Due to the difficult financial situation in the country, cases have become more frequent when parties to contracts (supply, contract, provision of services, lease) indicate the price in conventional units.
This possibility is provided for in paragraph 2 of Article 317 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation.
However, this does not mean that the buyer will have to pay for the goods in conventional units. Calculations will be made “in rubles in an amount equivalent to a certain amount... in conventional monetary units” (Clause 2 of Article 317 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation).
As a rule, suppliers (performers, contractors, lessors) are interested in using conventional units, as this allows them to eliminate the negative impact of inflation and rising exchange rates on the amount of payments.
Rationale: The opportunity to determine prices in conventional units appeared in connection with rapid inflation, which especially increased in the first half of the 90s of the last century.
It was economically extremely unprofitable for the party that was supposed to receive money in payment (supplier, performer, contractor, lessor) to determine the price of the contract (especially long-term) in rubles.
If the legislator had provided for the possibility of expressing obligations exclusively in rubles, this could have had negative consequences for turnover and the creation of schemes to circumvent these requirements.
At the same time, for the buyer (customer, tenant) this means that the main financial risks (for example, in the event of a fall in the ruble exchange rate) will fall on him - there is a high probability of paying O a larger amount than planned. In addition, in case of “miscalculations” with the wording, there is a risk that the contract will be declared unconcluded or the price condition will be invalid. This means that if the course of action is unsuccessful for an unscrupulous counterparty, he will be able to refer to this circumstance and refuse to fulfill his obligations.
Conventional units in the understanding of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation
From the point of view of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, conventional units are not at all . In business agreements, the parties use the concept of “conventional units” to link either to the exchange rate of any foreign currency (when conventional units are actually equal to foreign currency), or to a specific amount in rubles (like “conventional units = 50 rubles”) ."). In such cases, the conventional unit actually loses its content and turns into a kind of multiplier.
The Civil Code of the Russian Federation names conventional monetary units on a par with foreign currency and does not identify these concepts: “A monetary obligation may stipulate that it is payable in rubles in an amount equivalent to a certain amount in foreign currency or in conventional monetary units..." (clause 2 of article 317 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation).
That is, the same obligation cannot be simultaneously expressed both in foreign currency and in conventional units. These are alternative units. This is directly indicated by paragraph 2 of Article 317 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, both grammatically and logically.
The concept of foreign currency is given in paragraph 2 of part 1 of article 1 of the Federal Law of December 10, 2003 No. 173-FZ “On Currency Regulation and Currency Control” (hereinafter referred to as Law No. 173-FZ). This:
- “banknotes in the form of banknotes, treasury notes, coins that are in circulation and are a legal means of cash payment on the territory of the relevant foreign state (group of foreign states), as well as these banknotes that are withdrawn or withdrawn from circulation but subject to exchange;
- funds in bank accounts and bank deposits in monetary units of foreign countries and international monetary or settlement units.”
Within the meaning of paragraph 1 of Article 140 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, currency is a legal means of payment, that is, mandatory for acceptance in the relevant state. This norm identifies the concepts of “currency” and “money”. Accordingly, foreign currency is a legal tender issued by a foreign state.
A conventional monetary unit is a means of payment that is not a legal means of payment, but allows the calculation of the monetary obligations of the parties if they agree on it.
The Civil Code of the Russian Federation gives two examples of conventional units.
1. ECU (European Currency Unit)
This is a European unit of account that was used from 1979-1998. It was used in the European Monetary System, in particular by the European Monetary Cooperation Fund. The ECU rate was formed as something average from a set of 8-12 European banknotes. It was determined daily, since the exchange rate of the currencies included in the basket changed daily.
The ECU did not have a material form in the form of banknotes or coins and was not used in payments in the consumer market.
In 1999, the ecu was replaced by the euro (now a real currency).
2. Special Drawing Rights
It is a conventional unit of account used by member countries of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to provide loans since 1969. Until 1981, it was determined on the basis of the weighted average value and changes in the exchange rate of the currencies included in the currency basket, which included the currencies of the United States, Germany, Great Britain, France and Japan. Today, the SDR is determined based on the dollar value of a basket of four leading currencies: the US dollar, euro, yen and pound sterling and is published daily on IMF website.
The SDR has only a non-cash form in the form of entries in bank accounts; banknotes have not been issued.
It is worth noting that neither the ECU nor the SDR is a currency.
As an example of another conventional unit, we can name the cost of the bi-currency basket of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation. This is an operational benchmark for the Bank of Russia's exchange rate policy expressed in national currency, consisting of the US dollar and the euro. Thus, the Twentieth Arbitration Court of Appeal considered a dispute arising from a purchase and sale agreement, in which the parties agreed that “at the time of conclusion of the agreement, the cost is 1.00. e. is the value of the bi-currency basket of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, officially published in the media as of December 1, 2012” (resolution of March 26, 2014 in case No. A23-3562/2013).
Judging by the practice of using conventional monetary units in trade turnover in the sense of Article 317 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, this is absolutely exotic.
Conventional units in practice
Despite what is stated in the Civil Code of the Russian Federation , in practice these concepts are mixed.
Today, an obligation expressed in conventional units is an obligation expressed in a foreign currency (usually dollars or euros), but subject to execution in rubles.
Conventional monetary units have actually become a euphemism.
So, in practice, the parties include the following conditions in contracts:
- “for calculation purposes, one conventional unit is taken to be the ruble equivalent of one US dollar, calculated at the exchange rate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation on the day of payment” (resolution of the Seventeenth Arbitration Court of Appeal dated August 5, 2014 No. 17AP-8003/2014-GK in case No. A60 -50101/2013) or “the conventional unit for this agreement is equivalent to one US dollar” (ruling of the Nineteenth Arbitration Court of Appeal dated May 19, 2014 in case No. A14-10175/2013);
- “prices for goods and the total cost of the supplied Goods are indicated in conventional units (cu). One conventional unit is equivalent to one euro (EUR) and is payable in Russian rubles at the euro (EUR) exchange rate established by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation on the date of payment” (resolution of the Nineteenth Arbitration Court of Appeal dated November 29, 2013 in case No. A35-4276/ 2013) or “one conventional unit is equal to one euro” (ruling of the Eleventh Arbitration Court of Appeal dated May 23, 2012 in case No. A65-30879/2011);
- “The tenant agreed to pay... an advance payment... at the rate of 30 rubles. for one conventional unit, which is equivalent to 216,540 rubles.” (resolution of the Thirteenth Arbitration Court of Appeal dated October 9, 2014 in case No. A56-5431/2014) or simply “one conventional unit is equal to 25 rubles” (resolution of the Federal Antimonopoly Service of the East Siberian District dated January 27, 2014 in case No. A78-8252 /2011, see also the decision of the Fifteenth Arbitration Court of Appeal dated May 29, 2014 No. 15AP-7732/2014 in case No. A32-2262/2014);
- “The amount of rent is set in conventional units (one conventional unit is equal to one US dollar) at the rate of 30 rubles. 00 kop. for one conventional unit" (resolution of the Federal Antimonopoly Service of the Moscow District dated June 7, 2011 No. KG-A40/5564-11 in case No. A40-44883\10-37-345) or "the exchange rate of a conventional monetary unit is equivalent to the US dollar exchange rate announced by the Bank Russia as of 09/01/1998 (9.33 rubles per one US dollar)” (resolution of the Fourteenth Arbitration Court of Appeal dated January 26, 2012 in case No. A05-9363/2011).
The courts are quite loyal to such formulations.
Example from practice: the court collected a debt for goods supplied under an agreement in which the price of the goods was determined in conventional units
JSC "A." (supplier) and AP CJSC (buyer) entered into an agreement for the supply of equipment and an additional agreement to it, according to which the price of the goods is 427,158 USD. e., including VAT. The parties also determined that payment would be made “in rubles at the exchange rate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation on the day the payment was made, 1 USD. e. equal to 1 US dollar.”
The buyer made an advance payment in the amount of RUB 6,644,955.28.
The supplier delivered the goods, but did not receive the remaining amount (213,579 cu or 6,877,350.58 rubles).
JSC "A." filed a claim with the arbitration court for the recovery of 6,877,350.58 rubles. principal debt and 709,226.78 rubles. percent.
The claims were satisfied in full (resolution of the Federal Antimonopoly Service of the Central District dated August 8, 2012 in case No. 14-10300/2011).
Rationale: In the early 90s, with galloping inflation, the terms of agreements on prices and settlements in US dollars were widely practiced.
However, on March 6, 1993, the Russian Government issued Decree No. 205 “On strengthening foreign exchange and export controls and on the development of the foreign exchange market.” Its paragraph 17 contained a recommendation to the Central Bank of the Russian Federation to take measures to “terminate settlements in foreign currency between residents on the territory of the Russian Federation.”
As a result, entrepreneurs simply replaced the word “dollar” with “u.” e." At the same time, the content of the conventional units did not change - the parties continued to make payments in dollars. The equality between conventional units and foreign currency was strengthened in the minds.
This was facilitated by legislation on accounting and reporting, and clarifications from the Russian Ministry of Finance (for example, letters of the Russian Ministry of Finance dated May 15, 2009 No. 03-03-06/1/324 and No. 03-03-06/1/325).
In particular, the Ministry of Finance of Russia, in its letter dated April 2, 2009 No. 03-03-06/1/204, paraphrased paragraph 3 of the information letter of the Presidium of the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation dated November 4, 2002 No. 70 “On the application by arbitration courts of Articles 140 and 317 Civil Code of the Russian Federation" (hereinafter referred to as information letter No. 70): "... in the case where in the contract a monetary obligation is expressed in foreign currency without indicating its payment in rubles, such a contractual condition should be considered as provided for in paragraph 2 of Art. 317 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, that is, as an obligation expressed in conventional units... Thus, a monetary obligation expressed in foreign currency, if such an obligation according to the contract or based on the essence of the transaction is payable in Russian rubles, should be considered as an obligation, expressed in conventional units."
Conventional units in the text of the contract
In order to agree on the use of conventional units in the text of the contract, it is necessary to define:
1) Conventional unit (to what type of foreign currency is the conventional monetary unit equated). For more information about what is meant by conventional units, see And .
Examples of the wording of the terms of the contract about what the parties understand by conventional monetary units
1. “One conventional unit is equal to the value of the bi-currency basket of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation.”
2. “The conventional unit for this agreement is equivalent to one US dollar.”
3. “One conventional unit is equivalent to one euro.”
4. “One conventional unit is equal to one Chinese yuan” (resolution of the Ninth Arbitration Court of Appeal dated October 23, 2013 No. 09AP-26396/2013-GK, 09AP-27091/2013-GK in case No. A40-173111/12).
5. “One conventional unit is equal to 30 rubles. In the event that the US dollar exchange rate established by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation on the date of payment exceeds 30 rubles, one conventional unit is equal to one US dollar” (resolution of the Fifteenth Arbitration Court of Appeal dated May 29, 2014 No. 15AP-7732/2014 in case No. A32 -2262/2014).
6. “One conventional unit under the agreement is equal to an amount in Russian rubles equivalent to 1 (one) US dollar at the rate determined by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation (hereinafter referred to as the official rate) on the date of payment of at least 30 rubles. If the official exchange rate of the US dollar against the ruble decreases below the level of 30 rubles per one US dollar, the parties, from the moment of such reduction and until the date the official dollar exchange rate exceeds the mark of 30 rubles per one US dollar, consider that the conventional unit is equal to thirty rubles" ( resolution of the First Arbitration Court of Appeal dated September 23, 2014 in case No. A43-1151/2014).
7. “One conventional unit is equal to the exchange rate of the US dollar against the ruble established by the Central Bank on the day of issuing the invoice minus 3 (Three) rubles, but in the end no less than 31 rubles and no more than 37 rubles” (resolution of the Ninth Arbitration Court of Appeal dated August 28 2014 No. 09AP-30492/2014-GK in case No. A40-27875/2014).
8. “One conventional unit is equal to the arithmetic mean between the US dollar exchange rate in relation to the ruble and the euro exchange rate in relation to the ruble, established by the Bank of Russia on the day of payment” (resolution of the Federal Antimonopoly Service of the North Caucasus District dated March 15, 2012 in case No. A32- 13741/2011, Fifteenth Arbitration Court of Appeal dated June 21, 2013 No. 15AP-5746/2013 in case No. A53-28751/2012).
9. “One conventional unit is equal to 0.5 US dollar plus 0.5 euro” (resolution of the Seventeenth Arbitration Court of Appeal dated March 17, 2011 No. 17AP-1692/2011-AK in case No. A50-20354/2010).
If the parties do not indicate, which is a conventional unit in the context of the contract, then the price condition will not be considered agreed upon. Thus, in the case of a real estate lease agreement, for which the rental payment condition is essential, this will indicate that the agreement has not been concluded (clause 1 of Article 654 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, see Rent).
For a supply agreement (contract, provision of services), non-agreement on the price of goods may entail the following:
- it will be determined by the price which, under comparable circumstances, would normally be charged for like goods, or
- the contract will be recognized as not concluded.
2) Condition for payment of a monetary obligation in rubles. The Civil Code of the Russian Federation sets the corresponding condition in paragraph 2 of Article 317 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation.
An example of the wording of the terms of a supply agreement with the price of goods in conventional units about payment in rubles
“The goods are subject to payment in rubles in an amount equivalent to the amount specified in paragraph ____ of this agreement.”
If the parties do not indicate If payment of a monetary obligation is made in rubles, then three scenarios are possible.
First option. The customer (buyer, lessee) will be able to pay a fee in foreign currency if the obligation relates to a case where the law allows the use of foreign currency as a means of payment on the territory of the Russian Federation (clause 2 of Article 140 and clause 3 of Article 317 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation) . Thus, settlements using foreign currency between the parties to a supply agreement are allowed under foreign trade agreements in which one of the parties is a foreign person - a non-resident (Articles 6, 9 of Law No. 173-FZ). An exhaustive list of permitted currency transactions for residents is established in Article 9 of Law No. 173-FZ. All other currency transactions between residents are prohibited.
Second option. The customer (buyer, lessee) will be required to pay in rubles:
- if, when interpreting the agreement according to the rules of Article 431 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, the court does not come to the conclusion that the parties planned to make payment in foreign currency;
- if, due to the rules of currency legislation, this obligation cannot be fulfilled in foreign currency;
- if, when interpreting the contract in accordance with the rules of Article 431 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, the court comes to the conclusion that the parties planned to make payment in foreign currency.
However, recognizing the payment condition as invalid does not entail invalidating the contract if it can be assumed that the contract would have been concluded without this condition (Article 180 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, clause 3 of Information Letter No. 70).
3) Rate of conventional monetary units. So, in the contract you can stipulate the use of:
- official exchange rate of the Bank of Russia;
- exchange rate determined by a foreign exchange exchange (for example, Moscow Exchange , St. Petersburg Currency Exchange , Siberian Interbank Currency Exchange and others; these courses are published in the Izvestia newspaper);
- foreign currency exchange rate determined according to the scheme fixed in the agreement (for example, the agreement may stipulate that the Bank of Russia exchange rate increased by a certain percentage is used for conversion);
- a different ratio of foreign currency and the ruble.
An example of the wording of the terms of an agreement on the exchange rate of conventional monetary units
1. “One conventional unit is payable at the rate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation.”
2. “One conventional unit is payable at the Moscow Exchange exchange rate.”
3. “One conventional unit is subject to payment at the rate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, but not less than 27 rubles per conventional unit.”
4. “One conventional unit is subject to payment at the rate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, but not less than 30 rubles per one conventional unit and not more than 34 rubles per one conventional unit.”
5. “One conventional unit is payable at the rate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation plus 3%.”
It is worth noting that the parties can establish:
- own rate of conversion of conventional monetary units into rubles or
- the procedure for determining such a course.
This was indicated by the Presidium of the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation in paragraph 2 of paragraph 12 of information letter No. 70.
An example of the wording of the terms of a lease agreement on its own conversion rate of conventional monetary units
“The rent is calculated in the following order: the rent indicated in conventional units is multiplied by 1.18 (VAT amount equal to 18%) and by 25 rubles” (resolution of the Arbitration Court of the Moscow District dated August 18, 2014 No. F05-8720 /2014 in case No. A40-52760/13-85-515).
Attention!If the parties have agreed that payment is made not at the Bank of Russia rate, but at another rate to be determined, then the parties should have the opportunity to obtain evidence of its existence and (or) the procedure for determining its amount.
Otherwise, the court will apply the Bank of Russia rate. This means that the buyer (customer, tenant) will not pay the amount that he was guided by when concluding the contract: it can be either less or more. For example, the parties may agree that by conventional unit they mean the US dollar, the rate of which is determined by an additional agreement. If, in the event of a dispute, such an additional agreement is not submitted to the court, then the recalculation will be made at the Bank of Russia exchange rate.
However, it may be that the Bank of Russia does not set the exchange rate of the conventional monetary unit to the ruble. In this case, the court will use for recalculation the data provided by the parties on the exchange rate of this unit, which was established by the authorized body (bank) of the relevant state or an international organization to one of the conventional monetary units quoted by the Bank of Russia.
Such rules are enshrined in paragraph 14 of information letter No. 70.
The electrical sector of agricultural enterprises is represented by a large number of different objects, electrical installations and structures. To determine the amount of work performed by the electrical engineering service of an enterprise, it is necessary to reduce all equipment on the balance sheet of the enterprise to one indicator - a conventional unit.
The volume of electrical equipment in conventional units of electrical equipment is determined by recalculating the physical number of units of electrical equipment into conventional units using conversion factors.
The number of conventional units of electrical equipment (Ny.units) for a given number of electrical equipment (n) is determined by the formula:
Nu.unit = n Kn Kpp, (1.1)
where n is the number of electrical equipment of this type;
Kp-conversion coefficient;
KPP-correction factor.
For example, the farm operates 6 electric motors with a power of up to 1 kW in particularly damp rooms with a chemically active environment. Hence:
Nu.unit =6 0.88 0.85=4.488 units
Similarly, we calculate conventional units for electrical equipment of objects of the first section.
We summarize the calculation data in table 1.2
Table 1.2 Calculation of the volume of electrical equipment in conventional units.
|
Name of the equipment item |
equipment |
Odds |
Total in conv. units |
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|
translated |
corrective |
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|
1. Electric drive with IM: |
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1.1 in dry and wet areas: |
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1.2 in damp and dusty rooms: |
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1.3 in rooms with particularly damp and chemically active environments: |
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2. Electrothermal equipment |
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2.1. Electric water heater VET-400 | ||||||||
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2.2. Household electric water heater | ||||||||
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2.3. Electric heating units up to 40 kW | ||||||||
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2.4.Electronic vulcanizer | ||||||||
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2.5 Electrical device heated floors | ||||||||
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2.6. Electric drying cabinet | ||||||||
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3. Welding transformer |
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End of table 1.2 
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4.Charging rectifier |
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with auto stabilization | |||||
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5. Electric lighting and irradiation installations: |
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5.1. Lamps in dry and wet areas |
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with incandescent lamps | |||||
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with fluorescent lamps | |||||
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5.2. Lamps in damp and dusty rooms : |
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with incandescent lamps | |||||
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5.3. Lamps in particularly damp, chemically active environments : |
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with incandescent lamps | |||||
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with fluorescent lamps | |||||
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5.4. Outdoor Lighting: |
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with incandescent lamps | |||||
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5.5. Electrical irradiation installations: |
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Irradiators | |||||
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6. Automation panels with the number of relays: |
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more than 5 pieces | |||||
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7. Automation panels with the number of transistors: |
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more than 10pcs. | |||||
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8. Electricity metering box | |||||
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9.electrical wiring of residential buildings | |||||
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Total $ for the first section | |||||
Let us determine the number of standard units of electrical equipment throughout the electrical sector using the formula: 
N U.U. =N U.U.1 +N U.U.2 +N U.U.3 , (1.2)
where N U.U.1 – the number of conventional units of the first section;
N U.U.2 – number of conventional units of the second section;
N U.U.3 – number of conventional units of the third section;
N U.U =101.43+103+340=544.43 u.u.
The All-Russian Classifier of Units of Measurement (abbreviated OKEI) was approved by Decree of the State Standard of Russia dated December 26, 1994 N 366. It contains a list of units of measurement established by the government with their codes. Units of measurement in OKEI are divided into groups.
This classifier is also used in 1C 8.3 to correctly indicate units of measurement in documentation, for example, receipts of goods and services.
Below are some of the popular OKI units of measurement.
OKEY in 1C Accounting 3.0
Let's look at an example of adding a new unit of measurement. Open the All Features menu. If you don’t see it, turn it on: “Tools” - “Options”.
Open the reference book “Classifier of units of measurement”.
You will see a list of units of measurement that are already in your information database. Before adding a new one, make sure that it is not here. If you still haven’t found the unit of measurement you need, click the “Selection from OKEY” button in the list form of this directory:
After clicking on this button, a report will open in front of you, displaying the current all-Russian classifier of units of measurement. To conveniently search for the unit of measurement you need, enter its code or name in the appropriate field and click the “Find” button.
After you have found the unit of measurement you need, you need to add it to 1C. Select any column of the desired row and click on the “Select” button in the upper right corner of the form, or select it directly from the printed form by double-clicking LMB.
A form for creating a new unit of measurement according to OKEI will open in front of you. It is not advisable to make any adjustments to this form. To save, click “Save and close.”
“Service” in 1C according to OKI
In the case when the unit of measurement you need is not in OKEI 1C (for example, “Service”), you cannot come up with a new code for it. The letter of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation No. 03-07-05/42 dated October 15, 2012 states that in such cases it is permissible to indicate a dash “-”. In the second column of the invoice for services, put a dash.
In this case, it will be necessary to add a new unit of measurement directly from the list form of the reference book “Classifier of Units of Measurement”, the work with which was discussed above. Only in this case, instead of the “Selection from OKEY” button, click on the “Create” button. Refuse the program's offer to select from the classifier. There are no services there.
In the form for creating a new unit of measurement, fill out all the fields, but put a dash in the “Code” field.
The all-Russian classifier of units of measurement consists of three blocks: an identification block, a name block and a block of additional characteristics. The code and national symbol are used when drawing up the Consignment Note or UPD and are indicated in the list of goods in the appropriate columns.
- Download OKEY in Excel (.xls)
| Code | Unit name | Symbol | Code letter designation | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| national | international | national | international | ||
| 003 | Millimeter | mm | mm | MM | MMT |
| 004 | Centimeter | cm | cm | CM | CMT |
| 005 | Decimeter | dm | dm | DM | DMT |
| 006 | Meter | m | m | M | MTR |
| 008 | Kilometer; thousand meters | km; 10³ m | km | KM; THOUSAND M | KMT |
| 009 | Megameter; million meters | Mm; 10 6 m | mm | MEGAM; MILLION M | MAM |
| 039 | Inch (25.4 mm) | inch | in | INCH | INH |
| 041 | ft (0.3048 m) | foot | ft | FOOT | FOT |
| 043 | Yard (0.9144 m) | yard | yd | YARD | YRD |
| 047 | Nautical mile (1852 m) | mile | n mile | MILES | NMI |
| 050 | Square millimeter | mm2 | mm2 | MM2 | MMK |
| 051 | Square centimeter | cm2 | cm2 | SM2 | CMK |
| 053 | Square decimeter | dm2 | dm2 | DM2 | DMK |
| 055 | Square meter | m2 | m2 | M2 | MTK |
| 058 | thousand square meters | 10³ m2 | yeah | THOUSAND M2 | DAA |
| 059 | Hectare | ha | ha | GA | HAR |
| 061 | Square kilometer | km2 | km2 | KM2 | KMK |
| 071 | Square inch (645.16 mm2) | inch2 | in2 | INCH2 | INK |
| 073 | Square foot (0.092903 m2) | ft2 | ft2 | FOOT2 | FTK |
| 075 | Square yard (0.8361274 m2) | yard2 | yd2 | YARD2 | YDK |
| 109 | Ar (100 m2) | A | a | AR | ARE |
| 110 | Cubic millimeter | mm3 | mm3 | MM3 | MMQ |
| 111 | Cubic centimeter; milliliter | cm3; ml | cm3; ml | SM3; ML | CMQ; MLT |
| 112 | Liter; cubic decimeter | l; dm3 | I; L; dm 3 | L; DM3 | LTR; DMQ |
| 113 | Cubic meter | m3 | m3 | M3 | MTQ |
| 118 | Deciliter | dl | dl | DL | DLT |
| 122 | Hl | ch | hl | GL | HLT |
| 126 | Megaliter | Ml | Ml | MEGAL | MAL |
| 131 | Cubic inch (16387.1 mm3) | inch3 | in3 | INCH3 | INQ |
| 132 | Cubic foot (0.02831685 m3) | ft3 | ft3 | FOOT3 | FTQ |
| 133 | Cubic yard (0.764555 m3) | yard3 | yd3 | YARD3 | YDQ |
| 159 | Million cubic meters | 10 6 m3 | 10 6 m3 | MLN M3 | HMQ |
| 160 | Hectogram | yy | hg | GG | H.G.M. |
| 161 | Milligram | mg | mg | MG | MGM |
| 162 | Metric carat (1 carat = 200 mg = 2 x 10 -4 kg) | car | MS | KAR | CTM |
| 163 | Gram | G | g | G | GRM |
| 166 | Kilogram | kg | kg | KG | KGM |
| 168 | Ton; metric ton (1000 kg) | T | t | T | TNE |
| 170 | Kiloton | 10³ t | kt | CT | KTN |
| 173 | Centigram | sg | cg | SG | CGM |
| 181 | Gross registered ton (2.8316 m3) | BRT | - | BRUTT. REGISTER T | GRT |
| 185 | Load capacity in metric tons | t grp | - | T LOAD UNDER | CCT |
| 206 | Centner (metric) (100 kg); hectokilogram; quintal1 (metric); deciton | ts | q; 10 2 kg | C | DTN |
| 212 | Watt | W | W | VT | WTT |
| 214 | Kilowatt | kW | kW | KVT | KWT |
| 215 | thousand kilowatts | 10³ kW | THOUSAND KW | ||
| 222 | Volt | IN | V | IN | VLT |
| 223 | Kilovolt | kV | kV | HF | KVT |
| 227 | Kilovolt-ampere | kVA | kV.A | KV.A | KVA |
| 228 | Megavolt-ampere (thousand kilovolt-ampere) | M.V.A | M.V.A | MEGAV.A | MVA |
| 230 | Kilovar | kvar | kVAR | KVAR | KVR |
| 243 | Watt hour | Wh | W.h | VT.H | WHR |
| 245 | Kilowatt hour | kWh | kW.h | KW.H | KWH |
| 246 | Megawatt hour; 1000 kilowatt-hours | MWh; 10 3 kWh | MW.h | MEGAWH; THOUSAND KW.H | MWH |
| 247 | Gigawatt-hour (million kilowatt-hours) | GWh | GW.h | GIGAVT.H | G.W.H. |
| 260 | Ampere | A | A | A | AMP |
| 263 | Ampere hour (3.6 kC) | A.h | A.h | A.Ch | AMH |
| 264 | Thousand amp hours | 10³ Ah | 10 3 A.h | THOUSAND A.H | TAH |
| 270 | Pendant | Cl | C | KL | COU |
| 271 | Joule | J | J | J | JOU |
| 273 | Kilojoule | kJ | kJ | KJ | K.J.O. |
| 274 | Ohm | Ohm | OM | O.H.M. | |
| 280 | Degree Celsius | hail C | hail C | CITY OF CELUS | CEL |
| 281 | Fahrenheit | hail F | hail F | CITY OF FARENG | FAN |
| 282 | Candela | cd | CD | KD | C.D.L. |
| 283 | Lux | OK | lx | OK | LUX |
| 284 | Lumen | lm | lm | LM | LUM |
| 288 | Kelvin | K | K | TO | KEL |
| 289 | Newton | N | N | N | NEW |
| 290 | Hertz | Hz | Hz | GC | HTZ |
| 291 | KHz | kHz | kHz | KGC | KHZ |
| 292 | Megahertz | MHz | MHz | MEGAHz | MHZ |
| 294 | Pascal | Pa | Pa | PA | PAL |
| 296 | Siemens | Cm | S | SI | SIE |
| 297 | Kilopascal | kPa | kPa | KPA | KPA |
| 298 | Megapascal | MPa | MPa | MEGAPA | MPA |
| 300 | Physical atmosphere (101325 Pa) | atm | atm | ATM | ATM |
| 301 | Technical atmosphere (98066.5 Pa) | at | at | ATT | A.T.T. |
| 302 | Gigabecquerel | GBk | GBq | GIGABK | GBQ |
| 304 | Millicurie | mCi | mCi | MKI | MCU |
| 305 | Curie | Ki | Ci | CI | CUR |
| 306 | Gram of fissile isotopes | g D/I | g fissile isotopes | G FISSIONING ISOTOPES | GFI |
| 308 | Millibar | mb | mbar | MBAR | MBR |
| 309 | Bar | bar | bar | BAR | BAR |
| 310 | Hectobar | GB | hbar | GBAR | H.B.A. |
| 312 | Kilobar | kb | kbar | KBAR | K.B.A. |
| 314 | Farad | F | F | F | FAR |
| 316 | Kilogram per cubic meter | kg/m3 | kg/m3 | KG/M3 | KMQ |
| 323 | Becquerel | Bk | Bq | BC | BQL |
| 324 | Weber | Wb | Wb | WB | WEB |
| 327 | Knot (mph) | bonds | kn | UZ | KNT |
| 328 | Meter per second | m/s | m/s | M/S | MTS |
| 330 | Revolutions per second | r/s | r/s | OB/S | R.P.S. |
| 331 | Revolutions per minute | rpm | r/min | RPM | RPM |
| 333 | Kilometer per hour | km/h | km/h | KM/H | KMH |
| 335 | Meter per second squared | m/s2 | m/s2 | M/S2 | MSK |
| 349 | Pendant per kilogram | C/kg | C/kg | CL/KG | C.K.G. |
| 354 | Second | With | s | WITH | SEC |
| 355 | Minute | min | min | MIN | MIN |
| 356 | Hour | h | h | H | HUR |
| 359 | Day | days; days | d | SUT; DN | DAY |
| 360 | A week | weeks | - | NED | WEE |
| 361 | Decade | Dec | - | DEC | DAD |
| 362 | Month | months | - | MES | MON |
| 364 | Quarter | quart | - | QUART | QAN |
| 365 | Half year | six months | - | HALF A YEAR | SAN |
| 366 | Year | G; years | a | YEAR; YEARS | ANN |
| 368 | Decade | deslet | - | DESLET | DEC |
| 499 | kilogram per second | kg/s | - | KG/S | KGS |
| 533 | Ton of steam per hour | t steam/h | - | T STEAM/H | TSH |
| 596 | Cubic meter per second | m3/s | m3/s | M3/S | MQS |
| 598 | Cubic meter per hour | m3/h | m3/h | M3/H | MQH |
| 599 | Thousand cubic meters per day | 10³ m³/day | - | THOUSAND M3/DAT | TQD |
| 616 | Spool | bean | - | BEAN | NBB |
| 625 | Sheet | l. | - | SHEET | LEF |
| 626 | One hundred sheets | 100 l. | - | 100 SHEET | CLF |
| 630 | Thousand standard conditional bricks | thousand std. conventional brick | - | THOUSAND STANDARD USL KIRP | M.B.E. |
| 641 | Dozen (12 pcs.) | dozen | Doz; 12 | DOZEN | DZN |
| 657 | Product | ed. | - | IZD | NAR |
| 683 | One hundred boxes | 100 boxes | Hbx | 100 BOX | HBX |
| 704 | Kit | kit | - | KIT | SET |
| 715 | Pair (2 pieces) | steam | pr; 2 | STEAM | NPR |
| 730 | Two tens | 20 | 20 | 2 DES | SCO |
| 732 | Ten pairs | 10 pairs | - | DES PAR | TPR |
| 733 | A dozen couples | a dozen pairs | - | A DOZEN PAIRS | DPR |
| 734 | Package | message | - | MESSAGE | NPL |
| 735 | Part | Part | - | PART | NPT |
| 736 | Roll | rul | - | RUL | NPL |
| 737 | A dozen rolls | a dozen rolls | - | A DOZEN RULS | DRL |
| 740 | A dozen pieces | a dozen pieces | - | A DOZEN PCS | DPC |
| 745 | Element | ale | C.I. | ELEM | NCL |
| 778 | Package | pack | - | UPAK | NMP |
| 780 | A dozen packs | dozen pack | - | A DOZEN PACK | DZP |
| 781 | One hundred packs | 100 pack | - | 100 UPAK | CNP |
| 796 | Thing | PC | pc; 1 | PC | PCE; N.M.B. |
| 797 | One hundred pieces | 100 pieces | 100 | 100 PIECES | CEN |
| 798 | A thousand pieces | thousand pieces; 1000 pcs | 1000 | THOUSAND PCS | MIL |
| 799 | A million pieces | 10 6 pcs | 10 6 | MILLION PCS | MIO |
| 800 | Billion pieces | 10 9 pcs | 10 9 | BILLION PCS | MLD |
| 801 | Billion pieces (Europe); trillion pieces | 10 12 pcs | 10 12 | BILL ST (EUR); TRILL PIECE | BIL |
| 802 | Quintillion pieces (Europe) | 10 18 pcs | 10 18 | QUINT PIECE | TRL |
| 820 | Alcohol strength by weight | crepe. alcohol by weight | % mds | CREPE ALCOHOL BY WEIGHT | A.S.M. |
| 821 | Alcohol strength by volume | crepe. alcohol by volume | %vol | CREPE ALCOHOL BY VOLUME | ASV |
| 831 | Liter of pure (100%) alcohol | l 100% alcohol | - | L PURE ALCOHOL | LPA |
| 833 | Hectoliter of pure (100%) alcohol | GL 100% alcohol | - | GL PURE ALCOHOL | HPA |
| 841 | Kilogram of hydrogen peroxide | kg H2O2 | - | KG PEROX-LED WATER-ROD | - |
| 845 | Kilogram of 90% dry matter | kg 90% dry | - | KG 90 PERCENT DRY THINGS | KSD |
| 847 | Ton of 90% dry matter | t 90% dry | - | T 90 PERCENT DRY THINGS | TSD |
| 852 | Kilogram of potassium oxide | kg K2O | - | KG POTASSIUM OXIDE | KPO |
| 859 | Kilogram of potassium hydroxide | kg KOH | - | KG HYDRO-KSID KA-LIA | KPH |
| 861 | Kilogram of nitrogen | kg N | - | KG NITROGEN | KNI |
| 863 | Kilogram of sodium hydroxide | kg NaOH | - | KG SODIUM HYDRO-OXIDE | KSH |
| 865 | Kilogram of phosphorus pentoxide | kg Р2О5 | - | KG PHOSPHORUS PENTUM OXIDE | KPP |
| 867 | Kilogram of uranium | kg U | - | KG URAN | KUR |
| 018 | Linear meter | linear m | POG M | ||
| 019 | One thousand linear meters | 10³ linear m | THOUSAND LOG M | ||
| 020 | Conventional meter | conventional m | USL M | ||
| 048 | One thousand conventional meters | 10³ conventional m | THOUSAND USL M | ||
| 049 | Kilometer of conventional pipes | km conventional pipes | KM USL PIPES | ||
| 054 | One thousand square decimeters | 10³ dm2 | THOUSAND DM2 | ||
| 056 | Million square decimeters | 10 6 dm2 | MLN DM2 | ||
| 057 | Million square meters | 10 6 m2 | MLN M2 | ||
| 060 | Thousand hectares | 10³ ha | THOUSAND hectares | ||
| 062 | Conventional square meter | conventional m2 | USL M2 | ||
| 063 | One thousand conventional square meters | 10³ conventional m2 | THOUSAND USL M2 | ||
| 064 | Million conventional square meters | 10 6 arb. m2 | MLN USL M2 | ||
| 081 | Square meter of total area | m2 total pl | M2 GEN PL | ||
| 082 | One thousand square meters of total area | 10³ m2 total. pl | THOUSAND M2 GENERAL PLUS | ||
| 083 | Million square meters of total area | 10 6 m2 total. pl | MLN M2. GEN PL | ||
| 084 | Square meter of living space | m2 lived. pl | M2 ZHIL PL | ||
| 085 | One thousand square meters of living space | 10³ m2 cores. pl | THOUSAND M2 LIVED PL | ||
| 086 | Million square meters of living space | 10 6 m2 cores. pl | MILLION M2 LIVED PL | ||
| 087 | Square meter of educational and laboratory buildings | m2 school lab. built | M2 UCH.LAB BUILDING | ||
| 088 | One thousand square meters of educational and laboratory buildings | 10³ m2 uch. lab. built | THOUSAND M2 ACCOUNT. LAB BUILDING | ||
| 089 | One million square meters in two-millimeter terms | 10 6 m2 2 mm calc. | MLN M2 2MM ISCH | ||
| 114 | Thousand cubic meters | 10³ m3 | THOUSAND M3 | ||
| 115 | Billion cubic meters | 10 9 m3 | BILLION M3 | ||
| 116 | Deciliter | dkl | DCL | ||
| 119 | One thousand deciliters | 10³ dcl | THOUSAND DCL | ||
| 120 | Million deciliters | 10 6 dcl | MLN DCL | ||
| 121 | Dense cubic meter | dense m3 | DENSITY M3 | ||
| 123 | Conventional cubic meter | conventional m3 | USL M3 | ||
| 124 | One thousand conventional cubic meters | 10³ conventional m3 | THOUSAND USL M3 | ||
| 125 | Million cubic meters of gas processing | 10 6 m3 over-work. gas | MILLION M3 GAS PROCESSED | ||
| 127 | One thousand dense cubic meters | 10³ density m3 | THOUSAND DENSITY M3 | ||
| 128 | One thousand half liters | 10³ floor l | THOUSAND FLOOR L | ||
| 129 | A million half liters | 10 6th floor l | MILLION FLOOR L | ||
| 130 | One thousand liters; 1000 liters | 10³ l; 1000 l | YOU SL | ||
| 165 | Thousand carats metric | 10³ ct | THOUSAND CAR | ||
| 167 | Million carats metric | 10 6 ct | MILLION CAR | ||
| 169 | thousand tons | 10³ t | THOUSAND T | ||
| 171 | Million tons | 10 6 t | MILLION T | ||
| 172 | Ton of standard fuel | t conv. fuel | T USL TOPL | ||
| 175 | One thousand tons of standard fuel | 10³ t conv. fuel | THOUSAND T USL FUEL | ||
| 176 | Million tons of standard fuel | 10 6 t conv. fuel | MLN T USL FUEL | ||
| 177 | Thousand tons of simultaneous storage | 10³ t one-time storage | THOUSAND T EDINOVR STORAGE | ||
| 178 | Thousand tons of processing | 10³ t processed | THOUSAND T PROCESSED | ||
| 179 | Conventional ton | conventional T | USL T | ||
| 207 | One thousand centners | 10³ c | THOUSAND C | ||
| 226 | Volt-amps | V.A | V.A | ||
| 231 | Meter per hour | m/h | M/H | ||
| 232 | Kilocalorie | kcal | KKAL | ||
| 233 | Gigacalorie | Gcal | GIGAKAL | ||
| 234 | One thousand gigacalories | 10³ Gcal | THOUSAND GIGACAL | ||
| 235 | One million gigacalories | 10 6 Gcal | MILLION GIGAKAL | ||
| 236 | Calorie per hour | cal/h | CAL/H | ||
| 237 | Kilocalorie per hour | kcal/h | KKAL/H | ||
| 238 | Gigacalorie per hour | Gcal/h | GIGAKAL/H | ||
| 239 | One thousand gigacalories per hour | 10³ Gcal/h | THOUSAND GIGACAL/H | ||
| 241 | Million amp hours | 10 6 Ah | MLN A.H. | ||
| 242 | Million kilovolt-amperes | 10 6 kVA | MLN sq.A | ||
| 248 | Kilovolt-ampere reactive | kV.A R | KV.A R | ||
| 249 | Billion kilowatt hours | 10 9 kWh | BILLION KW.H | ||
| 250 | Thousand kilovolt-amperes reactive | 10³ kVA R | THOUSAND SQ.A R | ||
| 251 | Horsepower | l. With | PM | ||
| 252 | thousand horsepower | 10³ l. With | THOUSAND PM | ||
| 253 | Million horsepower | 10 6 l. With | MLN drugs | ||
| 254 | Bit | bit | BIT | ||
| 255 | Byte | bye | BYTE | ||
| 256 | Kilobyte | kbyte | KBYTE | ||
| 257 | Megabyte | MB | MBYTE | ||
| 258 | Baud | baud | BAUD | ||
| 287 | Henry | Gn | GN | ||
| 313 | Tesla | Tl | TL | ||
| 317 | Kilogram per square centimeter | kg/cm 2 | KG/SM2 | ||
| 337 | Millimeter of water column | mm water st | MM VOD ST | ||
| 338 | Millimeter of mercury | mmHg st | MMHG | ||
| 339 | Centimeter of water column | cm water st | SM VOD ST | ||
| 352 | Microsecond | mks | ISS | ||
| 353 | Millisecond | MLS | MLS | ||
| 383 | Ruble | rub | RUB | ||
| 384 | Thousand rubles | 10³ rub | THOUSAND ROUBLES | ||
| 385 | One million rubles | 10 6 rub. | MILLION RUB | ||
| 386 | Billion rubles | 10 9 rub. | BILLION RUB | ||
| 387 | A trillion rubles | 10 12 rub. | TRILL RUB | ||
| 388 | Quadrillion rubles | 10 15 rub. | SQUARE RUB | ||
| 414 | Passenger-kilometer | pass.km | PASS.KM | ||
| 421 | Passenger seat (passenger seats) | pass. places | PASS SEATS | ||
| 423 | Thousand passenger kilometers | 10³pass.km | THOUSAND PASS.KM | ||
| 424 | Million passenger kilometers | 10 6 pass. km | MILLION PASS.KM | ||
| 427 | Passenger traffic | pass.flow | PASS.FLOW | ||
| 449 | Tonne-kilometer | t.km | T.KM | ||
| 450 | Thousand ton-kilometers | 10³ t.km | THOUSAND T.KM | ||
| 451 | Million ton-kilometers | 10 6 t. km | MILLION T.KM | ||
| 479 | Thousand sets | 10³ set | THOUSAND SET | ||
| 510 | Gram per kilowatt hour | g/kWh | G/KW.H | ||
| 511 | Kilogram per gigacalorie | kg/Gcal | KG/GIGAKAL | ||
| 512 | Tonnage number | sono.no. | T.NOM | ||
| 513 | Autoton | auto t | AUTO T | ||
| 514 | Ton of thrust | t.thrust | T traction | ||
| 515 | Deadweight ton | dwt.t | DEADWEIGHT.T | ||
| 516 | Tonno-tanid | t. tanid | T.TANID | ||
| 521 | Person per square meter | person/m2 | PERSON/M2 | ||
| 522 | Persons per square kilometer | person/km2 | PERSON/KM2 | ||
| 534 | ton per hour | t/h | T/H | ||
| 535 | Ton per day | t/day | T/SUT | ||
| 536 | Ton per shift | t/shift | T/SHIFT | ||
| 537 | Thousand tons per season | 10³ t/s | THOUSAND T/SEZ | ||
| 538 | Thousand tons per year | 10³ t/year | THOUSAND T/YEAR | ||
| 539 | Man-hour | person/hour | PERSON.H | ||
| 540 | Man-day | person days | PEOPLE DAY | ||
| 541 | Thousand man-days | 10³ person days | THOUSAND PEOPLE DAYS | ||
| 542 | Thousand man-hours | 10³ person/h | THOUSAND PERSONS | ||
| 543 | One thousand conventional cans per shift | 10³ conventional bank/shift | THOUSAND USL BANK/CHANGE | ||
| 544 | Million units per year | 10 6 units/year | MILLION UNITS/YEAR | ||
| 545 | Visit during shift | visits/shifts | VISIT/SHIFT | ||
| 546 | Thousands of visits per shift | 10³ visits/shift | THOUSAND VISITS/SHIFT | ||
| 547 | Couple per shift | pairs/shifts | PAIR/SHIFT | ||
| 548 | Thousand pairs per shift | 10³ pairs/shift | THOUSAND PAIRS/SHIFT | ||
| 550 | Million tons per year | 10 6 t/year | MILLION T/YEAR | ||
| 552 | Ton of processing per day | t processed/day | T PROCESSED/DAT | ||
| 553 | Thousand tons of processing per day | 10³ t processed/day | THOUSAND T PROCESSED/Day | ||
| 554 | Centner of processing per day | c/day | C PROCESS/DAT | ||
| 555 | One thousand centners of processing per day | 10³ c/day | THOUSAND CENTERS PROCESSED/Day | ||
| 556 | Thousand heads per year | 10³ goal/year | THOUSAND GOALS/YEAR | ||
| 557 | Million heads per year | 10 6 goal/year | MILLION GOAL/YEAR | ||
| 558 | Thousand bird places | 10³ bird places | THOUSAND BIRD PLACES | ||
| 559 | Thousand laying hens | 10³ chicken not dry | THOUSAND CHICKS. NESUSH | ||
| 560 | Minimal salary | min. salary boards | MIN SALARY | ||
| 561 | Thousand tons of steam per hour | 10³ t steam/h | THOUSAND T STEAM/H | ||
| 562 | A thousand spindles | 10³ strand spun | A THOUSAND STRAINS BELIEVE | ||
| 563 | A thousand spinning places | 10³ row | THOUSAND ROW OF SEATS | ||
| 639 | Dose | doses | DOZ | ||
| 640 | A thousand doses | 10³ doses | THOUSAND DOSES | ||
| 642 | Unit | units | ED | ||
| 643 | Thousand units | 10³ units | THOUSAND UNITS | ||
| 644 | Million units | 10 6 units | MILLION UNITS | ||
| 661 | Channel | channel | CHANNEL | ||
| 673 | Thousand sets | 10³ set | THOUSAND SET | ||
| 698 | Place | places | PLACE | ||
| 699 | A thousand places | 10³ seats | THOUSAND PLACES | ||
| 709 | A thousand numbers | 10³ nom | THOUSAND NUM | ||
| 724 | A thousand hectares of portions | 10³ ha portions | THOUSAND hectares PORTS | ||
| 729 | Thousand packs | 10³ pack | THOUSAND PACKS | ||
| 744 | Percent | % | PERCENT | ||
| 746 | ppm (0.1 percent) | ppm | PROMILLE | ||
| 751 | A thousand rolls | 10³ roll | THOUSAND RUL | ||
| 761 | A thousand stans | 10³ mill | THOUSAND STAN | ||
| 762 | Station | stanza | STANCE | ||
| 775 | A thousand tubes | 10³ tube | THOUSAND TUBE | ||
| 776 | A thousand conditional tubes | 10³ conventional tube | THOUSAND USL TUBE | ||
| 779 | Million packs | 10 6 pack | MLN UPAK | ||
| 782 | Thousand packs | 10³ pack | THOUSAND PACK | ||
| 792 | Human | people | PERSON | ||
| 793 | A thousand people | 10³ persons | THOUSAND PEOPLE | ||
| 794 | A million people | 10 6 people | MILLION PEOPLE | ||
| 808 | A million copies | 10 6 copies | MILLION EKZ | ||
| 810 | Cell | yach | YACH | ||
| 812 | Box | box | BOX | ||
| 836 | Head | Goal | GOAL | ||
| 837 | A thousand pairs | 10³ pairs | THOUSAND PAIRS | ||
| 838 | A million couples | 10 6 pairs | MILLION PAIRS | ||
| 839 | Set | set | COMPLETE | ||
| 840 | Section | section | SECC | ||
| 868 | Bottle | bottle | BUT | ||
| 869 | Thousand bottles | 10³ bottle | THOUSAND BUT | ||
| 870 | Ampoule | ampoules | AMPOULES | ||
| 871 | Thousand ampoules | 10³ ampoules | THOUSAND AMPOULES | ||
| 872 | Bottle | flak | FLAC | ||
| 873 | A thousand bottles | 10³ bottle | THOUSAND FLAC | ||
| 874 | Thousand tubes | 10³ tube | THOUSAND TUBES | ||
| 875 | A thousand boxes | 10³ cor | THOUSAND COR | ||
| 876 | Conventional unit | conventional units | USL ED | ||
| 877 | Thousand conventional units | 10³ conventional units | THOUSAND USL UNITS | ||
| 878 | Million conventional units | 10 6 arb. units | MILLION USL UNITS | ||
| 879 | Conditional thing | conventional PC | USL SHT | ||
| 880 | A thousand conventional pieces | 10³ conventional PC | THOUSAND USL PCS | ||
| 881 | Conditional bank | conventional bank | USL BANK | ||
| 882 | A thousand conditional cans | 10³ conventional bank | TUS USL BANK | ||
| 883 | A million conditional cans | 10 6 arb. bank | MLN USL BANK | ||
| 884 | Conditional piece | conventional bite | USL KUS | ||
| 885 | A thousand conventional pieces | 10³ conventional bite | THOUSAND USL KUS | ||
| 886 | A million conventional pieces | 10 6 arb. bite | MLN USL KUS | ||
| 887 | Conditional box | conventional box | USL BOX | ||
| 888 | A thousand conditional boxes | 10³ conventional box | THOUSAND US BOXES | ||
| 889 | Conditional coil | conventional cat | USL CAT | ||
| 890 | Thousand conditional coils | 10³ conventional cat | THOUSAND USL CAT | ||
| 891 | Conditional tile | conventional slabs | USL PLATES | ||
| 892 | A thousand conditional tiles | 10³ conventional slabs | THOUSAND USL PLATES | ||
| 893 | Conditional brick | conventional brick | USL KIRP | ||
| 894 | A thousand conditional bricks | 10³ conventional brick | THOUSAND USL KIRP | ||
| 895 | A million conditional bricks | 10 6 arb. brick | MLN USL KIRP | ||
| 896 | Family | families | FAMILIES | ||
| 897 | A thousand families | 10³ families | THOUSAND FAMILIES | ||
| 898 | A million families | 10 6 families | MILLION FAMILIES | ||
| 899 | The household | housekeeping | HOUSEHOLD | ||
| 900 | Thousand households | 10³ household | THOUSAND HOUSEHOLDS | ||
| 901 | Million households | 10 6 household | MILLION HOUSEHOLDS | ||
| 902 | Student place | scientist places | PLACE STUDYED | ||
| 903 | Thousand student places | 10³ academic places | THOUSAND PLACES STUDYED | ||
| 904 | Workplace | slave. places | SLAVE PLACES | ||
| 905 | A thousand jobs | 10³ slave places | THOUSAND WORK PLACES | ||
| 906 | Seat | Posad places | POSAD MEST | ||
| 907 | Thousands of seats | 10³ seating places | THOUSAND SEATS | ||
| 908 | Number | nom | NOM | ||
| 909 | Apartment | quart | QUART | ||
| 910 | A thousand apartments | 10³ quarts | THOUSAND QUARTERS | ||
| 911 | Bed | beds | BOOK | ||
| 912 | A thousand beds | 10³ beds | THOUSAND BEDS | ||
| 913 | Volume of the book fund | book volume fund | TOM BOOK FOUNDATION | ||
| 914 | Thousand volumes of the book fund | 10³ vol. book fund | THOUSAND VOLUME BOOK FUND | ||
| 915 | Conditional repair | conventional rem | USL REM | ||
| 916 | Conditional repairs per year | conventional rem/year | USL REM/YEAR | ||
| 917 | Change | shifts | SHIFT | ||
| 918 | Author's sheet | l. auto | SHEET AVT | ||
| 920 | Printed sheet | l. oven | SHEET OVEN | ||
| 921 | Recording and publishing sheet | l. academic ed. | STUDY SHEET | ||
| 922 | Sign | sign | SIGN | ||
| 923 | Word | word | WORD | ||
| 924 | Symbol | symbol | SYMBOL | ||
| 925 | Conventional pipe | conventional pipes | USL PIPES | ||
| 930 | Thousand plates | 10³ layer | THOUSAND PLAST | ||
| 937 | A million doses | 10 6 doses | MILLION DOSES | ||
| 949 | Million sheets of prints | 10³ sheet.print | MILLION SHEET.PRINT | ||
| 950 | Car (car)-day | vag (mash).dn | VAG (MASH).DN | ||
| 951 | A thousand car-(machine)-hours | 10³ vag (mash).h | THOUSAND VAG (MASH).H | ||
| 952 | One thousand car-(vehicle)-kilometers | 10³ vag (mash).km | THOUSAND VAG (MASH).KM | ||
| 953 | A thousand place-kilometers | 10³ seats.km | THOUSAND PLACE KM | ||
| 954 | Car-day | vag.day | VAG.SUT | ||
| 955 | One thousand train hours | 10³ train.h | THOUSAND TRAIN.H | ||
| 956 | A thousand train kilometers | 10³ train.km | THOUSAND TRAIN.KM | ||
| 957 | Thousand ton miles | 10³ t.miles | THOUSAND T.MILES | ||
| 958 | Thousand passenger miles | 10³ passenger miles | THOUSAND PASSENGER MILES | ||
| 959 | Car-day | car days | CAR.DN | ||
| 960 | Thousand vehicle-ton-days | 10³ car.t.d. | THOUSAND VEHICLES.T.D.N. | ||
| 961 | Thousand car-hours | 10³ car.h | THOUSAND VEHICLES.H | ||
| 962 | A thousand car-seat-days | 10³ car spaces days | THOUSAND CAR SEATS DN | ||
| 963 | Given hour | drive.h | DRIVE.H | ||
| 964 | Aircraft-kilometer | plane.km | AIRPLANE.KM | ||
| 965 | A thousand kilometers | 10³ km | THOUSAND KM | ||
| 966 | Thousand tonnage flights | 10³ tonnage. flight | THOUSAND TONNAGE. FLIGHT | ||
| 967 | Million ton miles | 10 6 t. miles | MILLION T. MILES | ||
| 968 | Million passenger miles | 10 6 pass. miles | MILLION PASS. MILES | ||
| 969 | Million tonnage miles | 10 6 tonnage. miles | MILLION TONNAGE. MILES | ||
| 970 | Million passenger-seat-miles | 10 6 pass. places miles | MILLION PASS. LOCATION MILES | ||
| 971 | Feed day | feed. days | FEED. DN | ||
| 972 | Centner of feed units | c feed units | C FEED UNIT | ||
| 973 | Thousand car-kilometers | 10³ car km | THOUSAND CARS KM | ||
| 974 | Thousand tonnage-day | 10³ tonnage. days | THOUSAND TONNAGE. SUT | ||
| 975 | Sugo-day | sugo. days | SUGO. SUT | ||
| 976 | Units per 20-foot equivalent unit (TEU) | pieces in 20 foot equivalent | PCS IN 20 FEET EQUIV | ||
| 977 | Channel-kilometer | channel. km | CHANNEL. KM | ||
| 978 | Channel ends | channel. conc. | CHANNEL. END | ||
| 979 | One thousand copies | 10³ copies | THOUSAND EXECUTES | ||
| 980 | One thousand dollars | 10³ dollar | THOUSAND DOLLAR | ||
| 981 | Thousand tons of feed units | 10³ feed units | THOUSAND TON OF FEED UNITS | ||
| 982 | Million tons of feed units | 10 6 food units | MILLION TON OF FEED UNITS | ||
| 983 | Sudo-day | court.day | COURT.SUT | ||
| 017 | Hectometer | hmm | HMT | ||
| 045 | Mile (statute) (1609.344 m) | mile | SMI | ||
| 077 | Acre (4840 square yards) | acre | ACR | ||
| 079 | Square mile | mile2 | MIK | ||
| 135 | Fluid ounce SC (28.413 cm3) | fl oz (UK) | OZI | ||
| 136 | Jill SK (0.142065 dm3) | Gill (UK) | GII | ||
| 137 | Pint SK (0.568262 dm3) | pt (UK) | PTI | ||
| 138 | Quart SK (1.136523 dm3) | qt (UK) | QTI | ||
| 139 | Gallon SC (4.546092 dm3) | gal (UK) | GLI | ||
| 140 | Bushel SK (36.36874 dm3) | bu (UK) | BUI | ||
| 141 | US fluid ounce (29.5735 cm3) | fl oz (US) | OZA | ||
| 142 | Jill US (11.8294 cm3) | Gill (US) | GIA | ||
| 143 | US liquid pint (0.473176 dm3) | liq pt (US) | PTL | ||
| 144 | US liquid quart (0.946353 dm3) | liq qt (US) | QTL | ||
| 145 | US liquid gallon (3.78541 dm3) | gal (US) | GLL | ||
| 146 | Barrel (oil) USA (158.987 dm3) | barrel (US) | BLL | ||
| 147 | Dry US pint (0.55061 dm3) | dry pt (US) | PTD | ||
| 148 | Dry US quart (1.101221 dm3) | dry qt (US) | QTD | ||
| 149 | Dry US gallon (4.404884 dm3) | dry gal (US) | GLD | ||
| 150 | US bushel (35.2391 dm3) | bu (US) | BUA | ||
| 151 | US dry barrel (115.627 dm3) | bbl (US) | BLD | ||
| 152 | Standard | - | WSD | ||
| 153 | Cord (3.63 m3) | - | WCD | ||
| 154 | Thousands of board feet (2.36 m3) | - | MBF | ||
| 182 | Net register ton | - | NTT | ||
| 183 | Measured (freight) ton | - | SHT | ||
| 184 | Displacement | - | DPT | ||
| 186 | UK pound, US (0.45359237 kg) | lb | LBR | ||
| 187 | Ounce UK, US (28.349523 g) | oz | ONZ | ||
| 188 | Drachma SK (1.771745 g) | dr | DRI | ||
| 189 | Gran SK, USA (64.798910 mg) | gn | GRN | ||
| 190 | Stone SK (6.350293 kg) | st | STI | ||
| 191 | Kvarter SK (12.700586 kg) | qtr | QTR | ||
| 192 | Central SK (45.359237 kg) | - | CNT | ||
| 193 | US cwt (45.3592 kg) | cwt | C.W.A. | ||
| 194 | Long quintal SK (50.802345 kg) | cwt (UK) | CWI | ||
| 195 | Short ton UK, USA (0.90718474 t) | sht | STN | ||
| 196 | Long ton UK, USA (1.0160469 t) | lt | LTN | ||
| 197 | Scrupul SK, USA (1.295982 g) | scr | SCR | ||
| 198 | Pennyweight UK, USA (1.555174 g) | dwt | DWT | ||
| 199 | Drachma SK (3.887935 g) | drm | DRM | ||
| 200 | US drachma (3.887935 g) | - | DRA | ||
| 201 | Ounce UK, US (31.10348 g); troy ounce | apoz | APZ | ||
| 202 | US troy pound (373.242 g) | - | LBT | ||
| 213 | Effective power (245.7 watts) | B.h.p. | BHP | ||
| 275 | British thermal unit (1.055 kJ) | Btu | BTU | ||
| 638 | Gross (144 pcs.) | gr; 144 | GRO | ||
| 731 | Big gross (12 gross) | 1728 | GGR | ||
| 738 | Short standard (7200 units) | - | SST | ||
| 835 | Gallon of alcohol of specified strength | - | P.G.L. | ||
| 851 | International unit | - | NIU | ||
| 853 | One hundred international units | - | HIU | ||
| - | Service | service | |||
The All-Russian Classifier of Units of Measurement (OKEI) is part of the Unified System of Classification and Coding of Technical, Economic and Social Information of the Russian Federation (ESKK).
OKEI is being introduced on the territory of the Russian Federation to replace the All-Union Classifier “System of designation of units of measurement used in automated control systems.”
OKI was developed on the basis of the international classification of units of measurement of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) “Codes for units of measurement used in international trade” (Recommendation No. 20 of the Working Group on Facilitation of International Trade Procedures (WG 4) of the UNECE - hereinafter Recommendation N 20 RG 4 UNECE), Commodity Nomenclature for Foreign Economic Activity (TN FEA) in terms of the units of measurement used and taking into account the requirements of international standards ISO 31/0-92 "Quantities and units of measurement. Part 0. General principles" and ISO 1000-92 " SI units and recommendations for the use of multiples and certain other units."
OKEI is linked to GOST 8.417-81 "State system for ensuring the uniformity of measurements. Units of physical quantities."
OKEI is intended for use in solving problems of quantitative assessment of technical, economic and social indicators for the purposes of state accounting and reporting, analysis and forecasting of economic development, ensuring international statistical comparisons, carrying out domestic and foreign trade, state regulation of foreign economic activity and organizing customs control. The objects of classification in OKEI are the units of measurement used in these areas of activity.
Conventional unit is a term used in Russia to determine the amount of money in a currency equivalent in rubles at the exchange rate. What does ye mean - is it a dollar or a euro, can only be determined by knowing the exchange rate of the currency. The term “conventional unit” appeared during the 1990 crisis. In conditions of hyperinflation, the ruble rapidly depreciated, so they began to use mutual settlements in dollars.
After the ban on settlements on the territory of Russia between residents in foreign currency, prices began to be indicated in currency. As a rule, they mean the dollar, but today it can be either the dollar or the euro.
Pegging to ye is applied to illiquid goods and durable services in order to hedge against the negative impact of inflation.
The use of the ye equivalent depends on where the products are exported or imported from. In accordance with Article 317, paragraph 2, when concluding contracts, it is allowed to set the price in rubles and use the equivalent in currency or in conventional units. For further payments in rubles, the amount ue is determined at the Central Bank exchange rate at the time of calculation.
Since June 2002, the euro has become more expensive than American money for the first time. Initially, 1 euro was equal to 1 dollar, but as trade relations developed, many countries transferred part of their foreign exchange reserves to euros. As a result, there was an excess of American money, and there was a shortage of euros, and the cross rate increased. It is not the value of the currency that is important, but the sharp fluctuations in the exchange rate.
Many companies and organizations conduct mutual settlements in rubles, but in accounting they duplicate the amounts in a foreign currency at the Central Bank exchange rate. When importing products, the manufacturer uses dollars or euros as the price; when selling goods in Russia, the peg is to the dollar.
Which currency is better
The euro and dollar are the main money of the world market. In terms of sales volumes, the euro ranks second in the world, second only to the dollar. For a long time, the dollar was the predominant monetary unit. The main factor determining the currency structure of a country is:
- how the exchange rate works;
- the volume of trade with the country in the reserve currency;
- composition of external debts.
Russia's economic ties with Europe are quite close; 40% of Russian goods are exported to the countries of the European Union. The strengthening of the euro increases prices for European goods in dollar terms. Demand for these goods is falling, import volumes are declining. A decrease in imports stimulates the process of replacing imported goods with domestic ones. Fluctuations in the euro exchange rate have little effect on Russian exports, since raw materials are mainly exported. On world markets, the cost of raw materials is pegged to the dollar.
In turn, the growth of the euro against the ruble increases the liquidity of domestic goods. An increase in the euro causes an increase in the positive balance of the balance of payments. The exchange rate is formed on the basis of the balance of payments. The balance of payments is the final document of foreign economic activity. The passive balance reflects the low liquidity of Russian goods on the market and the predominance of imported goods. Accordingly, the exchange rate of the national currency decreases, and the demand for foreign money increases.
Factors that influence the formation of the exchange rate:
- volume and dynamics of GDP;
- investment structure;
- inflation.
The reliability of a currency is determined by the stability and competitiveness of the country's economy. GDP per capita in the United States is ahead of European countries. American money occupied a monopoly position in the global foreign exchange market. Gradually, the balance of forces in the market changed, and European money became the main competitor to American money.
World experience shows that the free convertibility of a monetary unit in the world contributes to its internationalization. The stability of a currency depends on the stability and consistency of monetary policy. The issuing country must have a balanced current account payment system balance. In America, the balance of payments is always in deficit, while in European countries there is no deficit.
Confidence in the monetary unit is also determined by the level of unemployment and political stability. The imperfection of modern monetary units makes it necessary to realistically assess the advantages and disadvantages of foreign money.