The first years of the reign of Mikhail Romanov. After my father's death. At the beginning of glory days

Russia rarely remembers this tsar. Essentially, once every hundred years, when the anniversaries of the Romanov dynasty are celebrated.

So, on February 21 (as is considered according to the new style - March 3), the Zemsky Sobor elects a new tsar - Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov. The chosen one was sixteen years old. He had a chance to reign for a long time, like in a fairy tale - thirty years and three years. Those were difficult years of the re-strengthening of the Moscow state. That Holy Rus' that we know from folklore - with towers, temples, with solemn royal and boyar vestments - is precisely the era of the first Romanovs, Mikhail and Alexei. Moscow aesthetics has become classic and cherished for our country.

The magnificent vestments of Ivan the Terrible and Theodore Ioannovich were put on the beardless man young man, somewhat confused...

The timidity and indecisiveness, so natural for a young man, turned out to be timely for political reality. During the years of overcoming the turmoil, the sovereign’s excessive ambitions would certainly have been detrimental. Sometimes you need to be able to grit your teeth and give in, holding back your pride and ambition. Rus' received a king who could not harm the state, which was recovering from the turmoil.

It is believed that in the first years of his reign, Mikhail Fedorovich was under the influence of his mother, the imperious nun Martha.

The tsar, indeed, surprisingly rarely showed willfulness, and compromises were, at first glance, easy for him. Historian Nikolai Kostomarov complained that there were no bright personalities around the young tsar - entirely limited ignoramuses. “Mikhail himself was by nature of a kind, but, it seems, melancholy disposition, not gifted with brilliant abilities, but not devoid of intelligence; but he did not receive any education and, as they say, upon ascending the throne, he barely knew how to read.” Well, Kostomarov’s optics are eternally derogatory towards Rus'. From his writings it is impossible to understand how such a barbaric state survived and strengthened?

But Tsar Michael began to rule in a desperate situation: the treasury was plundered, the cities were ruined. Why should taxes be collected? How to feed the army? The Council recognized the need for an emergency (in addition to taxes) collection of a fifth of money, and not even from income, but from each property in cities, and from counties - 120 rubles per plow. This burdensome maneuver for the people had to be repeated twice more during the years of Mikhail’s reign. And, although the people were slowly getting richer, each time less money came into the treasury. Apparently, wealthy people have become adept at hiding from this deadly tax.

The people's oath to Tsar Mikhail Romanov. Miniature from "The Book on the Election to the Tsar of the Great Sovereign, Tsar and Grand Duke Mikhail Fedorovich"

In 1620, the government sent out letters in which, under pain of severe punishment, it forbade governors and clerks to take bribes, and city and county residents to give them. Timely measure!

The tsar tried in every possible way to support the Russians business people, boldly introduced protective measures. But the Russian merchants became impoverished during the years of war: for large projects they had to invite foreigners. The Dutch merchant Vinius set up factories near Tula for casting cannons, cannonballs and making various other things from iron. The government strictly ensured that foreigners did not hide the secrets of their craftsmanship from Russians. At the same time, morals remained strict: for example, noses were cut for using tobacco - just like in our time. Under Tsar Michael, not only military men, not only craftsmen and factory workers were called from abroad: learned people were needed, and in 1639 the famous Holstein scientist Adam Olearius, an astronomer, geographer and geometer, was summoned to Moscow.

In his personal life, the young tsar considered it good to obey his mother - and in vain... This was tragically manifested in the story of his failed marriage with Maria Khlopova, whom Mikhail loved, but twice upset the wedding, succumbing to the intrigues of relatives. Martha found a more suitable bride for her son, as it seemed to her, Maria Dolgorukaya. But she fell mortally ill a week after the wedding - and this was seen as God’s punishment for the cruel insult inflicted on the innocent Khlopova...

In 1619, Filaret (Fyodor) Romanov, the patriarch and “great sovereign,” returned to Rus' from Polish captivity. He became his son's co-ruler - and the revival of Rus' after the Troubles was largely the merit of Patriarch Filaret.

No matter how peace-loving young Mikhail was, Rus' waged wars incessantly. It was necessary to calm the Swedes, calm the raging Cossacks, and return Smolensk from the Poles.

First, troops under the leadership of D. M. Cherkassky were sent against the Poles, D. T. Trubetskoy went against the Swedes near Novgorod, and I. N. Odoevsky went south near Astrakhan, against Zarutsky. The main problem could not be solved: Smolensk remained in the power of the Poles.

Mikhail himself was not in the mood for military feats. But, like Tsar Theodore Ioannovich, he attended divine services every day, went on pilgrimages several times a year, toured monasteries, and participated in public church ceremonies.

The English king took on the role of mediator in negotiations between Russia and Sweden, and in February 1617 the Stolbovo Peace Treaty was signed. According to it, Russia lost the entire Baltic coast, for which there was a struggle throughout the entire 16th century, but received back the original Russian lands, including Novgorod, which was vital for the kingdom.

At the same time, when the British turned to Mikhail with a request for permission to travel through Russian territory to Persia for trade, he, after consulting with the merchants, refused... The British did not want to pay the duty: and the tsar had enough restraint to show inflexibility. Trade with Persia was of interest to both the French and the Dutch. The French ambassadors turned to Mikhail Fedorovich with the following proposal:

“The Tsar's Majesty is the chief eastern country and over the Greek faith, and Louis, King of France, the head of southern country, and when the king is in friendship and alliance with the king, then the king’s enemies will lose a lot of power; The German Emperor is at one with the Polish King - so the Tsar must be at one with the French King. The French king and royal majesty are glorious everywhere, there are no other such great and strong sovereigns, their subjects are obedient to them in everything, not like the English and the Brabantians; whatever they want, “that’s what they do; they buy cheap goods from Spanish soil and sell them to Russians at high prices, and the French will sell everything cheap.”

Despite these well-formulated promises, the boyars refused to allow Persian trade to the ambassador, noting that the French could buy Persian goods from Russian merchants.

The Dutch and Danish ambassadors received the same refusal. This was the policy of Tsar Michael.

The development of Siberia continued. In 1618, Russian people reached the Yenisei and founded the future Krasnoyarsk. In 1622, an archdiocese was established in Tobolsk, which was growing rich.

In 1637, the Cossacks, under the leadership of Ataman Mikhail Tatarinov, captured Azov, a strategically important Turkish fortress at the mouth of the Don. The Cossacks were initially only three thousand people with four falconets (a type of small-caliber cannon), while the Azov garrison numbered four thousand Janissaries, had powerful artillery, large supplies of food, gunpowder and other things necessary for long-term defense. After a two-month siege, the Cossacks, numbering just over three thousand, launched an attack and took the fortress by storm, completely destroying the Turkish garrison.

The Cossacks quickly settled in Azov, restored the buildings, organized the defense of the fortress, and sent ambassadors to Moscow to beat the Sovereign of All Rus' and ask Him to accept Azov-grad under His high hand.

But Moscow was in no hurry to rejoice: the capture of Azov inevitably led to war with Turkey, which at that time was the most powerful state in the world. “You, atamans and Cossacks, did not do this by deed, that you beat the Turkish ambassador with all the people without permission. Nowhere is it being done to beat ambassadors; although where there is war between sovereigns, even here the ambassadors do their job, and no one beats them. You took Azov without our royal command, and you didn’t send good atamans and Cossacks to us, who to really ask how things should go forward,” was the royal answer.

Undoubtedly, it was beneficial for Moscow to take possession of Azov: from here it was possible to keep Crimean Tatars, but the king did not want a war with the Sultan and hastened to send him a letter. It, by the way, said: “You, our brother, should not hold annoyance and dislike for us because the Cossacks killed your envoy and took Azov: they did this without our command, without permission, and we are not in any way for such thieves.” We stand, and we don’t want any quarrel for them, although order all their thieves to be beaten in one hour; Your Sultan Majesty and I want to be in strong brotherly friendship and love.”

To the demand of the Turkish ambassadors to return Azov, Mikhail Fedorovich replied that the Cossacks, although they are Russian people, are free, do not obey him, and he has no power over them, and if the Sultan wants, then let him punish them as best he can. From June 24, 1641 to September 26, 1642, that is, more than a year Azov was besieged by the Turks. Tens of thousands of Turks met their end near Azov. Exhausted from desperate attempts to defeat the Cossacks, they lifted the siege and went home.

At the Zemsky Sobor, elected people expressed their intention to accept Azov. But the final word remained with the political elite and, of course, with the autocrat.

And yet, Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich, wanting to avoid war with Turkey, was forced to give up the glorious fortress. On April 30, 1642, the Tsar sent the Cossacks an order to leave Azov. They destroyed it to the ground, left no stone unturned and retreated with their heads held high. When the huge Turkish army came to take Azov from the Cossacks, they saw only piles of ruins. The Russian ambassadors sent to Constantinople were ordered to tell the Sultan: “You yourself truly know that the Don Cossacks have long been thieves, runaway serfs, living on the Don, having escaped from death penalty, the Tsar’s command is not obeyed in anything, and Azov was taken without the Tsar’s command, the Tsar’s Majesty did not send them help, the Tsar will not stand forward for them and help them - he doesn’t want any quarrel because of them.”

The autocrat went to great lengths to maintain balance in the country, so as not to plunge the kingdom into a bloody war. It is a pity that the country could not support the feat of the Cossacks, but in a strategic sense the tsar was not mistaken. And in people's memory the capture of Azov and the heroic “sitting” under siege remained as the most striking event of the times of Tsar Mikhail. Feat!

A new war with the Poles for Smolensk began in 1632 with success: twenty cities surrendered to the army led by Mikhail Shein. There were many foreign mercenaries in this army. But the Poles soon came to their senses and, with the help of the Crimean hordes, demoralized Russian army. The army could not withstand the long siege: illnesses, desertions, and bloody squabbles began between officers, including foreign ones. The Poles managed to strike in the rear and destroy the convoys in Dorogobuzh...

In the end, Shein and the second governor Izmailov had their heads cut off: the unlucky commanders were accused of treason. At the new negotiations, the Poles remembered the long-standing oath of the Russian boyars to King Vladislav... Under the new agreement, the Poles renounced their claims to the Moscow throne. The war did not lead to anything: Rus' conquered only one city - Serpeisk. True, the regiments of the new formation performed well in combat operations - and their formation was continued.

They said about Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich: “He can’t do anything without the boyar council.” The events of the time of troubles led Rus' to the realization of a simple truth: it is impossible to rule the kingdom alone. It was Romanov who first tried to impose collective management. First of all, with the help of the boyars. But he did not forget about the nobles and merchants. And the Zemsky Sobor convened more than once... In a word, it tried to rely on its subjects, and not hold them in a clenched fist.

In his third marriage, the king found personal happiness and became the father of many children. The main event in his family life was the birth of an heir - his eldest son Alexei. The tsar's life took place in the atmosphere of the Old Russian court - a peculiarly sophisticated one.

In the palace there was an organ with a nightingale and a cuckoo singing in their own voices. Organist Ansu Lun was ordered to teach the Russian people how to make such “stirrups.” The Tsar was entertained by guslar players, violinists, and storytellers. He loved to visit the menagerie and the kennel yard, and took care of the gardens.

In April 1645, Mikhail Fedorovich became seriously ill. He was treated by foreign doctors. In June the patient felt better. It was June 12th, the day of remembrance of St. Michael Malein and the royal name day. The pious sovereign wanted to celebrate matins in the Annunciation Cathedral, but during the service he fainted, and he was carried in his arms to the bedchamber. The next night, “realizing his departure to God,” the king called the queen, his son Alexei, the patriarch and his fellow boyars. Having said goodbye to the queen, he blessed Tsarevich Alexei for the kingdom and, having received the holy mysteries, died quietly. He was buried, like almost all Moscow sovereigns, in the Kremlin Archangel Cathedral.

The reign of the first tsar from the Romanov dynasty saw a number of systemic changes in the structure of the Russian Kingdom. Thanks to them, the centralized state apparatus, which had been shaken during troubled times, was restored. In addition, fundamentally new processes of state building began, such as reforming orders and codifying legislation. During the reign of Mikhail Fedorovich, a number of agreements were also concluded that confirmed the recognition of the new dynasty by monarchs of other countries.

There is no clear opinion among historians about the role of Tsar Michael in these processes. It is obvious that in the first years of his reign he was strongly influenced by his father and de facto co-ruler Patriarch Filaret. On the other hand, sources do not allow us to say with certainty how great the role of Tsar Michael was in decision-making after the death of Filaret. On the one hand, the Boyar Duma continued to exist. On the other hand, formally the tsar was an autocrat and was not obliged to take into account the opinion of the boyars when making final decisions.

System of power

A voivodeship system of power was introduced. Zemsky Sobors were convened regularly.

The main political issues were resolved jointly with the Boyar Duma.

Russia at the beginning of the 17th century. The form of government was an estate-representative monarchy.

Army

Along with the noble militia, regiments of a new system began to appear - the predecessors of the regular army.

Foreign policy

The efforts of the Filaret government in the 1920s and 1930s were aimed at creating an anti-Polish coalition. Sweden, Russia, Türkiye.

1632 - after the death of Sigismund, the Smolensk War began. It turned into an eight-month siege of Smolensk and defeat.

1634 - Peace of Polyanovsky Vladislav renounced claims to the Russian throne.

Chronology of Events:

1648- “Salt riot in Moscow”

1649 – Council Code

1649 – 1652 – Yarofey Khabarov’s campaigns along the Amur to the Daurian land

1652-1658 – Patriarchate of Nikon

1654 – reunification of Ukraine with Russia. Pereyaslavl Rada

1654 – 1667 – war with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Truce of Androsov.

1662 – uprising in Moscow, copper riot.

1666 - a new church council was convened with the participation of two eastern patriarchs

1670-1671 – uprising of Stepan Razin

1676–1681 – Russia’s war with Turkey and Crimea for Right Bank Ukraine. Bakhchisarai world.

1682 – abolition of localism.

1686 – " eternal peace"with Poland.

1682 – “Streltsy uprising” in Moscow.

On March 3, 1613, in the Moscow Kremlin, the Zemsky Sobor elected young Mikhail Romanova. The son of Patriarch Filaret reigned for more than 30 years and was remembered as a sovereign of “good character.” However, a number of historians argue that power at that time actually belonged to Filaret, since the young tsar was extremely inexperienced and dependent. Others believe that it was thanks to the founder of the Romanov dynasty that the long-awaited period of stability and prosperity began. What circumstances brought the young Mikhail Romanov to the throne and what influence he had on the history of Russia - in the RT material.

• Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov
• globallookpress.com
• Viktor Kornushin

Difficult childhood

The future founder was born in 1596 into the family of Moscow Romanov boyars: Fyodor Nikitich (later Patriarch Filaret) and his wife Ksenia Ivanovna. Mikhail Fedorovich was the great-nephew of Ivan the Terrible and the cousin of the last Russian Tsar from the Moscow branch of the Rurikovich dynasty - Fyodor Ivanovich.

IN Time of Troubles Boris Godunov viewed the Romanovs as his main rivals who wanted to take the Moscow throne. Therefore, very soon the entire family fell into disgrace. In 1600, Fyodor Nikitich and his wife forcibly took monastic vows and left worldly life under the names Filaret and Martha. This deprived them of the right to the crown.

In 1605, False Dmitry I came to power. In an effort to confirm his belonging to the royal family, the impostor ordered the Romanovs to be returned from exile. By coincidence, the released Filaret took the main church post under False Dmitry. When the impostor was overthrown by Vasily Shuisky, from 1608 Filaret took on the role of “nominated patriarch” of the new impostor False Dmitry II, who located his camp in Tushino. However, in front of the enemies of the “Tushino thief”, Filaret called himself his prisoner.

• Unknown artist. Portrait of the nun Martha (Ksenia Ivanovna Shestova)

After some time, Filaret flatly refused to sign the agreement drawn up by the Poles on the transfer of the Russian throne to the Polish prince, the Catholic Vladislav. For disobedience, the Poles arrested Filaret and released him only in 1619, when a truce was concluded with Poland.

Meanwhile, Mikhail Romanov spent several years in the Vladimir region on his uncle’s estate. He found himself in Moscow at the height of the Polish-Lithuanian occupation, after Vasily Shuisky was overthrown and the Seven Boyars were established. In the winter of 1612, nun Martha and her son took refuge in their estate near Kostroma, and then fled from Polish-Lithuanian persecution in the Ipatiev Monastery.

Only with the liberation of the capital in 1613 did a revival become possible Russian statehood. Therefore, at the beginning of the same year, the first all-class Zemsky Sobor was convened, in which both the townspeople and rural inhabitants took part. A new ruler had to be elected by voting.

"Consolidating figure"

“The accession of Mikhail Fedorovich to the throne became possible after the very difficult trials of the Time of Troubles, the self-organization of the zemstvo worlds, which formed the first and second militias for the liberation of Moscow in 1612. It was the Zemsky Council of the Whole Land that convened a council to elect a tsar, and after the election of Mikhail Romanov on March 3, 1613, he received power from all ranks of the Russian state. What was important was the initial general agreement with the candidacy of Mikhail Romanov as a relative of the last legitimate tsar before the Time of Troubles, Fyodor Ivanovich,” the doctor said in an interview with RT historical sciences, professor of Ryazansky state university named after Sergei Yesenin Vyacheslav Kozlyakov.

• Ivanov S.V. "Zemsky Sobor" (1908)

More than ten candidates were nominated at the Zemsky Sobor, including princes Dmitry Trubetskoy and Dmitry Pozharsky. “Foreign princes” were no longer considered as contenders for the Russian throne.

“Mikhail Fedorovich turned out to be a consolidating figure for many. After the Time of Troubles, when militias liberated Moscow, Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich was perceived as the last legitimate tsar, after which chosen tsars appeared who had no direct relation to this tradition, impostors. Mikhail was the closest relative of the last legitimate Moscow king from the Rurik dynasty,” said Evgeniy Pchelov, head of the department of auxiliary and special historical disciplines at the Institute of History and Archives of the Russian State University for the Humanities, in an interview with RT.

The expert also emphasized that Mikhail Fedorovich was outside all the time political struggle, which unfolded during the Time of Troubles, he did not personally declare claims to the throne, and did not take part in the meetings of the Council. But it was his figure that symbolized the continuity of power.

Heavy "legacy"

“After the election of the tsar, the restoration of power immediately began, which was reduced to the “as before” order. No one took revenge on anyone; the boyars who were sitting in Moscow during its siege by the zemstvo militias remained in power and again entered the Boyar Duma. Nevertheless, the first years of the reign of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich turned out to be very difficult, but at this time priorities were correctly set: restoration of the state, pacification of the rebellious Cossacks, return of lost territories,” says Kozlyakov.

After concluding a truce with Poland, the Poles freed Filaret from captivity in 1619. It is widely believed that until the death of the patriarch in 1633, all power was actually in his hands.

“Despite the great role of Filaret, Mikhail Fedorovich was a completely independent sovereign, but he inevitably had to rely on someone’s support and help during several years of the first period of his reign. The Zemsky Sobor provided great support to Mikhail Fedorovich,” says Pchelov.

Experts say that the first years of the reign of Mikhail Fedorovich, when the new sovereign found himself surrounded by a family circle of the Romanov boyars, the princes of Cherkassy, ​​Sheremetev and Saltykov (relatives of the tsar’s mother), seem to provide grounds for asserting that the tsar was a weak and weak-willed ruler.

“At the same time, the main problems of the kingdom related to war or the collection of emergency taxes were still resolved with the help of Zemsky Sobors. Given the predominance of the Tsar's relatives in the Duma, representatives of other families of the princely aristocracy also remained there. And no one in the “Romanov” party could strengthen itself enough to replace the tsar. Even with the return of the tsar’s father, the future Moscow Patriarch Filaret, in 1619, the concept of the primacy of tsarist power did not change,” Kozlyakov explained.

• Patriarch Filaret
• globallookpress.com

According to the expert, historians can talk for a long time about the peculiar “dual power of the great sovereigns” - the tsar and the patriarch. But the role of Mikhail Fedorovich and the Boyar Duma in all matters remained decisive. Patriarch Filaret also supported him in this, after whose return Zemsky Sobors stopped convening. Tsar Mikhail Romanov made compromises to take into account his father’s opinion, but this was not based on lack of will and fear, but on the warm relationship between father and son, as evidenced by the surviving correspondence between the tsar and the patriarch.

After the death of Filaret, Mikhail ruled independently for 12 years. And the people remembered him as a righteous and honest sovereign. Mikhail Fedorovich was not a supporter of strict rules. For example, to govern the cities, he introduced the institution of voivodes, but after petitions from the townspeople, it was not difficult for him to replace them with elected representatives of the zemstvo nobility. The young ruler regulated the collection of taxes. The unit of taxation became the share of land and special enterprises (bakeries, mills, craft shops). For reliable accounting, scribe books were drawn up, which restrained the arbitrariness of tax collectors.

Under Mikhail Fedorovich, work began to search for natural resources, iron smelting, weapons, brick and many other factories were built. It was he who founded the German Settlement in Moscow - a place of settlement for foreign engineers and military personnel, who would play a big role in the era of Peter I.

“If Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich had been such a weak ruler, the transformation would not have happened in the second part of his reign (after the passing of his parents) in the 1630s-1640s. I wouldn’t be able to establish myself,” emphasizes Kozlyakov.

But the most important thing that Mikhail Fedorovich managed to do was to lead the country out of the deepest crisis into which the Troubles plunged it.

“The heyday of the Muscovite kingdom during the time of Alexei Mikhailovich, his son, was founded under Mikhail Fedorovich. The war with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was over, and a peace treaty was concluded with Sweden. Of course, the Smolensk War of the 1630s was not very successful. Nevertheless, the country recovered after the Troubles and began to confidently move forward,” concluded Pchelov.

Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov.
Years of life: 1596–1645
Reign: 1613-1645

The first Russian Tsar Romanov dynasty(1613–1917). He was chosen to reign by the Zemsky Sobor on February 7, 1613.

Born on July 12, 1596 in Moscow. Son of boyar Fyodor Nikitich Romanov, metropolitan (later Patriarch Filaret) and Ksenia Ivanovna Shestova (later nun Martha), née Shestova. Mikhail was a cousin of the last Russian Tsar from the Moscow branch of the Rurik dynasty, Fyodor I Ioannovich.

Tsar Mikhail Romanov

For the first years, Mikhail lived in Moscow, and in 1601, together with his parents, he was put into disgrace by Boris Godunov. The Romanovs received a denunciation that they kept magic roots and wanted to kill them with witchcraft. royal family. Many Romanovs were arrested, and Nikita Romanovich's sons, Fyodor, Alexander, Mikhail, Ivan and Vasily, were tonsured as monks and exiled to Siberia.

In 1605, False Dmitry I, wanting to prove his kinship with the House of Romanov, returned the surviving members of the Romanov family from exile. Among them were Mikhail’s parents and himself. First they settled in the village of Domnina, the Kostroma estate of the Romanovs, and then hid from persecution by Polish-Lithuanian troops in the monastery of St. Hypatius near Kostroma.

On February 21, 1613, in Moscow, after the expulsion of the interventionists by the militia of D. Pozharsky and K. Minin, the Great Zemsky and Local Council was held, which gathered to elect a new tsar. Among the contenders were the Swedish prince Karl Philip, the Polish prince Vladislav and others. The candidacy of Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov arose due to his relationship with the Rurik dynasty through the female line; he also arranged for the serving nobility, which tried to disrupt the plans of the aristocracy (boyars) in an effort to establish the country has a monarchy based on the Polish model. The moral character of Michael as the son of a metropolitan also corresponded to the interests of the church and corresponded to popular ideas about the king-shepherd, an intercessor before God.

Having learned about this, the Poles made an attempt to prevent the new tsar from arriving in Moscow. A small Polish detachment went to the Ipatiev Monastery to kill Mikhail Fedorovich, but on the way the soldiers got lost, because the peasant Ivan Susanin, having agreed to show the right road, led them into a dense forest.

On February 21, 1613, 16-year-old Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov was chosen by the Zemsky Sobor to reign and became the founder Romanov dynasty. In the Assumption Cathedral of the Kremlin on July 11, 1613, he was crowned king.

Mikhail Romanov, the first Tsar of the Romanov dynasty

During the childhood of Tsar Mikhail (1613-1619), the country was ruled by his mother Martha and her relatives from the Saltykov boyars, and from 1619 to 1633. - Father returned from Polish captivity - Patriarch Filaret, who bore the title of “Great Sovereign”. In 1625, Mikhail Fedorovich accepted the title of “Autocrat of All Russia.” Under the dual power that existed at that time, state charters were written on behalf of the Sovereign Tsar and His Holiness the Patriarch of Moscow and All Rus'.

During the reign of Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov, the wars with Sweden (Peace of Stolbov, 1617) and Poland (Truce of Deulin, 1634) were ended. But the Nogai Horde left the subordination of Russia, and although the government of Mikhail Fedorovich annually sent expensive gifts to Bakhchisarai, the raids continued.

In 1631-1634. The organization of regular military units (Reitar, Dragoon, Soldier regiments) was carried out, the rank and file of which consisted of “willing free people” and homeless children of the boyars, the officers were foreign military specialists. At the end of the reign of Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov, cavalry dragoon regiments arose to guard the country's borders.

In 1632, the first ironworks was founded near Tula.

In 1637, the period for capturing fugitive peasants was increased to nine years, and in 1641 - by another year. It was allowed to search for peasants who had been exported by other owners for up to 15 years.

By order of Mikhail, the construction of the Great Zasechnaya Line and the fortresses of the Simbirsk and Belgorod Lines began in Russia. Under him, Moscow was restored from the consequences of the intervention (the Terem Palace and the Filaretovskaya belfry were built, a striking clock appeared in the Kremlin, the Znamensky Monastery was founded).

In the 1620–1640s, diplomatic relations were established with Holland, Turkey, Austria, Denmark, and Persia.

Since 1633, machines for supplying water from the Moskva River (received the name Vodovzvodnaya) were installed in the Sviblova Tower of the Kremlin. In Moscow, enterprises for training in velvet and damask work were created - Velvet Yard.

It was under him that garden roses were brought to Russia for the first time.

He remained in history as a calm, peaceful monarch, easily influenced by his environment, for which he received the nickname - the Meek. He was a religious man, like his father.

Mikhail Fedorovich at the end of his life he could not walk, he was carried in a cart. From “a lot of sitting,” Tsar Mikhail’s body weakened, and contemporaries noted melancholy in his character.

Mikhail Romanov died on July 13, 1645 at the age of 49 from water sickness. He was buried in the Archangel Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin.

Was married twice:

• Spouse 1: Maria Dolgorukova. There were no children.
• 2nd wife: Evdokia Streshneva. Children in this marriage: Alexey, John, Vasily, Irina, Anna, Tatyana, Pelageya, Maria, Sophia.

Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov became king at a difficult time. He had to restore the country's economy and return lands lost during unsuccessful wars. Fix everything negative consequences Time of Troubles.

Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov: internal politics

During the reign of Mikhail Romanov, the issue of peasants arose sharply. In 1613, a massive distribution of state lands took place. As a result, masses of people flocked to sparsely populated and empty lands. In 1627, a law was passed that allowed nobles to transfer their lands by inheritance only on condition of service to the king. Noble lands were equal to boyar estates. A 5-year search for fugitive peasants was also established. But the nobility demanded that summer lessons be cancelled. Then, in 1637, the period for searching peasants was extended to 9 years, in 1641 - to 10 years, and those who were taken out by other owners could be searched for 15 years. This was an indicator of the enslavement of the peasants. To improve tax system The compilation of scribe books was carried out twice.

It was necessary to centralize power. A voivodeship administration appeared and the order system was restored. Since 1620, Zemsky Sobors began to carry out only advisory functions. They gathered to resolve issues that required the approval of the estates (questions about taxes, war and peace, the introduction of new money, etc.).

Mikhail tried to create regular army. In the 30s, the so-called “regiments of the new system” appeared; they included free people and boyar children, and the officers were foreigners. At the end of his reign, Mikhail created cavalry dragoon regiments that guarded the external borders of the state.

Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov was involved in the restoration of Moscow. In 1624, the Filaretovskaya belfry (in the Kremlin), a stone tent and a striking clock (above the Frolovskaya (Spasskaya) tower) were built.

In 1632, the first railway plant was opened near Tula.

In 1633, a special machine was installed in the Sviblova Tower to supply water from the Moscow River.

In 1635–1639 the Terem Palace was built and the Kremlin cathedrals were reconstructed. The Velvet Yard appeared in Moscow - an enterprise for teaching velvet crafts. Kadashevskaya Sloboda became the center of textile production.

Under Mikhail, imported garden roses first appeared in Russia.

The king also founded the Znamensky Monastery for men.

The German Settlement was founded in Moscow. Foreign military personnel and engineers lived there. They will play an important role in reforms in 100 years.