Variants of the orthoepic norm
Orthoepy establishes and defends the norms of literary pronunciation. Sources of deviation from the norm may be:
dialectal speech ([b"a]reza; bo[n]ba; [road]road; kakava; spien), vernacular (kilo"meter; na"chat; po"rtfel);
letter (under the influence of the letter h they say: [ch"]to instead of [w]to; kone[h"]no instead of kone[sh]no; svoe[g]o instead of svoe[v]o);
inability to differentiate between the letters e and e in writing (worthless instead of worthless; acquired instead of acquired, etc.);
language development (old literary norms: unhappy"v; tse[r"]kov; chetve[r"]g - modern orthoepic norms: unhappy; tse[r]kov; chetve[r]g).
However, all the diversity linguistic factors is not limited to a simple opposition between norm and non-norm. There is a scale of normativity:
orthoepic norms that do not allow other options: aka[d"e]mik, a[f"e"]ra, dispan[se"]r, nedolila" etc.
orthoepic norms that allow equal options: bulo[sh]naya - bulo[chn]naya, do[sh"] - do[sht"], ar[te]ria - ar[t"]eria, ba[se]yn - ba[s"]ein; your horn is creative, sparkling - and crunchy, crumbling - crumbling, etc.
variants of the norm, of which one is recognized as the main one:
Orthoepic variants may belong to different styles. Words, when placed in different stylistic contexts, are pronounced differently. There are socially significant pronunciation variants, i.e. those that are typical for different groups of people speaking a literary language, as well as stylistic options that are consciously chosen in various social situations.
Usually there are three styles of pronunciation: high (solemn, bookish), neutral and low (colloquial). Against the background of a stylistically uncolored, neutral pronunciation, on the one hand, the features of a “lowered” colloquial style stand out, and on the other, the features of a “higher”, bookish style. Each style of pronunciation, as a rule, does not cover all words, but only a certain range of them, mainly associated with various fields of science, technology, art, and politics. U different persons this coverage varies depending on a number of conditions, including the degree of familiarity with foreign languages, traditions of old book pronunciation, etc. In the same way, the vernacular style of pronunciation extends to a certain range of popular words and forms, relating mainly to the sphere of everyday life, everyday life, etc.
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book (high) Clear pronunciation of unstressed syllables, close to the source; weakened reduction: p[o]ethical, wire, in general; Pronunciation foreign words close to the international pronunciation norm or source: nocturne; Clear pronunciation of most consonants: fifty; A hard consonant before the unstressed ending of adjectives in them. p., units h.: thunder, build[g]y; Slow pace of speech, even rhythm, dominance of brittle-grammatical intonation division. |
colloquial (lowered) Strong qualitative reduction of unstressed syllables - p[a]etic, reduction to zero sound - pro[vlk]a, contraction of vowels - in general; Pronunciation of foreign words in accordance with pronunciation standards colloquial speech Russian language: n[a]cturne; Reduction of consonants in combination with other consonants and vowels: Softening of consonants in the same forms: loud, strict; A sharp rise and fall in tone, uneven tempo of speech, pauses. |
Orthoepic norms in the area of vowels
1. In Russian speech, only stressed vowels are pronounced clearly. In the unstressed position, the following processes are observed:
Akanye - at home [lady?];
Hiccup - in the forest [in l "isu], nickel - [p" so];
Ykanye - wife [zhyna], horses - [loshyd "ey", and this process is observed after hard consonants [zh], [sh], [ts].
Ekanye - atelier [atel "ye].
Hard or soft pronunciation of a consonant is determined in dictionary order.
2. in the Russian language there is a tendency to adapt foreign words with e after a hard consonant; many words have “Russified” and are now pronounced with a soft consonant before e: [akad "em" iya]; [kr"em]; [mus"hey]; But whole line words are retained by a hard consonant: [b "iznes]; [test].
In some borrowed words, hard consonants are or can be pronounced before the vowel [e]. however, only in a few cases the hardness of the consonant before [e] is indicated by the letter e: sir, mayor, peer, etc. In other cases, the hardness of the consonant remains unindicated: after a hard consonant, as after a soft one, the letter e is written: kaba[re]; ka[pe]lla; [ke]b; [neseser]; pas[te]l; [se]psis; s[te]k, [me]tr, etc.
3. In certain words of foreign language origin, in place of the letter o in pre-stressed and post-stressed syllables, instead of the expected reduced sound, [o] is or can be pronounced: [boa]; [bol"iro]; [rococo].
4. The letter ё was proposed to be used by the Russian historian N.M. Karamzin, simplifying complex drawing pre-existing letter in the alphabet. Two dots over the letter е are usually not placed in print and in writing (they are indicated sequentially only in dictionaries, primers, and textbooks for primary education). Therefore, it turned out that many spellings can be read in two ways, hence the errors in the pronunciation of the letter ё:
faded / fade - cont. faded / fade
whitish - cont. whitish
imported - cont. imported
buckets (r.p. pl.) - cont. buckets (r.p.pl.)
maneuvers - cont. maneuvers
worthless - nepr. worthless
newborn - cont. newborn
And vice versa, e is replaced by e, making a mistake:
scam - cont. scam
being - cont. being
dead wood - cont. dead wood
grenadier - cont. grenadier
perplexed - adj. perplexed
simultaneous - cont. simultaneous
guardianship - cont. guardianship
5. A number of letters of the Russian alphabet represent two sounds: ya [y - a], e [y - e], ё [y - o], yu [y - y]. This process is observed at the absolute beginning of a word, after a vowel, after the dividing soft and hard signs.
Orthoepic norms in the area of consonants
1. Deafening: voiced consonants at the end of a word and before voiceless consonants are replaced by corresponding (paired) voiceless ones:
bread[p], golu[p"], zali[f], cro[f"], pyro[k], naro[t], lebe[t"], but[sh], gru[s], mud[ c"], etc.
sk[p]ki, tra[f]ka, [f]toroy, lo[t]ka, weak[t]ko, writing, books[sh]ki, friend[sh]ka, ni[s ]ko.
2. Voicing: in place of voiceless consonants before the voiced one (except for [v] corporal - e[f]reitor), the corresponding (paired) voiced ones are pronounced: pro[z"]ba, [z]delat, [zz]adi (behind), young[d"]ba, o[d]guess, v[g]hall.
3. Pronunciation of individual consonants or groups of consonants:
a) in place of the letter g in the Russian literary language the following are pronounced:
[g] - [g]us, o[g]gorod, [g]nat, [g]mushroom, i[g]ra, etc.;
[k] - vra[k], sapo[k], etc.;
[x] - Bo[x];
[h]/[g] - in interjections a[g]a; Wow; e[g]e (aha! wow! ege!);
In the interjection use of the word lord - [g]lord;
In some words of church-book origin: in the indirect cases of the word God, in the words good, rich and derivatives from them (bo[g]u, bo[g]aty, etc.). However, the pronunciation of these words with the sound [h]/[g] is falling out of use, giving way to the sound [g];
[v] - ko[v]o; my[v]o; own [in]o, etc.
b) the combination gk is pronounced like [hk]: le[hk]y, mya[hk]y.
c) the combination of chn, as a rule, is pronounced in accordance with the spelling, i.e. [chn] (anti[chn]y; eternal; yes[chn]y; na[chn]y; pro[chn]y, etc.).
In some words, instead of chn, only [shn] is pronounced:
(kone[sh]o, skuk[sh]o, naro[sh]o, eggs[sh]itsa, empty[sh]y, laundry[sh]aya, bitter[sh]y, dvo[sh]ik, starling [sh]ik, och[sh]ik and in female patronymics in -ichna: Fomini[sh]a, Lukini[sh]a, etc.).
There is also a double pronunciation [chn]/[shn]:
bulb[shn]/[chn]aya; bitter[shn]/[chn]ik; kopeck [shn]/[chn]y; young[shn]/[chn]y; plum[sh]/[chn]y; wheat[shn]/[chn]y, etc.
Sometimes differences in pronunciation [chn]/[shn] are determined by the semantics of the word: mammary gland - milky porridge; milk [chn]itsa (disease) - milk [sh]itsa (one who distributes milk); heart drops - heart friend, etc.
d) The combination of what is pronounced in accordance with the spelling [what], except for the word that and its derivatives: [piece]by, [piece]something, something [piece]o, no[piece]o. The word something is pronounced with [th].
e) ssh and sh > [sh] / [shsh]: crazy [sh] smart; developed and under.
szh, zzh, zhzh > [zh] / [zhzh]: burned - [zh]eg, squeezed - [zh]al, fried -and [zh]aril, ride - e[zh]u, reins - in [zh] and, yeast - dro[zh]i, rain -do[zh"]ik and so on.
sch and zch; ssch, zhch, shch; ssch, stch, zdch > [sh"] (letter sch): different [sh"]ik; sign[sh"]ik; order[sh"]ik; imaginative[sh"]ik; knot[sh"]ivy; split[w"]split (split) etc.;
tts, dts, ds > [ts]: o [ts]a (father); si[ts]a; molo[t]a; two[t]at; kol[ts]a (well), oksvor[ts]ky; similar[t]tvo and similar;
f) consonants [t], [d], [t"], [d"] are not pronounced:
between [z]-[n]: star[zn]y; according to [know]o; pra[zn]nik and so on;
between [s]-[n]: me[sn]y; area[sn]oh; che[sn]y and under.;
between [s]-[l]: dependent; conscientious; happy and content;
between [n]-[s]: age[ns]tvo; giga[ns]ky; goll[ns]ky; irla[ns]-ky; command[ns]ky and under.;
between [n]-[k] in the words: golla[nk]a (stove), shotla[nk]a (fabric).
BUT! golla[ntk]a (resident of Holland); governess; irla[ntk]a (resident of Ireland); waitress; student[ntk]a; shotla[ntk]a (resident of Scotland) and so on;
in the combination vstv - the first [v] is not pronounced: hello [st]uy; feeling and under.
Orthoepic norms in the area of stress (accentological norms)
Stress entirely belongs to the sphere of oral speech and is usually not indicated in writing. Russian stress - highlighting a syllable with greater tension in the pronunciation apparatus - dynamic (force). It has the following properties:
Variability - the place of stress is not attached to a specific syllable of the word (for example, initial or final) or to a specific morphological part of the word (to the stem or ending): you "carried; vor"na; greyish; teachers"; translated"; democratize", etc. In the above words, the stress falls on different syllables (from the first to the sixth) and on its different morphological parts (root, prefix, suffix, ending).
In a number of other languages, unlike Russian, the place of stress is assigned to a specific syllable of the word. In Czech and Finnish it falls on the initial syllable of the word, in Polish - on the penultimate syllable, in French - on the last syllable.
Variation of stress in the Russian language is an important means of distinguishing words.
1. Homograph words differ:
a "tlas - atla"s; for "mok - zamo"k; flour" - mu"ka; o"organ - organ"n; par "par" - par "t (meaning-distinguishing function).
2. some forms of two different words differ in the place of stress:
pi"sha (noun) - pi"cabbage soup (r.p.); food" (verb); food" (verb. verb);
white "to (noun, singular) - squirrel" (singular p.p.), squirrel" (singular p.p.); protein "lok (noun, plural. r.p.) - squirrel (singular, i.p.), squirrel (singular, v.p.);
pi "li (from drink) - drank" (reversible verb from saw);
pa "li (from mouth) - pali" (rev. inflection of the verb from fire);
me "li (from mel) - shoal" (reversible inflection of the verb from grind);
znakom (from sign) - znakom (from familiar).
3. The place of stress of the modified word may differ from the unchangeable word: by "that (noun, solid singular) - then" m (adv.).
Mobility. The varied stress of the Russian language in some words is fixed (i.e., when the grammatical forms of a word are formed, it remains on the same syllable), and in others it is mobile (i.e., when different grammatical forms of a word are formed, the stress is transferred from one syllable to another). Compare: kni"ga, kni"gi, kni"ge, kni"gu, kni"goy, about the book"ge (singular); books"gi, books"g, books"gam, books"gi, books"gami, about books"gah (plural) - fixed stress; and head", heads", head", head" head, head "th, about the head" (singular); golovy, golovov, golova m, golovy, golovami, o golova x (plural) - mobile stress.
Another example:
I cut my hair, I cut my hair, I cut my hair, I cut my hair, I cut my hair (fixed beat)
I can", you can, you can, you can, you can (sub. ud.).
The mobility of Russian stress is an additional auxiliary means that accompanies the main means of forming grammatical forms: different forms of a word, differing from each other in endings, can at the same time differ in the place of stress.
Variability. In a number of cases, fluctuations are observed in the words of the Russian language that do not carry a distinctive or formative function. Thus, the stress options in some words can be equal: for "cast - flooded"; and “otherwise”; crumbles - crumbles; o "bukh - obu" x; simultaneous - simultaneous, cottage cheese - cottage cheese, etc.
Most often, the place of stress differs between stylistic variants of words:
1) common and professional
prey"cha, i"skra, ko"mpas,do"bycha, spark",compa"s,
convict, chassis, convict, chassis,
vectorsvectors
2) literary and dialect
vyuga, nettle "va, blizzard", nettle,
di"ky, cold, cheeky, cold, ticklish"
3) literary, folk-poetic
maiden, silver, maiden, silver,
honest, silky honest, silky
4) modern and outdated
mu "music thunders" ka battle
the ax clattered along the elastic roots
5) literary and colloquial
quart "l, kilome" tr, qua "rtal, kilo" meter,
store"n, beauty"veemaga"zin,beautiful"e
6) neutral and conversational
sentence, call, sentence, call,
repeat, busy, repeat, busy
As a rule, these stylistic variants have the following marks in dictionaries: “add.”, “add. outdated.", "in poetic. speech is possible”, “in professional. speech" / "from chemists", "from doctors", etc.
Quite a significant number of stress variants are outside the literary norm. In the dictionaries, so-called fixative marks have been introduced for these options: “not rec.”, “not rec. outdated.", "wrong.", "grossly wrong."
Eg:
alcohol "l!nepr. a"alcohol
apostro"f!not rec. apo"stanza
aeropo "mouths! not river airports"
pamper, pamper, pamper! not a word. pamper, pamper, pamper
spoiled bathroom! not rec. spoiled
gross"th!cont. va"lovy
entered!cont. entered
veterina "riya! nepr. veterinary" I
religion! non-religion
ge"nesis!nepr gene"sis
dispensary "r!nepr. dispensary"nser
contractual "r! roughly cont. to" talk
engineers! roughly unprompted engineer
tool"nt!roughly inappropriate tool"ment
not for a long time, adv.! nezado for a long time
illegitimate!nepr. illegitimate
wrong "in, wrong" you! not river. wrong"
stupid"! not rec. stupid" a lot
oil pipeline "d!cont. oil pipeline"water
collateral! not recommended collateral
call "t, -nu", -ni"t! not rec. call"nit
make it easier, -chu, -chi, -t!
shoe"th!cont. o"literal
aries"n, aries"!nepr. o"ven, o"vna
wholesale
parali"h!cont. para"lich
sentence "p! nepr. at" talk
given
beets!cont. beet"
means! roughly inappropriate means
stolya "r! uneven stolya"lyar
bent! straight bent
dance "vshchik! nepr. dancer" to
legalization! non-legalization
move "to intercede! grossly inappropriate intercession" to act
sorrel! nepr. scha "vel
wide"!cont. shi"roko
exp"rt!cont. e"expert
I "buttocks, -its! not rec. berries"tsy
Thus, stress is one of the means of distinguishing words, forms of words and stylistic variants (coloring) of words.
Stress norms in separate parts speeches
Stress in nouns
1. In most nouns of foreign origin, the stress will be the same as in the original language: marketing, pullo, nouveau.
2. In words with -provod, the stress falls on the last syllable: water pipeline, gas pipeline, oil pipeline, d. Exception: electric pipeline.
3. Some prepositions take on stress. In this case, the noun that follows them is unstressed. Most often, the emphasis shifts to prepositions: on, for, under, by, from, without, from, to. For example: on the water, by the leg, by the hand, in the forest, and from the house, without a year, an hour or two, to the floor.
Stress on adjectives
1. B short adjectives with the suffixes -iv-, -liv-, -chiv-, -im-, -n-, aln-, -eln-, -ist- the stress falls on the same syllable as in full-form adjectives:
beautiful "vy - beautiful" in, beautiful "va, beautiful" in, beautiful "you;
stable - stable, stable, stable, stable;
dumb"slimy - dumb"slim, dumb"slimy, dumb"slimy, dumb"slimy;
nutritious - nutritious, nutritious, nutritious, nutritious, etc.
2. In adjectives with monosyllabic stems without suffixes (or with the simplest ancient suffixes -k-, -n-) in short forms female the accent moves to the ending:
fast - quick, quick, quick, quick; quick;
pale - pale, pale, pale, pale;
harmful - harmful, harmful, harmful, harmful;
young"y - young"lod, young", young"lodo, young"lody, etc. - in other short forms the emphasis remains on the basis (coincides with the emphasis in full form).
3. In most forms of the plural, the stress varies (it happens on the ending and on the stem): low, drunk, empty, etc. The stress does not fluctuate in the following short plural forms:
pale, close, boisterous, stormy, vernacular, harmful, stupid, bitter, dirty, long, pitiful, hot, red dreams, circles, false, right, simple, rare, cutting, dry, narrow, pure, bright, I dreams.
4. If in short form in the feminine gender the emphasis falls on the ending, then in a comparative degree - on the suffix -ee-: long" - long"e, visible" - visible"e, full" - fuller"e.
If in the short form of the feminine the emphasis falls on the base, then in a comparative degree it will also be on the base: lilo"va - lilo"vee, beautiful"va -krasi"vee, leni"va -leni"vee.
Stress on verbs
1. In verbs with - to -, the emphasis on and, which goes back to the German -ieren, is more productive. However, in some verbs that entered the Russian language in the 19th century, the emphasis falls on the last vowel - a: bombarding, armoring, corrugating, engraving, making up, grouping, marking, normalizing “to, seal”, to “premium”, to form.”
2. In many verbs (about 280) of the past tense (usually with monosyllabic stems) in feminine forms, the stress is usually on the ending: took, was, took, vila, lied, drove, rotted, gave, tore, waited, lived , called, cursed, lied, drank, tore, weaved, etc.
3. In verbs formed from the above, with any prefixes, the emphasis in feminine forms is always on the ending. The exception is the prefix you-, which pulls the emphasis onto itself: drove" - drove away" - overtook ", but! you" drove.
4. In reflexive verbs, the stress moves to the ending in all forms except the form male: climbed - climbed - climbed, but! climbed; poured - poured - poured, but! poured, etc.
5. It is especially worth recalling the placement of stress in the currently most common verbs: call and turn on. In these verbs, when conjugated in the indicative mood, the stress shifts from the suffix and always falls on the personal ending: calling, calling, m, calling, calling, calling, calling, t; turn on, turn on, turn on, turn on, turn on, turn on, turn on, turn on. However, in imperative mood the emphasis remains on the suffix: call - call", call" those; turn on - turn on, turn on.
Emphasis on participles
1. In short passive participles in the past tense forms, the stress is distributed in the same way as in the forms of short adjectives: taken "t - taken" - taken "that - taken" you. But when formed from participles on -branned, -torn, -called, the feminine form has an emphasis on the basis: collected, iso"torn, torn off."
However, for participles and verbal adjectives there is a rule: if in the full form the stress falls on the suffix -onn-/-enn-, then the same is the stress in the short masculine form. In the feminine, neuter and plural, the emphasis moves to the ending: given - given, given", given", given"; pointed - pointed, pointed", pointed", pointed."
2. In passive participles with a suffix -t- emphasis will move one syllable forward if the suffixes are -well- and -o- infinitive are under the stress: weed - prop "holed, bend" - bent.
1. Read an excerpt from a poem by F.I. Tyutchev, write it down in transcription
A swift stream runs down the mountain,
The noise of birds in the forest is not silent,
And the din of the forest and the noise of the mountains -
Everything cheerfully echoes the thunder.
2. The word FROST has five sounds. Determine how many times each of these sounds occurs in the proverb: “Try on seven times, cut off once”
3. Phonetic task
“- Or maybe you would like to hear a phrase in which there would be nine (!) vowels next to each other?
Please!
I know her and her July hobby..."
Is this example correct?
4. The poet David Samoilov has an ironic poem “House Museum”. The guide's story about the life of the venerable poet ends like this:
Here he died. On that canapé.
Before that I whispered a saying
Incomprehensible: “I want to drink...”
Or songs? Or maybe cookies?
Who knows what he wanted
This old poet in front of the coffin!
The death of the poet is the last section.
Don't crowd in front of the wardrobe...
There is a phonetic error here. Which?
5. In one riddle cartoon there are the following lines:
Far, far away in the meadow
Grazing co...
Co... No, not horses!
Co... No, not goats!
Ko... That's right, cows!
Find the phonetic error.
6. What phonetic law formed the basis for the advertising slogan of Nikola kvass: “Kvass is not cola! Drink Nikola!”
7. Fill out the table using " Spelling dictionary Russian language" (under any edition, preferably no earlier than 1989)
language norm stress sentence word
Municipal educational institution Novo-Usmanovskaya secondary school
Russian language lesson in 10th grade in order to prepare for the Unified State Exam.
SPELLING NORS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE
Subject
"Basic norms of modern literary
pronunciations and stress in Russian"
prepared
teacher of Russian language and literature
Mingalimova Ramzia Mudaristovna
year 2009
Goals:
1. Restore in the students’ memory the basic norms of correct literary speech; emphasize on actual problems state of modern language.
2. On specific examples practice spelling, lexical, grammatical, stylistic pronunciation norms; promote the development of oral communication skills.
3. Educate students careful attitude to language, aesthetic linguistic ideal.
Equipment: test tasks, cards, spelling dictionaries.
Location of the lesson. Computer class.
During the classes.
1 Organizing time. (Students enter the class using “passes” - cards with words for correct pronunciation.
2. Statement of the topic and purpose of the lesson.
3. Checking homework (Several students work at computers with simulators for various spellings, and two students at the blackboard perform phonetic analysis words)
4. Work on the topic.
5. Preliminary research a group of students according to the orthoepic norms of the language.
Motivation.
Teacher's word:
Let us pay attention to the statement of K. S. Gorbachevich, which will serve as an epigraph to today’s lesson:
It is difficult to overestimate the role of literary pronunciation - one of the important indicators of general cultural level modern man. The correct pronunciation of a word is no less important than the correct spelling.
K.S.Gorbachevich
Work on the topic of the lesson.
A) Frontal survey.
What does orthoepy study? The term “orthoepy” is used in linguistics in two meanings:
1) a set of norms literary language related to the sound design of significant units: norms of pronunciation of sounds in different positions, norms of stress and intonation;
2) a science that studies the variation in pronunciation norms of a literary language and develops pronunciation recommendations (orthoepic rules).
Educational complexes define orthoepy as the science of pronunciation, that is, in the first meaning. Thus, according to these complexes, all pronunciation norms of the Russian language belong to the sphere of orthoepy: the implementation of vowels in unstressed syllables, deafening/voicing of consonants in certain positions, softness of a consonant before a consonant, etc.
What is called the orthoepic norm?
Pronunciation individual sounds, sound combinations, words and grammatical forms are subject to certain rules. These rules are called spelling norms.
What spelling norms do you know?
Students. Orthoepic norms are a complex phenomenon. Basic orthoepic rules - norms of modern Russian literary pronunciation can be divided into those that determine the pronunciation of vowel sounds (in different positions in a word, as well as when determining the place of stress) and the pronunciation of consonant sounds (also in different positions in a word, in combinations of consonants, in combinations with some vowel sounds, in different grammatical forms).
– Some students have conducted research on the pronunciation of individual sounds, their combinations, and individual words, and today they will introduce everyone to the rules that they have developed.
Pronunciation of vowel sounds.
1. The strong position for vowels is the position under stress. In an unstressed position, vowels undergo a change (qualitative or quantitative), i.e. are reduced.
Attention should be paid to difficult cases of reduction. After hissing [zh] and [sh] and the sound [ts], the unstressed vowel [a] is pronounced like a short [a]: jargon, kings. But before soft consonants - like the sound [ые]: regret, thirty. In rare cases [ye] is also pronounced before hard consonants: rye, jasmine.
2. After soft consonants in the first pre-stressed syllable, in place of the letters a, e, i, the sound [ie] is pronounced: hours. This is called "hiccupping". It occurs in neutral and conversational styles. “Ekanye” (pronunciation of the sound [ei] in a given phonetic position characterizes stage speech: v[ei]nets, t[ei]rnovy. The pronunciation of h[i]sy is outdated, h[a]sy is dialectal.
3. Consonants ts, zh, sh - hard sounds, after them the letters are in place and pronounced [s]: revolution[s]ya, zh[y]zn, sh[y]r.
4. In a few words of foreign language origin that have not been completely assimilated into the Russian language, in place of the letter o, in contrast to the Russian orthoepic norm, a weakened [o] is pronounced in an unstressed position, i.e. without reduction: radi[o]. A too distinct [o] is perceived as mannered; on the other hand, a distinct pronunciation of [o] in “Russified” book words (sonata, short story) is also not desirable, because gives the pronunciation a vernacular tone.
5. The letter е was proposed to be used by the Russian historian N.M. Karamzin, simplifying the complex pattern that previously existed in the alphabet of the letter. However, we can now find the letter ё only in primers and textbooks for foreigners studying the Russian language. The absence of this letter in books and periodicals leads to incorrect pronunciation of words. You should pay attention to words in which the vowel [o], designated by the letter ё, is sometimes mistakenly replaced with a stressed [e], whitish, maneuvers are pronounced as whitish, maneuvers. Sometimes, on the contrary, the shock [e] is mistakenly replaced with [o] ё: grenadier, scam is pronounced as grenadier, scam. This pronunciation is not normative. Pronunciation of consonants
1. Voiced consonants at the absolute end of a word and before voiceless consonants are deafened: arbu[s], pre[t]previous.
2. In masculine nouns in -ism, the consonant [z] is pronounced firmly in all cases, including when the final consonant in D.p. is softened. and pp.: under capitalism.
3. The consonant [g] can be pronounced as [g] - year, [k] - enemy, [?] - Lord, [x] - God, [v] - whom.
4. The sound [?] within the modern literary norm is pronounced in a limited number of words, but the pronunciation [g]gospod, a[g]a, o[g]o can be considered a variant of the norm.
5. In the Russian language there is a tendency towards adaptability of the sound appearance of borrowed words with e after a hard consonant; many such words have “Russified” and are now pronounced with a soft consonant before e: museum, cream, academy, overcoat, plywood, Odessa.
But a number of words retain a solid consonant: antenna, business, genetics, detective, test. Variant pronunciation is allowed: dean, claim, therapy, terror, track. The hard or soft pronunciation of a consonant is determined in dictionary order.
6. According to Old Moscow norms, the spelling combination chn was pronounced as [shn]. Currently, [shn] is preserved in the words: of course, boring, scrambled eggs, on purpose, birdhouse, trifling, and in female patronymics in -ichna: Fominichna, Kuzminichna.
In a number of words, double pronunciation is allowed: bulo [chn]naya and bulo[sh]naya, although the latter is becoming outdated.
7. According to the “older” norm, the combination cht was pronounced as [pcs] in the word that and words derived from it: nothing, something, etc.
Currently, this rule is preserved for all specified words, except something [t]. In all other words, the spelling cht is always pronounced as [cht]: mail, dream.
8. The combination of zhd in the word rain and its derivatives was pronounced according to the “senior” norm as [zh"zh"] (at the end of the word - [sh"sh"]). Modern pronunciation [zhd"] (at the end of the word - [pcs"]) is assessed as a variant of the literary norm.
9. According to the “older” norm, the spelling combinations zzh and zhzh (yeast, later) were pronounced as [zh"zh"] - a long and soft hissing. Currently, in place of zzh and zhzh, a hard hissing [zhzh] is pronounced. And this pronunciation is assessed as a variant of the literary norm
In most cases, it is necessary to refer to the "Orthoepic Dictionary of the Russian Language" ed. R.I. Avanesov, which gives the pronunciation of the word Orthoepic Dictionary of the Russian Language.
The pronunciation of the hard and soft consonant before e in borrowed words is regulated separately for each word of this type. So, one should pronounce k[r"]em, [t"]ermin, mu[z"]ey, shi[n"]el, but fo[ne]tika, [te]nnis, sw[te]r; In a number of words, variable pronunciation is possible, for example: prog[r]ess and prog[r"]ess.
The pronunciation of combinations cht and chn in individual words as [pcs] and [shn] is also specified by the list. So, with [sht] the words are pronounced that, so that, with [sh] - words of course, boring, in a number of words variable pronunciation is acceptable, for example, dvo[ch"n"]ik and dvo[sh"]ik, bulo[h "n]aya and bul[sh]naya.
As already mentioned, in the speech of some people, mainly the older generation, there is a long soft consonant sound [zh "], which is pronounced in individual words in place of combinations of the letters zhzh, zzh, zhd: yeast, reins, ride, rains: [trembling" i], [vozh"i], [th"ezh"u], [sales"i]. In the speech of people of the younger generation, in place of the combinations zhzh and zzh the sound [zh] = [zhzh] ([trembling], [th "ezhu]) can be pronounced, in place of the combination zhd in the word rains - [zhzh"] (thus, with stunning in the word rain we have pronunciation options [dosch"] and [dosht"]).
In the speech of all speakers of the modern Russian language, [n] is successively replaced with [n"] before [ch"] and [sch"]: drum [drumában"ch"ik], drummer [drumában"sch"ik]. In other groups consonant softening either does not occur at all (for example, benches [lafk"i]), or it is presented in the speech of some native speakers and is absent in the speech of others. At the same time, the representation of positional mitigation in different groups consonants are different. Thus, in the speech of many speakers there is a positional softening [s] before [n"] and [t"], [z] before [n"] and [d"]: bone [kos "t"], song [p"es "n"a], life [zhyz"n"], nails [gvoz"d"i], softening of the first consonant in the combinations [zv"], [dv"], [sv"], [zl"], [ sl"], [sy"] and some others are more the exception than the rule (for example: door [dv"er"] and [d"v"er"], eat [sy"em] and [s"y"em] , if [th "esl"i] and [th "esl"i]).
The appearance of many orthoepic variants is associated with the development of the literary language. The pronunciation is gradually changing. At the beginning of the 20th century. they said a[n"]gel, tse[r"]kov, ve[r"x], per[r"]vy. And even now in the speech of older people one can often find such pronunciation. The hard pronunciation of the consonant [s] in the particle -sya (s) (laughed [s]a, met [s]) very quickly disappears from the literary language. At the beginning of the 20th century. this was the norm of the literary language, just like the hard sounds [g, k, x] in the adjectives na -kiy, -giy, -hiy and in the verbs na -nod, -givat, -hivat. The words tall, strict, dilapidated, jump up, jump up, shake off were pronounced as if they were written strict, dilapidated, jump up, jump up. Then the norm began to allow both options - the old and the new: the dare[s]a and the dare[s"]ya, and the str[g]iy str[g"]iy. As a result of changes in literary pronunciation, variants appear, some of which characterize the speech of the older generation, others - the younger.
Teacher's conclusion.
Which dictionary can you turn to if you have difficulty pronouncing a word?
Relaxation: Starting position - standing, arms forward, look at your fingertips, raise your arms up (inhale), follow your hands with your eyes without raising your head, lower your arms, exhale. Repeat 3 times.
Working with the “Orthoepic norms” simulator.
In fact, the list of these words is much longer. In case of difficulty, please contact spelling dictionary. In our everyday speech Such common words appear often.
Research work.
Working with exercises:
Place accents in words using a spelling dictionary. Formulate the rule that governs the placement of stress in these words.
Pipeline, gas pipeline, water supply, garbage chute, oil pipeline. (Rule: in words ending in -wire, the stress falls on the last syllable).
Philologist, psychologist, catalogue, epilogue, prologue. (Rule: if the noun is animate, then the stress falls on the middle of the word).
Dumbness, deafness, yawning, stuffiness, beauty, drowsiness, aches. (Rule: in nouns formed from verbs, the stress falls on –ot-, those formed from adjectives - on the ending.
Dumbness - dumb, deafness - deaf, stuffiness - stuffy, beauty - beautiful;
Yawning - yawning, dozing - dozing, aching - breaking.)
(After checking each task from this block, the rule is written down in notebooks).
Performing exercises 50, 51, 52. In case of difficulties, students turn to the school spelling dictionary or appendix 1 of the textbook. Exercise 50 is done in writing.
Alphabet, hyphen, quarter, kitchen, meager, orphans, convocation, Statue, phenomenon, expert, flounder, pantry, silo, joiner, prettier, beets, sorrel, he calls, corrugate, pamper, cork.
The words of exercises 51, 52 are read out loud in a chain, everyone monitors the correct pronunciation and makes corrections if necessary.
Exercise 51.
Calling - calling, calling, calling, calling; pour - poured, naughty, poured, poured; take - took, took, took, took; spin - spun, spun, spun, spun; call - called, called, called, called; drive - drove, drove, drove, drove; wait - waited, waited, waited, waited; steal - stole, stole, stole, stole; begin - began, beginning, beginning, began; come to life - come to life, come to life, come to life, come to life; understand - understood, understood, understood, understood; accept - accepted, accepted, accepted, accepted.
Exercise 52 (words are transcribed)
Lesson summary. 1) conversation on the following issues:
What is an orthoepic norm and why is it needed?
What should we do to ensure that our speech is correct, clear, and understandable to others?
It will be the greatest crime before culture, before our Motherland, before humanity if we do not take care of our language and allow ourselves to distort it.
K. G. Paustovsky.
2) grading.
Write an essay-discussion on the topic “Why is orthoepy needed?”
Review everything learned on the topic “Orthoepy”;
Orthoepic norms are pronunciation norms of oral speech. They are studied by a special section of linguistics - orthoepy(Greek orthos - correct and epos - speech). Orthoepy is also called a set of rules of literary pronunciation. Orthoepy determines the pronunciation of individual sounds in certain phonetic positions, in combination with other sounds, as well as their pronunciation in certain grammatical forms, groups of words or in individual words.
Maintaining uniformity in pronunciation has great importance. Spelling errors always interfere with the perception of the content of speech: the listener’s attention is distracted by various incorrect pronunciations and the statement is not perceived in its entirety and with sufficient attention. Pronunciation that corresponds to orthoepic standards facilitates and speeds up the communication process. That's why social role correct pronunciation is very great, especially nowadays in our society, where oral speech has become a means of widest communication at various meetings, conferences, and congresses.
Let's consider basic rules of literary pronunciation, which must be adhered to.
Pronunciation of vowels. In Russian speech, among vowels, only stressed ones are pronounced clearly. In an unstressed position, they lose clarity and clarity of sound; they are pronounced with weakened articulation. It's called law reduction.
The vowels [a] and [o] at the beginning of a word without stress and in the first pre-stressed syllable are pronounced as [a]: ravine –[a] enemy, autonomy –[a] vt[a] nomiya, milk - m[a]l[a]ko.
In the remaining unstressed syllables, i.e. in all unstressed syllables, except the first prestressed one, in place of the letter oka after hard consonants a very short (reduced) unclear sound is pronounced, which different positions ranges from a pronunciation close to [s] to a pronunciation close to [a). Conventionally, this sound is denoted by the letter [ъ]. For example: head – g[b]lova, side - st[b]rona, Expensive - d[b] horny, city - gor[ъ]d, watchman - side [ъ] g.
Letters e And I in a pre-stressed syllable they denote a sound intermediate between [e] and [i]. Conventionally, this sound is indicated by the sign [and e]: nickel - p[i e ] so, feather - p[i e] ro.
The vowel [and] after a hard consonant, preposition, or when pronouncing a word together with the previous one is pronounced as [s]: medical school – medical institute from a spark - from[s] hidden, laughter and grief - laughter[s] grief. If there is a pause, [i] does not transform into [s]: laughter and grief.
The absence of vowel reduction interferes with normal speech perception, as it reflects literary norm, but dialect features. So, for example, the letter-by-letter (unreduced) pronunciation of the word [milk] is perceived by us as a voicing, and the replacement of unstressed vowels with [a] without reduction - [malako] - as a strong akan.
Pronunciation of consonants. Basic laws of consonant pronunciation - stun And assimilation.
In Russian speech, there is a mandatory deafening of voiced consonants at the end of a word. We pronounce bread[n] – bread, sa[t] – garden, smo[k] – could, any[f"] – Love etc. This deafening is one of the characteristic features of Russian literary speech. It should be taken into account that the consonant [g] at the end of a word always turns into a paired unvoiced sound [k]: le[k] - lay down, poro[k] – threshold etc. In this case, pronouncing the sound [x] is unacceptable as a dialect. The exception is the word God - bo[x].
In the position before vowels, sonorant consonants k (v), the sound [g] is pronounced as a voiced plosive consonant. Only in a few words, Old Church Slavonic in origin - bo [γ] a, [γ] lord, blah [γ] o, bo [γ] aty and derivatives from them, the fricative velar consonant [γ] sounds. Moreover, in modern literary pronunciation and in these words, [γ] is replaced by [g]. It is most stable in the word [γ] Lord,
[G] pronounced as [x] in combination gk And gh: le[hk"] – ii – easy, le[hk] o – easily.
In combinations of voiced and voiceless consonants (as well as voiceless and voiced), the first of them is likened to the second.
You should pay attention to the combination chn, since mistakes are often made when pronouncing it. There is a fluctuation in the pronunciation of words with this combination, which is associated with a change in the rules of the old Moscow pronunciation.
According to the norms of modern Russian literary language, the combination chn This is usually pronounced [chn], especially for words of book origin (greedy, careless) as well as to words that appeared in the recent past (camouflage, landing).
Pronunciation [shn] instead of spelling chn currently required in female middle names on – ichna: Ilyini[shn]a, Lukini[shn]a, Fomini[shn]a, and is also preserved in separate words: horse[shn]o, pere[shn]itsa, laundry[shn]aya, empty[shn]y, skvore [sh]ik, ya[sh]itsa, etc.
Some words with combination chn in accordance with the norm, they are pronounced in two ways: order [shn] o and order [chn] o. In some cases, different pronunciation of the combination chn serves for semantic differentiation of words: heart [chn] – th blow – heart [sh] friend.
Pronunciation of borrowed words. They, as a rule, obey modern spelling norms and only in some cases differ in pronunciation features. For example, sometimes the pronunciation of the sound [o] is preserved in unstressed syllables (m[o] del, [o] azis, [o] tel) and hard consonants before the front vowel [e] (s[te] nd, ko[de] ks, cough [ne]). In most borrowed words, the consonants before [e] are softened: ka[t"] et, pa[t"] ephon, faculty[t"] et, mu[z"] her, [p"] ector, pio[n" ] er. The back-lingual consonants are always softened before [e]: pa[k"] et, [k"] egli, s[x"] ema, ba[g"] et.
A description of orthoepic norms can be found in the literature on speech culture, in special linguistic studies, for example, in the book by R.I. Avanesov “Russian literary pronunciation”, as well as in explanatory dictionaries of the Russian literary language, in particular, in the one-volume “ Explanatory dictionary Russian language" S.I. Ozhegov and N.Yu. Shvedova.
Orthoepic norms of the Russian literary language regulate the correct pronunciation of sounds in various phonetic positions, with other sounds, in certain grammatical forms and individual words. Distinctive feature pronunciation is uniform. Spelling errors can negatively affect listeners’ perception of speech. They can distract the interlocutor’s attention from the essence of the conversation, causing misunderstanding and irritation. Pronunciation that corresponds to orthoepic standards facilitates the communication process and makes it more effective.
Orthoepic norms determined by the phonetic system of the language. Each language is characterized by its own phonetic laws governing the pronunciation of sounds and the words they create.
The basis of the Russian literary language is the Moscow dialect, however, in Russian orthoepy, the so-called “younger” and “senior” norms are distinguished. The first reflects the distinctive features of modern pronunciation, the second draws attention to Old Moscow spelling norms.
Basic rules of pronunciation
In the Russian language, only those vowels that are under stress are clearly pronounced: garden, cat, daughter. Those vowels that are in an unstressed position may lose clarity and definition. This is the law of reduction. Thus, the vowel “o” at the beginning of a word without stress or in pre-stressed syllables can be pronounced like “a”: s(a)roka, v(a)rona. In unstressed syllables, an unclear sound can be pronounced in place of the letter “o”, for example, like the first syllable in the word “head”.
The vowel sound “and” is pronounced like “y” after a preposition, a hard consonant, or when pronouncing two words together. For example, “pedagogical institute”, “laughter and tears”.
As for the pronunciation of consonants, it is guided by the laws of deafening and assimilation. Voiced consonants facing a dull sound are deafened, which is characteristic feature Russian speech. An example is the word “pillar”, the last letter of which is stunned and pronounced like “p”. There are very, very many such words.
In many words, instead of the sound “ch”, one should pronounce “sh” (the word “what”), and the letter “g” in endings is read as “v” (the words “mine”, “nobody” and others).
As mentioned above, orthoepic norms deal with the pronunciation of borrowed words. Usually such words obey the norms existing in the language, and only sometimes can they have their own characteristics. One of the most common rules is to soften the consonants before “e”. This can be seen in words such as “faculty”, “cream”, “overcoat” and others. However, in some words the pronunciation may vary (“dean”, “terror”, “therapy”).
Orthoepic norms– these are also norms for setting stress, which is not fixed in the Russian language. This means that in different grammatical forms of a word the stress may differ (“hand” - “hand _
9. Stress norms in modern Russian
Accent- This is a mandatory feature of the word. This is the highlighting of a syllable in a word by various means: intensity, duration, tone movement. Russian stress is unfixed (various places) and mobile (moves in different grammatical forms of one word). Stress serves to distinguish the grammatical forms of a word. Sometimes stress serves as a sign by which the meanings of a word differ (homographs). In the accentological norm, there are such concepts as proclitic and enclitic. A proclitic is an unstressed word adjacent to a stressed word in front. An enclitic is an unstressed word attached to the back of a word. In addition, there are words in the language with so-called double stress, these are accentological variants. Sometimes they are equal, often one may be preferable.
Orthoepic norms are pronunciation norms of oral speech. They are studied by a special section of linguistics - orthoepia (Greek orthos - correct and epos - speech). Orthoepy is also called a set of rules of literary pronunciation. Orthoepy determines the pronunciation of individual sounds in certain phonetic positions, in combination with other sounds, as well as their pronunciation in certain grammatical forms, groups of words or in individual words.
Maintaining uniformity in pronunciation is of great importance. Spelling errors always interfere with the perception of the content of speech; the listener's attention is distracted by various incorrect pronunciations and the statement is not perceived in its entirety and with sufficient attention. Pronunciation that corresponds to orthoepic standards facilitates and speeds up the communication process. That's why the social role of correct pronunciation is very great, especially now in our society, where oral speech has become a means of the widest communication at various meetings, conferences, and conventions.
Let's consider basic rules of literary pronunciation that must be adhered to.
Pronunciation of vowels. In Russian speech, among vowels, only stressed ones are pronounced clearly. IN in an unstressed position, they lose clarity and clarity of sound, they are pronounced with weakened articulation. It's called law reduction. Reduction can be quantitative (when the sound changes only the length of the sound) and qualitative (when the sound changes its quality).
Vowels [A] And [O] at the beginning of words without stress and in the first pre-stressed syllable they are pronounced as [A]: ravine - [a]enemy, autonomy - [a]vt[a]nomia, milk - m[a]l[a]ko.
Letters e And I in a pre-stressed syllable denotes a sound intermediate between [e] And [And]: nickel - p[i]so, pen - p[i]ro.
Vowel [And] after a solid consonant, a preposition, or when pronouncing a word together with the previous one, it is pronounced as [s]: medical institute - medical [s] institute, from spark - from [s]skra.
Pronunciation of consonants. Basic laws pronunciation of consonants – deafening and assimilation.
In Russian speech, there is a mandatory deafening of voiced consonants at the end of a word. We pronounce hle[n] – bread, sa[t] – garden, lyubo[f’] – love, etc. This stunning is one of the characteristic features of Russian literary speech. It is necessary to take into account that the consonant [g] at the end of a word always turns into its paired unvoiced sound [k]: le[k] - lay down, poro[k] - threshold, etc. In this case, pronouncing the sound [x] is unacceptable as a dialect. The exception is the word god - bo[x].
[G] is pronounced like [X] in combinations gk And hh: le[hk’]y – easy, le[hk]o – easy.
You should pay attention to the combination chn, since mistakes are often made when pronouncing it. There is a fluctuation in the pronunciation of words with this combination, which is associated with a change in the rules of the old Moscow pronunciation.
According to the norms of the modern Russian literary language, the combination chn is usually pronounced [chn], especially for words of book origin (greedy, careless), as well as for words that appeared in the recent past (camouflage, landing).
Pronunciation [shn] instead of spelling chn currently required in female middle names on -ichna: Ilyini[sh]a, Lukini[sh]a, -Fomini[sh]a, and is also preserved in separate words: horse[sh]o, per[sh]itsa, laundry[sh]aya, empty[sh]y, starling[shn]ik, eggs[shn]itsa, etc.
Some words with combination chn in accordance with the norm, they are pronounced in two ways: order[n]o And about [chn]o. In some cases, different pronunciation of the combination chn serves for semantic differentiation of words: heartbeat - dear friend.
Pronunciation of borrowed words. They, as a rule, obey modern spelling norms and only in some cases differ in pronunciation features. For example, sometimes the pronunciation of a sound is preserved [O] in unstressed syllables (model, [o]asis, [o]tel) and hard consonants before the front vowel [e](s[te)nd, ko[de]ks, kash[ne]). In most borrowed words, the consonants before [e] are softened: ka[t']et, pa[t']efon, faculty[t']et, mu[z']ey, [r']ektor, pio[n' ]er. Always before [e] back-lingual consonants are softened: pa[k’]et, [k’]egli, s[h’]ema, ba[g’]et.
Pay attention to the table, which presents spelling errors, the list of which was not explained in the previous material:
SPELLING ERRORS
|
EXAMPLES (standard pronunciation is indicated in brackets) |
|
|
1. Assimilation (similarity of sounds) |
Labo l atorium (instead of laboratory); brane Sat oyt (instead of a fire hose); co l idor (corridor); bi T he (can); car d he (cardboard). |
|
2. Epenthesis (unjustified insertion of sounds) |
Bespretse N dental (norm: unprecedented); howl NGOboss(military leader); dermisNting(leatherette); DickABOUTimage(porcupine); computerNtented th (competent); compromiseNtitrate(compromise); competitorNcapable(competitive); constaNtitrate(to state); summerANDdead reckoning(chronology); laneEperspective(perspective); laneEturbation(perturbation); ByDslip(slip); light fixtureDsetting(the end of the world - the light ceases, i.e. dies); WithTram(shame); hEextraordinary(emergency), IINstva(foods). Things to remember: horseUNKculture– “the situation or situation created in any area”; horseECtour- “restoring a damaged text based on a guess.” |
|
3. Dieresis (erroneous elimination of sounds) |
It should be said wanderedABOUTka(R.p., singular), not a keychain; AzerbaijanYjan(not Azerbaijan); time Preconducting(not pastime) |
|
4. Metathesis (change of sounds), simplification |
Sk ur pular (norm: scrupulous); tra mv a (trauma); tra vm ay (tram); d RU schlag (colander); |
A description of orthoepic norms can be found in the literature on speech culture, in special linguistic studies, for example, in the book by R. I. Avanesov “Russian Literary Pronunciation”, as well as in explanatory dictionaries of the Russian literary language, in particular, in the one-volume “Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language” "S. I. Ozhegov and N. Yu. Shvedova.
References
- L.A. Vvedenskaya et al. Russian language and speech culture: examination answers. Series “Passing the Exam.”/ L.A. Vvedenskaya, L.G. Pavlova, E.Yu. Kashaeva. – Rostov n/Don: “Phoenix”, 2003 – 288 p. (pp. 61 – 62)
- Russian language and culture of speech: Course of lectures/G.K. Trofimova – M.: Flinta: Nauka, 2004 – 160 p. (pp. 59 – 61)
QUESTIONS and tasks
- What norms are called orthoepic?
- What are the orthoepic norms for literary pronunciation of vowel sounds?
- What are the orthoepic norms for literary pronunciation of consonant sounds?
- What are the reasons for soft and hard pronunciation of consonants before the vowel E?
- What are the reasons for the different pronunciation of the combination CN in modern Russian?
Tasks for independent work
Task 1. Compile a dictionary of difficulties in pronunciation of individual words related to your future profession.
Task 2. Observe the speech of the people around you. What are the most common spelling errors?
TESTS
Test 1. Mark the statement that corresponds to reality. Stress in the Russian language is called heterogeneous, because...
a) it can fall on any syllable in different words;
b) it can fall on any syllable in the same word;
c) in the same word in different forms stress may fall on different syllables;
d) the stress in Russian is musical, not forceful.
Test 2. Find a statement that contradicts reality.
a) Stress in Russian serves to distinguish the semantics of words;
b) stress in Russian serves to distinguish ambiguous words;
c) stress in Russian can indicate the grammatical form of a word;
d) stress helps differentiate the meaning of words and their forms.
Test 3. Find the correct answer. In the words atlas and atlas the emphasis is:
a) to distinguish the semantics of words;
b) to indicate different grammatical forms of a word;
c) to distinguish between the meaning of words and their form;
d) to indicate variations of a word.
Test 4. Find a statement that corresponds to reality. Orthoepic norms are...
a) norms of stress and pronunciation;
b) norms for constructing phrases and sentences;
c) norms for the use of polysemantic words;
d) norms for the formation of grammatical forms.
Test 5. Find a statement that does not correspond to reality: Accentological norms in the Russian language are caused by the following characteristics of Russian stress:
a) mobility;
b) diversity;
c) free character;
d)fixation of stress on a certain syllable.
Test 6. Find a couple of words in which both options are literary norms:
a)blinds – blinds;
b)salmon – salmon;
c) kitchen - kitchen;
d) petition – petition.
Test 7. Determine which reasoning is correct when analyzing the stress in the words: compass and compass.
a) Both accents correspond to the literary norm;
b) one accent - compass - is the norm, and compass is colloquial;
c)one stress – compass – is inherent in professional speech;
d) one accent – compass – obsolete.
Test 8. Mark the row where the stress serves to differentiate words:
a) cottage cheese – cottage cheese;
b) sorrel – sorrel;
c) thinking - thinking;
d) faggot – faggot.
Test 9. Mark a number of words in which accentological errors are most often made?
a)quarter, agreement, shoe, funds, petition;
b)lecturer, scholarship, appendicitis, caterpillar;
c) enviable, obvious, incredible, desperate;
d)play, call, sit, hang.
Test 10. Find a word in which there is no reduction of the vowel “o”.
d) illness.
Test 11. Find a word in which the sound “sch” is allowed in place of “zhd” according to the norms of the Russian language.
Test 12. Find the word that is spelled incorrectly.
a) Incident;
b) quartermaster;
c) precedent;
d) applicant.
Test 13. In which row are words presented that do not contain unpronounceable consonants?
a) Midnight, repay, known.
b)sun, late, ashamed;
c)local, famous, sad;
d) lovely, staircase, holiday.
Test. 14 Find a word in which the letter “g” is pronounced “v”.
a)Round;
c) round;
d) wow.
Test 15. Which meaning corresponds to the word credo:
a) belief system;
b) point of view, opinions;
c) rule, principle;
d) something that belongs to only one person.
Test 16. Find a word in which the letter “g” is pronounced “x”.
Test 17. Find a row in which the combinations chn and shn serve to distinguish the meaning of words.
a) Kalachny – Kalashny.
b) Two-handed - two-handed.
c) Ilyinichna - Ilyinishna.
d) Kuzminichna - Kuzminishna.
Test 18. Mark the reasoning that is correct when analyzing the pair of words: guardianship - guardianship.
a) Both words correspond to the literary norm;
b) both words do not correspond to the literary norm;
c) the form of guardianship is correct;
d) the correct form of guardianship is.
Test 19. Which meaning corresponds to the word galaxy:
a) a group of outstanding figures in any field of one era;
b) a group of eminent personalities;
d) a group of like-minded people.
Test 20. In which row is the stress placed correctly in the words:
a) contract, production, scanty, quarter;
b) plum, pear, obituary, sentence;
c) whooping cough, melting, thinking, detection;
d)drowsiness, aches, deafness, kindness.