Offer- this is a set of goods, products, services offered by the manufacturer at a given price in a given period of time for sale.
There are 5 elements of the proposal:
1) resources (raw materials, supplies).
2) goods for industrial purposes (equipment, machines).
3) labor (hired).
4) capital (financial and material).
5) consumer goods:
a) durable product (cars, apartments, refrigerators);
b) non-durable product (food, household chemicals);
c) services (health care, tourism, entertainment).
The composition of the offer is constantly changing, the volume is increasing, updated, including all new products (information, license, patents). And each product group generates its own special, local market.
Similar to the law of demand in a market economy, the law of supply also operates: the quantity of supply (Q) is directly dependent on the direction of change in the price level (P).
Graph 3. Law of supply.
Law of supply- This is a direct relationship between the price level and the quantity of supply.
Non-price factors of supply:
level of production technology.
taxes and subsidies.
sellers' expectations on the dynamics of demand, prices and income.
number of sellers.
4. Elasticity of supply and its measurement.
Price elasticity of supply- change in the quantity of supply under the influence of price dynamics.
If a small change in price causes a significant change in quantity supplied, this is called elastic supply.
If even a very large change in price only slightly changes the quantity supplied, then such supply is called inelastic.
Elasticity is measured by the ratio of the percentage change in supply to the percentage change in price; this change is called price elasticity coefficient of supply.
To price.el.pre-i= =
If TOprice.el.pre-i˃ 1-supply is considered elastic
If TOprice.el.pre-i˂ 1 – then supply is considered inelastic
If TOprice.el.pre-i= 1 – then the unit elasticity of supply
Graph 4. Price elasticity of supply.
Factors influencing the elasticity of supply:
the maximum possible manufacturer's cost for a given product.
quantity, quality, price of goods - substitutes (substitutes).
5. Interaction of supply and demand. Equilibrium price.
In the market there are sellers who set the supply price and buyers who determine the demand price; each of the market participants tries to benefit.
Salesman(manufacturer) - sell the product at the highest possible price in order to obtain the highest possible profit.
Buyer(consumer) - purchase a product at a price with maximum utility.
Under the influence of supply and demand, an equilibrium price is formed in the market, which satisfies both the buyer and the seller.
flaw
Graph 5. Equilibrium price.
When the price rises to level P 1, the desires of sellers and buyers do not coincide. Buyers will be willing to purchase the product in quantity Q1, and sellers will be able to offer it in quantity Q2.
A situation of overproduction (excess, surplus) arises in the market, since the supply of goods will exceed the demand for it.
If the price is below the level of the equilibrium price P 2, then a situation of underproduction (deficit, shortage) arises in the market, since demand for the product will exceed supply.
The law of market pricing operates in the market, according to which the price in a free competitive market tends to a level at which demand is equal to supply.
>>Russian language: The concept of a sentence
Elimination of unnecessary words.
Task: Eliminate unnecessary things word to make a proposal.
Nadya and Dima's dad's elephants are divers.
There is a star at the bottom of the ocean zoo.
Denis climbed the wood onto the fence.
Ships sail along rivers.
Tima Reka's dad works at a factory.
We were at the jumping park.
The squirrel took the bagels from the aspen tree from our hands.
White sheep beat drums on the bison.
Linden, pine, compote, and aspen trees grow in the park.
The guys planted currants, plums and apple trees.
Completing the missing word.
Task: Add words to make sentences.
It sparkles in the sky.
The children drew.
Tima is skillful.
After lunch, Lida washes herself.
Denis blushed like...
We were there on Saturday.
Beavers have razor sharp teeth.
Beavers in a swamp of aspen trunks.
Cat Barsik ball.
A squirrel jumped from a branch.
Babaytseva V.V., Chesnokova L.D. Russian language 8th grade
Submitted by readers from the website
A sentence containing two or more predicative units that form a semantic, structural and intonational unity is called complex.
Parts of a complex sentence can be combined: 1) with the help of unions and allied words, 2) without unions and allied words, using only intonation and the relationship of the forms of the predicates. In this regard, complex sentences are divided into two large groups: allied complex sentences and non-union complex sentences.
* The girl’s blue eyes opened wide with fear, and a tear sparkled in them.
It was five o'clock in the afternoon, the owners were not at home.
Conjunctive sentences, in turn, are divided into two groups: compound sentences - with coordinating conjunctions; complex sentences - with subordinating conjunctions and allied words.
When composing, parts of a complex sentence are combined as syntactically equal; when subordinating, one of the parts (or several) is syntactically subordinate to the other and depends on it.
2. Complex sentences
A complex sentence, the parts of which are connected by coordinating conjunctions, is called a compound sentence.
Types of Compound Sentences
Compound sentences differ in the means of syntactic connection and the nature of the expressed relationships between the parts. In this regard, the following stand out:
Sentences with connecting relations, disjunctive relations (open structure, can have many parts),
By adversative relations, and sentences with relations of gradation and addition (closed structure, only two parts).
1. Sentences with connecting conjunctions
The means of communication in complex sentences with connecting relations are conjunctions and, yes, neither..nor, also, also.
* The door creaked, And the owner entered.
Union neither..nor used in sentences with the meaning of mutual exclusion.
* Neither trees don't grow between rocks,neither the grass doesn't turn green.
Unions Same And Also are used in sentences with a connecting connotation of meaning in the second part.
* I liked her more and more, ISame , apparently, was sympathetic to her.
2. Sentences with adversative conjunctions
The means of communication in complex sentences with adversative relations are conjunctions ah, but, yes(meaning But), but, however, the same, otherwise, not that.
Most often in sentences with the conjunction A the mapping value is passed.
Sentences with conjunctions have the meaning of opposition But.
* There was fog in the morning,But By lunchtime it became sunny.
*You must talk to your father today,otherwise he will worry about your leaving.
3. Sentences with disjunctive conjunctions
In complex sentences with disjunctive relations, conjunctions are used or, or, then..that, not that..not that, either..either, whether..li, whether...or.
Compound sentences with disjunctive relations convey the meaning of alternation of events or mutual exclusion (or, or).
Union then... then, repeating, indicates a sequential change of events.
* That it's rainingThat the sun will appear.
In sentences with a conjunction not that.. not that, or... or divisive relationships are conveyed with a tinge of uncertainty and conjecture.
* Not that he was jealous of Natalya,not that he regretted her.
Lecture 53 The concept of a sentence as a unit of syntax. Types of offers.
This lecture discusses issues related to the concept of a sentence, as well as issues related to the types of sentences based on the purpose of the statement and emotional coloring.
The concept of a sentence as a unit of syntax. Types of offers.
This lecture discusses issues related to the concept of a sentence, as well as issues related to the types of sentences based on the purpose of the statement and emotional coloring.
Lecture outline
53.1. The concept of a sentence as a unit of syntax.
53.2. Types of sentences according to the purpose of the statement.
53.3. Types of sentences based on emotional coloring.
53.1. The concept of a sentence as a unit of syntax
A sentence is a set of words or a word, grammatically designed in terms of time and reality/irreality, intonationally complete and expressing a message, question or incentive to action.
The main function of a sentence is communicative: a sentence is the smallest unit of communication.
Main features of the proposal
1) Predicativeness, i.e. the relation of the content of a sentence to objective reality (its reality or unreality, possibility or impossibility, necessity or probability, etc.). Grammatical means of expressing predicativity are the categories of tense, person, mood and various types of intonation (intonation of a message, question, motivation, etc.).
2) Modality, i.e. expression of one’s attitude to the content of what is being said (its desirability or undesirability, obligation or convention, etc.) The means of expressing modality, as well as predicativity in general, are the category of mood (indicative, imperative, conditional) and special lexical and grammatical means (the so-called modal verbs and modal words and particles).
3) Intonation, those. intonation design and relative semantic completeness. The intonation of the message, question, motivation, etc. differs.
53.1. Types of sentences according to the purpose of the statement
Depending on the purpose of the statement, all sentences are divided into three groups:
narrative, interrogative and incentive.
Narrative sentences are those that contain a message about some fact of reality, phenomenon, event, etc.
Narrative sentences are the most common type of sentences; they are very diverse in their content and structure and are distinguished by the completeness of thought, conveyed by specific narrative intonation: a rise in tone on a logically highlighted word (or two or more, but one of the rises will be the largest) and a calm fall tones at the end of a sentence.
For example:
People working in any field are noticeably divided into three categories - those who are already within their profession, those who are strictly within its scope, and, finally, those who are much broader than their profession.
These latter are usually restless and ebullient people.
They are real creators.
Alexander Petrovich Dovzhenko was much broader than his profession as a film director and screenwriter.
Directing was only one of the faces of this amazing artist, thinker and debater. (K.G. Paustovsky)
Interrogative sentences are sentences that express a desire to find out something or ascertain something.
For example:
Why did Ukrainian picturesqueness give way to practical dryness and some kind of dead stinginess of thought among the architect who built these villages?
Why was the living human soul not taken into account when building them? (K.G. Paustovsky)
And every evening at the appointed hour
(Or am I just dreaming?) (A. Blok)
The grammatical means of forming interrogative sentences are distinguished:
1) interrogative intonation - raising the tone on a word with which the meaning of the question is associated,
For example: Did the mountaineers lose much?(L.) (Cf.: Did the mountaineers lose much?); Did you invite happiness with a song? (L.) (Wed: Did you invite happiness with a song? - Did you invite happiness with a song?)
2) word arrangement (usually the word with which the question is associated is placed at the beginning of the sentence),
For example: … Tell me, has she/Haven’t taught you to pray for anyone yet?(L.); Isn't this a hostile city burning? (L.); But will he return soon with a rich tribute? (L.)
3) interrogative words - interrogative particles, adverbs, pronouns,
For example: What is he looking for in a distant land? What did he throw in his native land?(L.); Where did you grow up, where did you bloom? Who brought you to this region?(L.); Will friends and brothers recognize / the Sufferer, after many years?(L.); Why do you need the crowns of his attention / And the thorns of his empty slander?(L.)
Incentive sentences are those that express the will of the speaker.
They can express:
1) order, request, plea,
For example: Open the prison for me, / Give me the radiance of the day...(L.); You took me / To our garden, to the place where / Two white acacia bushes were blooming...(L.); Sleep, my beautiful baby, / Bayushki-bayu(L.); Give me your hand(L.)
2) advice, proposal, warning, protest, threat,
For example: And you, arrogant descendants / With the famous meanness of your illustrious fathers... / And you will not wash away the righteous blood of the poet with all your black blood!(L.)
3) consent, permission,
for example: Do as you want; You can go wherever your eyes take you.
4) a call, an invitation to joint action,
For example: Let us die near Moscow, / Like our brothers died!(L.); My friend, let’s dedicate our souls to our homeland with wonderful impulses! (P.)
5) desire,
for example: Give him Dutch soot with rum (M. G.).
Many of these meanings of incentive sentences are not clearly differentiated (for example, plea and request, invitation and order, etc.), since this is expressed more often intonationally than structurally.
The grammatical means of forming incentive sentences are:
1) incentive intonation;
2) predicate in the form of the imperative mood;
3) special particles that introduce an incentive tone into the sentence (come on, come on, come on, yes, let it).
53.2. Types of sentences by emotional coloring
Narrative, interrogative and incentive sentences can be accompanied by increased emotionality and pronounced with a special intonation - raising the tone and emphasizing the word expressing the emotion. Such proposals are called exclamation marks.
The grammatical means of forming exclamatory sentences are as follows:
1) intonation, conveying various feelings: joy, annoyance, grief, anger, surprise, etc. (exclamatory sentences are pronounced in a higher tone, highlighting the word that directly expresses the emotion),
For example: I love my fatherland, but with a strange love!(L.); You shouldn't love another, / No, you shouldn't!(L.); I look sadly at our generation!(L.)
2) interjections,
for example:...And, alas, my champagne triumphs over the power of her magnetic eyes! (L.), Wow! the food is good here! Ahti, good! (M.G.)
3) exclamatory particles of interjectional, pronominal and adverbial origin, imparting an emotional connotation to what is being expressed: well, oh, well, where, how, how, which, what, etc., for example: What is the radiance of God's power to me!(L.); Well, it was a day!(L.); How full of their sounds / The madness of desire!(L.); What a neck! What eyes! (Kr.)
| Date: 2010-05-22 10:01:52 | Views: 3417 |
Topic 1. The concept of a proposal. Types of proposals Plan 1. The concept of a proposal. Signs of an offer. 2. Classification of proposals. 3. Structural types of sentences. 4. Structural-semantic types of simple sentences. 5. Scheme for parsing a simple sentence. Literature Babaytseva V.V., Maksimov L.Yu. Modern Russian language. Part III. – M.: Education, 1987. – p. 55 – 71.
Homework 1. Do the exercise. Rewrite each sentence separately. Underline the main parts of the sentence. Analyze the proposals according to the proposed scheme. 1. The grass is fading. The huts are dozing. The groves flashed in the distance. Cranes stretched along an invisible rope. (M. Isakovsky) 2. The whole room is illuminated with an amber shine. The heated stove crackles with a cheerful sound. It's nice to think by the bed. (A. Pushkin) 3. In the wilderness. In the darkness of imprisonment, my days dragged on quietly, without deity, without inspiration, without tears, without life, without love. (A. Pushkin) 4. And the battle broke out, the Battle of Poltava!. . Swede, Russian - stabs, chops, cuts. Drumming, clicks, grinding. The thunder of guns, stomping, neighing, groaning, And death and hell on all sides. (A. Pushkin)
2. Prepare answers to control questions: Definition of a sentence. Signs of an offer. Communicative types of sentences. How are exclamatory sentences formed? What is a predicative stem? What is the difference between a complex sentence and a simple one? Do 2 subjects always indicate a complex sentence? Do 2 predicates always indicate a complex sentence? What is the difference between a one-part sentence and an incomplete one? Is an unextended one-part sentence indivisible? Why do complex sentences contain additional predication? Why do two negatives make a statement?
1. The concept of supply. Signs of a sentence A sentence is the smallest unit of communication, grammatically and intonationally designed, with relative semantic completeness. For example: It's cold. The March sun is still not very warm. Dark branches of bare trees sway on the shore. (M. Gorky)
Signs of a sentence: 1) Relative semantic completeness, i.e. the sentence expresses a certain content that does not require addition with other words. For example: Man is created for happiness. (V. Korolenko) 2) Intonation design, which indicates the boundary of the sentence, ensures the unity of the sentence, and details semantic relationships. There are 7 ICs in the Russian language – 5 main ones and 2 additional ones. For example: The sun was setting behind the mound. The bitter wormwood smell intensified. (M. Sholokhov) Sorry, peaceful places! Sorry, haven of solitude! Will I see you? (A. Pushkin) River... Taiga... Trees behind the hill... Taiga again... Here is a strip of stubble. (V. Fedorov) 3) Structural integrity - unification by grammatical connections: The moon is shining over our roof, Evening is standing in the yard. (M. Isakovsky)
Features of a sentence: 4) Predicativeness is the attribution of some feature to the subject of speech. This property is contained in the relationship between the subject and the predicate: Brother is a teacher. Brother is tall. Brother is reading. If a sentence has only one main member, the second is semantically implied: Night. (= there is) Street. (=is located) Lantern. (= shines) You can’t take (and) (= you, everyone) a fish out of the pond without difficulty.
Signs of a sentence: 5) Modality is the speaker’s assessment of the content of the sentence in relation to reality: whether it is real, possible, desirable, necessary, etc. Modality is expressed by the mood of the verb, modal words, particles: The Dnieper is wonderful in calm weather. (N. Gogol) I would like to forget myself and fall asleep. (M. Lermontov) Long live the sun! Let the darkness disappear! (A. Pushkin) Changing the modal characteristics of a sentence forms its paradigm: The student reads. The student was reading. The student will read. Let the student read! At least the student read.
2. Classification of sentences The basis of classifications: - according to the purpose of the statement (functional typology); - by emotional coloring; - by structure.
2. 1. Types of sentences according to the purpose of the statement (Communicative types of sentences) a) Declarative sentences - contain a message about some event, fact (affirmed or denied): My horse was ready. I went with a guide. It was a beautiful morning. The sun was shining. (A. Pushkin) b) Incentive sentences - contain an incentive for the interlocutor (or the 3rd person) to take action: Let the storm blow harder! (M. Gorky) Fire! - they shout. - Fire! (I. Krylov) Workers of all countries, unite! (K. Marx) To keep your body and soul young, do not be afraid of either heat or cold. Temper yourself like steel! Let's sing, friends, because tomorrow we'll go hiking! c) Interrogative sentences - contain an incentive for the interlocutor to answer: What does it take for a tree to start singing? (V. Soloukhin). Among interrogative sentences, rhetorical questions are distinguished (they do not require an answer): Where, where did you go during the golden days of my spring? (A. Pushkin) What does the coming day have in store for us? (A. Pushkin) To love? But who? Time is not worth the trouble (M. Lermontov). In the range of communicative types of sentences, figurative meanings are possible. For example: Don't you have any matches? (interrogative → imperative); It comes through here (narrative. → motivating); Where you are not! (interrogative → declarative).
2. 2. Types of sentences based on emotional coloring. According to emotional coloring, sentences are divided into: - exclamatory - non-exclamatory. Any communicative type of sentence can, if necessary, acquire an exclamatory character. In this case, an exclamation point is placed on the letter. What a captivating thing a childhood lived in Ukraine can be! (K. Paustovsky) The Dnieper is wonderful in calm weather! (N. Gogol) You won’t be able to catch up with the crazy troika! (N. Nekrasov)
3. Structural types of sentences Sentences Simple Indivisible Compound Articulate One-part Compound Two-part Common/uncommon Complete/incomplete Affirmative/negative Complicated/uncomplicated Compound Subordinate Unconjunct
A simple sentence is a syntactic unit that has one predicative base (core / center / combination): On the hills of Georgia lies the darkness of the night. (A. Pushkin) A sentence may have several subjects and predicates, but the connections between them are important; for example: At the New Year's party, boys and girls danced in circles, sang, read poetry - this sentence is simple. A complex sentence is a semantic, structural and intonation unity of two or more predicative units (simple sentences): The snow is still white in the fields, and the waters are noisy in the spring. (F. Tyutchev)
4. Structural-semantic types of simple sentences 4. 1. Articulated and indivisible sentences. In articulated sentences, the members of the sentence are highlighted: The summer has flown by. The grass has been mowed. The bread has been threshed. Quiet all around. (M. Isakovsky) If a sentence has one word and it can be qualified as the main member - subject or predicate, such a sentence is also considered segmented: Night. Quiet all around. It's getting light. Cold. In indivisible sentences, the members of the sentence cannot be distinguished; they do not have a relationship between S and Pr, but there is an object of thought. These include: a) words-sentences: Yes. No. b) interjection sentences: Wow! Oh! c) phraseological units: It doesn’t get easier hour by hour. Ours took it! The monkey's mouth is full of trouble.
4. 2. Two-part and one-part sentences. Articulate sentences in their structure, depending on the nature of the predicative basis, are divided into: a) two-part - they have the composition of the subject and the composition of the predicate: The dawn has long been blushing in the sky. (N. Gogol) A wonderful time has passed, Young desires have faded, Hope in the heart has died. (A. Pushkin) b) one-component - they have one composition - subject or predicate: I’m bored without you. (A. Pushkin) They meet you by their clothes, they see you off by their intelligence. (Proverb) Autumn. Evening. The moon is shining. Interior of the yard. (L. Tolstoy) Donetsk road. A sad station, lonely and white in the steppe. (A. Chekhov)
4. 3. Common and non-common sentences. Depending on the presence of secondary members, sentences are: a) common - in addition to the main member, there are secondary ones: On a clear afternoon at the end of summer, an old man walked along a dear field. (M. Isakovsky) In the depths of Siberian ores Keep proud patience. (A. Pushkin) The white birch tree under my window is covered with snow, as if it were silver. (S. Yesenin) b) unextended - no secondary members: Morning. Silence. It's freezing. The village is waking up. The lights come on. (Spread the word!)
4. 4. Complete and incomplete sentences. Depending on the explicit representation of all members, the following are distinguished: a) complete sentences: The grain is ripening in the autumn fields. The meadow smells of fresh hay. Grandfather is a shepherd of leisurely cows grazing on the river bank. There are still dewdrops trembling on the leaves. Bird noise rushes from the bushes. And in a wreath of wild flowers, a girl walks along the path. (M. Isakovsky) b) in incomplete sentences, any members (main or secondary) are omitted; To understand the meaning, they are restored from the context: - What is your name? - Vlas. - How old are you? - The sixth has passed. (N. Nekrasov) Molchalin sat on the horse: his leg (...) in the stirrup, and the horse (...) on its hind legs, he (...) on the ground - and straight to the crown (...). (A. Griboedov)!!! One should not confuse incomplete sentences with one-part sentences that do not require reconstruction.
4. 5. Affirmative and negative sentences. According to the meaning of predicative relations, sentences are: a) affirmative: Frosty night; the whole sky is clear. (A. Pushkin) The sky was already breathing autumn, the sun was shining less often, the days were getting shorter. (A. Pushkin) b) negative: Negation is expressed using the particle not. If it comes before the predicate or the only main member, the sentence is generally negative. If the particle does not appear before another word, the sentence is partial: He did not go to Beijing (cf. He did not go to Beijing). Negative sentences are also expressed using the word no, cf. : I have money - I have no money. It (is) raining today. - There is no rain today. If a sentence has two negatives, it becomes affirmative: I can't help but agree.
4. 6. Complex sentence. A simple sentence may include elements that do not change either the structure of the sentence or its grammatical meaning, but introduce additional predication. For example: Armenians, Georgians, Circassians, Persians crowded into the square. (A. Pushkin) Sentence scheme: −−−−− =======. -. -. The grammatical meaning of the sentence allows the following transformation: Armenians were crowded in the square, Georgians were crowded in the square... The room is large, low, with three windows. (I. Turgenev) = The room is large. The room is low. A room with three windows.
4. 6. Complex sentence. Types of complications. A). Homogeneous members of the sentence: The soldier sighed, adjusted his belt, opened his traveling bag, set the bitter bottle on the gray gravestone. (M. Isakovsky) b). Isolated members of the sentence: The wind groans, long and dull. (S. Yesenin) Under blue skies, Magnificent carpets, Glistening in the sun, the snow lies. (A. Pushkin) The warm strong wind passing through the branches did not bring coolness. (L. Tolstoy) c). Appeals: Sliding through the morning snow, dear friend, let us indulge in the running of an impatient horse. (A. Pushkin) d). Introductory and plug-in constructions: In the evening, you remember, the blizzard was angry. (A. Pushkin) Indeed, for the second day a strong hot wind blew. (L. Tolstoy)
5. Scheme for parsing a simple sentence 1. According to the purpose of the statement: narrative / incentive / interrogative. 2. By emotional coloring: exclamatory / non-exclamatory. 3. By the presence of main members: two-part / one-part (+ type of one-part). 4. By the presence of minor members: widespread / not widespread. 5. By the presence of structurally necessary members: complete / incomplete. 6. By the nature of the attitude towards reality: affirmative/negative. 7. According to the presence of complicating components: complicated/uncomplicated. For example: A storm covers the sky with darkness, spinning snow whirlwinds (A. Pushkin). The sentence is simple: 1. Narrative. 2. Non-exclamative 3. Two-part 4. Common 5. Complete 6. Affirmative 7. Complicated.