Which full form of the participle is improved. Short participles - how they are formed, what questions they answer, examples

The meaning of aspect for participles is the result of their formation from verbs of both types, and not the fact of their own formation, therefore, for passive past participles, aspectual oppositions are irregular.

As already noted, the category of aspect has a significant impact on the process of formation of participles, “allowing” or “prohibiting” the formation of present tense forms. Passive past participles are formed mainly from SV verbs : cook - cooked, read - read . The NSV forms of such participles are unproductive: read - read, wash - washed.

The tense category of participles is not related to the categories of mood and person and is not predicative. The regularity of temporal oppositions is observed only in active participles, since in passive participles the past tense form is rarely formed from NSV verbs, as noted above.

The category of voice in participles has some peculiarities: for passive forms only passive voice is possible, active participles can have the meaning of both active and passive voice: Writer,wrote book for several years, finished his work(active voice) - Book,written several years, completed(passive voice). Active participles expressing the meaning of the passive voice are necessarily participles with a postfix -sya, formed from NSV verbs. They are usually used when the corresponding passive participle is not formed or is rarely used.

§ 5. Full and short forms of participles.

Active participles have only the full form. Short forms form passive participles, and for present participles they are less typical, are often outdated and are found mainly in book speech: For birthdaycookable there were surprises: some kind of beaded case for a toothpick (G.). Short forms from past participles SV, on the contrary, are quite frequent: The quiet lake in the early morning is all covered with seedsblooming trees and herbs (Prishv.). Short forms are formed from full ones by cutting off adjectival endings and adding endings characteristic of short adjectives: zero, -a, -o,-s: read, read, read, read .

Short participial forms have semantic and grammatical features compared to full ones:

The meaning of short participles is peculiar: they indicate the result in the present of an action that took place in the past: The entire southern side of the sky is thickflooded crimson glow(Ch.);

They do not decline, although in the Old Russian language they did;

They vary by number, and in the singular by gender;

They correspond to the NSV verbs of the passive voice, taking the place of the passive voice form from the SV verbs;

Short participles do not express the meaning of time; the tense characteristic contains the form of the auxiliary verb " be":was built, will be built, present tense with zero connective: built. It is the absence of the category of tense that gives grounds for some linguists to say that short forms cannot be considered participles;

Short participles usually act as a predicate in a sentence: Literature emerged from the laws of decay. She alone does not recognize death (S.-Shch.). Less often, in combination with dependent words, they act as a separate definition: Driven by the spring rays, snow has already flown from the surrounding mountains in muddy streams into the flooded meadows (P.).

It's no secret that the Russian language is rich in vocabulary, word formation and, of course, grammar. This is such a huge amount of material that even after graduating from school, many people still have a lot of questions that can probably only be answered by linguists and linguists.

Grammar is one of the most complex foundations of the Russian language and, speaking about it, we mean not only correct spelling, but also, of course, syntax, members of sentences and parts of speech.

Participle - verb or adjective

Speaking about the latter, one cannot help but immediately note the verb. What is it? As everyone knows, this part of speech answers questions about what to do/what to do, and denotes some action of an object. By verb, teachers also mean participles, calling them a specific form of the verb, but many experts in the field of language believe that the latter are an independent part of speech, and this statement is not groundless. The fact is that they are distinguished by certain features that the verb does not have.

Both parts of speech also have similarities: They can be perfect or imperfect, and also have past and present tenses.

Let's look at a few examples:

1. Crying, late, reading - present tense, imperfect form.
2. Crying, late, reading - past tense, perfect form.

Very often it can be replaced with a predicate. For example, the phrase “Cured patient” might sound like “a patient who was cured.”

In turn, this part of speech is divided into two: passive - describe the attribute of the object to which the action is performed, active - describe the attribute of the object that performed this or that action.

Passive participles are also divided into two types: full and short. It’s the latter that we’ll talk about. Short participles, like adjectives, have the same characteristics.

Touching them common features with adjective, both vary in gender and number. Example:

• Playful - playful - playful - playful.

So, how can one characterize the sacrament? This is a special form of speech that denotes the action of an object, while having the attribute of definition. Answers the question: what is she doing? what did she do? (the question changes according to gender and number accordingly). Therefore, it is not surprising that students often confuse this part of speech with the predicate and definition, which leads to incorrect placement of punctuation marks and distortion of words.

This form can be formed by a passive participle. As was said earlier, it can have a complete or incomplete form and answer the question: what is it? what? what are they?.

• Favorite - loved.
• Desired, desired.
• Illuminated - illuminated.

It should also be noted here that the short forms in everyday speech are used very rarely.

The short participle answers the question:

• - What is done? - The window is broken.
• - What has been done? - The game is on.
• - What have you done? - The curtains are hung.

A prerequisite is the use of one “n”. In order to form this part In speech, the suffixes -н and -т are most often used:

• To beat - to finish.
• Drink - finish your drink.
• Pick up - taken away.
• Throw - abandoned.

This part of speech (participle) is formed from the full form - from its base with the help of endings: masculine - without ending, feminine - a, neuter - o. As for the plural, the ending is - ы.

Short adjective and participle - differences

So, we looked at several examples and, as we said earlier, this part of speech has the properties of both a verb and an adjective. It is logical that the question arises: how to distinguish a short adjective from a short participle.

When faced with an example in a sentence that interests us, we should ask a question from it in the instrumental case.

For example:

• "He was very uneducated." We ask the question “uneducated by whom/what?” The result is a sentence of unclear meaning. It does not mention either a person or an object to which the question “by whom/what?” could be used. Therefore, in in this case a short adjective is used, which can be replaced by the similar word "ignorant".

Now let's take next example:

• “These patterns on the mountains were formed by nature.” In this case, from the word “educated” you can ask questions in the instrumental case “by whom?” how?". It follows from this that we have a short communion.

You should also definitely indicate how to correctly write the particle “not” with this part of speech.

As a rule, the negative particle “not” with participles is written separately with verbs. Here are some examples.

• The guy is not seasoned.
• The detective story is not written.
• The pear is not washed.

But there are cases when the particle is not written together. For example, if from a verb with the prefix “under-” is formed short form.

• The husband is underestimated by his wife.
• The salary was not received.

Having become familiar with the features of this part of speech, we can safely say that the participle, along with the verb and adjective, is a unique and, most importantly, quite independent grammatical unit, the study of which is not so easy.

Russian is considered one of the most difficult languages ​​to learn. And this fact is very easy to explain only by the number of parts of speech in it, not to mention their special forms. IN school course In the Russian language, children are introduced to the participle as a special verbal form, but many linguists argue that it is an independent part of speech, which has its own grammatical features.

Communion in Russian

The definition in the textbook for grade 7 sounds something like this: a participle is a special form of words denoting an action with clearly expressed signs of an adjective that answer questions Which? what is he doing? and what did he do? Essentially, these are verbs that describe the action of an object and at the same time define its characteristics in a certain period of time. It is precisely this feature of this part of speech that is not only a stumbling block in determining its independence, but also common mistake in indicating the function of words in a sentence that relate to it. Quite often, schoolchildren confuse participles with verbs or adjectives. Such errors lead to incorrect spelling of words and incorrect punctuation in sentences. How to distinguish a participle from a verb or an adjective, how to understand whether it is a full or short participle? Examples that will clearly show how participles are formed from verbs in different conjugations can be found in this article. Also here you can find a description of active, passive participles and verbal adjectives.

Similarities of participles with verb and adjective

The participle includes grammatical features of two parts of speech: a verb and an adjective. Like a verb, it can be perfect or imperfect, or, in other words, it can mean a completed or unfinished action. May have a reflexive form and may be active or passive. Like adjectives, there are full and short participles. In addition, this form of the verb changes in gender, case and number, which may well mean its independence. It should also be noted that participles can only have present and past tenses. It does not have a future tense form. For example: jumping is an imperfect form in the present tense and jumped off is a perfect form in the past tense.

Features of participles

All participles, depending on what attribute they indicate, are divided into two types: passive (indicating the attribute of the object to which the action is directed) and active (indicating the attribute of the object that performed the action). For example: guided - guide, openable - opening. Depending on which verb is taken to form the participle, a different tense form comes out. For example: look - looking, looking, looking; view - viewed, viewed. The example shows that from a verb of the imperfect form, where there is no indication that the action will be completed, the past and present participles are formed, and from the perfect form only the past. From here we can also conclude that the formation of a participle is directly related to the type and transitivity of the verb, the form of which it represents. In turn, passive participles are also divided into two types: short participle and full participle. Another feature of the participle is that it, together with the words dependent on it, quite often forms a phrase, which is highlighted in writing with commas.

Active participles

To form active participles in the present tense, the initial form of the verb is taken as a basis and a suffix is ​​added to the first conjugation -ush-, -yush-, and to the second -ash-, -box-. For example: galloping - galloping, treating - healing. To form the active participle in the past tense, suffixes -t- and -t- replaced by -sh- and -vsh-. For example: to go - traveling, to carry - carrying.

Passive participles

Passive participles are also formed by replacing suffixes. To form the present tense, suffixes are used for the first conjugation of verbs -eat-, and for the second -them-. For example: love - beloved, keep - stored. In order to obtain the passive past participle, the infinitive with the ending is taken as the basis -at or -et and adds a suffix to the verb -nn-. For example: draw - drawn, stick - pasted. For verbs ending in -it, when forming participles, use a suffix -enn-. For example: paint - painted, whiten - bleached. If the ending of the verb -ot, -ut or -yt, then to obtain a participle the suffix is ​​used -T-. For example: inflate - inflated, flog - flogged.

Short and full communion

Passive participles have two forms: short and full. The short participle has the same grammatical features as short name adjective. They are formed from the full form of the participle and can vary by number and gender, but are not declined by case. In a sentence, a short participle often acts as a nominal part of a compound predicate. For example: I'm not loved by anyone. However, there are exceptions in which the short participle is used as a separate definition associated with the subject. For example: pale as a toadstool. Full participles contain the grammatical features of both the adjective and the verb, and in a sentence they are always a modifier.

Participles and verbal adjectives

Participles are characterized not only by the presence of morphological features of the verb, but their meaning in the sentence is especially important. They have the ability to subjugate words, forming phrases that have already been mentioned. However, if the temporary signs that bind the action to themselves are lost, then the sign of the object becomes permanent. And this can only mean that the participle has lost all its verbal characteristics and has become an adjective that depends on the noun. For example: restrained character, taut strings, high spirits. Considering this possibility of a participle turning into an adjective, one should analyze the word very carefully so as not to confuse these two similar, but at the same time different parts of speech.

Scheme of morphological analysis of the participle

Although the participle is not isolated as a separate independent part of speech, but is only said to be a special verbal form with elements of an adjective, morphological analysis is still carried out according to the same scheme as the analysis of independent parts of speech. First of all, the name is determined, in this case it is the participle. Next, its morphological characteristics are described: the initial shape is determined. That is, they put the word in the nominative case in masculine and singular; describe constant features, which include the following indicators: active participle or passive, indicate the time in which the word is used in a sentence and the type of participle; the next paragraph is a description of non-constant features: number, gender and case (for full participles). At the end of the analysis, the syntactic function of the participle in a sentence is described (whether it is a definition or acts as a nominal part of the predicate).

Participle– a part of speech, which is a special form of a verb that denotes signs of action. Answers questions such as “which?”, “which?”, “which?”, “which?”.

As a verbal form, participles have the following grammatical features:

• Type: perfect and imperfect (for example: evening (what?) dozing(what to do? - take a nap); the cat jumped(what to do? - jump);
• Time: present and past (grandfather (what?) dozing, cat (what?) escaped);
• Refundability: returnable and non-refundable.

Morphological and syntactic features of participles

There are scientists who believe that the participle is an independent part of speech, because it has characteristics that are not characteristic of the verb. In particular, participles have some features of adjectives, such as

• object attribute designation
• and agreement with the noun (that is, the same gender, number and case).

Participles are active and passive, some have full and short forms. The short form of the participle in a sentence plays the role of a nominal part compound predicates. For example: Textbook revealed on page ten.

Participles can be inflected by case, number and gender, like adjectives. Even though participles have verbal characteristics, in a sentence they are definitions. For example: A lost book, a lost briefcase, a lost panel.

Participles have an initial form, but only participles that are formed from imperfective verbs have it. Active and passive participles are formed using suffixes.

Types of participles and their examples.

Passive participles.

Passive participles- these are those participles that denote a characteristic created in one object under the influence of another. Passive participles are formed only from transitive verbs. For example: A picture (what?) drawn or drawn by a student.

Formed from verb stems in the present and past tenses using suffixes:

• -om- (-em-) – for verbs of the first conjugation
• -im- – for verbs of II conjugation
• -nn-, -enn-, -t- – from the stems of verbs in the past tense

Examples: read, carried, lit, divided, heard, sown, broken, baked. trimmed, beaten, split

Active participles.

Active participle is a participle that denotes a characteristic produced by the subject/object itself. For example: Boy painting a picture.

Active participles are formed from verbs in the present and past tenses using suffixes

The meaning of the participle, its morphological features and syntactic function

Participle - a special (unconjugated) form of the verb, which denotes the attribute of an object by action, answers the question which one? (what kind?) and combines the characteristics of a verb and an adjective. In a sentence participle can be a definition or a nominal part of a compound nominal predicate: Exhausted by the poisonous night, insomnia and wine, I stand, breathe in front of the brightening window opened into the fog (G. Ivanov); Nice started a glorious thing... (A. Akhmatova).(Together with dependent words, the participle forms participial, which in school practice is usually considered one member of a sentence: exhausted by the poisonous night; into the fog with a brightening window.)

Signs of verb and adjective in participle

Note . Active/passive meaning and tense are expressed in participles using special suffixes.

Participle ranks

Participles are divided into active and passive.

Valid participles denote a sign of an object by the action that the object itself performs: running boy- sign boy by action run, which the boy himself does.

Passive participles denote the attribute of one object by the action performed by another object (i.e., the attribute of the object on which the action has been performed or is being performed): glass broken (by a boy)- sign glasses by action break, which commits boy.

AND valid, And passive participles can be present or past tense (participles have no future tense).

Formation of participles

1. Participles present tense (both active and passive) are formed only from imperfective verbs (verbs do not have perfective form participles present tense).

2. Passives participles are formed only from transitive verbs (intransitive verbs do not have passive participles).

3. Participles present tense (both active and passive) are formed from the base of the present tense.

4. Participles past tense (both active and passive) are formed from the stem of the infinitive.

5. Passives participles past tense are mainly formed from perfective verbs.

Valid participles present time -ush-/-yush-(from verbs of I conjugation), and -ash-/-box-(from verbs of II conjugation): pish-ut - writer, numaj- ym- reading(from verbs of I conjugation); shout - shouting, speak - speaking(from verbs of II conjugation).

Valid participles past tense formed using suffixes -vsh-, -sh-: write- writing, shouting- shouting, carrying - carrying.

Passive participles present time formed using suffixes -eat-, -om-(from verbs of I conjugation) and -them-(from verbs of II conjugation): chita jut- readable (readable), ved-ut- driven, loved - beloved.

Some transitive imperfective passive verbs participles present tense do not form: wait, prick, take, crush, rub, dig, wash, pour, write, build, chop and etc.

Passive participles past tense formed using suffixes -nn-, -enn-, -t-: read- read, build - built, open- open.

Suffix -enn- joins stems with a consonant (P rines you- brought) or on -i (note - noticed).

Note. Most transitive imperfective verbs do not have a passive form. participles past tense.

Short form of participles

Passive participles can have short form: I am not loved by anyone! (G. Ivanov)

IN short form participles (as well as short adjectives) change only in numbers and in the singular by gender (short forms do not change in cases).

Short form of participles, like the short form of adjectives, is formed from the base of the full participle forms using endings: zero - form male, A- female, o - average, s- plural: solved, solvable, solvable, solvable; built, built, built, built.

In a sentence short form of participle is the nominal part of a compound nominal predicate: And the sailing boat is lit up with a copper-red sunset (G. Ivanov).Short Communion can sometimes serve as a definition, but only isolated and only related to the subject: Pale as a shadow, dressed in the morning , Tatyana is waiting: when will the answer be? (A. Pushkin)

Participles and verbal adjectives

Participles differ from adjectives not only by the presence of morphological features of the verb, but also by their meaning. Adjectives denote permanent characteristics of objects, and participles- signs that develop over time. Wed, for example: red- blushing, flushed; old- aging, aged.

Participles may lose the meaning and characteristics of the verb and turn into adjectives. In this case participle denotes a permanent attribute of an object (loses the category of time), loses the ability to have subordinate (dependent) words, to control nouns: an out-of-tune piano, a defiant look, an aspiring poet, a brilliant answer. Wed: He also liked Titus Nikonich... beloved by everyone(participle) and loving everyone (I. Goncharov) And When she played the piano my favorite(adjective) plays... I listened with pleasure (A. Chekhov).

Passive adjectives are most easily converted to participles: restrained character, high spirits, strained relationship, confused look.

Participles are used mainly in bookish speech styles and are almost never found in everyday speech.

Morphological analysis of the participle includes the identification of three constant features (real or passive, aspect, tense) and four non-constant ones (full or short form, gender, number and case). Participles, like the verbs from which they are formed, are characterized by transitivity - intransitivity, reflexivity - irrevocability. These constant signs are not included in the generally accepted analysis scheme, but can be noted.