Adjective- an independent part of speech that denotes an attribute of an object and answers questions Which? which? which? which? whose?
For example: cold; broken.
Participle- a special form of a verb that denotes an attribute of an object by action and answers questions Which? which? which? which?
For example: broken, broken by hands.
Adjectives can be formed from nouns ( cold - cold;
glass - glass) and from verbs ( break - broken).
Adjectives formed from verbs should be distinguished from participles.
prib. p adj.
Compare: The Frenchman spoke broken Russian. - The bundle of firewood was assembled from the branches I had broken.
Basic features of distinguishing verbal adjectives and participles
Verbal adjectives do not have a prefix (except NOT) or dependent word.
adj. participle participle
Compare: painted (unpainted) floor - painted brush floor - By painted floor.
Verbal adjectives can be formed from unprefixed imperfective verbs, and participles - from unprefixed perfective verbs.
adj. participle
Compare: a worn suit is a purchased suit.
wear - unsov.v. buy - sov.v.
Words with the suffixes -ovan-/-evan- without prefixes or dependent words are verbal adjectives.
adj. prib.
Compare: a forged chest is a shod horse.
Some participles can become adjectives. To distinguish them, let's determine the lexical meaning of these words.
For example: named (Brother)- named taller brother. We select synonyms: twinned And the one named above. We see that the lexical meaning of words is different. The participle retains the connection with the verb.
Examples of verbal adjectives:
- planted father - acting as a father at a wedding;
- smart The baby is smart, understanding, and picks things up on the fly.
Pay attention to the emphasis in these words.
Bibliography
- Razumovskaya M.M., Lvova S.I. and others. Russian language. 7th grade. Textbook. - 13th ed. - M.: Bustard, 2009.
- Baranov M.T., Ladyzhenskaya T.A. and others. Russian language. 7th grade. Textbook. - 34th ed. - M.: Education, 2012.
- Russian language. Practice. 7th grade. Ed. S.N. Pimenova - 19th ed. - M.: Bustard, 2012.
- Lvova S.I., Lvov V.V. Russian language. 7th grade. In 3 parts - 8th ed. - M.: Mnemosyne, 2012.
- How to distinguish a participle from an adjective? ().
- Russian language in diagrams and tables. Spelling of participle suffixes ().
- Devyatova N.M.. Participles and verbal adjectives ().
- Didactic materials. Section "Communion" ().
- Formation of participles ().
Homework
Task No. 1
Distribute the phrases into two columns: participle or verbal adjective.
A wounded fighter - a wounded soldier, sowing grain - sowing flour, a boy with a haircut - hair cut to zero - a shorn head , distilled water, linen notebook, burnt coffee - burnt letter.
Task No. 2. Form all verbs from each possible options participles and verbal adjectives according to the example:
adj. adj. prib. prib.
Paint:painted floor - unpainted boards - painted bench - painted
Walls - frames are not painted.
Verbs: boil, tangle, weave, dry, stew, bake, scare, fry.
Task No. 3. Say the phrases. Justify the place of stress in verbs, participles and verbal adjectives.
To spoil a child is a spoiled child; carbonate water - sparkling water; pleated skirt - pleated skirt; date a manuscript - a dated manuscript; low-cut - low-cut dress; dose a medicine - dosed medicine; block solution - blocked solution; compost a ticket - a composted ticket; disguise the entrance - disguised entrance; seal the carriage - sealed carriage; spoil a dog - spoiled dog; copy documents - copied documents; costume ball, normalized working day - normalized day; group sentences - grouped errors; install equipment - mounted equipment; form a team - a formed team; caricatured image; equip the team - equipped team.
You will need
- Text with participles and adjectives;
- Knowledge of the rules for forming participles;
- Knowledge of the similarities and differences in both parts of speech;
- Knowledge of formations of adjectival adjectives;
- Knowing the exceptions to the rules.
Instructions
A part of speech that denotes a property, accessory or attribute of another part of speech - a noun, but is not connected with it by any process. An adjective is a part of speech dependent on a noun, therefore it inherits all its characteristics. This means that it has three genders: masculine, feminine and neuter, numbers: singular and plural, and also changes according to the noun to which it refers. The adjective answers the question “which?” or “whose?”
« Oil paint"(R.p.)
“An oiled pancake” (TV.p.)
4. Also, a participle can have a short form like an adjective. For example: “made” (from “made”) – participle, “light” from “light”.
5. As members of a sentence, participle and adjective are .
Differences between participles and adjectives
Now, using an example, let’s look at participles from adjectives, which characterize the presence of verb features in them (participles):
1. The perfect form is “running”, “running” is the imperfect form.
2. Reflexive form – “rotating”, “rotating” – non-reversible form.
3. Time – “running” (present time), “running” (past time).
4. Active or passive meaning tearing a shirt, tearing a shirt.
5. Transitivity: a reading person reading a book.
There are adjectives formed from participles. They are called verbal adjectives or adjectival adjectives.
Such adjectives are formed for the following reasons:
The emergence of a new meaning for the subject of action, for example, “driving force”;
The occurrence of a figurative meaning in a word that is a participle, for example, “brilliant performance”;
If the participle denoted the intended purpose of performing some action and became a constant accompanying word for a noun, for example, “condensed milk.” Please note that in this example even the spelling of the word changes, because... in the case of a participle, it would be correct to write “condensed”;
If the participle is the ability of an object to be subject to any influence, for example, “indeclinable adjective.”
You can easily distinguish a participle from an adjective in a simple way. Try inserting a word in a sentence after the intended participle or adjective that matches its meaning. For example, in the sentence “We saw birds flying,” you can insert the word “across the sky” that has the appropriate meaning. “We saw birds flying across the sky.” The word "flying" in in this case is a participle.
In the sentence “She approached us with a flying gait,” we cannot insert a suitable word for the word “flying,” because this is an adjective and is directly dependent on the noun “gait”
The second way to distinguish an adjective from a participle is quite difficult, because is based on knowledge of the formation of participles and adjectives. In most cases, participles have a double "n" in their suffix, unlike adjectives, but there are exceptions to both of these rules that you need to know.
Video on the topic
Currently, there are many software products in the form grammar dictionaries, allowing you to check your spelling, as well as parse a sentence into parts of speech and identify both participles and adjectives.
In order to find participle among other parts of speech, you need to know what distinguishes it from them. Firstly, this is a special form of the verb, denoting the attribute of an object by action. Secondly, it has the characteristics of a verb and an adjective.
You will need
- 1. Words
- 2. Participles
Instructions
Look what it has given word. If these are real present participles, then you will encounter –ush-, -yush-, -ash-, -yash. For example, issuing. If these are present passive participles, then these are the suffixes -em-, -im-. For example, produced.
Correctly identify active past participles. They are characterized by the suffixes –vsh-, -sh-. For example, read, brought. For past passives, the characters are the suffixes –nn-, -t-, -enn-. For example, drawn, offended, sung.
Sources:
- “Modern Russian language”, Beloshapkova V.A. 1989.
Participles and participles, as well as participial and participial phrases, perform different functions in a sentence, play different roles. They also have pronounced morphological differences.
Instructions
Participle(turnover) necessarily refers to the word being defined - a noun or pronoun, depends on it, changes in numbers, genders and, has a full and - some - short form.
For example: smiling person; us, who have signed this document, ...
Other nominal parts of speech can also act as a defined word if they are in the meaning of a noun.
For example: tidy dining room; “154th”, who asked to board, ... (about). Participle or participial turnover refers only to the predicate verb and denotes an additional action with the main action expressed by the verb. Unlike the participle, the gerund is an unchangeable word form.
For example: lying motionless; froze standing in the wind.
Participle and the functions of definition - single or widespread, agreed or inconsistent, isolated or not isolated.
For example: Those who had calmed down silently and obediently dropped the yellow ones.
Participles in short form are used only as a nominal part of a compound predicate.
For example: The hair is silvered with early gray hair. The participle and participial phrase act as different circumstances.
Paler, the dawn subsides (I. Nikitin).
Formal features distinguishing participles and participles, are suffixes.
IN school classes all information about suffixes is summarized in tables that are posted on. For convenience, they can be written down, for example, on the cover of a notebook.
Derivational suffixes of active participles: -ush-(-yush-), -ash-(-yash); -vsh-, -sh-; passive: - om-(-eat-), -im-; -enn-, -nn-, -t-.
Derivational suffixes of imperfect and perfect gerunds: -a-, -ya-, -uchi-, -yuchi-, -v-, -louse-, -shi-.
A participle is a special verb form that has both the properties of a verb and an adjective. From the verb, the participle has aspect, transitivity, reflexivity and voice, and from the adjective - changes in cases, numbers and genders, as well as agreement with the noun. A participle, like an adjective, denotes a characteristic of an object.
Types and methods of forming participles
Lexical meaning - a sign of an object by action - consists of the grammatical features of this part of speech. For example: “singing birds” (those that are singing now), “singing birds” (those that sang in the past), “the issue under discussion” (the one that someone is discussing now), “the issue under discussion” (the one which has already been discussed).
Accordingly, there are 4 forms of participles: active present and past tense, passive present and past tense.
The first group of participles (actual present tense) are formed from the present tense stem using the suffixes -ush- (-yush-), -ash- (-yash-). The choice of suffix depends on the verb. For example: “cry-ut - cry-ush-y”, “kol-yut - kol-yush-y” - I conjugation; “lech-at – lech-ash-y”, “kle-yat – kle-yash-y” – II conjugation.
Active participles in the past tense are formed from the infinitive by replacing the suffixes –т, -ти with the suffixes –вш-, -ш-. For example: “run - run - run”, “carry - carry”.
Passive present participles are formed from verbs in the present tense using the suffixes –em- (I conjugation) and –im- (II conjugation): “cherish-em – cherish-em-yy”, “kran-im – stored” -im."
Passive past participles are formed from the stem indeterminate form verb using the suffix –nn-, if the verbs end in –at, -et. Verbs ending in –it receive the suffix –enn-, just like verbs ending in –ti, -ch, and verbs ending in –ot, -ut-, -ity- receive the suffix –t-. For example: “write - write-nn-y”, “capture - captured-nn-y”, “save - save-y”, “forget- forget-y”.
Short participles, like short adjectives, are the nominal part of a compound nominal predicate in a sentence.
Passive participles have a short form with truncated ones: -а, -о, -ы. For example: “sent, sent-a, sent-o, sent-s.”
Some parts of speech are very similar in a number of ways. Adjectives can often be confused with participles: at first glance, both parts of speech answer the question “which?” and play similar roles as members of the proposal. It is important to distinguish between adjectives and participles in writing: this allows you to correctly express your thoughts. To understand how these parts of speech differ, let’s consider and compare their features.
What are the characteristics of adjectives and participles?Adjective always denotes a sign, property, belonging to a noun and is closely related to it. It answers questions Which? (what?) or whose? Just like a noun, an adjective has gender, number, and declension (that is, it changes by case). An adjective is never associated with a noun action or process.
Participle is a special form of the verb. It denotes an action (like a verb), but this action acts as a sign of an object (like an adjective). So, the question for the sacrament could be like this: what is he doing? what did he do? etc.
There is a special group of adjectives called verbal. They lose the typical features of a verb (aspect, voice, tense), and lose the ability to control verbs. They are formed from participles, since:
- the subject of the action acquires a new meaning: refined taste
(not from the verb “to find”, but close in meaning to the adjective “refined”, “elegant”), honored artist, well-read boy;
- the word has a figurative meaning: strained relationship, brilliant abilities;
- participle means that an object or phenomenon is subject to some influence: shabby look.
Features
So, adjectives and participles can have a lot in common. But there are also very characteristic signs.
- The participle does not indicate quality (like an adjective), but the action being performed. Light (adj.) – shining (adj.).
- The participle, together with all the words dependent on it, is isolated, i.e. separated by commas when found after the noun it is associated with. A neighbor, sitting on a bench under a tree, waved his hand at me friendly.
- A participle, unlike an adjective, always has verbal features:
- time - present ( doing), past ( did);
- pledge – valid ( leading) and passive ( slave);
- view – perfect ( started) and imperfect ( beginning).
- time - present ( doing), past ( did);
- Unlike adjectives, participles can have a reflexive suffix -xia: read – reading + -xia – readable; build – built + -Xia – under construction.
- And finally, the most obvious sign is suffixes, which adjectives do not have:
- -ash- (-box-)
: holding, hanging;
- -ush- (-yush-)
: writing, tugging;
- -sh- (-vsh-)
: carrying, doing;
- -T-
: compressed, open;
- -om- (-eat-)
: Slave, Recommended;
- -them-
: movable, invisible;
- -enn- (-yonn-)
: bought, baked;
- -nn-
: seen, read.
- -ash- (-box-)
: holding, hanging;
Attention: short participles we write with one n : seen, read, y short adjectives there is the same amount in the suffix n , how much in full form: deserted - deserted, green - green.
The last examples may cause confusion, because adjectives can also have a suffix in the form of a double n . Let's look at examples: deciduous, stone, pocket. All these words are formed from nouns and do not talk about any action - only about a sign. Therefore, suffixes should not be misleading.
So, despite the fact that the participle has a number of properties characteristic of adjectives, it has enough of its own characteristics that allow it to be distinguished from an adjective. These signs need to be remembered.
Both participle forms and verbal adjectives can be formed from the same verb. If suffixes of different sound (letter) composition are used to form participles and adjectives, it is not difficult to distinguish them: from the verb burn using a suffix -box- a participle is formed burning, and using the suffix -yuch-- adjective combustible. If both participles and adjectives are formed using suffixes that have the same sound (letter) composition (for example, -enn- or -them-), it is more difficult to distinguish them.
However, there are differences between participles and adjectives in this case as well.
1. Participles denote a temporary attribute of an object associated with its participation (active or passive) in an action, and adjectives denote a permanent attribute of an object (for example, “arising as a result of an action,” “capable of participating in an action”), cf.:
She was raised with strict rules (=She was raised with strict rules) - participle;
She was brought up, educated (=She was well-mannered and educated).
2. The word in full form with the suffix - n-(-nn-), -en-(-enn)- is a verbal adjective if it is formed from the verb NSV and has no dependent words, and is a participle if it is formed from the verb SV and/or has dependent words, cf.:
unmown meadows(adjective),
unmown meadows(participle, because there is a dependent word),
mown meadows(participle, because SV).
3. Since only transitive verbs of the NSV can have present passive participles, words with suffixes - im-, -eat- are adjectives if they are formed from a verb SV or an intransitive verb:
waterproof boots get wet intransitive in the meaning “to let water through”),
invincible army(adjective, because verb win SV).
Morphological analysis of the participle
There are several ways morphological analysis participles, depending on whether the participle is considered a form of a verb or an independent part of speech.
Analyzing the participle as a form of a verb, it is logical to describe all signs related specifically to the participle as unstable; Thus, the inconstant features must include the following: in the form of participle, present/past tense, active/passive voice, full/short form (for passive), gender, number, case (for complete).
However, in all school textbooks, including those that describe the participle as a special form of the verb (complex 3, previous editions of complex 1), a scheme for parsing the participle is given that corresponds to the understanding of the participle as an independent part of speech. If we consider the participle as an independent part of speech, then the active and passive participles of the present and past tenses will be separate words, and not forms of the same word. So, reading, read, readable And read will be recognized as 4 independent words. Based on this logic, the following scheme for parsing the participle is proposed:
1. Communion. The initial form is I. p. male. kind of units numbers.
2. Morphological characteristics:
a) constant:
Returnability,
active/passive,
b) non-permanent: in the form of a participle
Full / short (passive only),
Genus (singular number),
Case (for complete ones).
3. Syntactic role in the sentence.
This is exactly the scheme proposed in complex 3; in complex 1 the scheme is similar minus the recurrence feature. In complex 2, for some reason, the full/short form is also included in the category of constant features.
Let's bring parsing sample participles as a form of a verb and as an independent part of speech.
A revolving glass door with brass steamer rails ushered him into a large pink marble lobby. The grounded elevator housed an information desk. Laughing looked out from there woman's face
(I. Ilf and E. Petrov).
Analysis of the participle as a verb form:
rotating- verb, beginning form spin;
fast. signs: non-transition, return, NSV, II reference. (excl.);
synth. role: definition.
grounded- verb, beginning form ground;
fast. signs: transition, non-return, NE, II reference;
non-post signs: in the form of a participle, suffer., past. time, full uniform, male kind, units numbers, P. p.;
synth. role: definition.
laughing- verb, beginning form laugh;
fast. signs: non-transition, return, NSV, I spr;
non-post signs: in the form of a participle, actual, present. time, women kind, units numbers, I. p.;
synth. role: definition.
Analysis of the participle as an independent part of speech:
rotating- prib., beg. form spinning;
fast. signs: return, NSV, real, present time;
synth. role: definition.
grounded- prib., beg. form grounded;
fast. signs: irrevocable, SV, passive, past. time;
non-post signs: fully uniform, husband kind, units number, P. p.;
synth. role: definition.
laughing- prib., beg. form laughing;
fast. signs: returned, NSV, valid, present. time;
non-post signs: for women kind, units number, I. p.;
synth. role: definition.
Participle
Like the participle, the gerund can be considered as an independent part of speech (complex 2 and the latest editions of complex 1) or as a special form of the verb (complex 3 and previous editions of complex 1). We proceed from the understanding of the participle as a verbal form.
Participle is a special form of the verb that has the following characteristics:
1. Indicates an additional action, answers questions doing what? or having done what?
2-3. It has the grammatical features of a verb and an adverb.
The signs of a verb include the form ( reading- NSV, after reading- NE), transitivity ( while reading a book- transitional, sitting on a chair- intransitive) and reflexivity ( washing- non-refundable, washing my face- return). In addition, the gerund is characterized by the same control as other verb forms: reading / read / read / reading a book, But book reading.
Adverbial signs of gerunds include immutability (gerunds do not have morphological characteristics mood, tense, person, gender, number, characteristic of the conjugated forms of the verb, and are not declined, unlike participles); the syntactic function of the gerund is adverbial; In a sentence, the gerund depends on the verb.
Imperfect participles answer the question doing what? and denote an action that is simultaneous with another action (for example, with the one indicated by the predicate): Standing on a stool, he took books from the top shelf.
NSV gerunds are formed from NSV verbs from the present tense stem using a formative suffix -and I).
At the verb be The participle is formed using the suffix - teach from the stem of the future tense: be-teach. The same suffix is used to form stylistically colored variant forms of gerunds in some other verbs: game-i - game-yuchi.
Not all NSV verbs have imperfective participles; Thus, the NSV gerunds are not formed:
From verbs to -whose: bake - *baking (oven);
From verbs to -no: wither - *withering,;
From some sibilant verbs based on the present tense: write, write - *writing, lick - *licking(but adverb lying down);
From verbs with a present tense stem consisting only of consonants, and derivatives from them: drink, drink (pj-ut) -*drinking.
At the verb give The participle is formed from a special stem: Giving (let's go).
Perfect participles answer the question what did you do? and denote the action that preceded the action of the main verb: Standing on a stool, he took out a book from the top shelf.
SV gerunds are formed from SV verbs from the past tense stem using suffixes
-V from verbs with a stem to a vowel: done-in,
-lice from reflexive verbs with a base on a vowel (or outdated, stylistically non-neutral gerunds like having seen, having looked etc.): mind the lice,
-shi from verbs with a stem to a consonant: baked.
Some verbs have variable forms of the gerund participle SV: one is formed according to the scheme described above, the other by adding the suffix - and I) to the base of the future tense: frown - lice - frown - I - frown.
Verbs read, gain do not have gerunds formed in the standard way, instead of which gerunds are used I read it, I found it, formed from the stem of the simple future tense using the suffix - I.
Bi-aspect verbs may have two gerunds, formed according to the rules for the formation of gerunds NSV and SV, for example:
promise: I promise - NSV, promise-in- NE,
marry: Zhenya - NSV, marry-in- NE.
The gerund must indicate the action of the object (person) that is named as the subject, and this object (person) must be the subject of two actions - named in the predicate and in the gerund. If these requirements are not met, incorrect sentences like
*I got a headache when I left the house(gerunds and the conjugated form of the verb denote the actions of different subjects).
*Lost, the puppy was soon found by his owners(the noun in the subject is the subject of the action, called the gerund, and the object of the action, called the predicate).
A gerund may name an additional action related to the main member of a one-part sentence, as well as to other members of the sentence, expressed by an infinitive, participle or other gerund. The sentence is constructed correctly if the additional and main action have the same subject. For example: When crossing the street, you should look around.