 10
The most ancient time counting system is the lunar calendar, which is based on the synodic month. This calendar is very difficult to reconcile with the seasons
Slide 11
The division of the month into 4 weeks is also associated with the phases of the moon, each of which lasts approximately 7 days. The days of the week were dedicated to the gods, and it began on Saturday. “Sabbath” and “Sabbath” are heard in our “Saturday,” but according to the Christian religion, a day free from work is not Saturday, but Sunday. Why?
Slide 12
The Babylonian personification of the days of the week, we see it in the names preserved in English, German, French Sun - Sunday Moon - Monday Mars - Tuesday Mercury - Wednesday Jupiter - Thursday Venus - Friday Among the Slavic peoples, the names of the days of the week are associated with their serial numbers and customs
Slide 13
Slide 14
Januarius, named after Janus, the two-faced god of entrances and exits. The birth of the calendar and the pontiff. Februarius, with his name, reminiscent of Februs, the god of the underworld of the dead. Martius, the month of field work, patronized by Mars. Aprilis, the month when the buds open (“aperire”) on the trees. Maius, glorifying fertility goddess Maya Junius dedicated to Juno, goddess of the firmament, wife of Jupiter
Slide 15
What were the other months called? How many months were there in a year? What did this lead to? The year turned out to be short, only 355 days, ten and a quarter less than required. So that the beginning of the year did not jump, so that the holidays in honor of the gods did not move, the pontiffs introduced an additional month between 23 and 24 Februarius - Mercedonius “Roman generals always won, but never They didn’t know what day it happened.” Voltaire
Slide 16
Reform of Julius Caesar Year of confusion All missing days were counted and in 46 BC, except for Mercedonium, 2 more months were inserted 33 and 34 days between November and December
Slide 17
Reform of Julius Caesar Julian calendar The Julian calendar is a calendar developed by a group of Alexandrian astronomers led by Sosigenes and in 45 BC. e.. The year according to the Julian calendar begins on January 1, consists of 365 days and is divided into 12 months. Once every 4 years, a leap year is declared, in which one day is added - February 29
Contents: What is a “calendar” and its necessity, tasks and basis?
Calendar systems
Sumerian calendar
Babylonian calendar
Old Persian calendar
Ancient Roman calendar
Julian calendar
Gregorian calendar
History of the Russian calendar
What is a "calendar"?
A calendar is a printed publication in the form of a table (table calendar) or book that contains a list of numbers, daysweeks, months (less often years). Holidays and
astronomical information (lunar phase, eclipses, etc.)
Meaning of the word
The word "calendar" had different meanings in its historyFrom lat. calendae, calends, –
this is the name of the first day
every month in Ancient
Rome.
Then it arose
the word calendarium.
This is the name of the debt book, in
which creditors
wrote down the percentages
contributed towards debts
first day of every month.
The need for a calendar
Need for calendarsarose in such deep
antiquity, when a person
I couldn’t read yet and
write. Calendars
determined that it had arrived
not spring, summer, autumn
and winters, periods
flowering plants,
fruit ripening,
collection of medicinal
herbs, changes in
behavior and life
animals, changes
weather, time
agricultural
works and much more.
Calendar tasks
Measuring Time IntervalsFixing dates
The basis of the calendar Change of lunar phases and change of seasons of the year Change of day and night
Calendar basisChanging lunar phases and changing seasons
Change of day and night
Calendar systems
Different peoples at different times created and used threetypes of calendars: Solar, Lunar and Lunisolar. Solar
They tried to coordinate the length of the year with
periodicity of processes occurring in nature
Lunar
We wanted to coordinate the calendar month with the phases of the moon
Lunisolar Wanted to reconcile both
Sumerian calendar
One of the firstcalendar creators
were the inhabitants of the Ancient
Sumer. They
used the lunar
calendar based
on observation
movement of the Moon. IN
ancient Sumerian
there were 354 days in the year, and
it consisted of 12 months
29 and 30 days each.
Babylonian calendar
Later, whenBabylonian priests and astronomers determined
that a year consists of 365.6
days, previous
calendar
reworked, he
became lunisolar.
Old Persian calendar
Ancient farmers hadyour calendar and knew: there is
day in a year is the day itself
long night and
the shortest day
which is called day
winter solstice. IN
this day is ancient
farmers
celebrated the birth of god
Sun - Mithras.
Ancient Roman calendar
In the Roman Empire, months haddifferent lengths, but new
year invariably fell on 1
January is the date of change of consuls. 25
December winter solstice celebration
has become a convenient time for
New Year's festivities.
Julian calendar
In 46 BC, Julius Caesar introduced the calendar,called Julian. The basis of this
The calendar was based on the annual movement of the Sun in 12
zodiacal constellations. According to the imperial
The reform year began on January 1. The first month of the year was
named after the god Janus. Average length of year in
over an interval of four years was equal to 365.25 days.
Gregorian calendar
Gregory XIII in 1582 wasGregorian introduced
calendar (new style).
Need for change
was determined by the fact that the Julian
the calendar was behind
natural. Spring day date
equinox - March 21, from
calendars were confiscated
leap years falling
for the last years of centuries:
1600, 1700, 1800, etc.
History of the Russian calendar
In Rus'Julian acted
calendar. Before Peter's decree
I (1700) the Russians led
your calendar "from
creation of the world"
which happened 5506
years BC.
New Beginning
years celebrated where in
September, after cleaning
harvest, and where - in March, in
spring day
solstice.
Royal decree
The royal decree of Peter I ledour chronology in
compliance with
European and commanded
celebrate New Year in winter
- January 1.
Calendar reform
Until October 1917, Russia lived according to the Julian calendar, “lagging behind”European countries for 13 days.
On February 1, 1918, a decree was issued declaring this day the 14th. This
the year was the shortest, consisting of 352 days