On January 6, 1993, the world famous ballet dancer Rudolf Nureyev passed away. According to the star's wishes, he was buried in the Russian cemetery of Sainte-Genevieve-des-Bois near Paris, and his tombstone became as unique as the dancer himself. Many celebrities, during their lifetime, independently design their tombstones and monuments, but for others, fans and heirs pay tribute to them. At the same time, the decorations of the graves of famous people are often real works of art.
1. Rudolf Nureyev. After the artist’s death, one of the leading artists of the Paris Opera, Enzo Frigerio, who was a friend and colleague of the dancer, proposed decorating his grave in the form of an oriental carpet, since Nureyev loved antique carpets and ancient textiles from different countries.
Using funds raised by the dancer's friends, the tombstone was made in 1996 in the Italian mosaic workshop Acomena Spazio Mosaico. At the same time, the mosaic is made of such high quality that the seams between small elements are practically invisible.
Some tourists even ask whether the carpet gets wet in the rain and how often it is changed, the tombstone turned out to be so realistic.
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3. Vaslav Nijinsky. Another Russian dancer and choreographer of Polish origin, one of the leading members of Diaghilev’s Russian Ballet, is also buried in Paris, in the Montmartre cemetery.
4. Yuri Nikulin. The grave of everyone's favorite actor is decorated with a sculptural composition: a smoking, pensive actor in a hat, at whose feet lies a Giant Schnauzer - the first dog that the artist brought from abroad.
5. Freddie Mercury. Although the singer’s ashes were scattered, a sculptural portrait in Montreux, Switzerland, is considered a place of memory and a kind of tombstone. The statue was made in 1996, five years after the actor’s death.
6. John Wayne. After the death of the American cinema legend, his grave stood without a monument for almost 20 years. The actor himself asked to write on the tombstone: “Ugly, strong and worthy,” but against his will, a scene from a western was depicted on the stone and a quote was placed: “Tomorrow is the most important thing in life. It comes to us at midnight very pure. It’s wonderful when it comes and is in our hands. Tomorrow hopes that we have learned something from “yesterday.”
7. Jimi Hendrix. The musician is buried in Greenwood Memorial Park in Renton, Washington, and his grave is adorned by a majestic stone pavilion.
8. Buck Owens. Perhaps the most recognizable country artist of the 20th century died in 2006 after a heart attack and was buried in Bakersfield, California, and his mausoleum leaves no doubt that the musician is buried there.
9. Jim Morrison. The musician's grave is one of the most visited attractions in Paris, and it is notable for the graffiti, memorial inscriptions and souvenirs left on it by fans. Morrison's gravestone has been stolen and destroyed so many times that it is now under guard.
10. Michael Jackson. The King of Pop's remains are kept in an unmarked crypt in the famous Forest Lawn Cemetery near Los Angeles, California. Although it is filled with flowers and other gifts from admirers, the crypt is closed to visitors and is guarded at all times.
11. Remains of the writer Jules Verne buried in the Cimetière de la Madeleine cemetery (Amiens, France) and decorated with a rather creepy tombstone.
12. Sir Isaac Newton was so dedicated to science during his lifetime that even from his tombstone this becomes obvious.
14. Tombstone of Edgar Allan Poe, who died in 1849, is crowned by a raven, the symbol of which was invariably present in the writer’s work. The grave is also notable for the fact that someone constantly leaves a bottle of booze on it.
15. John Kennedy's grave, killed in 1963, looks stern and majestic in the company of the “eternal flame”.
16. Merv Griffin. What is noteworthy is not the TV star’s tombstone itself, but the epitaph on it: “I will not return after this message.”
17. Princess Diana buried at Althorp, North Hampshire, on a beautiful island surrounded by a small lake, inhabited by four swans.
18. This is Oscar Wilde's gravestone in Paris.
19. At some point, a tradition arose of leaving a “kiss” for the writer on the wall of the tomb.
20. The body of Irish writer James Joyce buried in a grave next to his wife and son, watched over by a statue of himself.
21. Bob Marley died of cancer in 1981 at the age of 36. His grave is placed in a vast mausoleum erected just a few feet from his childhood home in the village of Nine Mile. The whole structure resembles a small house rather than a burial place.
22. Monument to Bruce Lee at Lakeview Cemetery in Seattle attracts people from all over the world.
23. Fashion star Coco Chanel is buried in the Swiss city of Lausanne, and her elegant tombstone is complemented by a floral arrangement in the shape of the Chanel logo.
24. Although John Lennon and was cremated, with the fate of his ashes remaining a mystery, people flock to the Strawberry Fields Memorial in New York's Central Park to pay their respects to him.
25. Veteran actor Joe Mafela was buried in Westpark Cemetery in Johannesburg, and his tombstone is a replica of a living room with a plasma TV, coffee table and sofa.
26. This is the tombstone of musician and actor Fernand Arbelo, who died in 1990 and was buried in Paris at the Père Lachaise cemetery, and his tombstone depicts him holding his wife's face, as the actor wished to look at him for eternity.
7. Actress Carrie Fisher was buried in Hollywood next to her mother Debbie Reynolds. Their graves are decorated with a combination headstone designed to show the depth of their emotional connection. 
28. This tombstone belongs to Jack Crowell, who owned the last wooden clothespin factory in the United States.
29. Comedian Jack Lemmon and after his death he did not lose his sense of humor: on his tombstone there is an inscription: “Jack Lemmon is inside.”
30. Bob Hope. The American comedian, theater and film actor rests under a gravestone in the form of a stage.
31. Victor Mature. The grave of the Hollywood legend is crowned with a statue of a sobbing angel.
32. Johnny Ramone. A member of The Ramones is depicted on a gravestone giving a concert.
33. Karl Marx's grave looks monumental, and the statue is accompanied by the call “Workers of all countries unite.”
34. Belgian writer Georges Rodenbach buried under a gravestone from which a bronze copy of himself appears to be emerging, holding a rose in one hand.
35. Grave of French journalist Victor Noir became an unspoken symbol of love and fertility. Tradition says: if you want to find a wonderful lover, you must kiss the statue on the lips, if you want to get pregnant, just touch his right foot, if you want to have twins, touch his left foot. Well, another organ is also often touched by visitors.
36. Frederic Chopin's grave with a gentle sculpture, like his music.
37. Theodore Gericault. The tomb of the French painter in Père Lachaise is decorated with a bronze statue of him holding a brush and palette, and on one side is a bronze version of his painting "The Raft of the Medusa".
38. Fyodor Chaliapin died on April 12, 1938, was buried at the Batignolles cemetery, but in October 1984 his ashes were transferred to the Novodevichy cemetery in Moscow, where a monument made by sculptor Alexei Yeletsky was unveiled.
39. Nikita Bogoslovsky. The composer's music is heard in many Soviet films, and his tombstone at the Novodevichy cemetery is made in the shape of a piano lid.
40. Archil Gomiashvili. Many consider the actor "the best Ostap Bender of all time." He was buried at the Troyekurovsky cemetery and it is the sculpture in the image of the Great Combinator that adorns his grave.
41. And this is the tombstone of Savely Kramarov.
42. Anna Politkovskaya. Perhaps the most unusual and imaginative celebrity tombstone at the Troekurovsky cemetery... 
43. And this is the monument to Micah, leader of the Jumanji group.
44. Those lying in these graves were not celebrities and became famous precisely thanks to the tombstones. A Catholic woman and her Protestant husband were not allowed to be buried together ( Roermond, Netherlands, 1880 and 1888 - Mariinsk). And two hands connect the graves through the wall.
45. And this unique monument depicts a boy who was confined to a wheelchair all his life. The boy's name was Matthew Stanford Robison, born September 23, 1988. Died: February 21, 1999, was paralyzed, blind and spoke only a few words. The sculpture, as a symbol of the liberation of his son from earthly burdens, was installed by his father in 2000.
Of course, not all deceased celebrities' tombstones are shown here. But you can add in your comments...
Grieving relatives do everything to perpetuate the memory of their deceased loved ones, turning ordinary gravestones either into something very allegorical or into sculptures that are real works of art
Grieving relatives do everything to perpetuate the memory of their deceased loved ones, turning ordinary gravestones into either something very allegorical or into sculptures that are real works of art:
1. Woman at the piano. She may have been a musician during her lifetime.
2. This woman really loved Mickey Mouse
3. Maybe this guy died because he smoked too much?
4. The tomb of the creator of the labyrinth
5. "Eternal Dream"
6. The tree swallowed the old grave
7. Tombstone over the grave of the inventor of the gas lamp, Charles Pigeon, Montparnasse cemetery, Paris, France
8. This grave was made at the behest of a grief-stricken mother for her late 10-year-old daughter in 1871.
When the girl was alive, she was terrified of thunderstorms. Next to her grave there is a special basement that was dug to the level of the coffin. During a thunderstorm, the girl’s mother went down to the basement to “calm down” her child.
9. A life-size monument to a girl under a glass cover was custom-made at the request of her mother.
10. This is the grave of a 16-year-old girl. The tombstone was made by order of her sister
11. “Love to the grave”, Thailand
12. This monument depicts the Savior holding in his hands two ropes from a simple children’s swing with a crossbar
A little girl is sitting on a swing below. The sculptural composition reminds that the life of everyone on earth is in the hands of God.
13. A tombstone in the shape of a mobile phone was discovered in one of the Israeli cemeteries
The tombstone is engraved with various inscriptions, for example: “Please leave a message - I will reply as soon as I can.”
14. "Together Forever"
15. This terrifying grave is located in a cemetery in Genoa, Italy.
16. The grave of the Belgian writer Georges Rodenbach.The tombstone represents the writer himself, rising from the grave with a rose in his hand
17. The design of this Victorian grave is to ensure that the dead do not leave their final resting place.
Many in those days firmly believed in the existence of vampires and thus prevented the release of the reincarnated deceased. In fact, medical students needed corpses to study anatomy, and in order to gain knowledge, they did not disdain excavating fresh graves. To protect the assassination attempt, relatives ordered forged gratings for the graves of their loved ones.
18. Nature is inexorable...
19. Fernand Arbelot was a musician and actor who died in 1990
He was buried in the Père Lachaise cemetery in Paris. During his lifetime, Fernand wished to look at his wife's face forever.
20. 18th century gravestone under which a French journalist rests
21. Gravestone in the form of a scrabble board
22. The graves of a Catholic woman and her Protestant husband, who were not allowed to be buried together
In the 1800s, it was illegal for Catholics and Protestants to be buried in the same cemetery.
23. This grave is all that remains of an old rural cemetery in India
An interstate highway was built on the site of the cemetery. The grandson, whose grandmother was buried there, refused to move the grave. In the end, the authorities met him halfway and built a road around the grave.
We invite you to take a look at several unusual graves that can be seen in cemeteries around the world:
The graves of a Catholic woman and her Protestant husband, who were not allowed to be buried together. J.W.C. van Gorcum, colonel of the Dutch cavalry and commissioner of militia in Limburg, is buried in the Protestant part of this cemetery. His wife, Lady J.C.P.H van Aefferden, is buried in the Catholic part. They married in 1842, when she was 22 and the colonel 33, but he was a Protestant and not a member of the nobility.
Their marriage caused a lot of gossip in Roermond. Having been married for 38 years, the colonel died in 1880 and was buried in the Protestant part of the cemetery near the wall. His wife died in 1888 and wished to be buried not in the family tomb, but on the other side of the wall, which was the closest place to her husband's grave. Two hands in a handshake connect the graves across the wall.
Recoleta Cemetery is best known for being the burial place of Maria Eva Duarte de Peron or Evita, but in fact many famous military leaders, presidents, scientists, poets and other important people are buried there or rich Argentines.
David Alleno was an Italian immigrant who dreamed of being buried in this prestigious cemetery, where he worked as a caretaker from 1881 to 1910. He saved enough money to buy himself a place and built his own tomb. He even went back to his homeland to find an artist who could carve his figure out of marble, complete with keys, broom and watering can. Legend has it that after the tomb was finished, David committed suicide on his grave, but many authorities say he died several years after the tomb was built.
This tombstone is also located in the Recoleta Cemetery in Argentina. But what is unusual about it? Well, let's start with the fact that a man sitting on a sofa is seriously looking at the horizon, and a woman's bust is standing behind him, but they are looking in opposite directions. They are positioned this way because he died first, so the family made his mausoleum. A few years later, when his wife died, in her will she asked that her image be placed in such a way that it represented their marriage: they spent the last 30 years of marriage without saying a word to each other.
Fernand Arbelot was a musician and actor who died in 1990 and is buried in the Pere Lachaise cemetery. He wished to look at his wife's face forever.
This unique monument depicts a small boy jumping out of his wheelchair. Confined to a wheelchair for most of his short life, he was finally freed from earthly burdens.
The headstones are stacked around a tree that has grown noticeably since part of St Pancras cemetery was cleared in 1860 to make way for the London and Midland railway. The young architect supervising the work was Thomas Hardy, a famous author.
The Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris is probably the most visited cemetery in the world, and it is famous not only for the beauty of its monuments, but also for the celebrities buried there. However, one of the most dramatic graves belongs to an author most people have never heard of.
Georges Rodenbach was a 19th-century Belgian writer, best known for books that were largely intended as serious literature for students. Dead Bruges (Bruges-la-Morte), a symbolic novel published in 1892, was about a man grieving for his deceased wife. Therefore, it is excruciatingly painful to look at Rodenbach’s grave, the tombstone of which represents himself, rising from the grave with a rose in his hand.
When Jonathan Reed's wife, Mary, died in 1893, the widower was inconsolable and did not want to leave the grave. Moreover, he was so devoted to her that he moved to live on her grave, where he lived (with a parrot) for 10 years. Reed died in 1905 and was buried with Mary.
The most famous landmark in Hiawatha, Kansas, is the 1930s tomb located in Mount Hope Cemetery, near the southeastern outskirts of the city. John Milburn Davis arrived in Hiawatha in 1879 at the age of 24. After some time, he married Sarah Hart, the daughter of his employer. The Davises opened their own farm, which prospered, and were married for 50 years. When Sarah died in 1930, the Davises were already wealthy. Over the next seven years, John Davis spent much of the family fortune to build a monument to mark Sarah's grave.
The amount spent on the Davis Memorial is estimated at approximately $100,000, but the actual total is several times that amount. In any case, it was a huge sum, the collection of which required mortgaging the entire household and mansion. This was during the great depression, when people could not make ends meet.
Reasons that could explain the extravagance of such an act include great love, guilt, anger at Sarah's family, and a desire for the Davis fortune to be exhausted before John's death.
The Davis memorial grew piece by piece, which is quite sad. If it had been built according to a pre-made plan, then perhaps it would have been larger and more beautiful. The memorial site was originally a simple headstone, but John worked with Horace England, a monument dealer in Hiawatha, to make the monument more and more elaborate. The memorial includes 11 life-size statues of John and Sarah Davis made of Italian marble, stone urns and a marble dome rumored to weigh more than 50 tons.
Jack Crowell owned the last wooden clothespin factory in the United States. He originally wanted a real spring in the clothespin so kids could play with it. He is buried in Middlesex, Vermont.
Grieving relatives do everything to perpetuate the memory of their deceased loved ones, turning ordinary gravestones into either something very allegorical or into sculptures that are real works of art:
1. Woman at the piano. She may have been a musician during her lifetime.
2. This woman really loved Mickey Mouse
3. Maybe this guy died because he smoked too much?
4. The tomb of the creator of the labyrinth
5. "Eternal Dream"
6. The tree swallowed the old grave
7. Tombstone over the grave of the inventor of the gas lamp, Charles Pigeon, Montparnasse cemetery, Paris, France
8. This grave was made at the behest of a grief-stricken mother for her late 10-year-old daughter in 1871.
When the girl was alive, she was terrified of thunderstorms. Next to her grave there is a special basement that was dug to the level of the coffin. During a thunderstorm, the girl’s mother went down to the basement to “calm down” her child.
9. A life-size monument to a girl under a glass cover was custom-made at the request of her mother.
10. This is the grave of a 16-year-old girl. The tombstone was made by order of her sister
11. “Love to the grave”, Thailand
12. This monument depicts the Savior holding in his hands two ropes from a simple children’s swing with a crossbar
A little girl is sitting on a swing below. The sculptural composition reminds that the life of everyone on earth is in the hands of God.
13. A tombstone in the shape of a mobile phone was discovered in one of the Israeli cemeteries
The tombstone is engraved with various inscriptions, for example: “Please leave a message - I will reply as soon as I can.”
14. "Together Forever"
15. This terrifying grave is located in a cemetery in Genoa, Italy.
16. The grave of the Belgian writer Georges Rodenbach. The tombstone represents the writer himself, rising from the grave with a rose in his hand
17. The design of this Victorian grave is to ensure that the dead do not leave their final resting place.
Many in those days firmly believed in the existence of vampires and thus prevented the release of the reincarnated deceased. In fact, medical students needed corpses to study anatomy, and in order to gain knowledge, they did not disdain excavating fresh graves. To protect the assassination attempt, relatives ordered forged gratings for the graves of their loved ones.
18. Nature is inexorable...
19. Fernand Arbelot was a musician and actor who died in 1990
He was buried in the Père Lachaise cemetery in Paris. During his lifetime, Fernand wished to look at his wife's face forever.
20. 18th century gravestone under which a French journalist rests
21. Gravestone in the form of a scrabble board
22. The graves of a Catholic woman and her Protestant husband, who were not allowed to be buried together
In the 1800s, it was illegal for Catholics and Protestants to be buried in the same cemetery.
23. This grave is all that remains of an old rural cemetery in India
An interstate highway was built on the site of the cemetery. The grandson, whose grandmother was buried there, refused to move the grave. In the end, the authorities met him halfway and built a road around the grave.
I suggest taking a walk through the Novodevichy cemetery, which is located on the territory of the currently operating Resurrection Novodevichy Convent. Many people do not even suspect the existence of the Novodevichy Cemetery in St. Petersburg, believing that a cemetery and monastery under that name exist only in Moscow. However, today the St. Petersburg Novodevichy Cemetery is beginning to be revived, tombstones are being restored, interesting excursions are held (both regular tourist and special pilgrimage), and more and more people are learning about this place.
Before the revolution, the Novodevichy cemetery was one of the most expensive and prestigious in St. Petersburg and, although it was badly damaged during the Soviet period, to this day it remains a valuable historical necropolis. A walk through the Novodevichy Cemetery will be interesting both for those who like to study the biographies of outstanding people and for connoisseurs of artistic tombstones. There are also shrines here, where people come to pray or simply make a wish. You can read about famous people buried at Novodevichy Cemetery in a separate article. In the meantime, we will tell you about the most beautiful and unusual tombstones of the Novodevichy cemetery, and also get acquainted with its history (and the history of the monastery itself).
The most beautiful and unusual tombstones of the Novodevichy cemetery in St. Petersburg
Among the tombstones at the Novodevichy cemetery there are sarcophagi, obelisks, slabs, steles with crosses, pedestals, slides with large chips, monuments in the form of an oncoming wave, chapels, miniature temples... There are also monuments with portraits of the deceased, but quite a few of them have survived because Busts, bas-reliefs and other similar details were the first to suffer when the cemetery was destroyed.
Although a significant part of the pre-revolutionary burials have not survived to this day, we can still admire the surviving monuments of the 19th - early 20th centuries, which are of undoubted historical and artistic value.
Many headstones are created from valuable materials, including rare types of marble and granite. On some you can still read the names of the owners of the workshops where they were made.
From the point of view of artistic merit, family chapels and tombs stand out especially.
Unfortunately, they are all destroyed and are unlikely to be restored to their former splendor, but even today they amaze with the quality and variety of design.
Perhaps the most beautiful is the Art Nouveau tomb of Lucia Gilse Van der Pals, née Johansen.
The massive chapel with a decorative frieze is a stylization of an ancient Egyptian tomb.
The tomb was built in 1904 according to the design of the architect V. Yu. Johansen in the workshop of Yu. P. Korsak. Its walls are made of Radom sandstone, the base is made of granite, and the floor is marble.
Inside the tomb, a marble bas-relief by the Piedmontese sculptor Pietro Canonica (1869-1959) (sometimes his last name is written “Canon” or “Canonico”) has survived. During his long life, the master managed to work fruitfully in Russia, Italy, England, Turkey... Not everyone knows that once on Manezhnaya Square in St. Petersburg there was an equestrian monument to Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolaevich by Pietro Canonica (1914). In 1918, the “ugly statue” was demolished, but in the Canonica House Museum in the Villa Borghese park in Rome, you can still see the models created for the monument to this day. Among other works of the Canon, we know the sculpture of the nun “After Taking a Vow” (one of the versions is currently exhibited in the St. Petersburg Museum of the History of Religion).
Buried in such an elegant chapel, Lucia (Lucy) was the daughter of the Danish professor at the St. Petersburg Conservatory, Julius Johansen, and the wife of the Dutch consul, co-director of the Russian-American Manufactory of Rubber Products (the future “Red Triangle”), philanthropist and philanthropist Heinrich van Gilze van der Pals. Many people are familiar with the luxurious mansion of G. G. Gilze van der Pals on English Avenue (the current military registration and enlistment office). The mansion was built by Lucia's brother, the architect William Yulievich Johansen (who, as was said, designed this magnificent tombstone). Old photographs show that the rooms of the mansion were decorated with marble statues by Pietro Canonica, including the mentioned figure of a nun. Apparently, Gilse van der Pals was a connoisseur of Canonica’s work, so it is not surprising that he entrusted him with the sculptural design of the grave of his beloved wife.
Another interesting burial from the point of view of artistic merit is the grave of artillery general Dmitry Sergeevich Mordvinov (1820-1894). This is undoubtedly one of the most famous and beautiful tombstones of the St. Petersburg Novodevichy cemetery. Unfortunately, the side plates with the name of the buried person have been lost, but the artistic metal fence has survived.
The most notable feature of the tombstone is the bronze figure of a seated angel above a marble sarcophagus. A living flower is often placed in the hand of an angel.
The sculpture of the angel was created in the workshop of the French sculptor and artist Charles Bertault. The St. Petersburg bronze foundry Berto (formerly F. Chopin) specialized in the production of small bronze plastics. For participation in the World Exhibition in Paris in 1900, where the factory’s products were awarded a gold medal, Berto received the title “Supplier to the Court of His Imperial Majesty.” Despite this, due to financial difficulties, after two years he had to close the business and return to France.
Sculptural monuments with marble or bronze figures of angels standing or sitting at a tombstone were very common at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, but few such examples have survived to this day. Therefore, despite the fact that this is just a “standard” sample that is not related to the individuality of the customer, the tombstone is perceived as of great value.
As for the personality of D.S. Mordvinov, who is buried here, it is known that he served in the artillery from a young age. In 1856, he was appointed head of a separate office of the War Ministry, and ten years later he became director of the office of the War Ministry, to which he devoted almost half of his many years of service. In 1872, Mordvinov was granted adjutant general to His Imperial Majesty; in 1881 he was appointed a member of the Military Council and awarded the diamond insignia of the Order of St. Alexander Nevsky. In 1883, Mordvinov was promoted to artillery general, and in 1889 he celebrated his 50th anniversary of service in the officer ranks and received the Order of St. Vladimir, 1st degree.
It is also worth paying attention to the tombstone of the St. Petersburg architect, who, however, is not very well known to the public. This is Ivan Denisovich Chernik (1811-1874), who worked in the military department and built, in particular, the new building of the General Staff and the Kryukov (Naval) barracks.
The burial of I. D. Chernik is one of the most beautiful surviving monuments at the Novodevichy cemetery. It is a magnificent white marble sarcophagus on a high pedestal. The plaque with the epitaph and surname of the deceased has not survived, but the bas-relief portraits of I. D. Chernik himself and his wife have survived (the latter, unfortunately, was damaged by vandals and cannot be restored due to the specifics of Carrara marble.
The monument was made in the workshop of the Italian sculptor Domenico Carli in Genoa (1878).
One of the most unusual burials in Novodevichy cemetery is the grave of mathematician, professor Vladimir Pavlovich Maksimovich (1850-1889).
Maksimovich was born in St. Petersburg into a noble family and from an early age had outstanding mathematical abilities. He studied in St. Petersburg and Paris, worked at Kazan and Kiev universities. At the beginning of 1889, the mathematician was diagnosed with severe mental illness, and in the same year he died at the age of 39.
The tombstone of Vladimir Maksimovich is a stone sphere in an artistic metal fence. On the sphere are images of the zodiac signs and a quote from Byron’s poem “Euthanasia” in English (“ Count o"er the joys thine hours have seen...»).
This poem is known in translations by I. Golts-Miller and V. Levik (in the latter’s arrangement this quatrain sounds like this: “It is close, the day calling for a funeral feast, ||Count the blessings of past days, ||And you will understand: whoever you were in life, ||Not to be, not to live - it’s much more accurate”).
To be continued...