Which letters are always voiced and unvoiced? How to distinguish a voiceless consonant from a voiced consonant

Human speech consists of a set of sequential sounds. They are divided into two main groups - consonants and vowels - according to the principle of articulation. Consonant sounds are those sounds during the pronunciation of which the stream of air exhaled by the lungs encounters possible obstacles in the mouth on its path - this could be the tongue, teeth, palate, or lips. This explains the appearance of consonant sounds. Some consonants, when formed, are involved, while others are not. Thus, in the Russian language there is a distinction between voiceless and voiced consonants. If a consonant is formed only with the help of noise, then it will be voiceless. And if in his education they participate

varying degrees of both noise and voice, then this consonant is called voiced. We can easily notice the difference in the pair of “voiceless and voiced consonants” if we put our hand to the larynx. If we name voiced consonants, we feel a tremor and vibration of the vocal cords. Since the ligaments are tense, the air exhaled by the lungs causes them to vibrate and move. And if you pronounce a dull sound, then the ligaments will be in a calm, relaxed state, which is why a certain kind of noise is formed. In addition, if voiced consonants are pronounced, our speech organs experience slightly less tension than when pronouncing dull sounds.

Some consonants - voiced and voiceless - form so-called pairs. Such sounds are called paired voiced and voiceless consonants. In order to make memorizing voiceless consonants as easy as possible, a special phrase-formula (mnemonic rule) is used: “Styopka, do you want cheeks? Fii!” This sentence contains all voiceless consonants.

And some sounds do not have a pair based on the principle of voiceless and voiced consonants. These include:

[l], [m], [n], [r], [th] [l"], [m"], [n"], [r"] - voiced

[ts], [x], [sh:"] [h], [x"] - deaf

In addition, the following sounds [ш], [ч], [ш], [ж] are called hissing, and [р], [м], [н], [л] - sonorant. They are close to and can form syllables.

The first row consists of consonants called sonorants, which is translated from Greek as “sonorous.” That is, during their formation, the voice prevails over the noise. And in the second row of consonants, on the contrary, noise dominance is noted.

One of the principles of modern Russian orthoepy (a branch of phonetics that deals with the study of literary pronunciation norms) is that voiced consonants take on the appearance of deaf ones, and deaf ones are likened to voiced ones when Voiced consonant sounds (with the exception of sonorant ones) are pronounced as voiceless ones at the end of a word or immediately before another unvoiced sound: code - ko[t]. And deaf consonants acquire the sign of voicedness if they are located in front of a voiced consonant sound and begin to be pronounced loudly: threshing [molod'ba], hand over - [z]dat. Only before the consonant [v], as well as before sonorants, do deaf people not become voiced.

Voiceless and voiced consonants create certain difficulties for us when writing. In accordance with the morphological principle of the orthography of our language, neither deafening nor voicing can be expressed in writing. This means that in order to check paired voiced or voiceless consonants standing in the middle of a word or at the end before another consonant, it is necessary to select such or change the word so that after the consonant sound there is a vowel: lo[sh]ka - spoon, gr[ t] - hail, horse[t]ka - horses.

IN primary school the basis of human spelling literacy is formed.

Everyone knows that the difficulty of the Russian language is largely due to the discrepancy between spelling and pronunciation. This is often associated with paired consonants.

What is a paired consonant?

All consonants are in one opposition or another with each other according to their characteristic features. One of them is the contrast between sounds based on deafness and voicedness.

Some consonants, while all other features coincide, such as the place of formation and the method of pronunciation, differ only in the participation of the voice in the sound process. They are called pairs. The remaining consonants do not have a voiceless-voiced pair: l, m, x, ts, ch, shch, y.

Paired consonants are given here. The table also contains examples that illustrate the spelling “Verified consonants in the root of a word.”

Spelling rule for paired consonants

During pronunciation, paired sounds can be interchangeable. But this process is not reflected in writing. That is, the letters do not change, no matter what sounds we hear in their place. This is how the principle of uniformity of morphemes is implemented in the Russian language. The spelling of paired consonants is completely subject to this law.

The rule can be stated in the following paragraphs:

• the root of the word is always written the same way, since semantics depends on this;
• spelling needs to be checked by selecting or changing word forms;
• You must select as a test one the one that has either a vowel sound or a sonorant sound after the dubious consonant (р,л,м,н,й).

This can be seen in the examples from the table: consonant spellings appear either at the end of words or before other paired sounds. In test words they are located before vowels or before phonemes that are unpaired in voicing.

Application of the rule

The spelling of paired consonants needs to be practiced. You need to start by developing the ability to see the spelling pattern being studied. This will be the end of a word or a combination of consonants, in which sounds begin to influence the sound of each other - the subsequent one changes the quality of the pronunciation of the previous one.

When we know what a paired consonant is, it is not difficult to draw a conclusion about which option to choose:

• bo[p] - beans - bean;
• bro[t] - broda - ford;
• bro[f"] - eyebrows - eyebrow;
• nail[t"] - nails - nail;
• vegetable garden [t] - vegetable gardens - vegetable garden;
• dro [sh] - trembling - trembling;
• stripe [s]ka - stripe - stripe;
• ko[z"]ba - mow - mowing;
• re[z"]ba - cut - carving;
• goro[d"]ba - fence - gorodba;
• kro[v"] - blood - blood;
• str[sh] - guard - guard.

Paired consonants. Examples of differentiating words

Deafness and voicedness are able to distinguish words by meaning. For example:

• (soup) thick - (above the river) bush;
• (telegraph) pole - (Alexandria) pillar;
• bark (oak) - (high) mountain;
• (unbearable) heat - (surface) of the ball;
• (bouquet) of roses - (boy) grew up;
• (new) house - (thick) volume.

In weak positions, at the end of words, for example, as in the example of “roses” and “ros”, verification is required to avoid semantic confusion. Paired consonants in Russian require careful attention.

Test on the topic studied

grass[..]ka, fish[..]ka, zu[..]ki, arbu[..], lo[..]ka, kor[..]ka, ko[..]ti.

Fabulous - fairy tale, head - head, pie - pies, ditch - groove, birch - birch, eyes - eyes, stripe - stripes, notebook - notebook, spikelet - spikelets, jump - jumping

6. F or W?

Boots...ki, doro...ki, bum...ki, cro...ki, ro...ki, vice..ki, bara...ki, lo...ki, game...ki, cha...ki, lay down...ki.

• g...ki (__________);
• fl...ki (__________);
• gr... (__________);
• gla... (__________);
• jump...ki (____________);
• lo...ka (____________);
• horse (______________);
• zu.. (_______).

Sha(p/b)ka, provo(d/t), kru(g/k), povya(s/z)ka, myo(d/t), su(d/t), sla(d/t) cue, oshi(b/p)ka, doba(v/f)ka, uka(z/s)ka.

9. Insert letters in the text:

Swan is the king of all waterfowl. He is, like a dream..., white, graceful, he has shiny eyes, black varnishes and a long, flexible neck. How beautifully he floats on the smooth water of the pond!

10. Correct errors:

• I love reading stories.
• How fragrant the strawberries are!
• Carrots are sown on the beds.
• A flexible birch tree flutters its petals in the wind.
• The tray floated on the lake.
• Berek is gradually approaching.
• Storosh is not sleeping.
• A mongrel rattles loudly in the yard.
• Yosh rustles in the bushes.

Answers

1. What is a paired consonant? A consonant that has a pair of deafness or voicedness.

2. Complete the sentence:

To check paired consonants, you need choose a test word.

3. Highlight the words that need checking:

immer..ka, underwater... smooth, smart... horse, careful..prepare, du..ki, l o...ki, other..ny.

4. Write the sounds in square brackets:

grass[V]ka, lo[D]ka, zu[B]ki, arbu[Z], lo[D]ka, koro[B]ka, ko[G]ti.

5. Underline the test word:

Fabulous - fairy tale, head - head, pie - pies, ditch - ditch, birch - birch, eyes - eyes, stripe - stripes, notebook - notebook, spikelet - spikelets, bounce- jumping

6. F or W?

Boots, paths, pieces of paper, crumbs, horns, powders, lambs, spoons, toys, cups, frogs.

7. Write down the test words and insert letters instead of dots:

• beeps(beep);
• checkboxes(checkbox);
• griB (mushrooms);
• glaZ (eyes);
• jumping (jump);
• boat (boat);
• horse(horses);
• Teeth (teeth).

8. Choose the correct option:

Hat, wire, circle, bandage, honey, court, sweet, mistake, additive, pointer.

9. Insert letters in the text:

The swan is the king of all waterfowl. He is like snow, white, graceful, he has sparkling eyes, black paws and a long flexible neck. How beautifully he floats on the smooth water of the pond!

10. Correct errors:

• I love reading fairy tales.
• How fragrant the strawberries are!
• Carrots are sown in the beds.
• A flexible birch tree flutters its petals in the wind.
• The boat was sailing on the lake.
• The coastline is gradually approaching.
• The watchman is not sleeping.
• A mongrel barks loudly in the yard.
• The hedgehog rustles in the bushes.

Voiceless consonants

Consonant sounds formed with the help of noise alone, without the participation of the voice: (k), (k'), (p), (p'), (s), (s'), (t), (t'), ( f), (f'1, (x), (x'), (ts), (h), (w), (w') (w).

Dictionary-reference book linguistic terms. Ed. 2nd. - M.: Enlightenment. Rosenthal D. E., Telenkova M. A.. 1976 .

See what “voiceless consonants” are in other dictionaries:

VOICE CONSONANTS. Sounds consisting acoustically of a single noise produced by the organs of speech (see Noisy consonants), without the participation of the voice; At the same time, the vocal cords are either open or, although brought together, are not tense, which is why the exhaled air, passing... ... Literary encyclopedia

Voiceless consonants- VOICE CONSONANTS. Sounds consisting acoustically of a single noise produced by the organs of speech (see Noisy consonants), without the participation of the voice; At the same time, the vocal cords are either open or, although brought closer, are not tense, causing the exhaled air... ... Dictionary of literary terms

Main article: Consonants Voiceless consonants are a type of consonant pronounced without vibration of the larynx. Deafness is a type of phonation, along with sonority and the condition of the larynx. The International Phonetic Alphabet has different letters for voiced and voiceless... ... Wikipedia

Consonants pronounced without the participation of the voice, that is, with the vocal cords apart and relaxed, for example, Russian “p”, “t”, “k”, “f”, “s”. See Consonants...

voiceless consonants- Sounds consisting acoustically of one noise produced by the organs of speech (see noisy consonants), without the participation of the voice; At the same time, the vocal cords are either open or, although brought together, are not tense, which is why the exhaled air, passing through them, ... ... Grammar dictionary: Grammar and linguistic terms

Voiced and voiceless consonants

Voiced and voiceless consonants- 1. To check the spelling of a dubious consonant, you need to change the form of the word or select a related word so that the consonant being checked is followed by a vowel sound or one of the consonants l, m, n, r. For example: lubrication - lubricate, threshing -... ... A reference book on spelling and style

Consonants- Consonants are a class of speech sounds that are opposite in properties to vowels. Articulatory properties of consonants: the obligatory presence of an obstruction in the vocal tract; from an acoustic point of view, consonants are characterized as sounds in the formation of which ... Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary

The "Consent" request is redirected here; see also other meanings. Consonant sounds of speech that are combined in a syllable with vowels and, in contrast, do not form the apex of the syllable. Acoustically, consonants have relatively less than vowels... ... Wikipedia

Speech sounds that combine in a syllable with vowels and, in contrast, do not form the apex of the syllable. Acoustically, vowels have a relatively lower overall energy than vowels and may not have a clear formant (see Formant) structure.… … Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Books

• Voiceless consonants, Varlamov Igor Valerievich. Moscow and Magnitogorsk are two cities that determined the creative destiny of Igori Varlamov. About the literary and artistic environment of two cities, each of which had its own officialdom and its own counterculture...

The modern Russian alphabet consists of 33 letters. The phonetics of the modern Russian number determines 42 sounds. The sounds are vowels and consonants. The letters ь (soft sign) and ъ (hard sign) do not form sounds.

Vowel sounds

The Russian language has 10 vowel letters and 6 vowel sounds.

• Vowel letters: a, i, e, e, o, u, s, e, yu, i.
• Vowel sounds: [a], [o], [u], [e], [i], [s].

To remember, vowel letters are often written in pairs with similar sounds: a-ya, o-yo, e-e, i-y, u-yu.

Shocked and unstressed

The number of syllables in a word is equal to the number of vowels in the word: forest - 1 syllable, water - 2 syllables, road - 3 syllables, etc. The syllable that is pronounced with greater intonation is stressed. The vowel that forms such a syllable is stressed, the remaining vowels in the word are unstressed. The position under stress is called a strong position, without stress - a weak position.

Yotated vowels

A significant place is occupied by iotated vowels - the letters e, e, yu, i, which mean two sounds: e → [й'][е], е → [й'][о], yu → [й'][у], i → [th'][a]. Vowels are iotated if:

1. stand at the beginning of a word (spruce, fir-tree, spinning top, anchor),
2. stand after a vowel (what, sings, hare, cabin),
3. stand after ь or ъ (stream, stream, stream, stream).

In other cases, the letters e, e, yu, i mean one sound, but there is no one-to-one correspondence, since different positions in the word and various combinations The consonants of these letters produce different sounds.

Consonants

There are 21 consonant letters and 36 consonant sounds. The discrepancy in quantity means that some letters may represent different sounds in in different words- soft and hard sounds.

Consonants: b, v, g, d, g, z, j, k, l, m, n, p, r, s, t, f, x, c, h, w, sch.
Consonant sounds: [b], [b'], [v], [v'], [g], [g'], [d], [d'], [zh], [z], [z' ], [th'], [k], [k'], [l], [l'], [m], [m'], [n], [n'], [p], [p' ], [p], [p'], [s], [s'], [t], [t'], [f], [f'], [x], [x'], [ts] , [h'], [w], [w'].

The sign ‘ means a soft sound, that is, the letter is pronounced softly. The absence of a sign indicates that the sound is hard. So, [b] - hard, [b’] - soft.

Voiced and voiceless consonants

There is a difference in the way we pronounce consonant sounds. Voiced consonants are formed in a combination of voice and noise, voiceless consonants are formed due to noise (the vocal cords do not vibrate). There are a total of 20 voiced consonants and 16 voiceless consonants.

According to pairing and unpairing, voiced and voiceless consonants are divided into:
b-p, v-f, g-k, d-t, w-sh, z-s- paired in terms of voicedness and deafness.
y, l, m, n, r - always voiced (unpaired).
x, ts, ch, shch - always voiceless (unpaired).

Unpaired voiced consonants are called sonorant.

Among the consonants, the following groups are also distinguished according to the level of “noisiness”:
zh, sh, h, sh - hissing.
b, c, d, e, g, h, j, p, s, t, f, x, c, h, w, sch- noisy.

Hard and soft consonants

What sounds are called consonants?
What does a consonant sound consist of?
What are the different consonant sounds?
How many consonant letters and consonant sounds are there in the Russian alphabet?
Which consonants are always hard and which are always soft?
What letters indicate the softness of a consonant sound?

Sounds in the pronunciation of which the air encounters an obstacle in the mouth are called consonant sounds. A consonant sound consists of noise and voice or only noise.

Consonant sounds are divided into voiced and unvoiced. Voiced ones consist of noise and voice, while deaf ones consist only of noise.

The sounds only consist of noise: [k], [p], [s], [t], [f], [x], [ts], [ch], [sh], [sch]. These are voiceless consonants.

Many consonant sounds form pairs by voicing -deafness: [b] — [p], [v] — [f], [g] — [k], [d] — [t], [z] — [s], [w] — [w].

To memorize voiced consonants, you can learn the phrase: “ THE LION AND THE TOAD HAVE MANY FRIENDS».
See all phrases for memorizing voiced and voiceless consonants.

Voiceless consonants are easy to remember from the phrase: “ STYOPKA, DO YOU WANT A CHECK?— Ugh!».

Consonant sounds are indicated by letters:

B,IN,G,D,AND,Z,Y,TO,L,M,N,P,R,WITH,T,F,X,C,H,Sh,SCH.

In total, the Russian language has 21 consonants.

Consonant sounds are also hard and soft.

Hard and soft sounds differ in the position of the tongue when pronounced. When pronouncing soft consonants, the middle back of the tongue is raised towards the hard palate.

Most consonant sounds form pairs based on hardness and softness:

The following hard and soft consonant sounds do not form hard-softness pairs:

Table “Consonant sounds: paired and unpaired, voiced and voiceless, hard and soft” (grades 1-4)

Note: V elementary school hard consonant sounds are indicated in blue, soft consonant sounds - green, vowel sounds - in red.

Hardness consonant sounds are indicated in writing by vowels A , ABOUT , U , Y , E .

Softness consonant sound is indicated in writing by vowels E, Yo, I, Yu, I, as well as the letter b(soft sign).

Compare: nose[nose] - carried[n❜os], corner[corner] - coal[ugal❜].

Unpaired ringing sounds[th❜], [l], [l❜], [m], [m❜] [n], [n❜] [r], [r❜] are called sonorous, which means “sonorous” in Latin.

The sounds [zh], [sh], [ch❜], [sch❜] are called sizzling. They got this name because their pronunciation is similar to hissing.

The sounds [zh], [sh] are unpaired hard hissing sounds.
The sounds [ch❜] and [ш❜] are unpaired soft hissing sounds.

The sounds [c], [s❜], [z], [z❜], [ts] are called whistling.

Consonant doesn't happen stressed or unstressed.

In the Russian language there are more consonant sounds (36) than consonant letters (21), since one letter can denote paired hard and soft sounds: for example, the letter L (el) denotes the sounds [l] and [l❜].

Attention! A consonant sound can form a syllable only with