From the point of view of their structure, stems, as parts of a word that contain its real, lexical meaning, are divided into non-derivative and derivative.
A non-derivative base is a whole that cannot be further fragmented from a structural point of view. The derivative stem acts as a unity, consisting from a structural point of view of individual significant parts - morphemes. One of the most important qualities that distinguishes a derived base from a non-derivative one is the dependence of the former on the corresponding non-derivative. Any derived stem necessarily presupposes the presence of a similar non-derivative, with which it is correlated from a semantic-grammatical point of view. If for some reason a non-derivative base disappears from the language or ceases to correlate with a given derivative, the latter loses its derivative, composite character and becomes a non-derivative base. For example, the basics youth, goat, sing, sad, member, step (adverb), etc. appear before us as derivatives, which, therefore, have the ability to be divided into significant parts, due to the fact that next to them there are non-derivatives similar to them: young (oh), goat (a), pe (t), sadness, member, step, etc.
The difference between derived and non-derivative stems also exists in the expression of one or another real, lexical meaning that makes up their content. The meaning of a non-derivative stem seems to be inherent in itself, while the meaning of a derived stem seems to grow from the meanings of its constituent morphemes.
Finally, a very large part of derived bases, as opposed to non-derivative ones, are characterized by such a designation of objects of reality when the latter are expressed in words through the establishment of one or another connection with other objects. The designation of objects of reality by such bases seems to us in a known way motivated. Being unable to answer the question of why certain facts of reality are called the words forest, water, sing, white, etc., and not any others, it is quite possible to explain the reason for the functioning of the words forest, underwater, sing to denote the corresponding facts of reality , whitewash, etc. Lesok - a small forest, underwater - located under water, sing - start singing, whitewash - make something or someone white, etc.
However, it would be incorrect to assume that every word with a derived base contains an indication of why a given object of reality is denoted by it and not by some other word. There are such words, in the derivative nature of which the stems are modern language There is no doubt about it, but this motivation in naming is still not there. The word knife, for example, definitely has a derivative stem, since next to it there is the word knife and part of the word knife - in both words it means the same thing. But at the same time, the word knife is the same absolutely conventional designation of a cutting tool as the word knife: there is no relationship here that exists between words like leaf and leaf, etc., but the basis of the word knife still remains derivative. In the word ship, without a doubt, the stem is derivative, because the same word in the plural has the non-derivative base court and the sound complex court in the ship and court is unambiguous. And yet the designation in in this case the corresponding object of reality in different forms of this word (court - ship) is absolutely the same - conditional and completely unmotivated.
Similar facts are most clearly observed in related bases, when the non-derivative base is independently, in pure form does not exist and is distinguished only by comparing two or more derived bases.
Thus, a derivative basis differs from a non-derivative one in its special designation of the object of reality (through its relationship to others), which does not always and not in all words correspond to the morphological structure. However, for very large number words with a derivative base, such a property, unlike words with a non-derivative base, is still extremely characteristic.
Derivative and non-derivative bases are, as it were, opposed to each other. For a derived base it can be noted; 1) its division into individual morphemes; 2) its dependence as a divisible whole on the corresponding non-derivative (as a derivative it exists insofar as the corresponding non-derivative exists);

1. the correspondence of its holistic meaning as the basis for the totality of meanings of its constituent parts; 4) designation of an object of reality in a whole series of words indirectly, through the establishment of a certain connection with others.

A non-derivative stem is characterized by: 1) its indivisibility from a morphological point of view; 2) its always direct, purely conditional and unmotivated designation of objects of reality from the point of view of modern semantic-word-formation connections.
Taking into account these sharply opposing qualities characteristic of a derived stem, on the one hand, and a non-derivative one, on the other, and their relationship in each specific case is, as already mentioned, the main condition for the derivational analysis of a word.

More on the topic § 17. Derivative and non-derivative stems:

1. Indo-European non-derivative and derived stems of non-neuter names using diphthongs o? and ai with a of varying quality.

1. In a language, new words are constantly formed on the basis of existing ones. All words of a language can be divided into derivatives and non-derivatives.

Non-derivative words- these are those that are not formed from any other cognate word existing in the language. The basis of such words is non-derivative.

For example, table□ is a non-derivative word, that is, in modern Russian there is no word from which this noun would be formed. The stem of the word stol- is also non-derivative (it includes only the root stol-).

2. Non-derivative basis usually includes only the root, although sometimes a non-derived stem may include, in addition to the root, a suffix, or less often a prefix.

Brother□, night□, wall-a, window-o.

Note! 1) When we talk about non-derivative or derived stems, only the stems of words are considered, that is, the stems of the initial form of the word. Formative suffixes and prefixes are not taken into account.

For example, the form read includes the formative suffix of the past tense -l, but in word formation we do not take this suffix into account. We determine the stem of a word by the infinitive read.

2) Most prefixless non-derivative verbs have stems that include, in addition to the root, special verbal suffixes (-a-, -e-, -i-, etc.). It is by these suffixes that we determine the conjugation of the verb.

Wed: write, run, lead, decide.

There are very few prefixless verbs without special verbal suffixes (when the root is directly related to the ending of the infinitive -т) in the Russian language.

To be, to be, to be, to be, to be.

In order to determine whether the final vowel of the verb stem is part of the root or is a suffix, you can put the word in the present tense form. Part of the root is preserved (although alternations may occur).

Compare: pi-th - pj-yu (alternations at the root pi-/пj-), we-th - moj-yu (alternations at the root we-/moj-).

The verb suffix of non-derivative verbs in the present tense is often (but not always!) lost.

Wed: write - write - run, run - run.

3) Do not forget that the postfix -sya (to study, to wash) is not formative, therefore it is necessarily included in the word-formation base of the word (to teach and learn is different words, but not different shapes one word!).

3. Derived words– these are words that are formed from other words of the same root (or combinations of words).

For example: the adjective night is formed from the noun night; the noun reader is formed from the verb to read; The adjective broad-shouldered is formed from the adjective broad and the noun shoulder.

4. The word from which the derivative word is formed is called producing(or motivating).

For example, the noun night is a generating (motivating) word for the adjective night, the verb to read is a generating word for the noun reader.

Group derivative word and the producing word(s) forms word pair.For example: night → night; read → reader.

5. The stem of the derived word is called derivative base, the basis of the producing (motivating) word is called productive (motivating) basis.

For example: noch□ (producing base noch-) → nochn-oh (derived base nochn-); read-th (producing base read-) → reader□ (derived base read-).

Compound words have two or more generating stems. For example: seven years → seven-year-n-y; nose□, horn□ → nose-o-horn

Generative and derived word

Let us recall that the word from which the given derivative is directly formed is called a generating word. Representing the material backbone of the derivative, the generating word usually appears in its structure not completely, but to one degree or another truncated (without endings, and often without final suffixes). For example: worker —works(at); trailer — trailer(it); heiress — on the trail(ovate); gourmet — varnish(it's going on); madman — crazy(ny); Ukrainianism — Ukrainians(skiy); tough guy — crepe(cue) and so on. That part of the generating word that materially appears in the structure of the derivative is called the generating base ( work-, trailer-, on the trail- etc.). It does not coincide with the usual stem of the word (that part of it that remains after subtracting the inflection): worker-, trailer-, heirs-, gourmand-.

If, after separating the inflection from the word, a base that is non-derivative from a synchronic point of view remains, further word-formation analysis is impossible, for example: roads, lake.

If there is a derived stem in a word, subsequent analysis should follow a line of comparison (in order to identify the producing stem) with the word from which the first is derived.

It is also desirable to include in this series, if possible, other derivatives with the same generating base. This can be conveyed like this: Ba - B, BB, Bv, Bg etc., where B- a generating word (or stem), and lowercase letters indicate any word-forming elements.

It is impossible to compare the analyzed derivative simply with related words (close in sound and meaning), as is often done. This term is too broad; it covers a whole word-formation nest, which includes derivatives not only with the generating base that interests us, but also other related formations that are not directly related to it. For example, to the adjective talkative related words such as talk-it-xia (I'm talking), colloquial, we had a conversation. However, only the first can be recognized as producing, from which the adjective was directly formed talkative. The last two are not such; they seem superfluous and do not contribute to the chosen direction of analysis: adjective colloquial formed not from a verbal, but from a substantive productive stem talk, the form of the past tense is from the infinitive, which includes additional elements - suffixes -And-, -s.

No less often the word in question is compared with derivatives of the same root. This approach, to a certain extent, can be justified only when we are dealing with formations that are simple in structure, in which the root is also the producing basis. For example, to prove that nouns vase, wall, bun, martin do not belong to the same word-formation type, let’s select words with the same root. In nouns vase And bun This technique helps to identify the roots ( vase, bun), suffixes (- points-, -To-) and ending (- A), because here the roots are also the producing bases.

In a noun wall with this approach (root walls) the suffix may have been highlighted incorrectly - points(A), because in this case the root does not coincide with the generating base. To avoid mistakes here it becomes necessary to compare the derivative wall not just with cognate formations, but with a producing noun wall.

Focus on the selection of derivatives with the same root can push a person inexperienced in the intricacies of word formation to compare a noun martin with words like flipper, eraser, caress, not to mention the fact that people who are to some extent familiar with in folk speech, can indicate truly cognate formations eraser,gusset and so on. They won't accept the noun martin as a non-derivative in the popular Russian language.

A special case is represented by derivatives whose producing words are not used in a free state, for example: roach, carpenter, raft; calve, calf, calves, heifer, heifer, calves, upskirt, calf etc. Naturally, when analyzing such derivatives, comparisons can be made not with generating words, but only with words directly formed from them, i.e. Ba, BB, Bv, Bg.

If only the generating stem is determined correctly, the residual element in the derivative should be the word- or form-building affix through which the analyzed derivative stem is created. However, the correctness of the identification of the productive basis can and should be supported by data from another series.

Words in the Russian language differ in the structure of the stem, or morphological composition.

The stems of all significant words, according to their morphological composition, are divided into two groups: non-derivative stems and derived stems. The words water and mountain have a non-derivative basis, and flood, hillock- derivative ( water-a, mountain-a, pa-water-ok, pri-gor-ok).

Non-derivative basis(unmotivated) is a single whole, indecomposable into individual morphemes (meaningful parts); derivative base(motivated) - a composite unity divided into individual morphemes.

The division of a derivative base into significant parts is morphological feature this basis and distinguishes it from the non-derivative. This property of a derivative base is present in it only if and as long as there is a non-derivative base corresponding to a given derivative in the language. Word Basics Highlander, chicken, stick are derivatives; they are divided into separate morphemes because in the modern language there are non-derivative stems corresponding to them: mountains, chickens, sticks.

A derived stem loses the ability to be divided into morphemes and becomes non-derivative if the corresponding non-derivative stem disappears from the language or ceases to correlate with it. So, the basics of words stick, bench, bowl, hummock lost their division into individual morphemes, became non-derivative in the modern language because the non-derivative stems that correlated with them in the Old Russian language ( fell, lava, misa, kocha) dropped out of the dictionary of the modern Russian literary language. Word Basics bag, capital, hoop, churchyard, belly, beauty also moved into the category of non-derivatives, since they ceased to correlate with the non-derivative stems available in the modern Russian literary language ( fur, table, hand, guest, live, flattery).

A non-derivative stem, correlated with a derivative, can be present in a language in two varieties: as a separate word (in its pure form) and as a separate morpheme (in a bound form), combined with affixes or another stem. Word Basics ponytail, bell ringer, forest are derivatives, since they correlate with the non-derivative stems tail, ringing, forest, which act in the modern Russian language as separate, independent words. Word Basics rush, delay, wash are derivatives, but the non-derivative bases associated with them ( hurry-, hold-, wash-) are not independent words, but act exclusively as related stems, as morphemes-roots ( hurry up, hold up, wash).

To classify a stem as a derived stem, it is sufficient that the modern language contains at least one related word that has a correlated stem in a pure or associated form (cf.: peacock - peahen, finger - six-fingered, branch - branch). A stem is considered derivative even if the suffix that stands out when correlating stems is unproductive and is not found in other stems (cf.: young - youth, decay - decay).

The difference between the bases of non-derivative and derivative is not limited to their morphological properties. This difference extends to the lexical meaning of stems.

Non-derivative stem of words shaft, glass, city, sea does not make it possible to answer the question of why these objects are actually called that way. The meaning of the non-derivative basis is, as it were, inherent in itself and is unmotivated. Meanings of derived word stems cushion, glass holder, ancient settlement, seaside somewhat meaningful and motivated. The meanings of such stems are made up of the meanings of individual morphemes included in the stem: we interpret a roller as a “small shaft”, a glass holder as “a stand into which a glass is inserted”, a fortified settlement as a “huge city”, a coastal one as “located on the seashore” "

Thus, a derivative basis designates an object of reality by establishing a connection between this object and other objects indirectly, and a non-derivative basis - directly, purely conditionally. The indicated difference in the meaning of a non-derivative and a derivative stem is not universal; compare: knife - knife, umbrella - umbrella.

The contrast between derived and non-derivative stems is expressed in the fact that the derived stem: 1) is divided into separate morphemes, 2) exists as a derivative as long as there is a corresponding non-derivative, 3) denotes objects of reality indirectly; non-derivative basis: 1) is not morphologically divided, 2) designates objects of reality conditionally and unmotivated.

Words in the Russian language differ in the structure of the stem, or morphological composition.
The stems of all significant words, according to their morphological composition, are divided into two groups: non-derivative stems and derived stems. The words water, mountain have a non-derivative base, and flood, hillock have a derivative (water-a, mountain-a, pa-vod-ok, pri-gor-ok).
A non-derivative base (unmotivated) is a single whole that cannot be decomposable into individual morphemes (meaningful parts); derivative stem (motivated) - a composite unity divided into individual morphemes.
The division of a derived stem into meaningful parts is a morphological feature of this stem and distinguishes it from a non-derivative one. This property of a derivative base is present in it only if and as long as there is a non-derivative base corresponding to a given derivative in the language. The stems of the words highlander, chicken, stick are derivatives; they are divided into separate morphemes because in the modern language there are corresponding non-derivative stems: gora-a, kur-y, palk-a.
A derived stem loses the ability to be divided into morphemes and becomes non-derivative if the corresponding non-derivative stem disappears from the language or ceases to correlate with it. Thus, the stems of the words stick, bench, bowl, hummock have lost their division into individual morphemes and have become non-derivative in the modern language because the non-derivative stems that correlated with them in the Old Russian language (pal, lava, misa, kocha) have dropped out of the dictionary of the modern Russian literary language. The stems of the words bag, capital, hoop, graveyard, belly, charm also moved into the category of non-derivatives, since they ceased to correlate with the non-derivative stems available in the modern Russian literary language (fur, table, hand, guest, live, flattery).
A non-derivative stem, correlated with a derivative, can be present in a language in two varieties: as a separate word (in its pure form) and as a separate morpheme (in a bound form), combined with affixes or another stem. The stems of the words tail, bell ringer, and forest are derivatives, since they correlate with the non-derivative stems tail, ringing, forest, which act in the modern Russian language as separate, independent words. The stems of the words speshk-a, vyderzhka-a, wash-a are derivatives, but the non-derivative stems associated with them (spesh-, derzh-, stir-) are not independent words, but act exclusively as related stems, as morphemes-roots ( hurry up, hold up, wash).
To classify a stem as a derived stem, it is sufficient to have at least one related word in the modern language that has a correlated stem in a pure or associated form (cf.: peacock - peacock, finger - six-fingered, branch - branch). A stem is considered derivative even if the suffix that stands out when correlating stems is unproductive and is not found in other stems (cf.: young - youth, decay - decay).
The difference between the bases of non-derivative and derivative is not limited to their morphological properties. This difference extends to the lexical meaning of stems.
The non-derivative basis of the words shaft, glass, city, sea does not make it possible to answer the question of why these objects are actually called that way. The meaning of the non-derivative basis is, as it were, inherent in itself and is unmotivated. The meanings of the derived stems of the words roller, glass holder, settlement, seaside are to some extent meaningful and motivated. The meanings of such stems are composed of the meanings of individual morphemes included in the stem: we conceptualize a roller as a “small shaft”, a glass holder as “a stand into which a glass is inserted”, a fortified settlement as a “huge city”, a coastal one as “located on the seashore” "
Thus, a derivative basis designates an object of reality by establishing a connection between this object and other objects indirectly, and a non-derivative basis - directly, purely conditionally. The indicated difference in the meaning of a non-derivative and a derivative stem is not universal; Wed: knife - knife, umbrella - umbrella.
The contrast between derived and non-derivative stems is expressed in the fact that the derived stem: 1) is divided into separate morphemes, 2) exists as a derivative as long as there is a corresponding non-derivative, 3) denotes objects of reality indirectly; non-derivative basis: 1) is not morphologically divided, 2) designates objects of reality conditionally and unmotivated.