Many works have been created in various forms of art (epics, painting, music, literature, cinema and theater) about the exploits, about valor, about the glory of the defenders of the Fatherland. They glorify the strength, power, courage, nobility and spiritual wealth of the Russian person. Ancient epics telling about the courage of Russian knights-heroes, cants of the Peter the Great era, and soldiers' songs have survived to this day. Russian composers, artists, writers and poets in their work constantly turn to the theme of defending the Motherland. The image of Ivan Susanin, Alexander Nevsky, heroes of the Patriotic War of 1812, the Great Patriotic War are vividly and truthfully depicted in various works of art.
Our glory is the Russian state! Monument to A.V. Suvorov on the Saint Gotthard pass in Switzerland. Sculptor D. Tugarinov year. V. Vereshchagin “The End of the Battle of Borodino”
No wonder all of Russia remembers Borodin Day! M. I. Kutuzov. Artist N. Yash
Not only Lermontov creates images of the heroes of the Motherland in his work, but also Tvardovsky in his poem Vasily Terkin. He described the heroism, courage and great love for the homeland of the defending soldier. The image of Vasily Terkin in the poem is collective; it unites all the features of a Soviet soldier. Like the heroes of Borodino, Tyorkin performs a selfless feat for his country: risking his life, he delivers an important report to the command. The poet shows that all feats are performed by the simplest Russian soldiers, once again proving the idea of the strength of the Russian character.
Images of defenders of the fatherland are also found in the work of ancient Russian literature - “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign.” This is a detailed historical account of the campaign against the Polovtsians by Novgorod-Seversky Prince Igor and three other princes: his brother Vsevolod of Kursk, Igor’s son Vladimir Putivlsky, and nephew Svyatoslav Rylsky.
The campaign of the princes was an attempt to repel the onslaught of the enemy, while other princes were absorbed in civil strife. In this, Igor and Vsevolod continued the work of their father, who repeatedly tamed the Polovtsian uprisings.
The campaign of the Grand Duke and his squad shows in the best possible way the love for his native land and his people, for whose sake the wars rebelled against foreign enemies. This work once again confirms that the Russian spirit is unshakable in the face of the enemy - even after captivity, Igor does not take the side of the enemy, but escapes and returns to his native land. The work ends with the glory of the Russian valiant wars.
The strength of unity of the people is no less important. The author of “The Lay” managed to combine lamentation and glory in the work: reproach for recklessness and admiration for the courage of the defenders of the Russian land, approval of heroism and doubt that it is possible to achieve victory in a disunited state.
Updated: 2019-01-19
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On Defender of the Fatherland Day, how can one not remember the literary heroes who “served without sparing their bellies”? Literature - not only Russian - as a rule, begins with a battle theme. War is a strong impression, a tragedy mixed with the pride of the winner. And it is not surprising that every major war gives birth to Homers. This was the case in our area.
Evpatiy Kolovrat
In the 13th century, Russian squads could not resist the pressure of the Mongol hordes. Burnt cities, dead knights, bitterness of loss... Ryazan knight Evpatiy Kolovrat also died in battle with Batu’s soldiers. But the legend of how he crushed the enemy was comforting. Even if it didn't exist, it had to be invented. And the chroniclers picked up the story in which the invaders managed to destroy Evpatiy’s detachment only with the help of stone-throwing weapons designed to destroy fortifications: “And they attacked him with many vices, and began to beat him with countless vices, and barely killed him.”
Struck by the desperate courage, courage and military skill of the Ryazan hero, Batu said, “Oh, Evpatiy! If you served with me, I would hold you close to my heart!” This name is still known to many in Russia today. Yesenin dedicated poems to Evpaty, and quite recently a film was made about him.
Ilya Muromets
This name will not be forgotten either. Favorite hero of the Russian heroic epic. The most powerful and humane. According to the most popular version, he is a peasant son from the village of Karacharova. He differs from his fellow heroes not only in strength, but also in wisdom. We see him in the gray hair of the “old Cossack”. It was Ilya who saved Kyiv from the invasion of Tsar Kalin - such an enemy of all times and peoples. Muromets had occasion to conflict with Prince Vladimir. He defended his truth bravely. Once he even staged a formal pogrom in Kyiv as an edification to the arrogant ruler.
In the fate and temper of Muromets one can look for the keys to the riddle of the “Russian character”. Until the age of 33, the hero sat idle, but when the time came to “stand up for the Russian land,” he was healed and filled with strength. A meaningful metaphor.
It is unknown when the first epics about Ilya Muromets appeared. What we read was written down in the 18th-20th centuries. European storytellers also knew about Ilya the Russian. And in the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra you can see the relics of Elijah of Pechersk, canonized as “Reverend Elijah of Murom”. Nikolai Karamzin tried to create a poem about the main Russian hero, but neither he nor other interpreters managed to surpass the epics.
"Heroic leap." V.M. Vasnetsov, 1914. Photo: wikipedia.org
Slava Rossiiskaya
Peter the Great was convinced that Russia needed not only an army, but also secular literature, which should glorify the exploits of the army. The anthology of Russian poetry can begin with Feofan Prokopovich’s poem “Beyond the Pockmarked Grave,” dedicated to the not-so-successful military campaign of our tireless emperor, Prutsky. And in 1724, a graduate of the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy Fyodor Zhuravsky composed a dramatic mystery play in verse, “Russian Glory,” in which he sang all the emperor’s victories at once:
Vivat, Russia, vivat today is glorious!
Victoria was revealed to the Russians.
The scepters are now allied in the lavra,
They paint themselves with the world,
The Russian Eagle flew to us quickly,
He proclaimed peace to the Russians with comfort!
This is how our poetry began - to the sound of axes and cannon fire. And the exclamation “Vivat, Russia!” and in our time you can find it: it remains in the repertoire of propaganda.
Heroes of Ishmael
The assault on Izmail shocked not only the Russian and Ottoman Empires. Europe shuddered. Even Byron sent the heroes of his poem “Don Juan” to the banks of the Danube, as part of Suvorov’s army. I couldn’t miss Gavrilo Derzhavin’s Izmail theme. His ode “To the Capture of Ishmael” became the most popular Russian literary work of the 18th century. There are harmonious and impressive stanzas there for the modern ear:
But their glory never dies,
Who will die for the fatherland;
She shines so forever
Like moonlight on the sea at night.
And for connoisseurs of pre-Pushkin poetry, this ode is an “encyclopedia of Russian army life” of the 18th century. Derzhavin, despite his inherent “simplicity of a soldier’s heart,” was also a nobleman and could not help but pay attention to court storms and frosts. Suvorov in those days turned out to be an unwelcome guest at the holiday in the Tauride Palace - and Derzhavin did not mention Count Rymniksky in his ode. He also did not attribute the victory to another commander. Simply, contrary to custom, he limited himself to chanting the abstract Ross, the warrior, the winner. Suvorov was unable to hide his resentment. They reconciled a few years later, after Derzhavin’s new odes, in which Suvorov was given his due.
Engraving by S. Shiflyar "Storm of Izmail December 11 (22), 1790." Made according to sketches made by battle painter M.M. Ivanov during the battle. Photo: wikipedia.org
Yes, there were people in our time...
A lot has been written about 1812, starting with the commemorative “posters” of Count Rostopchin. Many participants in battles skillfully composed poetry and prose, and Denis Davydov was first among equals. But there is one poem that everyone in Russia has read, and many remember by heart. Although its author was not yet born in 1812. Lermontov's Borodino is one of the most influential works of Russian literature. A young soldier asks about a seasoned Borodino veteran:
Tell me, uncle, it’s not for nothing
Moscow, burned by fire,
Given to the Frenchman? -
And - 14 stanzas, which almost entirely became catchphrases. This poem has everything that is necessary for poetic heroism: feat, defeat, victory, high, but not over-labeled, style, nationality, historical scope.
"The end of the Battle of Borodino" from the cycle "1812". V.V. Vereshchagin, around 1899. Photo: wikipedia.org
Andrey Bolkonsky
Leo Tolstoy created Russian military prose. It all started, of course, with Sevastopol Stories, with that war that turned the count into a combat artilleryman. And then, almost half a century after the end of the Napoleonic Wars, he turned to the history of the great confrontation with the French.
Among the heroes of the novel "War and Peace" there are many exemplary warriors. Perhaps Prince Andrei took his service more seriously than others. Many of Tolstoy's ideas about war and peace were reflected in the eyes of this hereditary officer. Wounded at Austerlitz and Borodino, he did not see Russian banners in Paris. He was built like a man. There are few such full-blooded images in the history of literature.
The hero dies from his wounds. Tolstoy realizes the senselessness of wars, but cannot dismiss the heroics of battle.
"War and Peace". Film by Sergei Bondarchuk, 1967. Vyacheslav Tikhonov as Andrei Bolkonsky. Photo: wikipedia.org
Vasily Ivanovich
During the Civil War, Dmitry Furmanov was a prominent figure in the Red Army. For some time he served as a commissar under division commander Chapaev, with whom he was in desperate conflict. But Chapaev died. And Furmanov, putting aside jealousy, turned the dashing commander into a first-class literary myth. The novel was studied in school for many years and republished in countless editions, but the film adaptation by the Vasilyev brothers overshadowed the book.
The film was shot only “based on” the novel; there are many discrepancies between the two works. For example, at Furmanov’s, Chapaev’s orderly, Petka, shot himself to avoid being captured. In the movie, he dies from an enemy bullet. And the film has other advantages, the main one of which is its epic laconicism. Furmanov's novel contains more details of the unvarnished war. He wrote intricately. There were very few primitive books in the twenties. And yet, it is thanks to Furmanov that everyone in Russia knows the impetuous commander with the “lush sergeant major’s mustache” as Chapaya.
A real person
In 1946, “The Tale of a Real Man” by military correspondent Boris Polevoy was published. Polevoy lacked literary grace, but he grasped the topic firmly. And the pilot Alexey Maresyev, aka Meresyev, became one of the symbols of the valor of the Soviet people during the Great Patriotic War. It will remain so. It is no coincidence that even the composer Prokofiev seized on this plot and wrote an opera based on Polevoy’s story. The opera is not the most successful, but Prokofiev is too serious a phenomenon for us not to pay attention to it.
A book like this was desperately needed. The pilot's legs were amputated - but he did not give up, learned not only to dance, but also to fly “with prosthetics” and returned to combat aviation. And indeed such a pilot served in the Red Army. And not even alone. By the way, it’s easy to imagine this plot as interpreted by modern Hollywood.
Lieutenant Drozdovsky
Several powerful books have been written about the Great Patriotic War. Perhaps we can start the countdown with Viktor Nekrasov’s story “In the Trenches of Stalingrad.” And in the 1960s, “lieutenant prose” became a sign of the generation. Yuri Bondarev found a poetic image for his novel about Stalingrad - hot snow. This phrase conveys both the meaninglessness of war and its sublime heroism. This “hot snow” will never be forgotten.
December 1942, Volga steppe. Literature is intertwined with the biography of the author: after all, it was there that Sergeant Bondarev took his first battle, received his first wound... “At Stalingrad, my youth ended. During the war, we went through all the circles of hell and were sure that we had seen everything in life, that nothing left us can surprise." The action of the novel lasts only two days. But this is precisely a novel - multifaceted, showing the war both through emotions and with analytical understanding. It was impossible not to believe the young lieutenant Drozdovsky, the merry fellow Nechaev and other artillerymen who stood to the death on the last line. Many of them, like Bondarev himself, ended up at Stalingrad immediately after college.
"Hot Snow" Film by Gavriil Egiazarov, 1972. Nikolai Eremenko as Vladimir Drozdovsky. Photo: wikipedia.org
War of Zakhar Prilepin
The peaceful times that Bondarev's heroes dreamed of never came. Chechen stories remained the most pressing in journalism for ten years. But things were difficult with literature; a book worthy of attention appeared when the “counter-terrorism operation” officially ended - in 2005.
For Zakhar Prilepin, the novel “Pathologies” is no less important than “Sevastopol Stories” for Lev Nikolaevich. Both fought. Again - destroyed cities, mined space in the post-reform Russian Federation. It seems to be in peacetime. Pathological time. In this novel, almost everything is like in books about the Great Patriotic War - the death of comrades, the smell of blood and alcohol, fear and overcoming fear. But there is also a feeling of duality: the Chechen war is both “ours” and “someone else’s”. There is no sense of victory in the novel, even a future one.
Less than fifteen years have passed. The Chechen war was not the last in Russian history. Experts talk about “hybrid” warfare. New books will also appear. Heroics are necessary - just as in the time of Homer.
The article focuses on literary works devoted to the problems of Russian officers. The author covers the time period, starting from the ancient lives of the first Russian saints to the 21st century. In his research, the author dwells on such literary genres as stories, satires, fables, odes, war notes, novels, etc. A special type of literary art, the akathist, also deserves special attention from the author. We are talking about one of the forms of church poetry.
Patriotism, militancy, defender of the fatherland, Russian officers, literature , historical and cultural layer
Short address: https://site/14342256
IDR: 14342256
References Essay on the third image of the defender of the fatherland in literary works as an example of selfless military service
- Borisov B.P. Ethnic identity as a problem in the era of globalization//Cossack self-education. No. 3. Krasnodar, 2007. P.17-23.
- Ancient Russian literature. M., 1980. pp. 118-123.
- Kudryavtsev I.M. “Message to the Ugra” by Vassian Rylo as a monument of journalism of the 15th century // TODRL. T. VIII. M.; L., 1951. S. 158-186.
- Kuzmin A.I. The heroic theme in Russian literature. M., 1974. P.14-15.
- Likhachev D. S. Development of Russian literature of the X-XVII centuries. St. Petersburg, 1998.
- Monuments of literature of Ancient Rus': XIII century. M., 1981.
- Translation of “Domostroy” into modern Russian by V. V. Kolesov:URL: http://sscadm.nsu.ru
Sofia Bisilova
Project work of 2nd grade students “The image of the defender of the Fatherland through time”
1. Introduction
Relevance of the topic
Purpose of the study
Research objectives
Object and subject of research
Research methods
Hypothesis Issues
2. Main part
2.1. Analysis of literature on the research problem
1. Introduction.
Relevance of the topic.
Subject « Defenders of the Fatherland» is especially relevant in our time when children draw information from the Internet and television programs about force as aggression and terrorism.
Our country has long been famous defenders who guarded the borders of the Motherland. Many glorious warriors and ordinary people have accomplished feats that have glorified Russia since ancient times times and up to now. Learning about defenders of the Fatherland, we generate feelings of pride and love.
Purpose of the study: studying image of the defender of the Fatherland through time
Research objectives:
Study and systematize documentary sources about Heroes defenders;
Conduct a survey among elementary school students on the topic "Russia, Motherland, Fatherland";
Watch how it changes image of a protector through time.
Object of study. History of our Motherland.
Subject of research. .
Research methods:
Analysis of fiction and Internet sources on this topic;
Descriptive method (observation, classification, generalization);
Questioning.
Hypothesis. Is an ordinary schoolboy capable of a heroic act?
Problematic issues:
What famous battles were there in the history of our Motherland?
How do we understand words? "Hero", « Defender» ?
Is an ordinary schoolboy capable of heroic deeds?
2. Main part.
To answer all questions, We:
Learned to analyze material
Characteristics of historical events were given
We learned to draw conclusions.
To find answers, we had necessary:
Watch feature films and documentaries;
Get acquainted with historical dates;
Meet with library worker;
Conduct a survey.
(Student 1)
The topic of our project« The image of the defender of the Fatherland through time»
We were interested to know whether image of the defender of the Fatherland through time.
In our research, we studied and systematized documentary sources about the Heroes defenders, analyzed fiction and Internet sources on this topic, conducted a survey among primary school students classes.
And here's what we found out:
First defenders– these are Russian heroes Ilya Muromets, Dobrynya Nikitich and Alyosha Popovich. They are the ones defended borders of the native land from enemies.
IN image ancient Russian heroes embodied folk concepts of high moral qualities that a true hero should have
One of the most important qualities of a hero is a sense of justice and awareness of his duty - to stand for the truth.
Alexander Nevsky. Russian commander, Grand Duke of Vladimir, at the age of 20 he defeated the Swedish conquerors on the Neva River (Battle of the Neva, 1240, and at 22 - the German “knights of the Livonian Order (Battle on the Ice, 1242).
Kuzma Minin and Dmitry Pozharsky created a people's militia against the Polish invaders. On November 4, 1612, Moscow was liberated from the invaders.
Mikhail Kutuzov. Illustrious commander. Distinguished himself in the Russian-Turkish, Russian-French war
Alexander Suvorov. Suvorov is a brilliant commander, one of the most beloved by the Russian people. The soldiers loved Suvorov. Suvorov himself also left behind a book "The Science of Winning"
Fyodor Ushakov is a famous Russian commander who never knew defeat. Ushakov did not lose a single ship in battles, not a single one of his subordinates was captured. In 2001, the Russian Orthodox Church canonized Theodore Ushakov as a righteous warrior.
The famous Admiral Nakhimov for paternal caring for subordinates was called "father-benefactor". For the sake of a kind word "Stepanych's Fall" the sailors were ready to go through fire and water. Nakhimov personally checked the quality of soldiers' rations.
Georgy Zhukov. Famous Russian commander of the Great Patriotic War. Zhukov became a recipient of more than 60 awards from various countries around the world.
Konstantin Rokossovsky stood at the origins of the largest operations of the Great Patriotic War. He was successful in both offensive and defensive operations (Battle of Stalingrad, Kursk Bulge, Bobruisk offensive operation, Berlin).
(Student 3)
In our research, we were interested in whether an ordinary person is capable of a feat defense of the Motherland?
Ivan Susanin was a serf peasant, he lived in the village of Domnino, not far from the city of Kostroma. In the late winter of 1613, a Polish-Lithuanian detachment tried to find the road to the Tsar’s village and capture the Russian Tsar. Nearby they met the elder Ivan Susanin and ordered him to show the way. Ivan Susanin agreed, but led them in the opposite direction, and sent his messenger to the king with a warning of danger. When the enemies discovered the deception, Ivan Susanin was subjected to severe torture and brutally killed. Composer M. I. Glinka dedicated his opera to the great Russian hero Ivan Susanin, and a monument was also erected.
(Student 3)
We continued to study the exploits of ordinary people. Alexander Matrosov (1924-1943)- private of a rifle regiment, Hero of the Soviet Union, soldier who covered a fascist machine gun with himself.
Sasha’s front-line letter goes to his own orphanage. “I am writing to you from the area where the Nazis were recently. You can’t even imagine what these bastards have done on Russian soil. I saw a well into which the fascist monsters threw sixteen children under the age of 12. I saw a burnt warehouse where the Germans burned 265 women, old people and children. February 27, 1943. There was a fierce battle near the village of Chernushki, Pskov region. The soldiers came under heavy enemy machine-gun fire. Enemy machine-gun fire hindered the advance of our troops. Rushing forward, with his chest and heart, Sailors laid down on the enemy’s firing point and silenced it. The way forward was open.
(Student 4)
In our research we asked the question - “only adults can defend the homeland?» It turned out that not only...
Children are the heroes of the Great Patriotic War
War is not a child's business. It should be so, but this war was special. The war was called the Great Domestic because that's all "from small to large", climbed to defense of the Motherland. Many young patriots died in battles with the enemy, and four of them - Marat Kazei, Valya Kotik, Lenya Golikov and Zina Portnova - were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. They were often written about in newspapers, books were dedicated to them. And even the streets and cities of our Great Motherland - Russia were named after them.
Before the war, these were the most ordinary boys and girls. We studied, helped elders, played, ran and jumped, broke our noses and knees. The hour has come - they showed how huge a small child’s heart can become when a sacred love for the Motherland and hatred for its enemies flares up in it. Little heroes of the big war. They fought alongside their elders - fathers, brothers. At sea, like Borya Kuleshin. In the sky, like Arkasha Kamanin. In a partisan detachment, like Lenya Golikov. In the Brest Fortress, like Valya Zenkina. In the Kerch catacombs, like Volodya Dubinin. In the underground, like Volodya Shcherbatsevich.
And their young hearts did not waver for a moment! Their matured childhood was filled with such trials that, even if a very talented writer had invented them, it would have been difficult to believe. But it was. It happened in the history of our great country, it happened in the destinies of its little children - ordinary boys and girls.
(Student 5)
AND modern children perform feats. Schoolchildren from the Krasnodar region Roman Vitkov and Mikhail Serdyuk saved an elderly woman from a burning house. Heading home, they saw a burning building. Running into the yard, the schoolchildren saw that the veranda was almost completely engulfed in fire. Roman and Mikhail rushed into the barn to get a tool. Grabbing a sledgehammer and an ax, breaking out the window, Roman climbed into the window opening. An elderly woman was sleeping in a smoky room. They managed to get the victim out only after breaking the door.
From the theoretical part of our research we made conclusions:
Each of us can become defender of his Fatherland. We are still children now, but it will take a little while time and we will become soldiers and we will defend your homeland.
Appearance defender changes over time, and his internal qualities, such as courage, courage, honor, kindness, justice will be transmitted through time from generation to generation.
(Student 1)
Practical part.
We conducted a survey among elementary school students, where there were such questions:
1. What feelings does the word Russia, Motherland, Fatherland evoke in you?
2. What human qualities do you consider important?
3. When I hear the word Motherland, I imagine...
4. Who should defend the homeland?
(Student 2)
We found out that the word Russia, Motherland, Fatherland evokes a feeling of pride and love, and such a concept as "indifference" absent among primary school students. The guys consider kindness, courage and responsibility to be important human qualities. When they hear the word Motherland, they imagine their city, and their Motherland Everyone has a duty to protect.
(Student 3)
3 Conclusion.
In conclusion, we concluded - we are proud of our defenders. They were and remain « through time» loyal to the Motherland and ready for any risk, for any danger, they will fight to the death to the end. It is impossible to defeat our Motherland. The younger generation is proud of their Motherland, will remember, honor and know the history of Russia, and will grow up to be a worthy replacement.
1. Encyclopedia for children. History of Russia. Moscow "Avanta +" 1997 2. S. Alekseev stories about Suvorov
3. The most famous battles in world history. Encyclopedia for children
4. https://www.google.ru/shkolazhizni.ru
5. https://www.google.ru/Frufact.org
6. folklor.igraemsdetmy.ru
7. http://www.zyorna.ru