Concept "grammatical basis" is inextricably linked with the sentence - one of the main syntactic units of the Russian language. Let's find out what is the core of the sentence.
Each sentence has its own core, around which the rest of its members are grouped. This grammatical core consists of the main members - the subject and predicate in a two-part sentence or only the subject or predicate in a one-part sentence, for example:
Twilight. It's early evening. We swam quite slowly (I.S. Turgenev).
What is the grammatical basis of a sentence
The sky was darkening- the grammatical basis of a simple sentence.
Who? we are the subject expressed by a personal pronoun in the nominative plural form.
What did we do? swam - predicate.
Examples of expressing the subject using different parts of speech
Three (numeral) slipped unnoticed into the yard.
Finally the long-awaited day after tomorrow has arrived (adverb).
To protect (infinitive) nature means to protect the Motherland.
Several children (numeral + noun) surrounded her with expressions of delight on their faces.
The girl is singing. The girl was singing. The girl will sing.
Will you live in this house?
We won't talk about the past.
Let the children of the whole Earth rejoice!
Let her go into the garden.
glad, ready, must, obliged, forced, intends.
The lecturer continued to present interesting facts from the life of insects.
You must tell me about this incident.
Father and mother decided to go to the village the next day.
The forester could not refuse the guests and took them to the lake where the swans lived.
The girl had the intention of coming closer and examining this exotic flower more carefully.
Compound nominal predicate consists of a linking verb expressing the grammatical meaning of the predicate, and a nominal part (noun, adjective, pronoun, numeral, etc.) expressing the lexical meaning.
The word can act as a linking verb "be" in any form (will, will, will, was, would be, is). The ligament may be missing. In this case, we speak of a zero copula.
The juniper alley will be like a path in the forest.
Video lesson “The grammatical basis of a sentence. The main members of the proposal"
Offer is the smallest unit of communication. With the help of sentences, we express our thoughts and feelings, turn to each other with questions, advice, requests, wishes and orders.
The waters flowed quietly.
What? - sky. This is a subject, which, as a rule, is expressed by a noun (pronoun) in the nominative case form or any part of speech in the meaning of a noun.
A snowstorm (noun) arrived immediately (N. Ostrovsky).
I (pronoun) was driving alone in the evening on a racing droshky (I.S. Turgenev)
Smart (adjective) speaks for itself by its actions.
Those who arrived (communion) noisily sat down at the tables.
The bonds of friendship (phrase) connected them since childhood.
Let's discuss our plans.
Examples of a compound verb predicate
You are just starting to live!
The rain stopped falling and the bright sun came out.
Who told you to pick flowers in my garden?
Those gathered wanted to hear an old song.
Everyone is happy to help you.
The Greeks believed that the world is harmony and rhythm.
Mercury is also a metal.
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The round dances were already leaving; A fisherman’s fire was already burning across the river, smoking (A.S. Pushkin).
To highlight the grammatical basis of a sentence, let’s find out who or what the statement is about. To do this, let's ask questions: Who? or What?
What does it say about heaven? What was the sky doing? faded- this is a predicate.
We were sailing- grammatical basis.
He who (pronoun) does not work, does not eat.
Nine (numeral) is divisible by three.
Loud cheers (interjection) echoed across the square.
The second main component of the grammatical basis is the predicate, which can be expressed by all conjugated forms of the verb. Such a predicate is called a simple verb - PGS.
The difficulty of isolating such a predicate is that it can be expressed by two words that make up complex forms of a future tense verb in the indicative mood or forms of the imperative mood, for example:
When will you have breakfast?
My friend won't talk about it.
Compound verb predicate(SGS) consists of an auxiliary linking verb and an infinitive.
The auxiliary verb does not have an independent lexical meaning, but expresses the beginning, continuation or end of an action (phasic verb) or denotes possibility, desire, expression of will, obligation, evaluation, etc. (modal verb).
Short adjectives can also act as connectives:
Particularly difficult are the GHS, which contain stable phrases with a modal meaning:
We are ready to leave immediately.
I had no right to take risks and therefore walked through the swamp carefully.
The water near the shores of the lake was crystal clear.
The order of highlighting grammatical bases
The diagram presented below will help you learn how to correctly highlight the grammatical bases of a sentence.
How to determine the grammatical basis? Explanation of sentence parsing, complex cases
The grammatical basis of a sentence (subject and predicate) is its semantic and syntactic center. The chain of syntactic parsing begins with the definition of the grammatical basis. The ability to correctly determine the grammatical basis in a sentence provides direction for establishing logical relationships between words in a sentence, helps solve punctuation problems (including when studying foreign language). If the grammatical basis was determined incorrectly, then all further analysis will go along the wrong path.
As part of the grammatical basis there are subject and predicate. If a sentence consists of one main member, then it is only a subject or predicate. There are no sentences without a basis (except for incomplete ones)!
Stage No. 1. We find the subject. Questions WHO? or WHAT?
The subject is main member sentences, grammatically independent.
In a typical sentence this is the subject (in in a broad sense) referred to in the sentence. This is the word in nominative case. Most often this is a noun or pronoun that answers the questions: Who? or What?
- Wolf came out of the forest (What or what is the sentence talking about? About a wolf, that is, we pose the question: Who? Wolf. Noun).
- Shaggy black dog suddenly jumped out from somewhere out of the sedge thickets (Who? Dog. Noun).
- I smiled and went forward. (Who? I. Pronoun).
- Wolf came out of the forest (We ask a question from actor, from the subject: the wolf did what? Out is a predicate expressed by a verb).
- Shaggy black dog suddenly jumped out from somewhere out of the sedge thickets (What did the dog do? Jumped out).
- I smiled and went forward. (What I did was smile and go).
- Simple verb (one verb). Example: The wolf came out.
- Compound verb (auxiliary verb + infinitive). Example: I'm hungry. I have to go to Suzdal (essentially two verbs in the predicate).
- Compound nominal (linking verb + nominal part). Example: I will be a teacher (essentially a verb and another part of speech in the predicate).
There are some cases where the subject is expressed in other ways (not as a noun or as a pronoun):
Other ways of expressing the subject
Examples
Numeral (quantitative and collective) as a noun
Three came out of the forest.
Adjective as a noun
Well-fed not a companion for the hungry.
Participle as a noun
Vacationers had a fun time.
Will make it through the road going.
Tomorrow will definitely come.
It thundered in the distance hooray.
We are with friends we left earlier.
Quite a few schoolchildren participated in the competition.
Infinitive
Compose- my passion.
Stage No. 2. We find the predicate. Questions: WHAT DOES IT DO? (and etc.)
What are the predicates?
The predicate is connected with the subject and answers the question that is asked to it from the subject: What does the subject do?
But with the appropriate expression of the subject (see table above), these can be other questions: What is the subject?, What is the subject), etc.
Examples:
Predicates in Russian are of three types:
see also:
Difficult cases in determining predicates
Situation 1. Often problems with determining the predicate arise in a situation where a simple verbal predicate is expressed in more than one word. Example: Today you will not have lunch alone (= have lunch).
In this sentence, the predicate will dine is a simple verb, it is expressed in two words for the reason that it is a compound form of the future tense.
Situation 2. I found myself in difficulty doing this work (= found it difficult). The predicate is expressed by phraseological units.
Situation 3. Another difficult case is in sentences in which the compound predicate is represented by a short participle form. Example: The doors are always open.
An error in determining the type of predicate may be associated with an incorrect definition of the part of speech (should be distinguished from the verb short participle). In fact, in this sentence the predicate is a compound nominal, and not a simple verb, as it might seem.
Why is it compound if it is expressed in one word? Because in the present tense form the verb has a zero connective. If you put the predicate in the form of the past or future tense, it will appear. Compare. Doors are always will open. Doors are always were open.
Situation 4. A similar error can occur in the case of expressing the nominal part of a compound nominal predicate with a noun or adverb.
Example. Our hut is the second from the edge. (Compare: Our hut was the second one from the edge).
Dasha is married to Sasha (Compare: Dasha was married to Sasha).
Remember that part compound predicate are the words possible, necessary, impossible.
Determining the stem in one-part sentences
In nominative sentences, the stem will be represented by the subject.
Example: Winter morning.
In indefinite sentences there is only a predicate. The subject is not expressed, but it is understandable.
Example: I love the storm in early May.
The most difficult case of expressing the stem in impersonal sentences. Most often these are just different types of compound nominal predicates.
Examples: I need to act. The house is warm. I'm upset. There is no comfort, no peace.
If you do not develop the skill of determining the basis of a sentence in junior classes, then this will lead to difficulties in analyzing single-component and complex sentences in grades 8-9. If you gradually develop this skill by increasing complexity, then all problems will be resolved.
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Grammar basis of a sentence with examples
Grammar basis sentences form the main members of the sentence ( subject and predicate). That is, the grammatical basis of a sentence (predicative basis, core) is the main part of the sentence, which consists of its main members: subject and predicate. See also introductory words. After reading this article 5-ege.ru, you can easily find it in any sentence.
Subject.
Subject can be expressed not only by a noun or pronoun in nominative case, but also:
Seven (num.) one is not expected. All the past (adj. as a noun) I was just dreaming.
- numeral / several, many, part, majority, minority + noun in R.P.;
A lot of people gathered in the prince’s hut. Several ladies walked quickly up and down the platform.
- some, everyone, much / adjective + of + noun in R.P.;
Best of Students quickly solved this problem.
- someone, something + adjective, participle as a noun;
Something so insignificant tied in a scarf.
- noun / pronoun + s + noun / pronoun in Tv.P. ( but only if the predicate is expressed by a plural verb!).
Vanya and I went along the forest road ( plural predicate.).
Anna she entered the room with her daughter in her arms (predicate in singular).
Live in a lordly way - this is a noble affair
Predicate.
In the Russian language there are three types of predicates. The following algorithm of actions will help you determine which type is represented in your proposal.
Distinguish!
If a sentence contains homogeneous predicates, then each of them should be considered separately. 
Also watch the video presentation.
Clue.
1) Most often, the definition of a simple verbal predicate, expressed in more than one word, raises doubts:
I will take part in the exhibition.
IN in this example I will take part– a complex form of the future tense, which is defined in syntax as a simple predicate. And the combination participate is a phraseological unit that can be replaced by the word I'm participating. Therefore, we have a simple verbal predicate.
Trap!
People often make the mistake of calling the following construction simple verbal predicates:
Everything in Moscow is imbued with poetry, punctuated with rhymes.
This error is due to two factors.
First, we must distinguish the short passive participle from the past tense verb form.
Short participles have suffixes -T-, -N-, and the verb -L-. Means, soakedBut, puncturedTo- These are short passive participles.
Secondly, we have before us a predicate that is expressed in just one word, but what is it - simple or compound (see Morphological analysis of a word with examples)? Try adding some time adverb to the sentence, for example, at the beginning of the twentieth century, and see how these forms behave.
At the beginning of the twentieth century, everything in Moscow was imbued with poetry and punctuated with rhymes.
A bunch appears was and the predicate clearly becomes compound. The Russian language is not characterized by constructions in the present tense with a copula be. Agree, it sounds clearly foreign if we say: All in Moscow There is imbued with poetry, rhymes There is pierced.
Thus, if in a sentence you encounter predicates, expressed short passive participles, then you are dealing with compound nominal predicate.
Words it is impossible, it is possible, it is necessary, it is necessary included in composite predicates.
I need to get off at this stop.
Be careful with your words to be, to appear, to appear, since by highlighting only them, you may miss another component of the predicate.
She seemed funny to me. Wrong!
If you only highlight words appeared, then the meaning of the sentence changes completely ( seemed = dreamed, dreamed, imagined).
Right: She seemed funny to me
Wrong: The teacher was strict (was = existed, lived).
Right: The teacher was strict.
This task offers quite complex sentences for analysis and the answer options are very often similar to each other. What “traps” can you expect here?
1) Proposals can be compiled according to different models:
The answer option may omit a subject, a predicate, or one of the homogeneous subjects or predicates.
Remember!
The grammatical basis includes ALL the main parts of the sentence; omitting one of them is a clear mistake.
2) The answer option can combine the subject and predicate of different grammatical bases.
3) The subject can only be in I.P.! Answer options with nouns, pronouns not in I.P. obviously incorrect (except for those cases when they are part of the predicate and without them the whole meaning of the sentence changes).
4) The answer option may contain a participle or participial turnover, which are never included in the grammatical basis.
Designs should be distinguished verb + noun in V.P. And noun + passive participle.
The coordinates were calculated. ? The coordinates have been calculated.
IN first case coordinates is a noun in the accusative case that depends on the verb (i.e. addition), and in second is a nominative case form that agrees with the past participle (i.e. subject). If you change each of the designs, the differences will be visible. Let's put the predicates in each of the sentences in the singular form:
Calculated the coordinates. The coordinate has been calculated.
The subject and predicate always agree with each other, but the object remains unchanged.
5) Sometimes words which, which in complex sentences they are subjects.
[And shiny droplets crawled down his cheeks], (the kind that happen on windows when it rains). (what = droplets).
Analysis of the task.
1. Which combination of words is the grammatical basis in one of the sentences or in one of the parts of a complex sentence?
(1) So what is the difference between human and animal perception? (2) For an animal, only concrete things exist; its perception is inseparable from the real environment in which it lives and acts. (3) So, for example, the “TV version” of a dog means nothing to a cat. (4) Man, in the process of evolution, acquired unique ability create in your imagination ideal images reality, but they no longer seem to be a direct copy of a specific thing. (5) Thanks to the development of cognitive activity, in particular, the processes of abstraction and generalization, a person can isolate any individual features of the object being studied, abstracting from all other, unimportant details. (6) Thus, a person has the ability to form a generalized image of a real thing, which allows him to see and recognize common signs and qualities various phenomena reality.
1) perception is (sentence 2)
2) acquired the ability (sentence 4)
3) they do not appear to be a cast (sentence 4)
4) which allows you to see (sentence 6)
Option #1 is not a grammatical basis, since here the predicate is not fully represented, which distorts the meaning of the entire sentence (perception is = in the meaning “comes, arrives somewhere for some reason”). See point 3 in the “Predicate” section.
Option No. 2 is also incorrect because it lacks a subject. Who acquired the ability? In sentence 4 the subject is the word Human.
Option #3 true, although at first glance it seems wrong. The authors of the task are deliberately trying to confuse us. Although the word cast is not in the I.P. form, but it is part of the predicate, since without it the logic of the story is lost. They don’t introduce themselves = The images don’t give their names?!
Option No. 4 incorrect . The subject is highlighted correctly. Word which, as we have already said, can be subject. In the subordinate clause it is replaced by the word image and performs the same functions, that is, it is the subject. But the predicate is not fully represented. In the sentence it is - allows you to see and recognize.
Thus, the student who chooses option 3 will be right.
2. What words are the grammatical basis in the sixth (6) sentence of the text?
(1)… (2) They are united by one desire - to know. (3) And their ages are different, and their professions are very different, and completely different levels knowledge, but everyone strived to know more than they already knew. (4) This expressed the need of millions and millions of people who greedily absorbed all the secrets of the world, all the knowledge and skills accumulated by mankind. (5) Library visitors either studied somewhere or dreamed of studying. (6) They all needed books, but when they came to the library, they got lost in the ocean of books. (7) ... (According to K. Chukovsky).
1) books were needed, they were lost
2) they needed it, they were lost
3) books were needed, when they came here they got lost
4) books were needed, they were lost in the ocean
The correct one is Option 1, since in other variants the second ones included minor members of the sentence in the base: in the second, the word is superfluous to them (addition, stands in D.P.), in the third there is an adverbial phrase that is not part of the basis of the sentence, and in the fourth there is an adverbial phrase in the ocean.
3. What combination of words is the grammatical basis in one of the sentences (or part of it)?
(1)... (2) She will die of hunger if the gates are strong and no one opens them, but does not think of moving away from the gates and pulling them towards themselves. (3) Only a person understands that you have to be patient, work hard and do things that you don’t want in order for what you want to happen. (4) A person can restrain himself, not eat, not drink, not sleep only because he knows what is good and should be done and what is bad and should not be done, and this is taught to a person by his ability to think. (5) Some people increase it in themselves, others do not. (6)…
1) she will die (sentence 2)
2) what you want (sentence 3)
3) what is good and should be done (sentence 4)
4) teaches ability (sentence 4)
This is a task of increased difficulty.
Option #1 incorrect, since not all predicates are indicated by the authors. The sentence has a rather difficult structure to analyze. It is complex with a subordinate clause that is wedged between two homogeneous predicates. Therefore, you may not notice that the basis she will die must also include a predicate won’t think to step back and pull.
Option No. 2 is also excluded. Verb I want to is impersonal and there cannot be a subject with it.
Option #3 similar to the previous one. This sentence is also impersonal. Word must in dictionaries it is defined as a category of state that is used in sentences without a subject.
True is Option 4.
Home » Preparation for the Unified State Exam in Russian » Grammar basis of a sentence with examples
The grammatical basis of a sentence (subject and predicate) is the most important syntactic structure that determines not only the structure of the sentence, but also its informational meaning. Moreover, without correct definition grammatical basis it is impossible to correctly solve punctuation problems, especially in complex sentences.
Second level students secondary school(grades 5 - 9) it is not always possible to correctly and quickly find the grammatical basis of a sentence, because this syntactic structure is very diverse both in form and content. Consequently, problems arise both with the general analysis of the sentence and with punctuation.
Let us note right away that teaching children to correctly determine the grammatical basis of a sentence is possible only by fully implementing one of the most important principles of didactics, namely, the principle of promising learning.
This means that, starting from elementary school, one should look far ahead and gradually introduce children both to the members of a sentence that make up its structure, and to terminology.
Children's initial acquaintance with the main members of a sentence occurs in primary school(in 3rd grade). The simplest form of the grammatical basis of a sentence (the subject is expressed by a noun, and the predicate by a verb) is learned by children relatively easily and quickly. But the slightest deviation from this formula already causes difficulties and confusion both in understanding and in terminology.
Unfortunately, teachers are sometimes the culprits of this confusion.
Here's an example:
The class works with the sentence “Children play in the school yard”
Teacher: Where is the subject?
Student: Children.
Teacher: Correct. Where's the verb?
What did the teacher do? He grossly violated the classification system completely different concepts. After all, the classification of parts of speech is one thing, but the classification of sentence members is something completely different. Under no circumstances should these things be confused!
The teacher should have asked: Where is the predicate?
In the system of teaching children the Russian language in primary school, the most important place is occupied by unmistakable understanding and the ability to distinguish meanings. various parts speech: noun, adjective, verb, pronoun, preposition and adverb.
If this confusion of the concepts of “part of speech” and “member of a sentence” is not eradicated in elementary school, then in the middle school it is extremely difficult to do this.
When leading children to understand the structure (construction) of a sentence, it is necessary to emphasize that a word can only be a member of a sentence as part of a sentence. This is the first thing. And secondly, on the fact that the members of the sentence (so far we are talking only about the subject and the predicate) can be expressed by any part of speech (“made” from any part of speech).
It is very important that already in elementary school children understand and firmly know what a subject is and what a predicate is, what these main members of a sentence mean and what questions they answer. Children find it especially difficult to find a predicate if it answers the questions “What is the subject?” or “What is (who is) the subject?”
It is very useful already in grades 4 and 5 to conduct a written survey “What is the subject?” and “What is a predicate?”, where students must give not only a precise definition of the main members of the sentence, but also give their own examples.
Particular attention should be paid to the logical connection of the main members of the sentence with each other, i.e. the ability to correctly ask a question from subject to predicate and persistently teach children to give a complete answer.
Example:
We are working with the proposal “Children play in the garden”
The student's answer should be:
“This sentence talks about children, this word is in the nominative case, which means it is the subject, it is expressed by a noun.
What are the children doing? - playing. This word denotes the action of the subject, which means it is a predicate, it is expressed by a verb.
The Russian language course in primary school (grade 5) begins with syntax. This is correct, because children must first learn how to construct a sentence correctly. In this initial syntax course, students already study in detail the ways of expressing the main members of a sentence and become familiar with the minor members of a sentence in detail. The concept and term “grammatical basis of a sentence” are familiar to them. Children can relatively easily find the subject, expressed by a noun, and the predicate, expressed by one verb. Deviation from this formula already causes difficulties.
Painstaking work begins, as a result of which the children must understand that the subject can be expressed not only by a noun, but also by other parts of speech.
It is advisable already in the 5th grade to gradually introduce children to different types of predicates: simple verb, compound verb, compound nominal, although this is material for 8th grade. Practice shows that by the end of the first half of the year, fifth-graders are already quite consciously distinguishing between these types of predicates. True, at the first stage, confusion arises between the compound verbal predicate and homogeneous simple verbal predicates.
Children are confused by the fact that in both cases there are two verbs. But pretty soon everything falls into place. Again, written surveys are helpful.
Thus, in the fifth grade, groundwork has been made for the long term in understanding the structure of one of the main members of the grammatical basis of a sentence. Now you should methodically (preferably at each lesson) consolidate the structure of the predicate, terminology and its understanding.
Already in the 5th grade, it is advisable to introduce the concepts of “one-part and two-part sentences.” The guys master these concepts quite easily and quickly. By the way, the Russian language textbook for 5th grade by the authors Lvov and Nosov does just that. This is also a good foundation for the future. Ladyzhenskaya's textbook introduces these concepts only in 8th grade.
The syntax of a simple sentence is studied in detail in 8th grade. But, if we do not prepare children in grades 5 - 7 to perceive and understand this complex section of everything school course Russian language, it will be very difficult for children to learn the punctuation of a simple sentence. That is why the concepts of the most complex cases of expressing a grammatical basis should be gradually introduced precisely in grades 5–7. This is reasonable and possible when learning different parts of speech. You just need to constantly remember this and select didactic work material for the lesson, taking into account the role of the part of speech being studied in the sentence.
For example, when studying adjectives, it should be shown that this part of speech can be both a subject in a sentence (“The sick people are going for a walk”) and a predicate (“The night is bright”); when studying numerals, we demonstrate that numerals can fulfill the roles of both subject and predicate (“Two sixth-graders gathered ...”; “Twice two is four”), etc.
If in grades 5-7 we conduct a syntactic and punctuation analysis of at least one sentence in each lesson, we will prepare children to solve many problems of stylistics and punctuation in grades 8 and 9.
It is in these classes that children are faced with very complex constructions of the grammatical basis of a sentence. They are mainly associated with the indefinite form of the verb (infinitive).
The infinitive form of the verb most often in a sentence is the main part of the compound verbal predicate. (“Scientists have learned to distinguish…”). In these cases, the infinitive answers the questions: “What to do?”, “What to do?” and is included in the structure of the grammatical basis of the sentence.
At all indefinite form verb (infinitive) - this is quite complex linguistic phenomenon, capable of performing a variety of functions in a sentence. This, of course, makes it difficult to find the grammatical basis.
The infinitive can perform the functions of a subject both independently and as part of a logically integral phrase (To feel is to live), (To love nature is a need of the soul). In the structure of a compound verbal predicate, the presence of an infinitive is mandatory, as is the presence of an auxiliary verb. Moreover, the infinitive can play the role of not only the main, but also an auxiliary verb (I want to learn to fly.) The infinitive can also be part of the structure of a compound nominal predicate (Sister is going to work as a dressmaker).
However, the infinitive can be in a sentence and a secondary member of the sentence: a goal adverbial (“We went to the store to buy...”) and an object (“I asked the doctor to help”), i.e. not be part of the structure of the grammatical basis of the sentence.
In the sentence “We went to the store to buy...” the grammatical basis is “we went.”
The infinitive buy is a circumstance of purpose because it depends on the predicate and answers the question “came in for what purpose?” In the sentence “I asked the doctor to help...” the infinitive is an object because it depends on the predicate and answers the question “asked for what?”
As a rule, such syntactic constructions have no practical meaning for punctuation. But both the State Examination Academy and the Unified State Examination have tests specifically for distinguishing between similar types of grammatical fundamentals. So we have to teach children these theoretical subtleties as well.
Particularly difficult are the grammatical basics, consisting only of verbs (To teach is to sharpen the mind). It seems that in these cases there is no need to diligently search for the subject and predicate; it is enough to indicate the grammatical basis of the sentence.
The ability to correctly and quickly find the grammatical basis of a sentence is extremely necessary when studying various types complex sentences. Without this skill, children cannot understand and master the punctuation of a complex sentence.
Problems begin already when studying one-part sentences. The absence of one of the main parts of a sentence often confuses students. They can't find the boundaries simple sentences in complex, if one of the simple sentences is one-part. One-part sentences are studied in 8th grade.
Here again we need to work for the future: study one-component sentences in the context of complex ones.
In general, there is no need to prove that the ability to accurately determine the grammatical basis of a sentence in all its forms is the most important condition to understand the structure of any sentence and especially its punctuation. As a rule, the entire academic year in 9th grade. If you methodically, based on practice in grades 5-7, gradually prepare children to understand the syntactic structures studied in grades 8 and 9, the punctuation of simple and complex sentences can be mastered well.
Instructions
To highlight grammatical basis any offers, we need to find and emphasize its main members. These include subject and predicate.
The subject is what is being said in the sentence. It is always in the initial form (nominative or infinitive) and, as a rule, answers the questions: “who?”, “what?”. The subject is expressed by almost all parts of speech if they appear in the meaning of a noun in the nominative case. By the noun itself: “what?” the truth does not always lie on the surface. Pronoun: “who?” I'm not a supporter of drastic measures. Adjective or: “who?” the well-fed does not understand the hungry; "Who?" vacationers were waiting for the bus. Numeral: “who?” three were responsible for cleaning the area. Infinitive (verb form): singing is her passion. Any word that has the meaning of a noun in the nominative case: “what?” oohs and aahs from the street. Phraseologism: “who?” young and old went out into the field. Compound name: “what?” The Milky Way stretches out in a wide strip. A syntactically integral phrase: “who?” My grandmother and I went to our home.
The predicate denotes what exactly is being reported about the subject and answers the questions: “?”, “What is it like?”, “What happens to it?” etc. Depending on the way of expression, the predicate may be simple; compound nominal; compound verb and complex.
Select the predicate in the analyzed phrase. It must denote an action performed by or on the subject. Most often this is expressed by a predicate; o in this role are found and. The predicate must agree with the subject in person, number and gender.
When completing a written task, underline the subject with one and the predicate with two lines.
When you find several subjects and predicates, analyze the structure of the sentence. If you see in front of you two or more semantically independent combinations of sentence members, then we are talking about complex sentence with essay or subordinating connection. In the case when several predicates refer to one subject and vice versa, then you have a simple sentence with an extended base. However, such repeating elements must still be joined by "and" or separated.
Video on the topic
The grammatical basis of a sentence is its most important structural part, which largely determines the meaning of the entire phrase. The grammatical basis in linguistics is often called the predicative core. The term “predicative basis” is also often used. This grammatical phenomenon exists in many languages.
Instructions
Determine whether the phrase you need to parse is actually a sentence. Some phrases in are both , and statements, but there are also those that can only be attributed to the second category. In the first case, the members of the sentence can be identified in the phrase or their syntactic positions can be determined. As a rule, statements consisting of several words are sentences.
Find the subject. This member of the sentence denotes an object whose action is described in the phrase itself. The subject is grammatically independent, it is in the nominative case. However, the subject can also be expressed by another part of speech, which in this case will perform the functions. Therefore, determine the active object, even if it is expressed by a not entirely familiar part of speech or by a noun not in the nominative form. For example, in the sentence “VKontakte invites you to register,” the subject will be “VKontakte.” At the same time, in the sentence “The social network “VKontakte” invites you to register,” the subject will be the word “network.”
Define the predicate. It denotes the action of the subject and answers questions. Remember that the predicate cannot always be expressed by a verb. The verb predicate can be simple or compound. In the second case, the grammatical basis includes both, that is, standing in the form and in the infinitive. The combination of subject and predicate is the predicative core.
One of the main members of the sentence may be missing. In this case, the statement remains a sentence if the position of the missing member of the sentence can be determined. Sometimes this can only be known by context. For example, participants in a dialogue can discuss someone else's actions and answer each other's questions. The interlocutors understand who or what we are talking about; they can only name the actions of the subject. In this case there is, but it consists of one member of the sentence. For example, if earlier the interlocutors were talking about in social networks, then one of them may ask which one is preferable. The answer "VKontakte" is a sentence because there is a subject and an implied predicate.
note
In some cases, syncrete members of the sentence are part of the grammatical core. They are grammatically connected with both the subject and the predicate and can simultaneously be a subject and, for example, a circumstance.
Be especially careful in cases where the sentence contains phraseological units. The subject can be expressed in such a phrase, and then the grammatical basis will not be two words, but several, and it is impossible to separate them.
Sources:
- the grammatical basis is
The grammatical analysis of sentences is given a large number of time in Russian language lessons, it must be included in the final control program. Schoolchildren need to be able to correctly determine the grammatical basis of a sentence, because in case of an error, the entire task will be considered incomplete.
is a syntactic unit containing a thought and consisting of one or more words. Using a sentence, you can express thoughts and feelings, an order, a request, etc. For example: Morning. The sun rises from the horizon. Open the window! What a wonderful morning!
The offer is minimum unit of utterance . In sentences, words are interconnected by syntactic connections. Therefore, sentences can be defined as chains syntactically related words . Thanks to this, even in a text without punctuation marks (for example, in monuments of ancient Russian writing), you can guess where one sentence ends and another begins.
Distinctive features of the offer:
- A sentence is a statement about something in the form of a message, a question or an incentive.
- The sentence is the basic unit of communication.
- The sentence has intonation and semantic completeness.
- A sentence has a certain structure (structure). Its core is the grammatical basis.
- The sentence has lexical and grammatical meaning.
Lexical meaning sentences are its specific content. The winter turned out to be snowy and frosty.
Grammatical meaning proposals are general meaning sentences of the same structure, abstracted from their specific content. She went on an excursion (face and its action). The travelers are cold and tired (face and its condition).
In meaning and intonation there are offers narrative (contain a message), interrogative(contain a question) exclamation marks (pronounced with strong feeling, with an exclamation), incentive(encourage action), for example: Golden Moscow is the best. Do you find it funny? And what stars! Raise your sword higher! (According to I. Shmelev)
By the presence of minor members both one-part and two-part sentences can be undistributed (no minor members) and common (there are minor members), for example: I'm dozing (simple two-part unextended sentence). The ice has grown in lumps on the glass (simple two-part common sentence).
By the presence or partial absence of members of the sentence proposals may be complete and incomplete , For example: In the cold hall the Christmas tree mysteriously sleeps A ( full offer).Glass - penny (incomplete sentence, predicate released costs ). (According to I. Shmelev)
Grammatical (predicative) basis of a sentence
Offers have grammatical basis consisting of a subject and a predicate or one of them. For example: Freezing. White beauty birch. I'm scared. There is a rainbow over Moscow. (According to I. Shmelev)
The grammatical basis may include both both main members proposals and one of them- subject or predicate. The stars fade and go out. Night. Freezing. (I. Nikitin)
According to the structure of the grammatical basis simple sentences are divided into two-part (with two main terms) and one-piece (with one main member): The pipes are rattling in the hallway. It smells like polished floors, mastic, and a Christmas tree. It's frosty! (According to I. Shmelev)
By the number of grammatical bases proposals are divided into simple(one grammatical stem) and complex(two or more stems related to each other in meaning, intonation and using lexical means). For example: Our Christmas is coming from afar (simple sentence). The priests are singing under the icon, and the huge deacon screams so terribly that my chest trembles (complex sentence). (According to I. Shmelev)
Subject and predicate
Subject- the main member of the sentence, which is associated with the predicate and answers questions in the nominative case Who? or What?
Ways to express the subject:
- A noun in the nominative case or another part of speech used in the meaning of a noun. Meanwhile sky(noun) continued to clear. Our fallen(prior) - like sentries.
- The pronoun is in the nominative case. You you bloom alone, and I won’t be able to return these golden dreams, this deep faith (A. Blok).
- Infinitive. Work it was not difficult, and most importantly, it was fun (P. Pavlenko).
- Phraseologisms. Skillful fingers visited this master (P. Bazhov).
- Indivisible phrase. My friend and I We left before sunrise (M. Sholokhov).
Predicate- the main member of the sentence, which is associated with the subject and answers questions what does the item do? what's happening to him? what is he like? what is he? who is he?Dissuaded golden grove (S. Yesenin).
Perhaps you have already been able to verify that even the lightest punctuation marks (at the end of a sentence) are not as easy to place as it immediately seems because it is necessary think about the meaning of sentences and text. And it’s even more difficult work on punctuation in the middle of a sentence. Here you need to think about what blocks the sentence consists of, where the boundaries of the blocks are, and then place punctuation marks in accordance with the rules. Don't be scared! We'll deal with even the most complex cases, we will help you understand them and turn them into simple ones!
Let's start, perhaps, with main blocks - simple sentences, which may be part of a complex What does a simple sentence consist of? His heart is grammatical basis, usually consisting of subject And predicate. Around the grammatical stem are located minor members of the sentence, isolated and non-separated; included in the predicate group and the subject group.
The grammatical basis is the basis because the whole proposal rests on it. If you learn to find it quickly, it will be easy to place those necessary signs punctuation that will mark the boundary of simple sentences within a complex sentence. How should one reason?
Determine how many stems are in a sentence:
Is it difficult to find the grammatical basis of a sentence? Sometimes it's very simple: subject (who? or what?), predicate (what is he doing? what did he do?). But often there are more complicated cases.
Conclusion: one basis - a simple sentence; two or more basics – complex.
Try to determine the grammatical basis of the following sentences (see answers below).
1. Everything is clear to us, the masters.
2. Suddenly a “cuckoo” was heard from the window of the bright room!
3. Your host is both sweet and hospitable.
4. Everyone tries to get in with their own proposal.
5. The village where we played in the summer was a lovely place.
6. Evening. Forest. Long journey.
7. Our city is decorated with a wonderful park.
8. He who strives for victory will definitely win.
If you completed this job without errors, congratulations! If you come across mistakes, don’t be upset: they exist for this purpose, to cope with it and overcome them!
What mistakes could lie in wait for you here? Someone might have lost the subject, somewhere there was no predicate, in some sentence an object was squeezed in instead of the subject, in some cases members of the sentence were even emphasized that had nothing to do with each other.
Is it really that scary? Of course not! But, if you find the grammatical basis incorrectly, you cannot see the blocks correctly, so it turns out that a simple sentence is mistakenly taken for a complex one, in complex ones the number of parts is incorrectly determined, which means that punctuation marks are arranged as they please.
How to find this insidious grammatical basis? You can first find the predicate, then the subject, or vice versa, just remember a few tips:
1) In order to find the subject, be sure to specify from the predicate double question: who? What? Then you You are unlikely to confuse subject and object.
Try this when determining the subject in the following sentences.
The captain saw the shore first.
The front of the dress was decorated with flowers.
If you asked a double question from the predicate, then you found the subjects captain And flowers.
2) In order to find the predicate, try asking questions: “What is happening? What does it say about the subject? What is this subject (subject)? What is he doing? (subject)"
Pupilwas beautiful.
On the street freshly And windy.
For kids couldn't sit still on the spot.
Wonderful a game– catching up!
3) From the reversal of the terms, the sum is changing. This means be careful about certain sentences when determining the grammatical basis.
Green City(one-part noun sentence).
The city is green(two-part sentence).
You have already seen that this happens when a sentence has only a subject or only a predicate (much more often). Such proposals are called one-piece. Be careful when working with such offers! It is in them often the complement is disguised as the subject in meaning. Then go back to our first clue, ask a double question– and everything will become clear.
Try to find the grammatical basis in these sentences.
To me cold
But.
To him can't sleep.
To me I want to smilesnuggle.
Many people will say that these sentences have a subject and a predicate, that is, they are two-part. Then I can ask what is the subject? The answer may be - me, him. Then one more question: Where are the words I and HE in these sentences? There are none, there are other forms: me, him. And this is already not a subject, but an object. If you ask the question: Who? What?- everything will fall into place. The correct answer is: this one-part impersonal sentences. They do not and cannot have a subject, the predicate is in italics.
We hope that you will now have fewer problems determining the grammatical basis of a sentence!
Answers to the task.
1. EverythingIt's clear.
2.
I heard"peek-a-boo"!
3.
Masternice, hospitable.
4.
Every tries to get in.
5.
Villagewas adorable corner; Wewere playing.
6.
Evening.
Forest. Further path.
7.
Decoratesa park. 8. Aspiringwill win.
Let's take a closer look at such a part of the grammatical basis as predicate. The easiest way, as it may seem, is to determine simple verb predicate. No wonder it’s called that - simple. This means that it is usually easier to find than all other types of predicate. Most often, as such a predicate we will find verb in the indicative mood.
Sun got up. Childrenwake up And are coming to school.Begins new beautiful day.
In these sentences it is really easy to define simple verbal predicates. However, there are points that need to be paid attention to when defining such a predicate. It can be cunning masquerade as a compound verb. Try to remember a few basic rules.
1. A verb can be predicated in any tense (present, past and future):
The day after tomorrow I will definitelyI will read novel by L.N. Tolstoy's Anna Karenina.
My childwill study easily.
You will certainlyyou will admire achievements of the students of this school.
Don’t be embarrassed that the sentences before you include predicates like b I will read, I will learn, I will admire. Yes, there is a predicate here consists of two verbs BUT it's just future tense form. Compare with the present and past tense forms: read, read; studying, studied; admire, admired.
Today I I'm reading
My childstudies easily.
You admire achievements of the students of this school.
Yesterday I read novel by L. N. Tolstoy “Anna Karenina”.
My child studied easily.
You admired achievements of the students of this school.
2. A verb can be a predicate in any mood (indicative, imperative and conditional).
Don't be confused by the particles that help form shapes conditional and imperative(would, let, let, come on, let's, yeah). They do not turn a simple verbal predicate into a compound predicate, but they make it difficult for us to determine the type of predicate.
You told tell her the whole truth(indicative).
You I would tell tell her the whole truth(conditional mood).
You Tell tell her the whole truth(imperative mood). Let she will be happy.
3. The infinitive (the initial form of the verb) can also act as a simple verbal predicate.
I ride
from the ice slide - and he followed me.
We work , and they rest.
4. A phraseological unit is not divided into parts, but is one member of a sentence.
Nikita like the wind blew away from the veranda.
Humanity is gradually going crazy.
Now let's move on to consider compound verb predicate. It includes:
* main component– verb in initial form,
* auxiliary component- more often verb, But maybe short adjective or participle, adverb or adverbial phrase, noun, phraseological unit.
Compound predicates show a particular tendency to masquerade as other members of the sentence during parsing, to be incompletely detected, or to be completely lost. But we will figure this out too! Look at some clues.
1. The auxiliary verb in a compound verbal predicate has a specific meaning: beginning, continuation, end of action; opportunity, desire, evaluation of action. These could be words started, stopped, could, wanted, could, loved, was afraid, was wary, feared etc.
I Want Fine pass exams.
Henot afraid to experiment.
We beware of buying low quality products.
2. In this case, the main component will be expressed by the initial form of the verb ( infinitive), and not another part of speech.
Compare.
Shebecame an actress (compound nominal predicate).
She started dancing (compound verb predicate).
3. The auxiliary component can be a short adjective or participle, adverb or adverbial phrase, noun, phraseological unit, stable combination. The value of the auxiliary component is opportunity, desire, evaluation of action.
We always happy to help to our students (short adjective as a ligament).
I forced to reschedule classes the next day(short participle as a connective).
Helover of pranks teacher(noun as a connective).
Hunter was eager to track down
handsome deer by all means(phraseologism as a connective). 
4. Both actions must be performed one object (subject). Think about who is performing the actions, then you will not confuse simple and compound verbal predicates.
I asked grandma to read me a book.(The predicate is a simple verb, because I asked, and grandma will read).
Let's hope these tips help you when parsing a sentence and determining the types of predicate.
Good luck in learning Russian!
Still have questions? Don't know the types of predicates?To get help from a tutor, register.Subject And predicate are in the closest almost “family” relationship - grammatical And semantic. The predicate is called that way because it tells, "says" about the subject. These members of the sentence carry the main meaning of any sentence.
Are there problems in the “relationship” between subject and predicate? Of course they do. First of all, this concerns compound nominal predicate. This predicate type, as you remember, consists of linking verb(auxiliary component) and noun part. Most often we find the verb in the role of a linking verb be.
Usually it is present in a compound nominal predicate in the past time: was, was, was, were
.
For example: Distinctive feature professors was his love for his subject.
In present time The linking verb is almost always omitted and the subject remains with the nominal part of the predicate. For example: Time is the best medicine.
Sometimes we can still find the verb be in present time. As a rule, this is a feature of scientific, bookish speech. For example: Predicatethere is one of the main members two-part sentence.
In ordinary, colloquial speech, linking verb be falls. It probably wouldn’t occur to anyone to say something like “I am a high school student.” But the linking verb does not like to disappear without a trace; it often leaves its deputy In the role of such a deputy we can see dash. A dash is placed between the subject and the predicate if there is no linking verb, but sometimes before the predicate there are other words that can be “friendly” or “not friendly” with a dash. Remember a few tips.
Light winter rain Here existence disaster our time.
Be in love -means to understand And forgive.