No matter how complex and unpredictable our life may be, there are always moments and events that decorate it and make it beautiful. We always try to strive for the best, for something good. Living, loving, doing something useful for yourself and society is wonderful. The role of art is as important as life itself. Everything that surrounds us is a kind of art.
Even in ancient times, our ancestors tried to depict some pictures, events of their lives, battles, and hunting on walls, pieces of leather, and stones. At that time, they had no idea that their attempts would bring a lot of new knowledge for humanity in the future. Their sculptures, utensils, weapons, clothes are of great importance, thanks to these finds we know the history of the development of our ancestors. Then they had no idea that everything they did was art, and that the role of art in human life would be very great.
Cultural development and morality are promoted by different areas of art (the essence of which is to show and teach the real and beautiful world). With the help of music, poetry of professionals and amateurs, we can understand the aesthetic perception of our world. Therefore, the role of art in human life is simply enormous!
Artists, sculptors, poets, musicians and every person who tries to convey through their creativity the perception and vision of something special that surrounds us, occupies an important place in the cultural development of humanity. Even a small child, having made his first drawing, appliqué or craft, has already to some extent touched the world of art. At an older age, as a teenager, his tastes in choosing a clothing style, preferences in music, books and his perception of life are formed. Worldview and aesthetic taste are arranged in a logical chain during direct communication with works of art, but only personal assessment influences the choice and formation of taste. Therefore, it is necessary to encounter the world of art and real masterpieces more often.
The role of art in human life is so great that, once you have mastered the habit of visiting museums and art galleries, reading interesting books, poetry, you will want to touch the spiritual and historical world, meet new and interesting people, get to know the artistic creations of other peoples, and get acquainted with their history and culture. All this brings variety and bright colors to our lives, contributes to the desire to live better, more interesting. There is a lot of spiritual wealth around us and the role of art in the modern world is not the least important. Having touched the beautiful, a person tries to bring as many beautiful things into his life as possible, strives for the perfection of his body and speech, correct behavior and communication with other people. Studying and communicating with art, there is a desire to come up with something new and original, you want to create and invent.
In its simplest sense, art is a person’s ability to bring something beautiful into reality and receive aesthetic pleasure from such objects. It can also be one of the ways of knowledge, called skill, but one thing is certain: without art, our world would be insipid, boring and not at all exciting.
Terminological stop
In the broadest sense, art is a kind of skill, the products of which bring aesthetic pleasure. According to the Encyclopaedia Britannica, the main criterion of art is its ability to evoke a response in other people. In turn, the Great Soviet Encyclopedia says that art is one of the forms of social consciousness, which is the main component of human culture.
No matter what anyone says, the debate around the term “art” has been going on for a very long time. For example, in the era of romanticism, art was considered a feature of the human mind. That is, they understood this term in the same way as religion and science.
Special craft
In the very first and most widespread sense, the concept of art was deciphered as “craft” or “composition” (aka creation). Simply put, art could be called everything that was created by man in the process of inventing and comprehending a certain composition.
Until the 19th century, art was the ability of an artist or singer to express his talent, captivate an audience and make them feel.
The concept of “art” can be used in a variety of spheres of human activity:
- the process of expressing vocal, choreographic or acting talent;
- works, physical objects created by masters of their craft;
- the process of consumption of works of art by the audience.
To summarize, we can say the following: art is a unique subsystem of the spiritual sphere of life, which is a creative reproduction of reality in artistic images. This is a unique skill that can inspire admiration among the public.
A little history
In world culture, people began to talk about art back in ancient times. Primitive art (namely fine art, also known as rock painting) appeared together with man in the Middle Paleolithic era. The first objects that can be identified with art as such appeared in the Upper Paleolithic. The oldest works of art, for example, shell necklaces, date back to 75 thousand years BC.
In the Stone Age, primitive rituals, music, dancing, and decoration were called art. In general, modern art originates from ancient rituals, traditions, games, which were determined by mythological and magical ideas and beliefs.
From primitive man
In world art it is customary to distinguish several eras of its development. Each of them adopted something from their ancestors, added something of their own and left it to their descendants. From century to century art acquired an increasingly complex form.
The art of primitive society consisted of music, songs, rituals, dances and images that were applied to animal skins, earth and other natural objects. In the ancient world, art took on a more complex form. It developed in Egyptian, Mesopotamian, Persian, Indian, Chinese and other civilizations. Each of these centers arose its own unique style of art, which has survived more than one millennium and even today influences culture. By the way, ancient Greek artists were considered the best (even better than modern masters) in depicting the human body. Only they were able, in some incredible way, to thoroughly depict muscles, posture, choose the right proportions and convey the natural beauty of nature.
Middle Ages
During the Middle Ages, religions had a significant influence on the development of art. This is especially true in Europe. Gothic and Byzantine art were based on spiritual truths and biblical subjects. At this time, in the east and in Islamic countries, it was believed that the drawing of a person was nothing more than the creation of an idol, which was prohibited. Therefore, in the fine arts there was architecture and ornaments, but there was no person. Calligraphy and jewelry making developed. In India and Tibet, the main art form was religious dance, followed by sculpture.
A wide variety of arts flourished in China, without any influence or pressure from any religion. Each era had its own masters, each of them had their own style, which they perfected. Therefore, each work of art bears the name of the era in which it was created. For example, a vase from the Ming era or a painting from the Tang era. The situation in Japan is the same as in China. The development of culture and art in these countries was quite original.
Renaissance
During the Renaissance, art again returned to material values and humanism. Human figures acquire their lost physicality, perspective appears in space, and artists strive to reflect physical and rational certainty.
In the era of Romanticism, emotions appeared in art. The masters try to show human individuality and the depth of experience. Multiple artistic styles begin to appear, such as academicism, symbolism, fauvism, etc. True, their life was short-lived, and the previous trends, spurred by the horror of the wars they had experienced, could be said to be reborn from the ashes.
On the way to modernity
In the 20th century, masters were looking for new artistic possibilities and standards of beauty. Due to ever-increasing globalization, cultures have begun to interpenetrate and influence each other. For example, the Impressionists were inspired by Japanese prints; Picasso’s work was significantly influenced by the fine arts of India. In the second half of the 20th century, the development of various fields of art was influenced by modernism with its unyielding idealistic search for truth and strict norms. The period of modern art began when it was decided that values are relative.
Functions and properties
At all times, theorists of art history and cultural studies have said that art, like any other social phenomenon, is characterized by different functions and properties. All functions of art are conventionally divided into motivated and unmotivated.
Unmotivated functions are properties that are an integral part of human nature. Simply put, art is what a person's instincts drive him towards and what goes beyond the practical and useful. These functions include:
- Basic instinct of harmony, rhythm and balance. Here art is manifested not in material form, but in a sensual, internal desire for harmony and beauty.
- Feeling of mystery. It is believed that art is one of the ways to feel connected to the Universe. This feeling arises unexpectedly when contemplating paintings, listening to music, etc.
- Imagination. Thanks to art, a person has the opportunity to use his imagination without restrictions.
- Appeal to many. Art allows the creator to address the whole world.
- Rituals and symbols. Some modern cultures have colorful rituals, dances and performances. They are original symbols, and sometimes just ways to diversify the event. By themselves, they do not pursue any goal, but anthropologists see in each movement the meaning inherent in the process of development of national culture.
Motivated Features
Motivated functions of art are the goals that the creator consciously sets for himself when starting to create a work of art.
In this case, art can be:
- A means of communication. In its simplest form, art is a way of communication between people, through which information can be conveyed.
- Entertainment. Art can create the appropriate mood, help you relax and take your mind off problems.
- For the sake of change. At the beginning of the twentieth century, many works were created that provoked political change.
- For the sake of psychotherapy. Psychologists often use art for therapeutic purposes. A technique based on pattern analysis makes it possible to make a more accurate diagnosis.
- For the sake of protest. Art was often used to protest against something or someone.
- Propaganda. Art can also be a way of disseminating propaganda, through which one can subtly influence the formation of new tastes and attitudes among the public.
As can be seen from the functions, art plays an important role in the life of society, influencing all spheres of human life.
Types and forms
Initially, art was considered an undivided, that is, a general complex of creative activity. For primitive man, there were no separate examples of art such as theater, music or literature. Everything was merged together. Only after a while different types of art began to appear. This is the name given to historically established forms of artistic reflection of the world, which are created using different means.
Depending on the means used, the following art forms are distinguished:
- Literature. Uses verbal and written means to create examples of art. There are three main types here - drama, epic and lyric.
- Music. It is divided into vocal and instrumental; sound means are used to create examples of art.
- Dance. Plastic movements are used to create new patterns. There are ballet, ritual, ballroom, modern and folk art of dance.
- Painting. With the help of color, reality is displayed on a plane.
- Architecture. Art is manifested in the transformation of the spatial environment with structures and buildings.
- Sculpture. It represents works of art that have volume and three-dimensional shape.
- Decorative and applied arts. This form is directly related to applied needs; these are artistic objects that can be used in everyday life. For example, painted dishes, furniture, etc.
- Theater. With the help of acting, a stage action of a specific theme and character is played out on stage.
- Circus. A kind of spectacular and entertaining action with funny, unusual and risky numbers.
- Movie. We can say that this is the evolution of theatrical action, when modern audiovisual means are still used.
- Photo. It involves capturing visual images using technical means.
To the listed forms you can also add such genres of art as pop, graphics, radio, etc.
The role of art in human life
It’s strange, but for some reason it is believed that art is intended only for the upper strata of the population, the so-called elite. Such a concept is supposedly alien to other people.
Art is usually identified with wealth, influence and power. After all, these are the people who can afford to buy beautiful, obscenely expensive and absurdly useless things. Take, for example, the Hermitage or the Palace of Versailles, which preserve rich collections of past monarchs. Today, such collections can be afforded by governments, some private organizations and very rich people.
Sometimes it seems that the main role of art in a person’s life is to show others their social status. In many cultures, expensive and elegant things show a person's position in society. On the other hand, two centuries ago there were attempts to make high art more accessible to the general public. For example, in 1793 the Louvre was opened to everyone (until that time it was the property of the French kings). Over time, this idea was picked up in Russia (Tretyakov Gallery), the USA (Metropolitan Museum) and other European countries. And yet, people who have their own art collection will always be considered more influential.
Synthetic or real
There is a wide variety of works of art in the modern world. They take on different types, forms, and means of creation. The only thing that has remained unchanged is folk art, in its primitive form.
Today, even a simple idea is considered art. It is thanks to ideas, public opinion and critical reviews that works such as the Black Square, a tea set covered in real fur, or the photograph of the Rhine River, which sold for $4 million, have achieved enduring success. It is difficult to call these and similar objects real art.
So what is real art? By and large, these are works that make you think, ask questions, and look for answers. Real art attracts, you want to get your hands on this item at any cost. Even in literature, Russian classics wrote about this attractive force. Thus, in Gogol’s story “Portrait,” the main character spends his last savings on purchasing a portrait.
True art always makes a person kinder, stronger and wiser. Possessing invaluable knowledge and experience that has been collected over many generations, and is now available in an understandable form, a person has the opportunity to develop and improve.
Real art is always made from the heart. It doesn’t matter what it will be - a book, a painting, music, a play. The viewer will feel it. You will definitely feel what the creator wanted to convey. She will feel his emotions, understand his thoughts, and go with him in search of answers. Real art is an inaudible conversation between the author and a person, after which the listener/reader/viewer will no longer be the same. This is what real art is. A real concentrated bundle of feelings. As Pushkin wrote, it should burn the hearts of people, and no matter what - a verb, a brush or a musical instrument. Such art should serve people and inspire them to change, entertain them when they are sad, and instill hope, especially when it seems that there is no way out. This is the only way it can be, it can’t be any other way.
Today there are many strange, sometimes even ridiculous objects that are called works of art. But if they are not able to “hit the nerve,” then they cannot relate to art a priori.
Art- one of the main forms of spiritual culture of humanity, which arose in ancient times. Thus, already in the Upper Paleolithic era, 40 thousand years ago, there was “cave art” - wonderful rock engravings and paintings in which our distant ancestors depicted animals and hunting scenes.
Later sculpture, music, architecture, theater, and fiction arose. These are classic art forms that are thousands of years old. The development of forms and types of art continues in our time. In the modern world, thanks to the development of technology, some new types of art have appeared, for example, the art of cinema, artistic photography, and now the art of computer graphics is appearing.
All this suggests that human life is impossible without art, that it meets some of his deepest needs. To explain her character, we need to remember that man is an active being. Through their activities, people master the world around them and transform it.
THERE ARE THREE MAIN FORMS OF HUMAN COVERAGE OF THE WORLD:
practically active- it is regulated by such general needs and goals as benefit and benefit;
educational- its goal is truth;
artistic- its value is beauty.
Therefore, we can define art as a way of mastering and transforming the world according to the laws of beauty.
The specificity of art is to reflect reality through artistic images, that is, in a specific sensory form, and not with the help of concepts and theories as in scientific knowledge. This is obvious in painting or sculpture. But even literature, although its figurative side is not striking, differs significantly from knowledge. For example, historians or sociologists, studying noble society in 19th Russia, describe and explain it using concepts such as “class”, “serfdom”, “autocracy”, etc. In contrast, Pushkin and Gogol brilliantly depicted the essence of this society is in the images of Onegin and Tatyana, Chichikov and a series of landowners from Dead Souls. These are two different, but complementary ways of cognition and display of reality. The first is aimed at discovering the general, natural in the reality being studied, the second - at expressing reality through individual images, through the consciousness and experiences of individual characters.
The role of art in the life of man and society is determined by the fact that it is addressed to the consciousness of man in his integrity. Artistic creativity and perception of works of art gives a person a deeper understanding and knowledge of life. But at the same time, art influences his feelings, experiences, and develops his emotional sphere. The great role of art in the formation of a person’s moral ideas has already been noted above. And, of course, the perception of works of art gives people aesthetic pleasure, the experience of beauty, and also makes them involved in the artist’s work.
In all these respects, art has great power; it is not for nothing that Dostoevsky said: “Beauty will save the world.”
Ideas about the role of art have changed throughout history. The important role of art was already recognized in ancient society. For example, Plato and Aristotle believed that art should cleanse the soul of base passions and elevate it. They assigned a special role to music and tragedy in this.
In the Middle Ages The main role of art was seen to be subordinate to the tasks of worship. Art played, for example, a very significant role in the design of churches and in the religious rites of Orthodoxy.
During the Renaissance art, especially painting, took a central place in spiritual culture. Leonardo da Vinci viewed art as a “mirror” of the world and even put painting above science. Many thinkers of this era saw art as the most free and creative human activity.
During the Age of Enlightenment The moral and educational function of art was emphasized above all.
In the 20th century many thinkers began to talk about the crisis of art, that contemporary art was losing its functions in society. For example, the German cultural philosopher of the early twentieth century. O. Spengler believed that modern Western culture was entering a period of decline. High classical art is giving way to technical arts, mass entertainment, and sports. Contemporary art is losing harmony and imagery; abstract painting appears, in which the holistic image of a person disappears.
Social structure(from lat. structure- structure, location, order) of society - the structure of society as a whole, a set of interconnected and interacting social groups, as well as the relationships between them.
The social structure is based on the social division of labor, the presence of specific needs and interests, values, norms and roles, lifestyles and other various social groups.
The role of social structure:
1) organizes society into a single whole;
2) contributes to maintaining the integrity and stability of society.
Social relations- these are certain stable connections between people as representatives of social groups.
Art is a reflection of creativity, a way to capture and reproduce thoughts, fantasies and reality, requiring special skill. Art occupies one of the leading positions in human life. This is one of the main ways to express oneself; it shapes a person’s inner world, his spiritual values, and fills life. They can describe and express your emotions, feelings, encourage action and development.
Art is the soul of humanity, which dates back to ancient times when people expressed themselves through rock paintings. Almost every person knows from childhood the wonderful classical works of Tchaikovsky, Mozart, Bach, paintings by the unsurpassed Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, authors of literary works, as well as architectural monuments and sculptures. Art contains feelings that a person tries to convey to the world.
Psychology of art
The various areas of activity that psychology deals with also include art. The psychology of art examines how the creation and perception of works affects human life. She explores the motives that motivate creativity, the process itself, the author’s abilities, his feelings and experiences at the time of creation of the work. The creators transferred their life problems into music, works, onto canvas, and equated themselves with the characters they created. In art, the personality of the author himself is formed, which can be traced by psychology. It also studies and analyzes how the impact of certain works produces different impressions on people and evokes different emotions.
Vygotsky’s “Psychology of Art” made a huge contribution with his work to the development of this science. He characterized the theory of art and gave rise to a new direction in this area.
Types and functions of art
There are three types of art:
- spatial: painting, architecture, sculpture, graphics;
- temporary: literary works, music
- spatio-temporal: dance, cinema, television art, circus.
Each type includes many subspecies, as well as genres. One of the functions of art is to convey information, emotions and feelings that can affect mood. It can also be used for medicinal purposes; art therapy is quite common. Often, psychologists, based on a patient’s drawings, can draw certain conclusions about his mental and emotional health, because the drawing conveys an inner vision of the world.
Man is the main theme of almost all creations. Perfect images of personality are created in the art of any era. Since ancient times, heroic deeds have been glorified, ideal body proportions have been drawn, and perfect sculptures have been created.
Art is one of the important stages in human evolution; it participates in the formation of public opinion and different points of view. It relentlessly pursues us all our lives, in it we find new knowledge, pleasure, answers to important questions that interest us. It is usually in tune with our thoughts. Of all the diversity that art provides, a person finds to his liking what is closest and most understandable to him.
Music has a great influence on a person. She is able to pacify and excite a person’s feelings, immerse herself in her thoughts, relieve stress and tension. Music affects emotions, makes you cry or rejoice. Listening to classical music can improve mental abilities or cure a person from certain ailments; in nursing mothers, it can increase milk production.
A person in art is imprinted throughout the centuries. People die, but art remains, passes through years and centuries, tells future generations about past worldviews, transports them to the world when the work was created, helps to feel the atmosphere of that time and traditions. Each era makes its own changes to art, brings something new, complements it. A person must want to accept art in order for it to have a beneficial effect on him and convey the true meaning of his purpose.
Was last modified: April 20th, 2019 by Elena Pogodaeva
Gorbunova Yulia
Research work on the topic "The role of art in human life"
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Preview:
- Introduction
- Main part
2.1. The concept of art.
2.2.Types of art
2.3.Functions of art
2.4.The role of art in human life
2.5.Life is short, art is eternal.
- Conclusion
- Literature
1. Introduction.
I chose to work on the topic “The Role of Art in Human Life” because I wanted to deepen and generalize my knowledge about art. I was interested in expanding my horizons and finding out what functions art performs, what the role of art is in a person’s life, in order to further talk about this from the point of view of a knowledgeable person.
I consider the chosen topic of work to be relevant, since certain aspects of the topic have not been fully studied and the research conducted is aimed at bridging this gap. She encourages me to demonstrate intellectual abilities, moral and communication qualities;
Before starting work, I conducted a survey among students at our school. By asking them a few questions in order to identify their attitude towards art. The following results were obtained.
Total people surveyed.
- What role do you think art plays in modern human life?
Greater %
No %
Helps to live %
- What does art teach us and does it teach us at all?
Beauty %
Understanding life %
Doing the right thing %
Broadens the mind %
Doesn't teach anything
- What types of art do you know?
Theater %
Movie %
Music %
Painting %
Architecture %
Sculpture %
Other types of art %
- What type of art do you practice or are passionate about?
Passionate %
Not passionate %
- Have there been times when art has played a role in your life?
Yes %
No %
The survey showed that the work will help people understand the significance of art and, I think, will attract many, if not to engage in art, then to arouse interest in the problem.
My work also has practical significance, because the materials can be used to prepare for an essay on literature, for oral presentations in classes in fine art, art and art, and in the future to prepare for exams.
Target works: to prove the importance of various types of art in human life;show how art influences the formation of the spiritual culture of a person’s personality; arouse people's interest in the world of art.
Tasks - reveal the essence of art, consider the relationship between man and art in society, consider the main functions of art in society, their meaning and role for humans.
Problematic issues: How does art express human feelings and the world around us?
Why do they say “life is short, but art is eternal”?
What is art? When, how and why did art arise?
What role does art play in a person’s life and in my life?
Expected Result
After familiarizing yourself with my work, a higher level of development of an emotional and value-based attitude to the world, the phenomena of life and art is expected; understanding the place and role of art in people's lives.
2. Main part
2.1.The concept of art
“Art gives wings and carries you far, far!” -
the writer saidChekhov A.P.
How nice it would be if someone created a device that would show the degree of influence of art on a person, society as a whole, and even on nature. How do painting, music, literature, theater, cinema affect human health and the quality of his life? Is it possible to measure and predict such an impact? Of course, culture as a whole, as a combination of science, art and education, is capable of beneficially influencing both the individual and society as a whole when choosing the right direction and priorities in life.
Art is a creative understanding of the world around us by a talented person. The fruits of this understanding belong not only to its creators, but to all humanity living on planet Earth.
The beautiful creations of ancient Greek sculptors and architects, Florentine mosaic masters, Raphael and Michelangelo... Dante, Petrarch, Mozart, Bach, Tchaikovsky are immortal. It takes your breath away when you try to grasp with your mind everything created by geniuses, preserved and continued by their descendants and followers.
In primitive societyprimitive creativityis born with a viewHomo sapiensas a way of human activity to solve practical problems. Originating in the eraMiddle Paleolithic, primitive artreached its peak about 40 thousand years ago, and was a social product of society, embodying a new stage in the development of reality. The oldest works of art, such as a shell necklace found in South Africa, date back to 75 millennium BC. e. and more. In the Stone Age, art was represented by primitive rituals, music, dances, all kinds of body decorations, geoglyphs - images on the ground, dendrographs - images on the bark of trees, images on animal skins, cave paintings, rock paintings,petroglyphs and sculpture.
The emergence of art is associated withgames, rituals And rituals, including those causedmythologically- magicalrepresentations.
Nowadays the word “art” is often used in its original, very broad meaning. This is any skill in carrying out any tasks that requires some kind of perfection of its results. In a narrower sense of the word, this is creativity “according to the laws of beauty.” Works of artistic creativity, like works of applied art, are created according to the “laws of beauty.” A work of art, like all other types of social consciousness, is always a unity of the object cognized in it and the subject cognizing this object.
In primitive, pre-class society, art as a special variety of social consciousness did not yet exist independently. It was then in unity with mythology, magic, religion, with legends about a past life, with primitive geographical ideas, with moral requirements.
And then art stood out among them as a special, specific variety. It has become one of the forms of development of social consciousness of various peoples. That is how it should be viewed.
Thus, art is a type of consciousness of society; it is artistic content, not scientific. L. Tolstoy, for example, defined art as a means of exchanging feelings, contrasting it with science as a means of exchanging thoughts.
Art is often compared to a reflective mirror, reflecting reality through the thoughts and feelings of the creator. Through it, this mirror reflects those phenomena of life that attracted the artist’s attention and excited him.
Here one can rightfully discern one of the most important specific features of art as a type of human activity.
Any product of labor - be it a tool, a tool, a machine or a means of supporting life - is created for some special need. Even such products of spiritual production as scientific research may well remain accessible and important to a narrow group of specialists, without losing anything in their social significance.
But a work of art can be recognized as such only if its content is universal, “of general interest.” The artist is called upon to express something that is equally important for both the driver and the scientist, which is applicable to their life not only to the extent of the specificity of their profession, but also to the extent of their involvement in the life of the people, their ability to be human, to be an individual.
2.2. Kinds of art
Depending on the material means with the help of which works of art are constructed, three groups of types of art objectively arise: 1) spatial, or plastic (painting, sculpture, graphics, art photography, architecture, arts and crafts and design), i.e. those that unfold their images in space; 2) temporary (verbal and musical), i.e. those where images are built in time, and not in real space; 3) spatio-temporal (dance; acting and everything based on it; synthetic - theater, cinema, television, variety and circus, etc.), i.e. those whose images have both extension and duration, physicality and dynamism. Each type of art is directly characterized by the method of material existence of its works and the type of figurative signs used. Within these limits, all its types have varieties, determined by the characteristics of a particular material and the resulting originality of the artistic language.
Thus, varieties of verbal art are oral creativity and written literature; types of music - vocal and different types of instrumental music; varieties of performing arts - drama, music, puppet theater, shadow theater, as well as pop and circus; varieties of dance - everyday dance, classical, acrobatic, gymnastic, ice dance, etc.
On the other hand, each type of art has generic and genre divisions. The criteria for these divisions are defined differently, but the very presence of such types of literature as epic, lyric poetry, drama, such types of fine art as easel, monumental-decorative, miniature, such genres of painting as portrait, landscape, still life is obvious...
Thus, art, taken as a whole, is a historically established system of various specific methods of artistic exploration of the world,
each of which has features that are common to all and individually unique.
2.3. Functions of art
Art has similarities and differences with other forms of social consciousness. Just like science, it objectively reflects reality and cognizes its important and essential aspects. But unlike science, which masters the world through abstract theoretical thinking, art understands the world through imaginative thinking. Reality appears in art holistically, in the richness of its sensory manifestations.
Unlike science, artistic consciousness does not set itself the goal of providing any special information about private branches of social practice and identifying their patterns, such as physical, economic, etc. The subject of art is everything that is interesting for a person in life.
Those goals that the author or creator intentionally and consciously sets for himself while working on a work have a direction. It could be some kind of political purpose, a commentary on social status, the creation of a certain mood or emotion, a psychological effect, an illustration of something, the promotion of a product (in the case of advertising) or simply the transmission of some kind of message.
- Means of communication.In its simplest form, art is a means of communication. Like most other forms of communication, it carries with it the intention of conveying information to the audience. For example, scientific illustration is also an art form that exists to convey information. Another example of this kind is geographical maps. However, the content of the message is not necessarily scientific. Art allows you to convey not only objective information, but also emotions, mood, and feelings.
- Art as entertainment. The purpose of art may be to create a mood or emotion that helps one relax or have fun. Very often, cartoons or video games are created for this very purpose.
- Vanguard, art for political change.One of the defining goals of early 20th-century art was to create works that provoked political change. The directions that have emerged for this purpose are:Dadaism, surrealism, Russian constructivism, abstract expressionism- collectively referred to asavant-garde.
- Art for psychotherapy.Psychologists and psychotherapists can use art for therapeutic purposes. A special technique based on the analysis of the patient’s drawings is used to diagnose the state of personality and emotional status. In this case, the ultimate goal is not diagnosis, but mental health.
- Art for social protest, overthrow of the existing order and/or anarchy.As a form of protest, art may not have any specific political purpose, but may be limited to criticism of the existing regime or some aspect of it.
2.4. The role of art in human life
All types of arts serve the greatest of arts - the art of living on earth.
Bertolt Brecht
Now it is impossible to imagine that ourlifewould not be accompanied by art,creation. Where and whenever you liveHuman, even at the dawn of his development, he tried to comprehend the world around him, which means he strove to understand and figuratively, intelligibly pass on the acquired knowledge to future generations. This is how wall paintings appeared in caves - ancient human settlements. And this is born not only of the desire to protect one’s descendants from the mistakes already made by one’s ancestors, but also of conveying the beauty and harmony of the world, admiration for the perfect creations of nature.
Humanity did not mark time, it progressively moved forward and higher, and art also developed, accompanying man at all stages of this long and painful path. If you look at the Renaissance, you admire the heights that artists and poets, musicians and architects reached. The immortal creations of Raphael and Leonardo da Vinci still fascinate with their perfection and deep awareness of the role of man in the world, where he is destined to walk his short but beautiful, sometimes tragic path.
Art is one of the most important stages in human evolution. Art helps a person look at the world from different points of view. With each era, with each century, it is improved more and more by man. At all times, art has helped people develop their abilities and improve abstract thinking. Over the centuries, man has tried more and more to change art, improve it, and deepen his knowledge. Art is the great mystery of the world, in which the secrets of the history of our lives are hidden. Art is our history. Sometimes you can find answers to questions that even the most ancient manuscripts cannot answer.
Today, a person can no longer imagine life without reading a novel, without a new movie, without a theater premiere, without a fashionable hit and favorite musical group, without art exhibitions... In art, a person finds new knowledge, answers to vital questions, and peace of mind from the everyday hustle and bustle, and enjoyment. A real work of art is always in tune with the thoughts of readers, viewers, and listeners. A novel can tell about a distant historical era, about people who seem to have a completely different way and style of life, but the feelings with which people at all times were imbued are understandable to the current reader, consonant with him, if the novel was written by a real master. Let Romeo and Juliet live in Verona in ancient times. It is not the time or place of action that determines my perception of the great love and true friendship described by the brilliant Shakespeare.
Russia has not become a distant province of art. Even at the dawn of its emergence, it loudly and boldly declared its right to stand next to the greatest creators of Europe: “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign”, icons and paintings of Andrei Rublev and Theophan the Greek, the cathedrals of Vladimir, Kyiv and Moscow. We are not only proud of the amazing proportions of the Church of the Intercession on the Nerl and the Moscow Intercession Cathedral, better known as St. Basil's Cathedral, but also sacredly honor the names of the creators.
It is not only ancient creations that attract our attention. We constantly encounter works of art in everyday life. By visiting museums and exhibition halls, we want to join that wonderful world, which is accessible first only to geniuses, and then to others, we learn to understand, see, absorb the beauty that has already become part of our everyday life.
Pictures, music, theater, books, films give a person incomparable joy and satisfaction, make him sympathize. Eliminate all this from the life of a civilized person, and he will turn, if not into an animal, then into a robot or zombie. The riches of art are inexhaustible. It is impossible to visit all the museums in the world, you cannot listen to all the symphonies, sonatas, operas, you cannot review all the masterpieces of architecture, you cannot re-read all the novels, poems, poems. And there's no point. Know-it-alls actually turn out to be superficial people. From all the diversity, a person chooses for his soul what is closest to him, what gives the basis to his mind and feelings.
The possibilities of art are multifaceted. Art forms intellectual and moral qualities, stimulates creativity, and promotes successful socialization. In Ancient Greece, fine art was considered as an effective means of influencing a person. Sculptures that personified noble human qualities (“Mercy”, “Justice”, etc.) were exhibited in the galleries. It was believed that, contemplating beautiful sculptures, a person absorbs all the best that they reflect. The same applies to paintings by great masters.
A group of researchers led by Professor Marina de Tommaso from the University of Bari, Italy, has found that beautiful paintings can reduce pain, the Daily Telegraph writes today. Scientists hope that the new results will convince hospitals to take more care in decorating the rooms in which patients are kept.
In the study, a group of people, consisting of both men and women, were asked to look at 300 paintings by masters such as Leonardo da Vinci and Sandro Botticelli, and also select 20 paintings from them that they found the most beautiful and the ugliest. In the next stage, subjects were shown these pictures or nothing at all, leaving a large black wall free for pictures, and at the same time they hit the participants with a short laser pulse, comparable in strength to touching a hot frying pan. It was found that when people look at pictures that they like, pain is felt three times less intensely than when they are forced to look at ugly pictures or a black wall.
Not only children, but often adults too are unable to cope with their emotions. We live by the rules, forcing ourselves with constant “We need, we need, we need...”, forgetting about our desires. Because of this, internal discontent arises, which a person, being a social being, tries to keep to himself. As a result, the body suffers, because a negative emotional state often leads to various diseases. In this case, creativity helps to relieve emotional stress, harmonize the inner world and achieve mutual understanding with others. Of course, this can be not only drawing, but also appliqué, embroidery, photography, modeling from matches, prose, poetry and much more, one way or another related to art.
The question of how literature affects a person, his behavior and psyche, what mechanisms lead to unique experiences and, as a consequence, to changes in a person’s personal characteristics when reading a literary work, has occupied the minds of many scientists and researchers from ancient times to the present. Fiction, giving knowledge of reality, expands the mental horizons of readers of all ages, gives an emotional experience that goes beyond what a person could acquire in his life, forms artistic taste, delivers aesthetic pleasure, which occupies a large place in the life of modern man and is one of his needs. But most importantly, the main function of fiction is the formation in people of deep and lasting feelings that encourage them to think through, determine their worldview, and guide their behavior personality.
Literature is for people a school of feelings and knowledge of reality and forms an idea of the ideal actions of people, of the beauty of the world and relationships. The Word is a great mystery. Its magical power lies in its ability to evoke vivid images and transport the reader to another world. Without literature, we would never have known that once upon a time a wonderful person and writer Victor Hugo or, for example, Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin lived in the world. We would know nothing about the time in which they lived. Thanks to literature, we become more educated and learn the history of our ancestors.
The influence of music on a person is great. A person hears sound not only with his ears; he hears the sound from every pore of his body. Sound permeates his entire being, and according to a certain influence slows down or speeds up the rhythm of blood circulation; either excites the nervous system or calms it; awakens stronger passions in a person or pacifies him, bringing him peace. According to the sound, a certain effect is produced. Therefore, knowledge of sound can give a person a magical tool to manage, tune, control and use life, as well as help other people to the greatest benefit.It's no secret that art can heal.
Isotherapy, dance therapy, music treatment - these are already common truths.
The creator of musical pharmacology, scientist Robert Shofler, prescribes listening to all the symphonies of Tchaikovsky, “The King of the Forest” by Schubert, and the ode “To Joy” by Beethoven for therapeutic purposes. He claims that these works promote accelerated recovery. And researchers at the University of California experimentally proved that after listening to Mozart’s music for 10 minutes, tests showed an increase in students’ IQ by 8-9 units.
But not all art heals.
For example: Rock music causes the release of stress hormones, which erase some information in the brain, causing aggression or depression. Russian psychologist D. Azarov notes that there is a special combination of notes, he called them killer music. After listening to such musical phrases several times, a person develops a gloomy mood and thoughts.
The ringing of bells kills quickly:
- typhoid bacteria
- viruses.
Classical music (Mozart, etc.) promotes:
- general calm
- increased milk secretion (by 20%) in nursing mothers.
The rhythmic sounds of some performers, due to their direct effect on the brain, contribute to:
- release of stress hormones
- memory impairment
- weakening (after 1-2 years) of the general condition (especially when listening to music on headphones).
Mantra, or meditative sounds “om”, “aum”, etc., have a vibrating nature.
Vibrations initially contribute to the activation of certain organs and brain structures. At the same time, many different hormones are released into the blood. (This probably helps to do monotonous work with less energy consumption).
Vibrating sounds cause
- pleasure - for some people, for others - the same sounds cause
- stress response with the release of hormones and a sharp increase in oxidative metabolism.
- contributes to a sharp rise in blood pressure,
- often leading to heart spasms.
In the literary sources of antiquity we find many examples of the purposeful influence of music on the mental state of people. Plutarch says that attacks of furious anger in Alexander the Great were usually pacified by playing the lyre. The mighty Achilles, according to Homer, tried, by playing the lyre, to cool his “famous” anger, with which the action in the Iliad begins.
There was an opinion that music saves people from imminent death from the bites of poisonous snakes and scorpions. Music was widely recommended as an antidote in these cases by one of the most famous doctors of Ancient Rome, Galen. Nirkus, a companion of Alexander the Great on his campaigns, having visited India, said that in this country, which abounds in poisonous snakes, singing is considered the only remedy for their bites. How can we explain the miraculous effect of music? Research of our time has shown that music in such cases acts not as an antidote, but as a means of eliminating mental trauma; it helps the victim to suppress the feeling of horror. This is just one example when a person’s health and even life largely depend on his state of mind. But this individual example allows us to judge how great the role of the nervous system is in the body. It must be taken into account when explaining the mechanism of the impact of art on people's health.
Even more striking is the effect of music on emotions. The influence of music on emotions has been known since ancient times. Music was used for medicinal purposes and in war. Music acts both as a means of distraction from thoughts that disturb a person, and as a means of calming and even healing. Music plays a great role as a means of combating overwork. Music can set a certain rhythm before starting work, or set the mood for deep rest during a break.
Art makes the world of people more beautiful, alive and vibrant. For example, painting: how many ancient paintings have survived to our time, from which we can determine how people lived two, three, four or more centuries ago. Now there are many paintings painted by our contemporaries, and whatever it is: abstraction, realism, still life or landscape - painting is a wonderful art, with the help of which a person has learned to see the world as bright and colorful.
Architecture is another of the most important forms of art. There are a huge number of beautiful monuments scattered around the world, and they are not just called “monuments” - they contain the greatest secrets of history and the memory of them. Sometimes these mysteries cannot be solved by scientists around the world.
Of course, in order to perceive the beauty of the art of opera, for example, you need to know its features, understand the language of music and vocals, with the help of which the composer and singers convey all shades of life and feelings and influence the thoughts and emotions of listeners. The perception of poetry and fine art also requires certain preparation and appropriate understanding. Even an interesting story will not captivate the reader if he has not developed the technique of expressive reading, if he spends all his energy on composing words from spoken sounds and does not experience their artistic and aesthetic influence.
The effect of art on a person can be long-term or long-term. This emphasizes the great opportunities for using art to obtain a lasting and long-lasting effect, using it for educational purposes, as well as for general health improvement and prevention. Art acts not on any one human ability and strength, be it emotion or intellect, but on the person as a whole. It forms, sometimes unconsciously, the very system of human attitudes.
The artistic genius of D. Moore's famous poster “Have you signed up as a volunteer?”, which was so widely promoted during the Second World War, lies in the fact that it appeals to the human conscience through all the spiritual abilities of man. Those. The power of art lies in appealing to human conscience and awakening its spiritual abilities. And on this occasion we can cite the famous words of Pushkin:
Burn the hearts of people with the verb.
I think this is the true purpose of art.
2.5.Life is short, art is eternal.
Art is eternal and beautiful because it brings beauty and goodness to the world.
A person has very strict requirements and art must reflect these requirements. Artists of classicism looked up to classical examples. They believed that the eternal is unchangeable - therefore it is necessary to learn from Greek and Roman authors. Knights, kings, and dukes very often become heroes. They were convinced that beauty in art is created by truth - therefore a writer should imitate nature and depict life believably. Rigid canons of the theory of classicism appear. Art expert Boileau writes: “The incredible cannot move you, let the truth always look believable.” The writers of classicism approached life from the position of reason; they did not trust feelings, considering them changeable and deceitful. Accurate, reasonable, truthful and beautiful. “You need to think about a thought and only then write.”
Art never gets old. In the book of academician philosopher I.T. Frolov wrote: “The reason for this is the unique originality of works of art, their deeply individualized character, ultimately determined by their constant appeal to man. The unique unity of man and the world in a work of art, “human reality.” The famous Danish physicist Niels Bohr wrote: “The reason why art can enrich us is its ability to remind us of harmonies beyond the reach of systematic analysis.” Art often highlights universal, “eternal” problems: what is good and evil, freedom, human dignity. The changing conditions of each era force us to solve these issues anew.
Art has many faces, is eternal, but, unfortunately, it cannot influence people without their will, mental effort, and a certain work of thought. A person must want to learn to see and understand beauty, then art will have a beneficial effect on him and society as a whole. This will probably happen in the future. In the meantime, talented creators should not forget that their works have the power to influence millions, and this can be beneficial or detrimental.
Let me give you a simple example. For example, an artist painted a picture. The picture depicts negative scenes of murder, there is blood and dirt everywhere, the most chaotic, harsh tones are used, in short, the whole picture has a depressing effect on the viewer, causing negative emotions in a person. The energy emanating from the picture is extremely depressing. So much for the complete relationship between the artist’s thinking and the physical creation of the painting and, accordingly, the viewer or viewers looking at it... Imagine thousands, tens of thousands of such depressing paintings. The same can be said about our cinema. What cartoons do our children watch, not to mention films for adults? And in general, now there is not even such a ban “Under 16” as in the 70s. Complete “negativism”... Imagine how much negative energy there is in the country, in the world, on the whole Earth!.. The same can be said about all types of our art!
“Thoughts combined with actions lead to change. If they are noble, then they liberate, save, promote flourishing. enrich. If they are base, then they enslave, impoverish, weaken, and destroy. If the propaganda of violence, the cult of power, and evil steps onto our screens, we will die after the hapless heroes of these one-day action films.
True art must be beautiful, have a good, humane beginning with centuries-old traditions.
3. Conclusion.
Art plays a vital role in our lives, helping future generations to grow morally. Each generation makes its contribution to the development of humanity, culturally enriching it. Without art, we would hardly be able to look at the world from different points of view, differently, look beyond the ordinary, feel a little more keenly. Art, like a person, has many small veins, blood vessels, and organs.
Passions, aspirations, dreams, images, fears - everything that every person lives with - acquires increativityspecial color and strength.
It is impossible for everyone to be creators, but it is within our power to try to penetrate into the essence of the creation of a genius, to come closer to understanding the beautiful. And the more often we become contemplators of paintings, architectural masterpieces, listeners of beautiful music, the better for us and those around us.
Art helps us master science and gradually deepen our knowledge. And as mentioned above, it is a critical part of human development:
Forms in a person the ability to perceive, feel, correctly understand and appreciate the beauty in the surrounding reality and art,
Forms skills in using the means of art to understand people’s lives and nature itself;
Develops a deep understanding of the beauty of nature and the surrounding world. the ability to take care of this beauty;
Arms people with knowledge, and also instills skills in the field of accessible arts - music, painting, theater, literary expression, architecture;
Develops creativity, skills and abilities to feel and create beauty in the surrounding life, at home, in everyday life;
Develops an understanding of beauty in human relationships, the desire and ability to bring beauty into everyday life.
So, art influences our life from all sides, makes it diverse and bright, lively and interesting, rich, helping a person understand his purpose in this world better and better.Our earthly world is woven from perfection and imperfection. And it depends only on the person himself how he will make his future, what he will read, what he will listen to, how to speak.
“The best means for cultivating feelings in general, for awakening feelings of beauty, for developing creative imagination, is art itself,” pointed out the scientist-psychologist N.E. Rumyantseva.
4. Literature
1. Nazarenko-Krivosheina E.P. Are you beautiful, man? - M.: Like. Guard, 1987.
2. Nezhnov G.G. Art in our lives. - M., “Knowledge”, 1975
3. Pospelov G.N. Art and aesthetics. - M.: Art, 1984.
8. Solntsev N.V. Heritage and time. M., 1996.
9. To prepare this work, materials from Internet sites were used.