Full and short participles table. What is a participle in Russian?

The meaning of aspect for participles is the result of their formation from verbs of both types, and not the fact of their own formation, therefore, for passive past participles, aspectual oppositions are irregular.

As already noted, the category of aspect has a significant impact on the process of formation of participles, “allowing” or “prohibiting” the formation of present tense forms. Passive past participles are formed mainly from SV verbs : cook - cooked, read - read . The NSV forms of such participles are unproductive: read - read, wash - washed.

The tense category of participles is not related to the categories of mood and person and is not predicative. The regularity of temporal oppositions is observed only in active participles, since in passive participles the past tense form is rarely formed from NSV verbs, as noted above.

The category of voice in participles has some peculiarities: for passive forms only passive voice is possible, active participles can have the meaning of both active and passive voice: Writer,wrote book for several years, finished his work(active voice) - Book,written several years, completed(passive voice). Active participles expressing the meaning of the passive voice are necessarily participles with a postfix -sya, formed from NSV verbs. They are usually used when the corresponding passive participle is not formed or is rarely used.

§ 5. Full and short forms of participles.

Active participles have only the full form. Short forms form passive participles, and for present participles they are less typical, are often outdated and are found mainly in book speech: For birthdaycookable there were surprises: some kind of beaded case for a toothpick (G.). Short forms from past participles SV, on the contrary, are quite frequent: The quiet lake in the early morning is all covered with seedsblooming trees and herbs (Prishv.). Short forms are formed from full ones by cutting off adjectival endings and adding endings characteristic of short adjectives: zero, -a, -o,-s: read, read, read, read .

Short participial forms have semantic and grammatical features compared to full ones:

The meaning of short participles is peculiar: they indicate the result in the present of an action that took place in the past: The entire southern side of the sky is thickflooded crimson glow(Ch.);

They do not decline, although in the Old Russian language they did;

They vary by number, and in the singular by gender;

They correspond to the NSV verbs of the passive voice, taking the place of the passive voice form from the SV verbs;

Short participles do not express time values; the tense characteristic contains the form of the auxiliary verb " be":was built, will be built, present tense with zero connective: built. It is the absence of the category of tense that gives grounds for some linguists to say that short forms cannot be considered participles;

Short participles usually act as a predicate in a sentence: Literature emerged from the laws of decay. She alone does not recognize death (S.-Sch.). Less often, in combination with dependent words, they act as a separate definition: Driven by the spring rays, snow has already flown from the surrounding mountains in muddy streams into the flooded meadows (P.).

The meaning of the participle, its morphological features and syntactic function

Participle - a special (unconjugated) form of the verb, which denotes the attribute of an object by action, answers the question which one? (what kind?) and combines the characteristics of a verb and an adjective. In a sentence participle can be a definition or a nominal part of a compound nominal predicate: Exhausted by the poisonous night, insomnia and wine, I stand, breathe in front of the brightening window opened into the fog (G. Ivanov); Nice started a glorious thing... (A. Akhmatova).(Together with dependent words, the participle forms participial, which in school practice is usually considered one member of a sentence: exhausted by the poisonous night; into the fog with a brightening window.)

Signs of verb and adjective in participle

Note . Active/passive meaning and tense are expressed in participles using special suffixes.

Participle ranks

Participles are divided into active and passive.

Valid participles denote a sign of an object by the action that the object itself performs: running boy- sign boy by action run, which the boy himself does.

Passive participles denote the attribute of one object by the action performed by another object (i.e., the attribute of the object on which the action has been performed or is being performed): glass broken (by a boy)- sign glasses by action break, which commits boy.

AND valid, And passive participles can be present or past tense (participles have no future tense).

Formation of participles

1. Participles present tense (both active and passive) are formed only from imperfective verbs (verbs do not have perfective form participles present tense).

2. Passives participles are formed only from transitive verbs (intransitive verbs do not have passive participles).

3. Participles present tense (both active and passive) are formed from the base of the present tense.

4. Participles past tense (both active and passive) are formed from the stem of the infinitive.

5. Passives participles past tense are mainly formed from perfective verbs.

Valid participles present time -ush-/-yush-(from verbs of I conjugation), and -ash-/-box-(from verbs of II conjugation): pish-ut - writer, numaj- ym- reading(from verbs of I conjugation); shout - shouting, speak - speaking(from verbs of II conjugation).

Valid participles past tense formed using suffixes -vsh-, -sh-: write- writing, shouting- shouting, carrying - carrying.

Passive participles present time formed using suffixes -eat-, -om-(from verbs of I conjugation) and -them-(from verbs of II conjugation): chita jut- readable (readable), ved-ut- driven, loved - beloved.

Some transitive imperfective passive verbs participles present tense do not form: wait, prick, take, crush, rub, dig, wash, pour, write, build, chop and etc.

Passive participles past tense formed using suffixes -nn-, -enn-, -t-: read- read, build - built, open- open.

Suffix -enn- joins stems with a consonant (P rines you- brought) or on -i (note - noticed).

Note. Most imperfective transitive verbs do not have a passive form. participles past tense.

Short form of participles

Passive participles can have short form : I am not loved by anyone! (G. Ivanov)

IN short form participles (like short adjectives) change only by number and in the singular by gender (short forms do not change by case).

Short form of participles, like the short form of adjectives, is formed from the base of the full participle forms using endings: zero - form male, A- female, o - average, s- plural: solved, solvable, solvable, solvable; built, built, built, built.

In a sentence short form of participle is the nominal part of a compound nominal predicate: And the sailing boat is lit up with a copper-red sunset (G. Ivanov).Short Communion can sometimes serve as a definition, but only isolated and only related to the subject: Pale as a shadow, dressed in the morning , Tatyana is waiting: when will the answer be? (A. Pushkin)

Participles and verbal adjectives

Participles differ from adjectives not only by the presence of morphological features of the verb, but also by their meaning. Adjectives denote permanent characteristics of objects, and participles- signs that develop over time. Wed, for example: red- blushing, flushed; old- aging, aged.

Participles may lose the meaning and characteristics of the verb and turn into adjectives. In this case participle denotes a permanent attribute of an object (loses the category of time), loses the ability to have subordinate (dependent) words, to control nouns: an out-of-tune piano, a defiant look, an aspiring poet, a brilliant answer. Wed: He also liked Titus Nikonich... beloved by everyone(participle) and loving everyone (I. Goncharov) And When she played the piano my favorite(adjective) plays... I listened with pleasure (A. Chekhov).

Passive adjectives are most easily converted to participles: restrained character, high spirits, strained relationship, confused look.

Participles They are used primarily in bookish speech styles and are almost never found in everyday speech.

Morphological analysis of the participle includes the identification of three constant features (real or passive, aspect, tense) and four non-constant ones (full or short form, gender, number and case). Participles, like the verbs from which they are formed, are characterized by transitivity - intransitivity, reflexivity - irrevocability. These constant signs are not included in the generally accepted analysis scheme, but can be noted.

Let's look at the features of short participles and their examples, and learn how to distinguish them from adjectives. These parts of speech become one of the most common causes of spelling errors. They are easy to confuse with adjectives, especially short ones, because they are pronounced almost the same. How to distinguish a short adjective from a short participle.

First, let's define what a short term is. These are certain formations from words formed from full participles both voices: active, passive. Any time except the future - present and past. Word formation occurs by shortening the part of the word that changes - inflection (sometimes called the ending). Sometimes the base is truncated along with it.

Note! Brief prib. is always used only in the passive voice, because some action is performed on it by another person.

Short participles: examples

How are short forms formed from full ones?

Present tense:

Short participles: examples

Past tense:

The short participle answers the following questions: what is (a)(o)? - what are they?

For example: the book is painted (what?), the exercise is solved (what?), the castle is robbed (what?).

Short participles: examples

Use in speech

In sentences and phrases, parables. must be consistent with other members of the proposal. In particular, with nouns and pronouns that act as defined words. Most often their syntactic function is the predicate. More precisely, a compound nominal predicate.

Examples of predicate expressed briefly. Proverb: The newspapers were bought by old people. The bed was covered with a blanket. The article was not read by the student.

Take note! Sometimes it plays the role of a separate definition, relating exclusively to the subject.

Participles in short the form varies both by gender and by number. The masculine gender is characterized by negative inflection - zero ending (cut, watered (flower), extinguished (fire))

To agree with feminine nouns:

• singular number - ending "a". For example, cut, watered, extinguished (candle)
• plural - ending "s". For example, washed, watered, extinguished.

For the neuter gender, the plural endings coincide with feminine. The singular is characterized by the ending “o”: cut, watered, extinguished.

Useful video: short participles

Suffixes

Also brief. a participle can be separated from a similar adjective by suffixes.

Short participles: examples

Participle VS Adjective

Let us now turn briefly to the burning issue of differences. participle and adjective.

Let’s take two phrases: “the girl is raised”, “the girl is raised by her mother.” The most obvious difference is that in the second case the person who performed the action is represented. This is the mother who raised the girl.

Do not forget that a participle is, first of all, a form of a verb. It follows from this that if the sentence indicates an object that has performed some action on the subject (for example, “the pear was grown by the gardener”), we have before us its short view. Also, one of striking features For this part of speech, a short participle in a phrase can be replaced with a full participle. For example, “a girl raised by her mother,” “a pear grown by a gardener.”

The main function of an adjective is characterizing. This part of speech emphasizes the signs and focuses attention on them.

The phrase “the girl is well-mannered” does not indicate the person who committed the action, but draws attention to the characteristic “what is this girl like?” - “well-mannered.” Here we are dealing with a short adjective. You can replace it with the full one, we get “well-mannered girl.” It doesn’t matter how the result is achieved, the main thing is its presence.

To complete the check with complete confidence, try replacing the phrases with synonyms. The adjective is easily replaced by a full synonym: “a well-mannered girl is a cultured girl.” As mentioned above, a participle is a form of a verb, therefore synonymous substitution occurs due to this part of speech: “the girl was raised by her mother” - “the mother raised the girl.”

Spelling features

One of the main differences between these two linguistic units is in the area of ​​spelling.

Short participles: examples

Spelling short adjectives and participles

• we write the adjective with two “n” - “nn”;
• We write the participle with one “n”.

How to write the particle “NOT”

Additional complexity appears when choosing the number of letters in a suffix if the particle “not” is present. This problem is relevant for both parts of speech under consideration. Remember the following simple diagram:

NOT with short passive participles is always written separately. They are also characterized by the use of dependent words in phrases, as already mentioned. This function is, as it were, replaced by the adverb “very” in examples with short adjectives. For example: the world is very beautiful, the student is very smart.

Useful video: short passive participles

Conclusion

When writing, you need to be extremely careful, monitor the meaning of words, the presence of dependent words, the use of the particle “not,” and the possibility of replacing them with synonyms. In case of difficulties or questions, be sure to consult a spelling dictionary or Russian corpus literary language, which can be found on the Internet.

Subject. Full and short passive participles

Educational: Give the concept of short participles, their syntactic role in a sentence; repeat short adjectives.

Developmental: Development of analytical thinking, mastery of techniques educational activities, independence.

Educational: Cultivating a love for the Russian language, instilling an interest in learning it

DURING THE CLASSES

The short form of participles is formed from the base of the full form using endings:

zero - for the masculine gender,

A - feminine

O - neuter,

Y - plural

For example: glued th - glued, glued A , glued O , glued s

That is, the endings of short participles consist of one letter or can be zero.

Unlike full participles, short participles are NOT inflected (they do not change by case).

Short participles answer questionswhat? what? what? what are they?

Unlike full participles, which are used mainly in book speech, short participles are widely used in everyday speech and are even used in dialects.

-What is the difference between full and short participles?

3.2 Primary consolidation of knowledge.

a) Reading material p.45

b) performing exercise 103