Social control is the most effective way in which powerful institutions of society organize the life of ordinary citizens. The tools, or in this case, methods of social control are extremely diverse; they depend on the situation, goals and nature of the specific group in relation to which they are used. The range of their application is enormous: from clarification of relationships between specific people to psychological pressure, physical violence, and economic coercion of a person by the entire society. It is not necessary that control mechanisms be aimed at condemning an undesirable person or inducing others to be disloyal to him. “Disapproval” is most often expressed not in relation to the individual himself, but in relation to his actions, statements, and interactions with other persons.
External control - it is a set of institutions and mechanisms that guarantee compliance with generally accepted norms of behavior and laws. It is divided into formal, i.e. institutional, and informal, i.e. intragroup.
Formal control based on approval or condemnation from official authorities and administration.
Informal control based on approval or condemnation from public opinion, which is expressed through traditions, customs or the media, as well as from a group of relatives, friends, colleagues, acquaintances. They are called agents of informal control. If we consider the family as a social institution, then we should talk about it as the most important institution of social control.
In compact primary groups, extremely effective and at the same time very subtle control mechanisms, such as persuasion, ridicule, gossip and contempt, are constantly in operation to curb real and potential deviants. Ridicule and gossip are powerful tools of social control in all types of primary groups. Unlike methods of formal control, such as reprimand or demotion, informal methods are available to almost everyone. Both ridicule and gossip can be manipulated by any intelligent person who has access to their transmission channels.
Formal control historically arose later than informal control - during the emergence of complex societies and states, in particular, ancient Eastern empires. However, in modern society the importance of formal control has increased significantly. In a complex society , especially in a country with a population of many millions, it is much more difficult to maintain order and stability. After all, informal control over an individual by such a society is limited to a small group of people. In a large group it is ineffective. That's why it is sometimes called local. On the contrary, formal control is comprehensive; it operates throughout the country. He global, and it is always carried out by special people - agents of formal control. These are professionals, i.e. persons specially trained and paid for performing control functions. They are bearers of social statuses and roles. These include judges, police officers, psychiatrists, social workers, etc. If in traditional society social control was based on unwritten rules, then in modern societies it is based on written norms; instructions, decrees, regulations, laws. Social control has gained institutional support .
Formal control, as we have already said, is exercised by such institutions of modern society as the courts, education, the army, production, the media, political parties, and the government. The school controls with the help of grades, the government - with the help of the tax system and social assistance to the population, the state - with the help of the police, the secret service, state radio and television channels and the press.
Control methods , Depending on the sanctions applied, they are divided into:
· hard;
· soft;
· straight;
· indirect. [Appendix 2]
Social control is the most effective way in which powerful institutions of society organize the life of ordinary citizens. The tools, or in this case, methods of social control are extremely diverse; they depend on the situation, goals and nature of the specific group in relation to which they are used. The range of their application is enormous: from clarifying one-on-one relationships between specific people to psychological pressure, physical violence, and economic coercion of a person by the whole society. It is not necessary that control mechanisms be aimed at condemning an undesirable person or inducing others to be disloyal to him.
“Disapproval” is most often expressed not in relation to the individual himself, but in relation to his actions, statements, and interactions with other persons.
In contrast to self-control, discussed above, external control is a set of institutions and mechanisms that guarantee compliance with generally accepted norms of behavior and laws. It is divided into formal (institutional) and informal (intragroup).
Formal control is based on approval or condemnation from official authorities and administration.
Informal control is based on approval or condemnation from a group of relatives, friends, colleagues, acquaintances, as well as from public opinion, which is expressed through traditions and customs or the media.
The traditional rural community controlled all aspects of the lives of its members: choosing a bride, methods of courtship, determining the name of a newborn, methods of resolving disputes and conflicts, and much more. There were no written rules. Public opinion acted as a controller, most often relying on the opinion expressed by the oldest members of the community. Religious demands were organically woven into a unified system of social control.
Strict observance of rituals and ceremonies associated with traditional holidays and ceremonies (for example, betrothal, marriage, birth of a child, reaching maturity, harvesting) fostered a sense of respect for social norms and instilled a deep understanding of their necessity.
Informal control can also be exercised by the family, circle of relatives, friends and acquaintances. They are called agents of informal control. If we consider the family as a social institution, then we should talk about it as the most important institution of social control.
In compact primary groups, extremely effective and at the same time very subtle control mechanisms, such as persuasion, ridicule, gossip and contempt, are constantly in operation to curb real and potential deviants. Ridicule and gossip are powerful tools of social control in all types of primary groups. Unlike methods of formal control, such as reprimand or demotion, informal methods are available to almost everyone. Both ridicule and gossip can be manipulated by any intelligent person who has access to their transmission channels.
Not only business organizations, but also universities and churches have successfully used economic sanctions to deter their staff from deviant behavior, that is, behavior that is considered to be outside the bounds of what is acceptable.
Detailed (minor) control, in which the manager intervenes in every action, corrects, pulls back, etc., is called supervision. Supervision is carried out not only at the micro, but also at the macro level of society. Its subject is the state, and in this case supervision turns into a specialized public institution, which grows into a huge system covering the entire country. In such a system, the agents of formal control include detective bureaus, detective agencies, police stations, informant services, prison guards, escort troops, courts, censorship, etc.
Formal control historically arose later than informal control - during the emergence of complex societies and states, in particular, ancient Eastern empires. Although, undoubtedly, we can easily find its harbingers in an earlier period - in the so-called chiefdoms, where the range of formal sanctions officially applied to violators was clearly defined - up to expulsion from the tribe and the death penalty. All kinds of rewards were also established in the chiefdoms.
However, in modern society the importance of formal control has increased significantly. Why? It turns out that in a complex society, especially in a country with a population of many millions, it is much more difficult to maintain order and stability. After all, informal control over an individual by such a society is limited to a small group of people. In a large group it is ineffective. Therefore, it is sometimes called local (local). On the contrary, formal control is comprehensive; it operates throughout the country. It is global, and it is always carried out by special people - agents of formal control. These are professionals, i.e. persons specially trained and paid for performing control functions. They are bearers of social statuses and roles. These include judges, police officers, doctors, psychiatrists, social workers, special church officials, etc. If in traditional society social control was based on unwritten rules, then in modern societies it is based on written norms: instructions, decrees, regulations, laws. Social control gained institutional support.
Formal control, as we have already said, is exercised by such institutions of modern society as the courts, education, the army, production, the media, political parties, and the government. The school controls with the help of grades, the government - with the help of the tax system and social assistance to the population, the state - with the help of the police, the secret service, state radio and television channels and the press.
Control methods, depending on the sanctions applied, are divided into:
¦ hard;
¦ soft;
¦ straight;
¦ indirect.
The names of control methods differ from what you learned above about the types of sanctions (remember them), but the content of both is largely similar. The four control methods may overlap (Table 11).
Table 11
Combinations of formal control methods
Let us give examples of such intersections.
1. The media are instruments of indirect soft control.
2. Political repression, racketeering, organized crime - to instruments of direct strict control.
3. The effect of the constitution and the criminal code are instruments of direct soft control.
4. Economic sanctions of the international community are tools of indirect strict control.
Social control is the most effective way in which powerful institutions of society organize the life of ordinary citizens. The tools, or in this case, methods of social control are extremely diverse; they depend on the situation, goals and nature of the specific group in relation to which they are used. The range of their application is enormous: from clarification of relationships between specific people to psychological pressure, physical violence, and economic coercion of a person by the entire society. It is not necessary that control mechanisms be aimed at condemning an undesirable person or inducing others to be disloyal to him. “Disapproval” is most often expressed not in relation to the individual himself, but in relation to his actions, statements, and interactions with other persons.
External control - it is a set of institutions and mechanisms that guarantee compliance with generally accepted norms of behavior and laws. It is divided into formal, i.e. institutional, and informal, i.e. intragroup.
Formal control based on approval or condemnation from official authorities and administration.
Informal control based on approval or condemnation from public opinion, which is expressed through traditions, customs or the media, as well as from a group of relatives, friends, colleagues, acquaintances. They are called agents of informal control. If we consider the family as a social institution, then we should talk about it as the most important institution of social control.
In compact primary groups, extremely effective and at the same time very subtle control mechanisms, such as persuasion, ridicule, gossip and contempt, are constantly in operation to curb real and potential deviants. Ridicule and gossip are powerful tools of social control in all types of primary groups. Unlike methods of formal control, such as reprimand or demotion, informal methods are available to almost everyone. Both ridicule and gossip can be manipulated by any intelligent person who has access to their transmission channels.
Formal control historically arose later than informal control - during the emergence of complex societies and states, in particular, ancient Eastern empires. However, in modern society the importance of formal control has increased significantly. In a complex society , especially in a country with a population of millions, it is much more difficult to maintain order and stability. After all, informal control over an individual by such a society is limited to a small group of people. In a large group it is ineffective. That's why it is sometimes called local. On the contrary, formal control is comprehensive; it operates throughout the country. He global, and it is always carried out by special people - agents of formal control. These are professionals, i.e. persons specially trained and paid for performing control functions. They are bearers of social statuses and roles. These include judges, police officers, psychiatrists, social workers, etc. If in traditional society social control was based on unwritten rules, then in modern societies it is based on written norms; instructions, decrees, regulations, laws. Social control has gained institutional support .
Formal control, as we have already said, is exercised by such institutions of modern society as the courts, education, the army, production, the media, political parties, and the government. The school controls with the help of grades, the government - with the help of the tax system and social assistance to the population, the state - with the help of the police, the secret service, state radio and television channels and the press.
Control methods , Depending on the sanctions applied, they are divided into:
· hard;
· soft;
· straight;
· indirect.
Conclusion
The role and significance of social control lies primarily in the fact that it makes a serious contribution to ensuring the reproduction of social relations and social structure and thereby plays a very important role in the stabilization and integration of the social system and the strengthening of social order. Social control is aimed at making a habit of standards of behavior in certain situations that do not raise objections from a social group or the whole society. Basing its activities on the general recognition of the culture of a given society or group, on instilling its values and norms in its members through education, social control is designed to ensure that human behavior corresponds to these values, norms and roles. But the role of social control in the prevention and suppression of social deviations, primarily the deviant behavior of people and their groups, is especially great, direct and visible.
Having considered social control as a social institution, examining its essence and forms, we can draw the following conclusions:
· Mechanisms of social control play a vital role in strengthening all institutions of society;
· In relation to society, social control performs two main functions: protective and stabilizing.
· The main purpose of social control is to maintain order and stability in society, as well as to ensure social reproduction in a direction corresponding to the development strategy chosen by a particular society;
· Thanks to the mechanisms of socialization, prescription, encouragement, selection and control, the social system maintains equilibrium.
Self-control - independent regulation by a person of his behavior, his motives and motivations, an integral part of the system of moral relations of society, which includes both various forms of society’s control over the behavior of its individual members, and everyone’s personal control over themselves. The mechanism of self-control covers beliefs, feelings, habits, and a person’s self-esteem of his actions, motives, and moral qualities that gradually develop in the process of social life of an individual (one of the forms of such self-esteem is conscience); self-education.
Social control- a mechanism of self-regulation of society and social groups, ensuring their targeted influence on people’s behavior in order to strengthen order and stability. Social control is designed to guarantee given social values, norms and roles the behavior of a person or social group. It bases its activities on the general recognition of the culture of a given society, group and instilling its values and norms in its members through the education of behavior patterns.
Bibliography
1. Berger P. L. Invitation to Sociology: A Humanistic Perspective. - M.: Aspect Press, 1996. - 168 p.
2. Kosyanov V.V. Sociology: exam answers. - Rostov n/d.: Phoenix, 2003. - 320 p.
3. Kravchenko A.I., Anurin V.F. Sociology: Textbook for universities. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2003. - 432 p.
4. Latysheva V.V. Fundamentals of Sociology: Pupil for college students. - M.: Bustard, 2004. - 240 p.
5. Dictionary of ethics // edited by Kon I.S. - M.: Politizdat, 1981. - 430.
6. Tadevosyan E.V. Dictionary reference book on sociology and political science. - M.: Knowledge, 1996. - 273s.
7. Tadevosyan E.V. Sociology. Tutorial. - M.: Knowledge, 1998. - 272 p.
8. http://www.bestreferat.ru/referat-2503.html
9. http://www.5ka.ru/72/50730/1.html
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11. http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki
Social control is the most effective tool with the help of which powerful institutions of society organize the life of ordinary citizens. The tools, or in this case methods, of social control are extremely diverse; they depend on the situation, goals and nature of the specific group where they are used. They range from one-on-one showdowns to psychological pressure, physical violence, and economic coercion. It is not necessary that the control mechanisms were aimed at excluding the undesirable person and stimulating the loyalty of others. Most often, it is not the individual himself who is subject to “isolation,” but his actions, statements, and relationships with other persons.
Unlike self-control discussed above, external control - it is a set of institutions and mechanisms that guarantee compliance with generally accepted norms of behavior and laws. It is divided into informal (intragroup) and formal (institutional).
Formal control based on approval or condemnation from official authorities and administration.
Informal control based on approval or condemnation from a group of relatives, friends, colleagues, acquaintances, as well as from public opinion, which is expressed through traditions and customs or the media.
The traditional rural community controlled all aspects of the lives of its members: the choice of a bride, methods of resolving disputes and conflicts, methods of courtship, choosing the name of a newborn, and much more. There were no written rules. Public opinion, most often expressed by the oldest members of the community, acted as a controller. Religion was organically woven into a unified system of social control. Strict observance of rituals and ceremonies associated with traditional holidays and ceremonies (for example, marriage, birth of a child, reaching maturity, betrothal, harvest) fostered a sense of respect for social norms and instilled a deep understanding of their necessity.
In compact primary groups, extremely effective and at the same time very subtle control mechanisms are constantly in operation to curb real and potential deviants - such as persuasion, ridicule, gossip and contempt. Ridicule and gossip are powerful tools of social control in all types of primary groups. Unlike methods of formal control, such as reprimand or demotion, informal methods are available to almost everyone. Both ridicule and gossip can be manipulated by any intelligent person who has access to their transmission channels.
Not only business organizations, but universities and churches have successfully used economic sanctions to deter their staff from deviant behavior, that is, behavior that is considered to be outside the bounds of what is acceptable.
Detailed (minor) control, in which the manager intervenes in every action, corrects, pulls back, etc., is called supervision. Supervision is carried out not only at the micro, but also at the macro level of society. The state becomes its subject, and it turns into a specialized public institution. It is growing into a huge system covering the entire country. Such a system includes detective bureaus, detective agencies, police stations, informant services, prison guards and escort troops, courts, and censorship.
Informal control can also be performed by family, circle of relatives, friends and acquaintances. They are called agents of informal control. If we consider the family as a social institution, then we should talk about it as the most important Institute of Social Control.
Formal control historically arose later than informal control - during the emergence of complex societies and states, in particular, ancient Eastern empires.
Although, undoubtedly, we can easily find its harbingers in an earlier period - in the so-called chiefdoms, where the range of formal sanctions officially applied to violators was clearly outlined, for example, the death penalty, expulsion from the tribe, removal from office, as well as all kinds of rewards.
However, in modern society the importance of formal control has increased greatly. Why? It turns out in complex society especially in a country with a population of millions, it is increasingly difficult to maintain order and stability. Informal control is limited to a small group of people. In a large group it is ineffective. Therefore it is called local (local). On the contrary, formal control applies throughout the country. He global
It is carried out by special people - agents of formal control. These are persons specially trained and paid for performing control functions. They are bearers of social statuses and roles. These include judges, police officers, psychiatrists, social workers, special church officials, etc.
If in traditional society social control was based on unwritten rules, then in modern society it is based on written norms: instructions, decrees, regulations, laws. Social control has acquired an institutional support.
Formal control carried out by such institutions of modern society as courts, education, army, production, media, political parties, government. The school controls, thanks to examination grades, the government - the system of taxation and social assistance to the population, the state - the police, the secret service, state radio and television channels and the press.
Control methods depending on the sanctions applied are subdivided on the:
hard;
soft;
straight;
indirect.
Their name is different from what you learned about the types of sanctions (remember them), but the content of both is largely similar. The four control methods may overlap.
Media refers to tools indirect soft control;
Political repression, racketeering, organized crime - to the tools straight hard control;
The effect of the constitution and the criminal code - to instruments straight soft control;
Economic sanctions of the international community - to instruments indirect hard control.
Let's do it conclusions: external control is divided into informal (it is based on unwritten rules) and formal (it is based on written norms and laws). The second arose later than the first and is used mainly in modern society. Both have agents and institutions of control. Control methods can be soft or hard.
The subjects of social control, as we already know, are social institutions and agents (individuals). The institutions of formal control include entities that monitor compliance with formal norms (government institutions and organizations, political parties). Institutions of informal control - community, family, yard company.The nature of control should not be equated with its effectiveness: very often informal control is much more effective than formal control. For example, despite all the efforts of the state, during the well-known anti-alcohol campaign in our country, millions of people violated the ban on moonshine.
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Whining. And at the same time, millions of people (including non-believers) observe religious rites and rituals without any coercion.
In criminal law there is a principle of “economy of repression”. In the field of social control and regulation, there is a principle of economy of law: legal control should be applied where and when other forms of control do not work. As mentioned above, law (especially criminal law) is an effective, but very sharp instrument, and also very expensive: a special apparatus is needed to monitor compliance with legal prohibitions. (The negative consequences of this are discussed in Chapter 10)
Informal control is much cheaper. You can pass a law, regulate in detail the conditions of activity and! the rules of the game, for example, in a game so close to every Russian
re like advertising. And the apparatus, receiving salaries from the budget, will monitor compliance with the rules and apply sanctions to violators. But the rules of the game in the advertising business can also be regulated by the market participants themselves, the community of advertising producers themselves. A community can establish certain ethical standards and principles of conduct for its members (code of honor). Those who do not follow these rules are excluded from the community, and this is worse than any warnings and fines that government officials can impose.
Informal control is based on approval or condemnation from relatives, friends, colleagues, acquaintances, as well as from public opinion, which is formed on the basis of traditions and customs. Currently, the media play a key role in shaping public opinion.
Public opinion is a set of ideas, assessments and common sense judgments shared by the majority of members of a social group or society as a whole.
It exists in a production team, a small village, a social class, an ethnic group and society as a whole. The impact of public opinion is perhaps the most powerful. For example, the condemnation by public opinion in Russia of the project for the transfer of northern rivers in the late 80s. Against the state machine, a huge number of scientific institutes,
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receiving funds from the project, and the officials distributing these funds, a small group of intellectuals initially spoke out. Then, after support from television and the press, the condemnation grew into a widespread social movement. The majority's opinion changed, and then a government decision was made to suspend funding for the project.
Sociology studies public opinion very broadly. Questionnaires and interviews are aimed primarily at studying it. Sociology is sometimes even identified, and incorrectly, with the study of public opinion.
It is studied in two ways:
survey typical citizens and then summarize statistical data;
They interview not the typical ones, but the most active ones. They are called opinion leaders.
In Russia, one of the main forms of organizing social life was the community. The traditional rural community controlled all aspects of the lives of its members: the choice of a bride, methods of courtship, methods of resolving disputes and conflicts, choosing the name of a newborn, and much more. There were no written rules. Public opinion, most often expressed by the oldest members of the community, acted as a controller. Religion was organically woven into a unified system of social control. Strict observance of rituals and ceremonies associated with traditional holidays and ceremonies (for example, marriage, birth of a child, reaching maturity, betrothal, harvesting) fostered a sense of respect for social norms and instilled a deep understanding of their necessity.
Informal control can also be performed by relatives, friends and acquaintances - agents of informal control. If we consider the family as a social institution, then we should talk about it as the most important institution of social control.
It is not difficult to notice the similarity of two processes in society - socialization and control. The subjects of influence in both cases are agents and social institutions.
Formal control is based on approval or condemnation by official authorities. Historically, it arose later than the informal one - during the period of the emergence of complex societies.
1ceces and states, in particular, the ancient Eastern empires. Although, undoubtedly, its predecessors can be easily identified in an earlier period - in the so-called chiefdoms, where a stable system of sanctions had already emerged, officially applied to violators, for example, deprivation of life, expulsion from the tribe, as well as all kinds of rewards (honors).
In modern society, the importance of formal control has greatly increased. Why? In a complex society, especially in a country with a population of millions, it is increasingly difficult to maintain order and stability. It is carried out by special people - agents of formal control. These are specially trained persons who receive wages for performing control functions. They are bearers of special social statuses and roles. These include judges, police officers, psychiatrists, social workers, special church officials, etc.
| If in traditional society social control was based on unwritten rules, then in modern society it is based on written norms: instructions, decrees, regulations, laws. Social control increasingly appears in institutional form.
Formal control is exercised by such institutions of modern society as the court, school, army, media, political parties, and government. The school controls with the help of examination grades, the government controls the taxation and social assistance systems for the population, the state controls the police, the secret service, and state radio and television channels.
The main tool used by agents and institutions of social control are sanctions.
Sanctions are not only punishments, but also incentives that promote compliance with social norms.
There are four types of sanctions: positive and negative, formal and informal. They give four types of combinations that can be depicted as a logical square (Fig. 7.1).
Formal positive sanctions "(F+) - public approval from official organizations (government, institution, creative union): government awards, state prizes and scholarships, awarded titles, academic degrees and titles, construction of a monument, presentation of certificates of honor,
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access to high positions and honorary functions (for example, election as chairman of the board).
Positive
Negative
f+ f-
n+ n-
Formal Informal
Rice. 7.1. Four types of sanctions
Informal positive sanctions (N+) - approval that does not come from official organizations: friendly praise, compliment, tacit recognition, friendly disposition, applause, honor, flattering feedback, smile.
Formal negative sanctions (F-) - punishments provided for by laws, government regulations, instructions, charters: arrest, dismissal, fine, confiscation of property, demotion, demotion, dethronement, death penalty, excommunication.
Informal negative sanctions (N-) - punishments not provided for by official authorities: ridicule, mockery, cruel joke, humiliating nickname, neglect, refusal to shake hands or maintain relationships, unkind feedback.
So, social sanctions play a key role in the system of social control. The rules themselves do not control anything. People's behavior is controlled by other people and social groups based on norms that are expected to be followed by everyone.
“Compliance with norms, like knowledge of sanctions, makes our behavior predictable.
Each of us knows that an official reward awaits for an outstanding scientific discovery, and imprisonment for a serious crime. When we expect a certain action from another person, we hope that he knows not only the norm, but also the sanction that follows it.
Thus, norms and sanctions are combined into a single whole. If a norm does not have an accompanying sanction, then it becomes a slogan, a call, an appeal. Although
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A shozung is capable of influencing (and quite significantly) the behavior of people, but a norm-slogan is not an element of social control.
According to the degree of intensity, sanctions are strict, or tough, and non-strict, or soft.
Methods of social control are associated with the nature of sanctions and the institutions that apply them.
Social control, depending on the severity of the sanctions applied, is divided into hard and soft, depending on the institution applying them - into direct and indirect.
As a rule, the institution that sets the rules also controls their compliance. This is direct control (the state controls compliance with legal norms, the yard company controls group control).
But one of the features of social control (and one of the important conditions for its effectiveness) is that compliance with the same norm can be controlled by different institutions. When one institution of social control controls compliance with a norm established by another institution, this is indirect control. With such control, sanctions specific to the given controlling institution are applied. For example, both the school and the family monitor student performance. For poor performance at school they give a bad grade (direct control), while in the family the child may be prohibited from playing on the computer (indirect control). If we talk about the comparative effectiveness of direct and indirect control, then, as in relation to formal and informal control, it is impossible to determine in general terms: in some cases direct is more effective, in others - indirect.
You look at the article (abstract): “ Institutions of control and sanctions"from discipline" Sociology for lawyers»