ON THE. SHAPIRO

Continuation. See the beginning in No. 39, 43/2003

One-part sentences.
Incomplete sentences

Definition of a one-part sentence

In Russian, all sentences are simple in nature grammatical basis are divided into two types - two-part And one-piece. Two-part sentences have a subject and a predicate. Dissuaded grove golden birch cheerful tongue.(S. Yesenin) Poet you may not be , But must be a citizen . (N. Nekrasov) In one-part sentences there is only one main member, and the second one is not needed to understand the meaning of the sentence. Late autumn. In the yards tourniquet dry leaves. Everything earlier it's getting dark. At school, the main member of a one-part sentence is called, like the main members of two-part sentences, the subject or predicate. Linguistic scientists usually use the term “main member of a one-part sentence.”

All one-part sentences are divided into sentences with the main member - the subject and sentences with the main member - the predicate (otherwise they are called, respectively, nominal and verbal one-part sentences).

It is important to understand the difference between one-part sentences and incomplete ones, which can also have only one main member. Wed: 1) – Dry leaves are being burned in the courtyards. 2) – What do wipers do in the fall? – Dry leaves are burned in the yards. In the first case, it is reported that a certain action is being performed, but who performs it is not important. This is a one-part proposal. In the second case, an action is reported that is performed by a specific subject - the wipers. Subject wipers missing, but easily recovered from the previous sentence. This means that the second sentence is two-part incomplete.

Name sentences

One-part sentences in which the main member is expressed by a noun in nominative case or a syntactically indecomposable phrase, are called nominal. Cinema. Three benches.(O. Mandelstam) Twenty first. Night. Monday. The outlines of the capital in the darkness.(A. Akhmatova) The greenery of the laurel, almost to the point of trembling. The door is open, the window is dusty.(I. Brodsky) Such sentences are said to express the meaning of beingness. It is thanks to this meaning that a word or phrase “turns” into a sentence.

Nominal sentences may have some additional grammatical meanings, such as concrete demonstrative (expressed by the particle Here: Here's the mill); emotional assessment (expressed using special particles what, like this, well, what the, this etc.). It is important to distinguish nominal sentences with a particle Here from two-part ones with a pronoun This. Here's a chair– one-part noun sentence; This is a chair– two-part, where This– subject, and chair– a compound nominal predicate with a zero connective.

The teacher should pay special attention to students on how the order of words in a sentence can affect its composition. Yes, in a sentence Warm day the subject and definition, expressed by the adjective, standing before the word being defined, are easily detected. This is a one-part nominative common sentence. In the sentence Warm day there is a subject and a compound nominal predicate with a zero connective and a nominal part expressed by an adjective after the subject. This is a two-part unexpanded proposal.

Another case is more complicated. Offer It was boring listening to him is considered a one-component impersonal with a compound verbal predicate, where instead of an auxiliary verb there is a word of the state category boring and a linking verb. But if the infinitive is put in first place - Listen to him was boring, it can be considered as the subject, then it was boring– a compound nominal predicate, where the nominal part is expressed short adjective(cf. The listening was boring).

In the Russian language there are sentences in which, at first glance, there are no main members at all: Snow! Trees! Noise, noise!(In meaning: So much snow (trees, noise)!) Not a speck of dust. IN school course they are not studied. The grammatical meaning of beingness seems to allow us to classify these sentences as denominative. But the only member of such a sentence cannot be considered as the subject, because it is expressed by a noun not in the nominative, but in genitive case. Many linguists call such sentences genitive (by the Latin name of the genitive case), and those sentences that we call nominative - nominative (by the Latin name of the nominative case), combining both of them into the type “nominal one-part sentences”.

When the only main member of a sentence is expressed by a noun in the nominative case, and the secondary members depend on the main one and form a phrase with it ( Early morning; End of the alley; House on the outskirts etc.), no one doubts that this proposal is one-part.

But there are also controversial cases. If the minor member has adverbial or objective meaning (I have the blues; There is a holiday in the house), some scholars consider the sentence to be two-part with an omitted predicate on the grounds that neither an adverbial nor an object can relate to the subject. Other scholars consider such sentences to be denominative, with a special minor member that relates to the entire sentence, extending it as a whole, and is called a determiner.

Exercise

Are the highlighted sentences denominative?

Wonderful person Ivan Ivanovich!.. What apple and pear trees he has right next to his windows! He loves melons very much. This is his favorite food.

- Tell me, please, what do you need this gun for, which is set out to air out along with the dress?.. Listen, give it to me!
- How can you! This gun is expensive. You won't find guns like this anywhere anymore. Even when I was getting ready to join the police, I bought it from Turchin... How is that possible? This is a necessary thing...
- A good gun!(N. Gogol)

Answer. Title suggestions: What apple and pear trees he has right next to his windows! And Nice gun! Offer Listen, give it to me!- one-part, but not denominative, because the main member in it is not the subject, but the predicate. All other highlighted sentences have both a subject and a predicate, i.e. they are two-part.

One-part sentences with the main member - the predicate

One-part sentences with the main member - the predicate - are divided into definitely personal, indefinitely personal, generalized personal, and impersonal. These types differ in two main ways: a) in how expressed the idea of ​​the actor is; b) according to morphological verb forms, used as the main member of a sentence. In other words, different types single-component sentences make it possible, with varying degrees of specificity, to imagine who performs the action, or contain an indication that there is no such producer at all, it is impossible to imagine him.

Moreover, each type of sentence has its own forms of the predicate verb, and they do not intersect, i.e. by the form of the verb, you can determine the type of one-part sentence (with the exception of generalized personal sentences, which will be discussed separately).

Definitely personal proposals

Definitely personal These are one-part sentences in which the actor is not named, but is thought of as a well-defined person - the speaker himself or his interlocutor. In other words, in definite personal sentences the subject is easily restored - the 1st or 2nd person pronoun (I, we, you, you). This is possible because the predicate in a definite-personal sentence is expressed only by a verb of the 1st or 2nd person of the indicative or imperative mood.

I'm sorry fever youth and youthful heat and youthful delirium.(A. Pushkin) Linen on the river I'm rinsing, my two flowers growing.. . (M. Tsvetaeva) I laughed: “Oh, prophesy We’ll probably both be in trouble.”(A. Akhmatova) Let's praise, brothers, twilight of freedom...(O. Mandelstam) Don't come near to her with questions.(A. Blok) Come , let's drink guilt, let's have a snack bread or plums. Tell me let me know. I'm going to bed you in the garden under the clear sky and I'll tell you what are the names of the constellations?(I. Brodsky)

It is important to note that in definite-personal sentences the predicate cannot be expressed by a verb in the past tense or in the conditional mood, since in these forms there is no person meaning (Cf. Came up. I didn't show my excitement...(A. Akhmatova) In the first sentence it is impossible to restore the subject. You? She? This means that this sentence is not definitely personal, but two-part, incomplete. Which subject is missing can only be found out from the following lines: She sat down like a porcelain idol in the position she had chosen long ago.).

Exercise

Find one-part sentences in the text and determine the type of each of them.

Steppe again. Now the village of Abadzekhskaya lies widely on the horizon - its pyramidal poplars turn blue, its church turns blue. The air trembles with heat. The faces of the Solovyov girls take on an expression calm to the point of sternness - they hide their fatigue. But finally the village of Abadzekhskaya enters our lives, surrounding us with white huts and front gardens with mallow.
Here we made our first stop. River bank, low hedge, someone's gardens. Swimming in familiar water from an unfamiliar shore. Everyone is happy with the transition and pleasantly surprised that I am not tired, and I am more than anyone else. We collect brushwood, make a fire, the girls cook conder - either soup or millet porridge with lard. (E. Schwartz)

Answer. Title suggestions: Steppe again. River bank, low hedge, someone's gardens. Swimming in familiar water from an unfamiliar shore. Definitely personal proposal: We collect brushwood and make a fire(Part complex sentence).

Vaguely personal proposals

Vaguely personal are called one-part sentences, where the actor is thought of as an indefinite person who does not interest the speaker. Such sentences are used when it is necessary to show that the action itself is important, and not the producer of the action. The predicate in such sentences necessarily has a plural form (although this does not mean that there are many implied figures), in the present and future tense. incl. and in command. incl. – 3rd person plural form. h.

After all, it’s only here that treasure nobility!(A. Griboyedov) We have scold everywhere, and everywhere they accept.(A. Griboyedov) Let me will announce Old Believer...(A. Griboyedov) But, without asking her advice, the girl got lucky to the crown. And at their table there are guests wore dishes by rank. Whenever left I was free, how quickly I would run into the dark forest! Just you will be locked up, will be imprisoned on the fool's chain and through the bars like an animal to tease you will come . (A. Pushkin) They took me away you at dawn...(A. Akhmatova) I let them take it away lanterns...(A. Akhmatova)

Exercise

Find in the text all the sentences in which the predicates are expressed by verbs in plural form. Which one is indefinitely personal? Try changing the remaining sentences into vaguely personal ones.

One day, the goddess Eris threw an apple with the inscription: “To the most beautiful” to the three inhabitants of Olympus - Hera, Athena and Aphrodite. Each goddess, of course, hoped that the apple was destined for her. Zeus ordered Paris to resolve the dispute.
By birth, Paris was a Trojan prince, but he lived not in a palace, but among shepherds. The fact is that his parents Priam and Hecuba, even before the birth of their son, received a terrible prophecy: because of the boy, Troy would perish. The baby was taken to Mount Ida and abandoned there. Paris was found and raised by shepherds. Here, on Ida, Paris judged the three goddesses. He recognized Aphrodite as the winner, but not disinterestedly: she promised the young man the love of the most beautiful woman in the world. (O. Levinskaya)

Answer. Vaguely personal sentence: baby carried to Mount Ida and abandoned there.
Possible modifications to other proposals: In Troy, even before the birth of the king's son, they received a terrible prophecy. Paris was found on Mount Ida and raised as a shepherd.

Generalized personal proposals

Among one-part sentences with the main member - the predicate, there are those in which the actor is thought of as a generalized person, i.e. the action relates to every person, to everyone; This meaning is especially common in proverbs: Soldiers are not born (i.e. no one can be born a soldier right away). Easily Not take it out and fish from the pond. Quiet you're going- further you will.

As can be seen from the examples given, the predicate verbs in these sentences are in the same form as in definite-personal or indefinite-personal sentences. And yet, sentences with such a generalized meaning are often distinguished into a special type - generalized-personal offers.

Impersonal offers

Impersonal these are called one-component sentences in which the action is not correlated with any agent; in other words, there is no producer of action at all, he cannot be imagined.

To me can't sleep, no fire... They've been talking about Lensky's wedding for a long time it was decided. How funny shod with sharp iron on your feet, slide along the mirror of standing, smooth rivers! And it’s a pity for the old woman’s winter... But how any to me sometimes in autumn, in the evening silence, in the village visit family cemetery... How long will I walk in the world, sometimes in a carriage, sometimes on horseback, sometimes in a wagon, sometimes in a carriage, sometimes in a cart, sometimes on foot? Where should we go? swim? (A. Pushkin)

The grammatical indicator of impersonality is the 3rd person singular form. h. (for present and future tense, as well as for the imperative mood): Smells hay. Today it will be hot. Let you sleeping, like at home;

unit form Part neuter (for the past tense, as well as for the conditional mood): boat carried away to the middle of the river. Her would have been carried away and further, if not for the snag;

infinitive: Be rain.

As can be seen from the examples given above, impersonal sentences convey the state of nature and environment, human condition, inevitability, desirability, possibility and impossibility of something.
Impersonal sentences are very diverse in the ways of expressing the predicate.
A simple verbal predicate in an impersonal sentence can be expressed:

a) impersonal verb (It's getting dark);
b) a personal verb in an impersonal form (Veterom blew away hat. Wed. Wind blew away hat – two-part sentence, subject – wind));
c) verb be with a negative particle or word No (Parcels No And did not have) ;
d) verb in indefinite form (This not to happen).

In a compound verbal predicate, the following can act as an auxiliary verb:

A) impersonal verbs should, I want to, lucky and so on. (I had to All do again);
b) personal phase verb ( It's starting to get dark );
c) instead of an auxiliary verb, short passive participles and special words of the state category are often used it’s impossible, it’s possible, it’s necessary, it’s a pity, it’s time, sin and so on . (Allowed for free carry one piece of luggage. Can be closed door. It's a pity was to part. It's time to leave in field. It's a sin to complain due to lack of time).

A compound nominal predicate in an impersonal sentence consists of a nominal component - words of the state category or short passive past participles - and a linking verb in an impersonal form (in the present tense - the zero connective). (Us it was fun. It's getting lighter And quiet. In the evenings in the city dangerous. In the room tidied up.).

Word No

What part of speech does the strange word belong to? No? It does not change, there cannot be an auxiliary verb or connective with it, it is impossible to pose a question to it... And yet we discover that this word can act as the main one - and the only one! – a member in a one-part impersonal sentence.
Dictionaries say that No can be a negative particle, opposite in meaning to the particle Yes(– Have you finished reading the book yet?– No .). But when this word turns out to be a predicate in an impersonal sentence, we call it an invariable verbal form ( No - Means does not exist, is absent). This word is not found in any Slavic language except Russian. How was it formed?
In the Old Russian language there was an expression don't eat that one, Where that - adverb with meaning Here. From this expression the word first appeared There is not, and then the final one at disappeared, they began to talk and write No, although in colloquial speech you can find There is not so far (No one There is not Houses).

Often there are sentences with several main members - subjects or predicates. (Fog, wind, rain. It's getting dark, it's getting cold, getting stronger blowing from the sea.) It seems that such subjects or predicates can be called homogeneous. But it is more correct to assume that we are faced with complex sentences in which each part is a one-part sentence.

Exercises

1. Select the predicates in impersonal sentences.

We should tell you more about this tenant, because suspicion fell on him first of all. But they fell a little later, about an hour later, and at that moment he was standing at the entrance, listening to music and was beyond suspicion. However, he stood dejectedly... Suddenly he straightened his shoulders, raised his head more proudly and walked straight towards us. However, it was not easy to approach us. (Yu. Koval)

Answer.I should tell you, it was not easy to approach.

2. Find one-part sentences in the text. Determine the type of each of them, highlight the predicate.

Since mom is always busy with laundry, she always needs a lot of water, and we don’t have a tap in the yard. And mother, and Marusya, and I must get water in the distant backyards of one of the neighboring houses in order to fill the insatiable barrel to the top. You bring four buckets, and your eyes turn green, and your legs and arms tremble, but you need to carry the fifth, sixth, seventh, otherwise your mother will have to go get water, and we want to save her from this - Marusya and I. (K. Chukovsky)

Answer. You'll bring it four buckets – definitely personal (or generalized personal). ...to pour an insatiable barrel to the top; In eyes turns green, need to be carried fifth, sixth, seventh, otherwise have to go for water for mom - impersonal.

3. Find incorrect statements.

1) In one-part sentences there cannot be a predicate expressed by a verb in the conditional mood.
2) In an indefinite-personal sentence, the predicate is necessarily expressed by a verb in plural form.
3) There are one-part sentences with the main member - the predicate, in which there are no verbs.
4) In definite personal sentences, the subject is easily restored - a personal pronoun of the 1st, 2nd or 3rd person.
5) In impersonal sentences, the predicate verb cannot be used in the plural form.
6) If there is no subject in the sentence, and the predicate is expressed by a verb in the form of a feminine or masculine unit. part last vr., this two-part sentence is incomplete.

Answer. 1, 4.

4. Find in the text: a) a one-part indefinite personal sentence; b) a one-part impersonal sentence.

1) The most difficult thing was in the Sumerian letter depict abstract concepts, proper names, as well as various function words and morphemes. 2) The rebus principle helped with this. 3) For example, the arrow sign was used not only for the word arrow, but also for the word life, which sounded the same. 4) Constantly applying the rebus principle, the Sumerians assigned to some signs not a specific meaning, but a sound reading. 5) As a result, syllabic signs arose that could denote a certain short sequence of sounds, most often a syllable. 6) Thus, it was in Sumer that the connection between spoken speech and written signs was first formed, without which real writing is impossible.

Answer. a) – 3); b) – 1).

Incomplete sentences

Incomplete is a sentence in which any member (or group of members) is missing. The missing part of the sentence can be restored from the context or is clear from the speech situation.

Here is an example of incomplete sentences in which the missing subject is restored from the context.

She walked and walked. And suddenly in front of him from the hill the master sees a house, a village, a grove under the hill and a garden above the bright river.(A.S. Pushkin.) (Context – previous sentence: In a clear field, in the silvery light of the moon, immersed in her dreams, Tatiana I walked alone for a long time.)

Examples of incomplete sentences, the missing members of which are restored from the situation.

He knocked down his husband and wanted to look at the widow’s tears. Unscrupulous!(A.S. Pushkin) - Leporello’s words, a response to the desire expressed by his master, Don Guan, to meet Dona Anna. It is clear that the missing subject is He or Don Guan .

– Oh my God! And here, next to this tomb!(A.S. Pushkin.) This is an incomplete sentence - Dona Anna’s reaction to the words of the protagonist of “The Stone Guest”: Don Guan admitted that he was not a monk, but “an unfortunate victim of a hopeless passion.” In his remark there is not a single word that could take the place of the missing members of the sentence, but based on the situation they can be approximately restored as follows: “ Do you dare say it here, next to this tomb!”

May be missed:

subject: How firmly she stepped into her role!(A.S. Pushkin) (The subject is restored from the subject from the previous sentence: How has it changed Tatiana!);

He would have disappeared like a blister on the water, without any trace, leaving no descendants, without providing future children with either a fortune or good name! (N.V. Gogol) (Subject I restored by the addition from the previous sentence: Whatever you say,” he said to himself, “if the police captain doesn’t arrive, to me Perhaps it would not have been possible to look at the light of God again!)(N.V. Gogol);

addition:And I took it in my arms! And I was pulling my ears so hard! And I fed him gingerbread!(A.S. Pushkin) (Previous sentences: How Tanya has grown! How long ago, it seems, did I baptize you?);

predicate: Just not on the street, but from here, through the back door, and there through the courtyards. (M.A. Bulgakov) (Previous sentence: Run!);

several at once members of the proposal, including grammatical basis:How long ago?(A.S. Pushkin) (Previous sentence: Are you composing Requiem?)

Incomplete sentences are often found in complex sentences: He is happy if she puts a fluffy boa on her shoulder...(A.S. Pushkin) You Don Guana reminded me of how you scolded me and clenched your teeth with gnashing.(A.S. Pushkin) In both sentences, the missing subject in the subordinate clause is restored from the main sentence.

Incomplete sentences are very common in spoken language, particularly in dialogue, where the initial sentence is usually an extended, grammatically complete one, and subsequent remarks tend to be incomplete sentences because they do not repeat words already named.

– I'm angry with my son.
– For what?
– For an evil crime.(A.S. Pushkin)

It happens that students mistakenly consider sentences incomplete in which not a single member is missing, for example: He's a genius, like you and me(A.S. Pushkin), saying that they are also incomprehensible without context . It is important to explain that sentence incompleteness is primarily a grammatical phenomenon, and it is grammatical incompleteness that causes semantic incompleteness. In the example given, the ambiguity is caused by the use of pronouns. Students should be reminded that pronouns always need to be explained in context.

Exercises

1. Find incomplete sentences and restore missing members.

And Tanya enters the empty house where our hero recently lived. ...Tanya is further away; The old woman said to her: “Here is the fireplace; here the master sat alone... This is the master's office; Here he rested, ate coffee, listened to the clerk’s reports and read a book in the morning...” (A.S. Pushkin)

Answer. Tanya ( coming) further... Old lady ( speaks) to her...

2. Find parts of complex sentences that are incomplete sentences and highlight them.

You are tolerant if you do not clench your fists when people contradict you. You are tolerant if you can understand why they hate you so much or love you so annoyingly and troublesomely, and you can forgive all this for both. You are tolerant if you are able to reasonably and calmly negotiate with different people, without hurting their pride and deep down, excusing them for being different from you.

An apologist is a person who is ready to extol an idea he once liked even when life has shown its falsity, praising the ruler, no matter what mistakes he makes, glorifying political regime, no matter what outrages happened under him in the country. Apologetics is a rather funny activity if done out of stupidity, and vile if done out of calculation. (S. Zhukovsky)

Answer. 1) ...if you are able to reasonably and calmly negotiate with different people, without hurting their pride and in the depths of your soul, excusing them for being different from you; 2) ...if done out of stupidity; 3) ...if by calculation.

All other subordinate clauses that do not have a subject are complete one-part clauses.

Let us remind you once again that incomplete sentences should be distinguished from one-part sentences, in which the missing subject or predicate does not need to be restored to understand the meaning. In a complex sentence But it’s sad to think that youth was given to us in vain, that cheated on her all the time that she deceived us...(A.S. Pushkin) the third part is an incomplete sentence with a missing subject We, which is restored by addition us from the previous subordinate clause. Subordinate clause of a sentence Just make sure that didn't see you. (A.S. Pushkin) by the nature of the grammatical basis is a one-part indefinite-personal sentence: what is important here is the action itself, and not the one who performs it; The grammatical form of the verb (plural past tense) here does not mean that there should be many producers of the action - this is an indicator of an indefinite personal meaning. In other words, the proposal so that didn't see you – complete.

Punctuation in an incomplete sentence

In no full sentence A dash may be placed at the place where the predicate is missing, if a pause is expected when pronouncing the sentence: ...Then Baron von Klotz was aiming to be a minister, and I was aiming to be his son-in-law.(A.S. Griboyedov) If there is no pause, the dash is not placed: ...Well, people in this side! She comes to him, and he comes to me.(A.S. Griboedov)

Elliptical sentences

In Russian there are sentences called elliptical(from the Greek word ellipsis, which means “omission”, “lack”). They omit the predicate, but retain the word that depends on it, and no context is needed to understand such sentences. These can be sentences with the meaning of movement, movement ( I'm going to the Tauride Garden(K.I. Chukovsky); speeches - thoughts ( And his wife: for rudeness, for your words(A.T. Tvardovsky), etc. Such sentences are usually found in colloquial speech and in works of art, but are not used in book styles (scientific and official business).

Some scientists consider elliptical sentences to be a type of incomplete sentences, others consider them to be a special type of sentences that is adjacent to incomplete ones and is similar to them.

1. The concept of incomplete sentences.

2. Signals of incompleteness.

3. Types of incomplete sentences:

· contextual;

· situational;

· elliptical.

Only structurally divisible sentences, both one-part and two-part, can be complete or incomplete. A distinction is made between semantic (informational) and structural (grammatical) completeness or incompleteness. Semantic completeness is created by 3 factors:

1. situation,

2. context,

3. the general experience of the speakers.

If a sentence is taken out of context, it may not be clear to the speaker. In this case, they talk about semantic incompleteness. For example: And this green world sang along with the little singer. This sentence refers to an evil poplar tree. This sentence is complete in structure, but incomplete in semantics. Another example: On the shore of desert waves he stood full of thoughts. To understand who we are talking about, you must have a certain literary competence. In the context, semantic incompleteness is filled.

In syntax, the term "incomplete" applies only to structurally incomplete sentences. Therefore, to distinguish between complete and incomplete sentences, it is important to take into account the factor of continuity of syntactic connections and relationships. Let's compare 2 proposals. Southern winds bring us warmth. Northern - cold. In the second sentence there is a break in syntactic connections. The word “northern” indicates the omission of the subject “winds,” similarly, the addition “cold” indicates the omission of the predicate “bring.” Since secondary members are always attached to the main ones. The presence of a definition always requires a defined word, the presence of a direct object - a predicate verb. Thus, a violation of the chain of connections is a signal of incompleteness, which is reflected in the definition.

Incomplete sentences– These are sentences in which any member or group of members of the sentence that is obligatory in structure is missing. Incomplete sentences are updated to a greater extent than complete ones. In incomplete sentences, the rhematic group is most easily identified.

First of all, contextually incomplete sentences are distinguished, which are characterized by the omission of one or several members of the sentence indicated in the context. The soldiers walked in a column that stretched for a block. Sang songs. It is not clear what is ringing. May be, forest or air. Someone is holding me by the shoulder. Holds and shakes . Contextually incomplete sentences are typical for writing. Their use makes speech concise and dynamic, and allows you to avoid unnecessary repetitions. Incomplete sentences are especially widely used in dialogue lines. They use words that convey new information, that is, the topic is omitted, but the rheme is present.

So you're married! I didn't know before! How long ago?

About two years.

- On whom?

- On Larina.

In incomplete replicas, both main members are missing; their omission is restored from the context. Usually the first lines of dialogue are complete, the rest are built based on them.

Signals of incompleteness are minor members of the sentence. The omission of a subject is usually indicated by the presence of a definition; the omission of a predicate is usually indicated by the presence of an addition or circumstance. It is easy to qualify as incomplete sentences. in which one of the main members of the proposal is missing, since PPPs are structurally obligatory and in this case the chain of connections is broken.

1. The omission of a subject is evidenced by the presence of a definition or the very form of the predicate. For example, if the predicate is expressed by a plural past tense verb, then such a sentence is incomplete. Vera and Vityakleili wallpaper. Worked together. The second sentence is identical in form to a one-part indefinite-personal sentence. However, according to semantics, the verb “worked” is focused on the subject, since it does not indicate an indefinite figure. Compare with an indefinite personal sentence: His called to the blackboard. When distinguishing such sentences, we will rely on the semantics of the verb. Sentences with a predicate, an expressed verb of the 1st or 2nd person, will be qualified as single-part definitely-personal, since the form of the verb self-sufficiently indicates the doer. Compare: For you I trudge everywhere at random.

If the omission of a subject is evidenced by the presence of a definition, then it is much easier to qualify these cases as incomplete, since the violation of the chain of connections is more noticeable. For example: Old I stop liking the dress, When purchased new. The omission of a subject is indicated by the presence of the definition “new”.

2. The omission of a predicate is evidenced by circumstances and additions that depend on it. In the morning the west wind blows, evenings– eastern.

3. If a minor member of a sentence is missing, then it is more difficult to qualify the sentence as complete or incomplete, since not every minor member is structurally necessary. Let's say. The absence of a definition does not make the sentence incomplete. One-part sentences that lack “obligatory” additions are incomplete. For example: Is there any wind? No ( wind). What's wrong with the roof? Blown away by the wind. ( roof).

The omission of obligatory members of the sentence is indicated by the context. All of the above examples are contextually incomplete sentences.

The second group is situationally incomplete sentences. In them, the missing members are suggested by the setting, the situation, the gesture. They are more typical for colloquial speech. For example: You stand at a bus stop, then shout: “It’s coming!” It is clear to those present that some kind of transport is coming. In the sentence “It’s coming!” missing subject. Or another typical example. You meet a friend who has returned from vacation:

Great!

Dialogue lines are incomplete sentences. There are such proposals in literary texts if they transmit colloquial speech.- How nice! - said Princess Marya, looking at the child.

Naturally, the division into situationally and contextually incomplete is somewhat arbitrary. In literary criticism, by the way, the term “constitution” is accepted, since the situation is often described in the text.

Elliptical sentences- these are sentences in which the predicate verb is missing, and there is no need to restore it from the context. V.V. Babaytseva calls them semantically complete, but structurally incomplete. For example: I - to you! The information is complete, but the structure of the sentence is incomplete, since the position of the predicate is not replaced, as evidenced by the presence of an addition. Moreover, it is in principle impossible to restore the predicate. This can be any verb of motion: ran in, came in, came, looked in, sent, coming. In these constructions, the secondary member of the sentence is updated - an addition or circumstance. Elliptical sentences have a certain stylistic coloring. Compare:

No answer. He again message :

There is no answer to the second or third letter.

You see, the predicate verb is “not compensated” by the context.

Elliptic sentences may lack a verb-predicate of the following semantic groups:

1. Verbs of being, absence, existence. Outside the city there is a field. There is an elderberry in the garden, and an old man in Kyiv.

2. Omitting verbs of motion. Tatiana goes into the forest, the bear follows her.

3. Omitting verbs of speech. I told him about Thomas, and he told me about Yerema.

4. Impersonal elliptical sentences with a missing predicate No. No fire, no black hut. The sky is clear. Some linguists classify them as genitive sentences, and consider the noun in the genitive case as the main member of the sentence.

5. Nominative-incentive. Syringe! Scalpel! They are also considered as incomplete elliptical sentences with a predicate missing in imperative mood. Compare with a typical incomplete sentence. Into the corner!

One-part sentences may also be incomplete. Compare 2 designs: Close the window: it's drafty//Close: it's drafty. In the second construction, the direct object of the predicate verb is missing, and the strongly controlled verb requires an object. In this case, the addition becomes structurally mandatory.

So, the problem of distinguishing between one-part complete sentences and two-part incomplete sentences is the most difficult in syntax simple sentence. The fact is that the same constructions can be considered either as incomplete or as one-component. You should pay attention to the 3rd person singular and plural verbs of the present and future tense. For example: It's coming looks like a dead man. This proposal is incomplete two-part. The omission of a subject is indicated by the presence of a personal verb and a separate definition. It's getting dark . One-part complete. This sentence cannot have a subject because the verb does not imply an agent. They transmit summary. Complete, single-part, indefinitely personal. The children sat down at their desks. They are reading. Incomplete, two-part, since the verb “read” indicates the necessity of the doer.

Characterized by incomplete grammatical structure or incomplete composition, due to the fact that it lacks one or more members (major or secondary) that are clear from the context or from the situation.

Contextually incomplete sentence.

An incomplete sentence that lacks a member named in the preceding text;

This is usually observed in the second part of a complex sentence and in the connecting construction. The truth remains the truth, and rumor remains rumor (Tvardovsky) (there is no verb connective in the second part of the compound sentence).

The three of us began to talk as if we had known each other for centuries (Pushkin) (there is no subject in the postpositive subordinate clause). Patients were lying on the balconies, some of them were no longer in bags, but under blankets (Fedin) (the predicate is missing in the second part of the non-union complex sentence). You probably know about our work? And about me? (B. Polevoy) (subject and predicate are missing in the connecting construction).

Situationally incomplete sentence.

An incomplete sentence in which a member that is clear from the situation is not named. I will wear this blue one (Fedin) (the setting shows that we are talking about a dress). Wed. also the sentence Here comes, uttered by someone waiting at the station at the sight of an approaching train.

Elliptical sentence.

An incomplete sentence in which the absence of a predicate verb is the norm. To understand such a sentence, there is no need for either context or situation, since the completeness of the content is sufficiently expressed by the sentence’s own lexical and grammatical means. On the table there is a stack of books and even some kind of flower in a half-bottle of cream (A.N. Tolstoy). In the corner there is an old leather sofa (Simonov). Terkin goes further, the author follows (Tvardovsky). To the barrier! (Chekhov), Happy sailing! Happy New Year!

Dialogical incomplete sentences.

Sentences-replicas (sentences-questions, sentences-answers, sentences-statements), closely related to each other contextually and situationally, serving in their structure as a continuation of one another, supplemented by extra-verbal means (gestures, facial expressions, plastic movements), which makes them a special type incomplete sentences. They may contain no sentence members at all, and the response may be represented by some particle or interjection. - You have changed a lot. - Really? Or: - Well, how? - Brrr! The norm for question-and-answer sentences in dialogical speech is their incomplete composition. [Neschastlivtsev:] Where and from where? [Schastlivtsev:] From Vologda to Kerch, sir... And you, sir? [Neschastlivtsev:] From Kerch to Vologda (A. Ostrovsky).

The difference between an incomplete sentence and one-part sentences is described in detail. A definition of elliptic sentences is given. The conditions for placing a dash in an incomplete sentence are listed. Exercise on the topic followed by testing.

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OK Incomplete sentences are sentences in which a member of the sentence is missing that is necessary for the completeness of the structure and meaning of the given sentence, which is easy to restore from the previous context or from the situation

Missed members of a sentence can be restored by participants in communication from knowledge of the situation discussed in the sentence. For example, if at a bus stop one of the passengers, looking at the road, says: “It’s coming!” ", the rest of the passengers will easily restore the missing subject: The bus is coming.

Missing sentence members can be restored from the previous context. Such contextually incomplete sentences are very common in dialogues. For example: – Is your company assigned to the forest tomorrow? – asked Prince Poltoratsky. - My. (L. Tolstoy). Poltoratsky's response is an incomplete sentence in which the subject, predicate, adverbial place and adverbial time are missing (cf.: My company is assigned to the forest tomorrow).

OK From the situation. On bus stop: -Coming? (Is the bus coming?) From the previous context. -What is your name? -Sasha. (My name is Sasha.)

Incomplete constructions are common in complex sentences: Everything obeys me, but I obey nothing (Pushkin). The second part of the difficult non-union proposal(I - to nothing) is an incomplete sentence in which the predicate is missing (cf.: I am not obedient to anything).

Note! Incomplete sentences and one-part sentences are different phenomena. In one-part sentences, one of the main members of the sentence is missing; the meaning of the sentence is clear to us even without this member. Moreover, the structure of the sentence itself (the absence of a subject or predicate, the form of a single main member) has a certain meaning. For example, the plural form of the predicate verb in an indefinite-personal sentence conveys the following content: the subject of the action is unknown (There was a knock on the door), unimportant (He was wounded near Kursk) or hiding (They told me a lot about you yesterday). In an incomplete sentence, any member of the sentence (one or more) can be omitted. If we consider such a sentence out of context or situation, then its meaning will remain incomprehensible to us (cf. out of context: Mine; I am nothing).

OK incomplete one-part 1. One of the main emergency situations is missing 1. Any emergency situation may be absent 2. The meaning of the sentence is clear even without the missing emergency situation 2. Outside the context and situation, the meaning of such a sentence is not clear.

In the Russian language there is one type of incomplete sentences in which the missing member is not restored and is not prompted by the situation or the previous context. Moreover, the “missing” members are not required to reveal the meaning of the sentence. Such sentences are understandable even without context or situation: There is a forest behind you. To the right and left are swamps (Peskov). These are the so-called "elliptical sentences". They usually contain a subject and a secondary member - a circumstance or an addition. The predicate is missing, and we often cannot say which predicate is missing. Wed: There is/is/is a forest behind. And yet, most scientists consider such sentences to be structurally incomplete, since the secondary member of the sentence (adverbial or complement) refers to the predicate, and the predicate is not represented in the sentence.

OK Elliptic sentences This is a type of incomplete sentence in which the missing member is not restored and is not prompted by the situation or previous context. Moreover, the “missing” members are not required to reveal the meaning of the sentence. Such sentences are understandable even without context or situation: There is a forest behind you. To the right and left are swamps

OK Pay attention! Elliptic incomplete sentences should be distinguished: a) from one-component nominal sentences (Forest) and b) from two-component ones - with a compound nominal predicate, expressed indirect case of a noun or adverb with a zero connective (All the trees are in silver). To distinguish between these constructions, it is necessary to take into account the following: 1) one-part denominative sentences cannot contain circumstances, since the circumstance is always associated with the predicate. Among the minor members in nominal sentences, the most typical are agreed upon and inconsistent definitions. Spring forest; Entrance to the hall; 2) The nominal part of a compound nominal predicate - a noun or adverb in a two-part complete sentence indicates a sign-state. Wed: All the trees are in silver. - All trees are silver.

OK Punctuation marks in an incomplete sentence The omission of a member within a sentence in oral speech can be marked by a pause, in place of which a dash is placed in the letter: Behind the back is a forest. To the right and left are swamps (Peskov); Everything obeys me, but I obey nothing (Pushkin).

OK Most regularly, a dash is placed in the following cases: in an elliptical sentence containing a subject and an adverbial adverbial object, an object - only if there is a pause in oral speech: There is fog outside the night window (Block); in an elliptical sentence - with parallelism (sameness of sentence members, word order, forms of expression, etc.) of structures or their parts: Here are ravines, further are steppes, even further is a desert (Fedin);

in incomplete sentences constructed according to the scheme: nouns in the accusative and dative cases (with the omission of the subject and predicate) with a clear intonation division of the sentence into parts: For skiers - a good ski track; Youth – jobs; Young families - benefits; in an incomplete sentence, forming part of a complex sentence, when the missing member (usually the predicate) is restored from the previous part of the phrase - only if there is a pause: The nights have become blacker, the days have become cloudier (in the second part a bunch of steel is restored).

Place the missing dashes in the sentences. Justify the placement of punctuation marks. Yermolai shot, as always, victoriously; I'm pretty bad. Our job is to obey, not to criticize. The land below seemed like a sea, and the mountains looked like huge petrified waves. The artist’s job is to resist suffering with all his might, with all his talent. I love the sky, grass, horses, and most of all the sea.

Let's check 1. Ermolai shot, as always, victoriously; I – pretty bad (incomplete sentence, predicate omitted; parallelism of constructions). 2. Our job is to obey, not to criticize (the subject is a noun in I. p., the predicate is an infinitive, the connective is zero). 3. The earth below seemed like a sea, and the mountains looked like huge petrified waves (incomplete sentence, missing connective SIS; parallelism of constructions). 4. The artist’s job is to resist suffering with all his might, with all his talent (the subject is the noun in the I. p., the predicate is the infinitive, the connective is zero). 5. I love the sky, grass, horses, and most of all, the sea (the second part of a complex non-union sentence is an incomplete sentence with the predicate omitted, I love).

6. When I was walking to the tram, on the way I tried to remember the girl’s face. 7. Through the huge black branches of larches there are silver stars. 8. He won’t get to his feet soon, and will he even get up at all? 9. The river turned blue and the sky turned blue. 10. And the color of these fields changes endlessly throughout the day: one in the morning, another in the evening, a third at noon.

Let's check 6. When I was walking to the tram, on the way I tried to remember the girl's face (the main part of a complex sentence is an incomplete sentence with the subject I omitted). 7. Through the black huge branches of larches - silver stars (an incomplete sentence with an omitted predicate is visible). 8. He won’t get to his feet soon, and will he even get up at all? (the second part of a complex sentence is an incomplete sentence with the subject he omitted; there is no pause, so there is no dash). 9. The river became blue, and the sky became blue (in the second sentence the connective became was omitted; parallelism in the constructions of complete and incomplete sentences). 10. And the color of these fields changes endlessly throughout the day: in the morning - one, in the evening - another, at noon - a third (in a complex sentence, the second, third and fourth parts are incomplete, elliptical (subject and adverbial tense); part of the subject is also omitted - color; parallelism of constructions of incomplete sentences).

11. Whoever is looking for something, but the mother is always affectionate. 12. A tree is precious in its fruits, but a man is precious in its deeds. 13. B big people I love modesty, and in small ones my own dignity. 14. The bakery’s business was going very well, but mine personally was getting worse. 15. Terkin further. The author follows.

Let's check 11. Who is looking for what, and the mother is always affectionate (in the second part of the complex sentence the predicate is omitted). 12. A tree is dear for its fruits, and a person is dear for its deeds (the second part of a complex sentence is incomplete, the predicate of roads is omitted; parallelism in the constructions of complete and incomplete sentences). 13. I love modesty in big people, and my own dignity in small people (the second part of a complex sentence is incomplete; the predicate and complement in people are omitted; parallelism of constructions of complete and incomplete sentences). 14. The bakery’s business was going very well, but mine personally was getting worse (the second part of a complex sentence is incomplete; the subject of the case and the predicate were omitted; parallelism in the constructions of complete and incomplete sentences). 15. Terkin - further. Author - following (incomplete elliptical sentences consisting of subjects and adverbials; in oral speech there is a pause between the adverbial and the subject, in writing there is a dash).

Incomplete sentences- these are sentences in which a member of the sentence is missing that is necessary for the completeness of the structure and meaning of the given sentence.

Missed members of a sentence can be restored by participants in communication from knowledge of the situation discussed in the sentence.

For example, if at a bus stop one of the passengers, looking at the road, says: “Coming!”, the rest of the passengers can easily restore the missing subject: Bus coming.

Missing sentence members can be restored from the previous context. Such contextually incomplete sentences are very common in dialogues.

For example: - Is your company assigned to the forest tomorrow? - asked Prince Poltoratsky. - My. (L. Tolstoy). Poltoratsky's response is an incomplete sentence in which the subject, predicate, adverbial place and adverbial time are missing (cf.: My the company is assigned to the forest tomorrow ).

Incomplete constructions are common in complex sentences:

Everything is obedient to me, I mean nothing (Pushkin). The second part of a complex non-union sentence ( I mean nothing) is an incomplete sentence in which the predicate is missing (cf.: I'm disobedient nothing).

Note!

Incomplete sentences and one-part sentences are different phenomena.

IN one-part sentences one of the main members of the sentence is missing; the meaning of the sentence is clear to us even without this member. Moreover, the structure of the sentence itself (the absence of a subject or predicate, the form of a single main member) has a certain meaning.

For example, the plural form of the predicate verb in an indefinite-personal sentence conveys the following content: the subject of the action is unknown ( There was a knock on the door), not important ( He was wounded near Kursk) or hiding ( They told me a lot about you yesterday).

IN incomplete sentence Any member of the sentence (one or more) can be omitted. If we consider such a sentence out of context or situation, then its meaning will remain incomprehensible to us (cf. out of context: My; I don't care).

In the Russian language there is one type of incomplete sentences in which the missing member is not restored and is not prompted by the situation or the previous context. Moreover, the “missing” members are not required to reveal the meaning of the sentence. Such sentences are understandable even without context or situation:

(Peskov).

These are the so-called "elliptical sentences". They usually contain a subject and a secondary member - a circumstance or an addition. The predicate is missing, and we often cannot say which predicate is missing.

Wed: Behind the back is / located / visible forest .

And yet, most scientists consider such sentences to be structurally incomplete, since the secondary member of the sentence (adverbial or complement) refers to the predicate, and the predicate is not represented in the sentence.

Note!

Elliptic incomplete sentences should be distinguished: a) from one-part denominative sentences ( Forest) and b) from two-part ones - with a compound nominal predicate, expressed indirect case of a noun or adverb with a zero connective ( All the trees are in silver). To distinguish between these structures, the following must be taken into account:

1) one-part nominal sentences cannot contain adverbials, since the adverbial is always connected with the predicate. Among the minor members in denominative sentences, the most typical are coordinated and inconsistent definitions.

Spring Forest; Entrance to the hall;

2) The nominal part of a compound nominal predicate - a noun or adverb in a two-part complete sentence indicates a state-attribute.

Wed: All trees are in silver. - All trees are silver.

The omission of a member within a sentence in oral speech can be marked by a pause, in place of which a dash is placed in the letter:

Behind is a forest. To the right and left are swamps(Peskov); Everything obeys me, but I obey nothing(Pushkin).

Most regularly, a dash is placed in the following cases:

in an elliptical sentence containing a subject and adverbial place, an object - only if there is a pause in oral speech:

There is fog outside the night window(Block);

in an elliptical sentence - with parallelism (sameness of sentence members, word order, forms of expression, etc.) of structures or their parts:

in incomplete sentences constructed according to the scheme: nouns in the accusative and dative cases (with the omission of the subject and predicate) with a clear intonation division of the sentence into parts:

For skiers - a good track; Youth - jobs; Young families - benefits;

in an incomplete sentence forming part of a complex sentence, when the missing member (usually the predicate) is restored from the previous part of the phrase - only if there is a pause:

The nights have become blacker, the days have become cloudier(in the second part the ligament is restored become).

Plan for parsing an incomplete sentence

1. Indicate the type of proposal (complete - incomplete).
2. Name the missing part of the sentence.

Sample parsing

Men - for axes(A.N. Tolstoy).

The sentence is incomplete; predicate missing grabbed.