The verb remains in the indefinite form. Infinitive form of verbs

26.09.2019

Instructions

You can determine the infinitive by the question. Find a verb and ask a question about it. If this is a verb in an indefinite form, then it will answer the question “what to do?”, “what to do?”. For example, grow, bake, flood, dilute, lie down.
There is always a soft sign at the end of such verbs.

It is difficult to distinguish the infinitive from the personal form if the word is written in transcription. The recording of the finals of these forms is the same: [uchitka] (studying) - [uchitka] (studying). In this case, pay attention to the vowel before [-tsa] or the context where you can ask a question. If this work is not feasible, then both forms are appropriate.

The indefinite form of the verb is included in the compound nominal predicate. In this case, the sentence contains two heterogeneous verbs. To determine which one is the infinitive, you need to indicate grammatical basis. The predicate will consist of two verbs. The one that contains the lexical meaning is the infinitive, which requires a soft sign. So, in the sentence “Students will be able to study extra,” the predicate “will be able to study.” A indefinite form- “to work out.”

The infinitive form of a verb can act as a secondary member of a sentence. It can be determined in such cases by following the logic of reasoning. Ask an indirect case question from the predicate to the infinitive. If this is possible, then in this case he is an addition. For example, in the sentence “The coach told us to do some warm-up,” the word “do” will be an object (ordered what?). In this case, reason like this: the action indicated in the verb “commanded” is performed, and others will perform it. This means that this is not a predicate, because it is simple.

Circumstances expressed in the infinitive form of the verb most often answer the questions “for what purpose?”, “for what reason?”. In the sentence “I came to the gym to train,” we ask the infinitive the question “I came for what purpose?”
To the definition, ask a question from . In the sentence “I am fluent in the ability to play the guitar,” the infinitive is: the ability (what?) to play.

Video on the topic

Please note

Only in one-part sentences with the main member of the predicate there are no words from which a question is asked to the verb.

Useful advice

Ask questions from one word to another. If the minor member is expressed by a verb, then it is only an indefinite form. Be sure to write a soft sign.

Sources:

verbs in indefinite form

A verb is a part of speech with constant and inconstant features. The person of a verb is its non-constant feature, and only verbs in the present and future tenses have it. Not everyone can immediately identify it. To do this, we will provide a short instruction on how to determine the person of a verb.

Instructions

You should know that the uncertain form verb often called an infinitive. The verb in this form does not change either in numbers or in persons. It is impossible to determine both its inclination and aspect.

You can, of course, form an indefinite form of a verb using auxiliary questions “what to do?”, “what to do?”. But this method may not always be useful to you. So, it is difficult for schoolchildren to put in the infinitive impersonal verbs, which in the future may result from spelling errors.

Children also confuse verbs in the third person form with the infinitive, which means they will not be able to determine whether to write: “tsya” or “tsya.” For example, for the verb in the syntactic construction “seems successful”, children find it difficult to pose auxiliary questions “what to do?”, “what to do?”. This way they won't be able to check the spelling.

It is easier to find the indefinite form of a verb or form it by paying attention to some details. So, you should know that the infinitive ends in “t” or “ti”. For example, in “bring” the ending will be “ti”, and in the word “to have time” - “t”.

The ending “ti” is indefinite if it is preceded by a vowel sound, and “t” is after a consonant. So, in the infinitive “to bloom” there is a consonant sound “s” before the ending “ti”, and in the word “to see” there is a vowel “e”.

To learn how to form an indefinite form, you need to ask the questions “what to do?” or “what to do?” and do not forget to pay attention to the structure of the word.

Sources:

verb in indefinite form will not happen

The noun is separate part speeches of the Russian language. It is characterized by the forms of number and case, classifying the categories of gender, as well as animate and inanimate, depending on the objects designated.

Instructions

Imagine several versions of the same thing: “house”, “home”, “home”. How to determine its initial form(or dictionary form)? The initial form of a noun is the nominative form. This case denotes the concept expressed by the word. Most often, names in this case serve as the subject of a sentence, less often - the predicate. Nominative for questions: “who?”, “what?” For example, “what?” - “house”, “who?” - "bird". Ask questions like these to determine form noun.

Remember from school curriculum, which is in the initial form, is in the singular in most cases. Therefore, to define the vocabulary form of this part of speech, put it in the singular: “many houses” - “one house”.

Please note that some nouns only have form plural, and it is impossible to modify them, leading to the singular. These include, for example, the names of time periods, paired objects, mass of matter: “day”, “glasses”, “pants”, “everyday”, “pasta”, “vacation”, “ink”, “scissors”. The initial form of similar ones is the nominative plural form.

Pay attention to the need for homonyms (words that are the same in sound and spelling, but different in meaning) from each other. For example: “There is a clock hanging on the wall” (here “clock” will have an initial form only in the plural). Or: “At these hours the sky is usually

Infinitive, or infinitive form of the verb

A verb in its initial, or indefinite, form is called an infinitive. The infinitive always answers the question “what to do?” or “what to do?” You can never ask questions in relation to the initial form: “what is he doing?”, “What will he do?”, “What will he do?”, “What did he do?”, “What did he do?” "etc. That is, by definition the infinitive has minimum quantity morphological features.

Examples. The verb “go” answers the question “what to do?” Accordingly, it is a verb in an indefinite (initial) form, or an infinitive. However, the verbs “goes”, “will go”, “go” answer the questions “what is he doing?”, “what will he do?”, “?”. These verbs already have morphological characteristics- persons, numbers and tenses - and are not infinitives.

Another example. The verb “write” answers the question “what to do?” and is an infinitive. From this initial form verbs are formed in the past and future tenses, first, second and third persons, singular and plural: “wrote”, “wrote”, “”, “”, “will write”.

In other words, a verb in the infinitive is always a zero (indefinite) form, from which it is always possible to form different shapes the same word in different persons and numbers. This process is called conjugation.

What signs of a verb can be determined by the initial form

If the infinitive is the initial, zero, indefinite form of the verb, is it possible to determine from it any features of this part of speech, or morphological features? Yes, you can define constant signs of a verb.

Firstly, by the indefinite form you can determine the types of the verb - perfect or. The imperfective verb in the initial form answers the question “what to do?” and denotes an unfinished action. For example, “walk”, “”, “sing”, “”, etc. The perfect verb in the infinitive answers the question “what to do?” and denotes a completed, completed action. For example, “take a walk”, “read”, “sing”, “compose”, “fly”, etc.

Secondly, you can determine by the infinitive. There are two conjugations – the first and the second. The first conjugation includes all verbs that in the infinitive end in –et, -at, -ut, -ot, -t, -yt, and several exception verbs end in –it. The second conjugation includes most of the verbs in –it, as well as some exception verbs in –at, -yat and –et.

The morphology of the Russian language is multifaceted and interesting. She studies the features of parts of speech, their constant and variable features. The article discusses infinitive verbs in detail.

Infinitive

Not everyone knows what an infinitive is. in its initial form. It represents a verb in dictionaries. For example, in explanatory dictionary no verb dating, since this is a personal form, the dictionary entry is devoted to the same verb, but in the initial form - meet. You can put a verb in this form by asking the question what to do? or what to do?: dating - what to do? dating, drawing - what to do? draw, call back - what to do? call back. The infinitive differs from other verb forms not only in the question. The suffixes of infinitives (verbs in the initial form) are special: -т, -ти, -ч. Therefore, the analyzed word is an infinitive if the verb contains such morphemes.

Verb and its indefinite form

Pupils and students who are especially keen on studying the Russian language are concerned with the question of why the infinitive is called the indefinite form of the verb. First, the word “infinitive” itself comes from a Latin word that translates as “indefinite.” Secondly, the infinitive does not determine the form of the verb, more precisely, its personal form, tense, mood, gender, number, and so on. The infinitive determines the constant features of the verb, such as aspect, conjugation, reflexivity and transitivity. They will be discussed below.

Invariable signs of a verb

When performing it, you need to identify its signs. Constant signs are indicated by the indefinite form of the verb.

View is a part-speech category that reflects the relationship of an action to its internal limit: completed/happening. Infinitive verbs that answer questions what to do? have a perfect form: say, cook, leave. Verbs in the initial form that answer the question what to do? have an imperfect appearance: talk, cook, go. Species pairs are identified, that is, words with the same meaning, but different types: decide - decide, say - talk, sew up - sew up, bake - bake.

Traditionally determined by the initial form. The 2nd conjugation includes those that end in -it(exception shave, lay, rest), and verbs hold, drive, see, watch, hear, breathe, hate, endure, offend, twist, depend; to the first - all other verbs. The conjugation of not all verbs can be determined by the infinitive. A class is distinguished which, when changed, combines the endings of 1st and 2nd conjugations. These are the words give, eat, run, want.

Transitivity is the next constant feature. Infinitive verbs that can control a noun in the accusative case are called transitive, and those that cannot are called intransitive. For example, sew (what?) a button, record (what?) a movie, draw (who?) a child- transitional; surprise, call, shoot are not used with the accusative case, that is, intransitive.

Reflexive verbs are those that have the postfix -sya: to build, to wash, to make a reservation. Non-reflexive - those that do not have this affix.

Question about morpheme

The indicators of the initial form of the verb - the morphemes -ть, -ти, -ч - cause discussions among linguists. Many define them as endings, citing their ability to change: say - said, indicate - indicated. However, the infinitive is considered an unchangeable form, so it should not have endings. An increasingly common version is that morphemes denoting the infinitive are inflectional suffixes.

Impersonal form of the verb

Infinitives are non-finite verb forms. This is due to the fact that it is an unchangeable form in which the person, gender, and number are not determined. Infinitives do not accompany nouns in nominative case, as opposed to personal forms. They only name the action without its relation to the person. The infinitive is also not associated with the category of tense, which is determined by personal forms. Their inclination is also indeterminable. That is, the infinitive is unreal, it is timeless, it only names the action. Some students ask the question about the dependence of the infinitive on the verb. An infinitive is, in other words, a verb in its initial form.

In Russian grammar, other non-personal forms are distinguished - these are the participle and the gerund. They, like the infinitive, do not change according to persons. A gerund is an unchangeable form of a verb that combines the characteristics of an adverb and a verb and answers a question what did you do? doing what?: reading, publishing, pointing, chorusing. A participle is a form of a verb that denotes a characteristic by action, combines the characteristics of an adjective and a verb, and answers questions about adjectives: Which? surrounded, acting, watching, forgotten.

The role of the infinitive in a sentence

The peculiarity of the infinitive form of the verb is that it can play the role of any member in a sentence. Quite often the subject of an infinitive verb is in Russian. Examples: To seek the truth in everything was her goal in itself. Appreciating the work of others is worthy. There's no use talking to him. Denoting an action, the infinitive plays the role of a predicate: You won't see any rest! You can't understand him. She's unrecognizable. Often it comes in following an auxiliary verb: The family wanted to stay here for a month. Lena began working immediately after her appointment to the position. He stopped joking after the remark he received.

Secondary members of a sentence can also be expressed by the infinitive form of the verb. Thus, the infinitive acts as a complement in sentences: The captain ordered to advance. They agreed to meet. She quickly got used to working. The definition can be expressed by an infinitive: She had a desire to change the world for the better. He took the opportunity to leave. The hope of leaving by morning reassured them. Adverbial form represented by the initial form of the verb: Vera was going to go to the sea. Volunteers stopped by the lake to feed the birds. Children from all over the city come to study with her.

Infinitives in folklore and fiction

Infinitives have long been used by people in oral folk art, more precisely in proverbs. The indefinite form of the verb in them is necessary to create a generalization of the content: Promise less, sin less. Indulging a thief means stealing yourself. It's not hard to do, but it's hard to come up with. IN fiction Infinitive verbs are widely used. Examples: “I can live on a dense stump,” “That’s why I called you - to find out,” “Let me come first,” “and no one cared about his worries, just to talk.”(Shukshin V.M. “Stoves and benches”); “No one wants to change... the balance,”"habit of smiling tIn this way... she slightly pulled the lower part of his... face to the side.""You could have asked not to sprinkle crushed peanuts on it"(Iskander F.A. “On a Summer Day”).

When it comes to the form of the verb, we say: “Construct the verb in the form of the 2nd person plural of the future tense.” Based on this, we can say that the form of the verb is person + number + tense. By building your answer using this formula, you will never miss anything. Now let's move on to defining all three terms.

Person and number to determine verb form

The person is the one who performs the action. To determine it, we ask a question to the verb Who? or What? If the answer is:

I/we is a 1st person verb, it refers directly to the speaker or the group of people in which he is a member. For example: I cook, we build;
you/you – this is a 2nd person verb, it refers to the one/those with whom we are talking. For example: you are lying, you are walking,
he/she/it/they – then this is a 3rd person verb, it refers to someone else (not the speaker or the interlocutor). For example: he runs, she drinks, they are friends.

Time to determine the form of the verb

Determining the time is very simple: it is done almost intuitively:

In present tense verbs, the action happens now, this minute. Even if the time is not specified in the sentence, it can be understood independently. For example: I sculpt (When?) now they are building (When?) Today,
in past tense verbs the action takes place in the past: yesterday, a week ago, etc. For example: painted (When?) yesterday,
in future tense verbs the action will only happen in an hour, tomorrow, etc. For example: I will learn (When?) Tomorrow.

Infinitive

Verbs in the indefinite form do not have gender, person or number, but they do have an aspect. Such verbs end in -t, -t or -ch. Their type is determined using the question:

what to do?, then it is of an imperfect form. For example: (what to do?) read ;
if a verb is asked a question what to do?, then he looks perfect. For example: (what to do?) read.

Other verbs also have aspect, but this is not indicated when determining their form. It is worth noting that perfective verbs do not have a present tense, because it is implied that the action was either completed in the past or will be completed in the future.

Determining the form of a verb is easy, since everything is done almost intuitively, the main thing is to remember the algorithm: person + number + tense.

The infinitive is the initial meaning of the verb. The peculiarity of the infinitive is that it denotes only a pure action, not tied to the person who performs it, does not indicate whether one or more persons perform the action, and also does not give the concept of the time the action was performed. That is, the infinitive does not have a definite past, present or future tense.

This part of speech is also called the “indefinite form of the verb” because it does not characterize any details of the action being performed, revealing only its original meaning. Latin word infintus, from which this term is derived, can be translated as "uncertain".

Indefinite verb form: rules and examples

The infinitive can only answer questions:

"What to do?";
“What should I do?”

It is impossible, for example, to ask "Doing what?""What's he doing?"“What are we doing?”"What are they doing?""What are you doing?"“What did you do?”“What will you do?”, since the infinitive is the infinitive form of the verb. The time and person remain unclear, and no reference is given to the details of what happened.

Infinitive suffixes

The infinitive ends with word-forming suffixes:

-t - give birth, grow up, die;
-whose, - to protect, burn, whip;
-ti - carry, grow, row.

It can also be supplemented with a postfix -sya (-sya), by which we can judge which indefinite form of the verb is non-reflexive and which is reflexive:

-sya (-sya) - to toil, to pray, to beware.

Signs of the infinitive

The infinitive is a form of the verb that always remains the same. It cannot be conjugated or represented in another tense or person. Infinitives can only have constant verbal features that are present in any verbs, regardless of their form. Such characteristics include transitivity/intransitivity, recurrence/irrevocability, and perfection/imperfection.

Transitive and intransitive infinitives

The transitivity of a verb is determined in accordance with the presence of an additional word of an indefinite form of the verb, denoting an object or phenomenon to which the action is partially transferred. Intransitive verbs consist of one single word that directly denotes an action. The transitive infinitive may include:

nouns or pronouns put in the accusative case without a preposition: give an injection, thread;
nouns placed in the genitive case, without a preposition, which express a share of something, or participation: wait for trouble, pour water;
nouns or pronouns placed in genitive, in case the verb has a negative expression: not be able to, not notice them.

Thus, these words are part of the verb, filling it with meaning, and without them the essence of the action is lost. Part of the action, in turn, transfers to an object or circumstance, giving it a specific meaning.

Reflexive and irreversible infinitives

The infinitive form of a verb can also be reflexive or non-reflexive. Non-reflexive verbs express an action performed by someone or something in relation to someone or something. Reflexives express an action directed by someone or something towards itself, or mean another closed interaction or state of an object and have a postfix at the end -sya (sya). On -xia The reflexive indefinite form of the verb usually ends. The rule states that reflexive verbs cannot be transitive.

Examples of irreversible infinitives: put on, lower, peek. Examples of reflexive infinitives: to dress, to lower oneself, to sneak.

As we see from the above examples, some reflexive verbs can be obtained from non-reflexive ones by simply adding a postfix -xia(as in the case of a pair " lower-lower"). This only changes the direction of action, but the general meaning remains. In rare cases, according to the rules and norms for the use of verbs, it is impossible to use a verb in both of its word forms - perfect and imperfect, as, for example, the reflexive indefinite form of the verb is unacceptable for “put on” (example " put on - get dressed"). “Put on” denotes an action performed in relation to some object or person, while “dress” can be addressed exclusively to the object itself performing the action (it can be used in other word forms, but provided that this reflexive meaning is preserved) . Despite the fact that such a limited in use indefinite form of the verb is not often found, the rule remains the rule. Also, from some imperfect forms of verbs, we will not be able to create a perfect one, based on their key meaning, which we can see in the example of the verb “peep” - you cannot peek for yourself. By the same principle, in the Russian language there is no imperfect form of the verb “to sneak” - you cannot " sneak" anything.

Perfective and imperfective infinitives

Infinitives can also be perfective or imperfective. The indefinite form of the imperfective verb expresses actions that continue over time and do not have a specific connection - these are, as it were, eternal actions, and without additional instructions in the context it does not give us an idea of the completion or incompleteness of the action. A question would be appropriate here "What to do?". Examples:

Perfective infinitives indicate that the action has already been completed, or will certainly be committed, that the result has already happened, or will still happen (of course, in cases of negation or question, it can have a relatively vague connotation). A question would be appropriate here “What should I do?”. Examples:

After reading the note, it was to be burned.
Thank me that you didn't have to burn that note.
Were you instructed to burn the note?

Only a small number of dual infinitives are found in the Russian language. The indefinite form of the verb, which refers to both the perfective and the imperfect, can be used either way, depending on the environment, without changing its word form. That is, she also answers the question "What to do?", and to the question “What should I do?”. Examples:

An order was received to execute all traitors from now on. - "What to do?";
An order was received to execute the traitor. - “What to do?”;
In the village they are used to getting girls married quickly. - "What to do?";
By autumn, Marfa managed to marry all her girls. - “What to do?”;
It's hard to tell your heart. - "What to do?"
How to tell your heart not to love? - “What should I do?”
Exploring caves is very interesting, but at the same time dangerous. - "What to do?"
Tomorrow we will have to explore these caves. - “What should I do?”
You can attack them from any direction, while I will defeat them head-on. - "What to do?"
You will have to attack them from the right, and I will come in from the flank. - “What should I do?”

Verb conjugation

The conjugation of verbs reflects their change according to person and number. Although infinitives themselves cannot have person, number or gender, and, therefore, cannot be conjugated, they nevertheless serve as a word-forming basis for other verbs, therefore they are classified into one of two verb groups according to the type of conjugation - either I , or to II. Indefinite verb endings belonging to the first group: -e, -yu(except exception verbs). The forms of these verbs have endings -u and -yu, -eat and -eat, -et and -et, -eat and -eat, -eat and -ete. Indefinite verb endings belonging to the second group: -And and on -I(except exception verbs). When conjugated, the forms of these verbs have endings -u and -yu, -ish, -it, -im, -ite, -at and -yat.

Function of the infinitive in a sentence

Verbs, as usual, perform the function of a predicate in a sentence. Together with subjects, they form the grammatical basis of sentences. However, the infinitive, due to its peculiarities of use, can perform completely different functions in a sentence. Therefore, the role of any of the members of the sentence in this case can be played by the indefinite form of the verb. An example of using infinitives as various members offers:

Morphological analysis of the infinitive in a sentence

To carry out a morphological analysis of a verb in a sentence, you need to determine its part of speech, general grammatical meaning, ask it questions, determine the word form, indicate constant and inconstant morphological features, as well as its function in the sentence. Since the indefinite form of the verb does not change, morphological analysis the infinitive is carried out without indicating non-constant verbal features.

Indefinite verb form: rules and examples

The infinitive can only answer questions:

"What to do?";
“What should I do?”

Infinitive suffixes

The infinitive ends with word-forming suffixes:

-t - give birth, grow up, die;
-whose, - to protect, burn, whip;
-ti - carry, grow, row.

It can also be supplemented with a postfix -sya (-sya), by which we can judge which indefinite form of the verb is non-reflexive and which is reflexive:

-sya (-sya) - to toil, to pray, to beware.

Signs of the infinitive

Transitive and intransitive infinitives

nouns or pronouns put in the accusative case without a preposition: give an injection, thread;
nouns placed in the genitive case, without a preposition, which express a share of something, or participation: wait for trouble, pour water;
nouns or pronouns placed in the genitive case, if the verb has a negative expression: not be able to, not notice them.

Reflexive and irreversible infinitives

Examples of irreversible infinitives: put on, lower, peek. Examples of reflexive infinitives: to dress, to lower oneself, to sneak.

Perfective and imperfective infinitives

After reading the note, it was to be burned.
Thank me that you didn't have to burn that note.
Were you instructed to burn the note?

An order was received to execute all traitors from now on. - "What to do?";
An order was received to execute the traitor. - “What to do?”;
In the village they are used to getting girls married quickly. - "What to do?";
By autumn, Marfa managed to marry all her girls. - “What to do?”;
It's hard to tell your heart. - "What to do?"
How to tell your heart not to love? - “What should I do?”
Exploring caves is very interesting, but at the same time dangerous. - "What to do?"
Tomorrow we will have to explore these caves. - “What should I do?”
You can attack them from any direction, while I will defeat them head-on. - "What to do?"
You will have to attack them from the right, and I will come in from the flank. - “What should I do?”

Verb conjugation

Function of the infinitive in a sentence

Morphological analysis of the infinitive in a sentence

To carry out a morphological analysis of a verb in a sentence, you need to determine its part of speech, general grammatical meaning, ask it questions, determine the word form, indicate constant and inconstant morphological features, as well as its function in the sentence. Since the infinitive form of the verb does not change, the morphological analysis of the infinitive is carried out without indicating the inconstant verbal features.