Incomplete sentences - these are sentences in which a member of the sentence is missing that is necessary for the completeness of the structure and meaning of the given sentence.
Missed sentence members can be restored by communication participants from knowledge of the situation or context.
For example, if in the subway one of the passengers, looking at the track, says: “It’s coming!”, all other passengers can easily restore the missing subject: the train is coming.
Missing sentence members can be restored from the previous context. Such contextually incomplete sentences are very often observed in dialogues.
For example: – Is your westra performing a song tomorrow? - Alyosha asked Maxim Petrovich. - My. Maxim Petrovich's answer is an incomplete sentence in which the subject, predicate, adverbial place and adverbial time are missing (For example: My sister is performing a song tomorrow).
Incomplete constructions are common in complex sentences:
Everyone is available to her, but she is accessible to no one. The second part of the difficult non-union proposal(she is not available to anyone) is an incomplete sentence in which the predicate is missing (For example: She is not available to anyone).
Incomplete sentences and one-part sentences are different phenomena.
In one-part sentences there is no one of the main members of the sentence, but the meaning of the sentence is clear to us even without this member. Moreover, the structure of the sentence itself has a certain meaning.
For example, the plural form of the predicate verb in an indefinite-personal sentence conveys the following content: the subject of the action is unknown (There was a knock on the window), unimportant (He was killed near Moscow) or is hiding (They told me a lot about her recently).
In an incomplete sentence, any member of the sentence (one or more) may be omitted. If we consider such a sentence outside the situation or context, then its meaning will remain incomprehensible to us (For example, out of context: Mine; She - to no one).
In the Russian language there is one type of incomplete sentences in which the missing member is not restored and is not prompted by the situation or the previous context. Moreover, the “missing” members are not required to reveal the meaning of the sentence. Such sentences are understandable even without context or situation:
Behind is a field. To the left and right are swamps.
Such sentences are called "elliptic sentences". They usually have a subject and a secondary member - adverbial or complement. The predicate is missing, and often we cannot say which predicate is missing.
For example: There is/is/is a swamp behind you.
Most scientists consider such sentences to be structurally incomplete, since the secondary member of the sentence (adverbial or complement) refers to the predicate, and the predicate is not represented in the sentence.
Elliptic incomplete sentences should be distinguished: a) from one-component nominals (swamp) and b) from two-part ones - with a compound nominal predicate, expressed indirect case of a noun or adverb with a zero connective (All the trees are in gold). To distinguish between these structures, the following must be taken into account:
1) one-part denominative sentences cannot contain adverbials, because the adverbial circumstance is always associated with the predicate. Among the minor members in nominal sentences, the most frequent are agreed upon and inconsistent definitions.
Winter forest; Entrance to the office;
2) The nominal part of a compound nominal predicate - a noun or adverb in a two-part complete sentence indicates a sign-state.
For example: All trees are in gold. - All trees are golden.
The omission of a member within a sentence in oral speech is marked by a pause, in place of which a dash is placed in the letter:
Behind is a field. To the left and right are swamps;
Most regularly, a dash is placed in the following cases:
In an elliptical sentence containing a subject and adverbial place, an object, only if there is a pause in oral speech:
Behind the high hill is a forest;
In an elliptical sentence - with parallelism, i.e. the same type of sentence members, word order, forms of expression, etc. structures or parts thereof:
In incomplete sentences constructed according to the scheme: nouns in the accusative and dative cases (with the omission of the subject and predicate) with a clear intonation division of the sentence into parts:
For skiers - a good track; For young people - jobs, for young families - benefits;
In an incomplete sentence forming part complex sentence, when a member is missing, usually this predicate is restored from the previous part of the phrase - only if there is a pause:
The nights have become longer, the days shorter (in the second part the bundle of steel is restored).
Plan for parsing an incomplete sentence
A) Indicate the type of proposal (complete – incomplete).
b) Name the missing part of the sentence.
Sample parsing
Warriors are for weapons.
The sentence is incomplete; missing predicate grabbed.
Suggestion from a scientific point of view
The science that studies sentences is syntax. In the history of the Russian language there have been several attempts to define a sentence, among them it is worth noting attempts from the point of view of logic, psychology and grammar.
Members of the sentence
The composition of the subject the subject and all minor members of the sentence that relate to the subject are called (common and non-common definitions).
Likewise, composition of the predicate the predicate and all minor members of the sentence that relate to the predicate are called (circumstances and additions with dependent words).
Types of offers
A sentence does not always express a thought; it can express a question, an impulse, a will, an emotion. Accordingly, proposals are of the following types:
- Narrative a sentence reports any fact, action or event or contains a negation of them.
- Interrogative sentence encourages the interlocutor to answer the speaker’s question. Interrogative sentences are divided into:
- actually interrogative- contain a question that requires a mandatory answer (Have you done the work? Has it arrived yet?)
- interrogative-affirmative sentences contain information that requires confirmation (So are you going? Has it already been decided?) (see interrogative and incentive)
- interrogative-negative the sentences already contain a denial of what is being asked (What could you like here? It doesn’t seem particularly pleasant? So what can you tell us?)
- interrogative-affirmative and interrogative-negative sentences can be combined into interrogative-narrative offers
- interrogative sentences contain an incentive to action expressed in the question itself (So, maybe we can continue our lesson? Let’s start with the preparation first?)
- V interrogative-rhetorical sentences contain an affirmation or negation. Such a sentence does not require an answer, since the answer is contained in the question itself. (Desires... What is the use of wishing in vain and forever?)
- Incentive the sentence contains the will of the speaker, expressing an order, request or plea. Incentive sentences are distinguished by: incentive intonation, a predicate in the form of an imperative mood, the presence of particles that introduce an incentive connotation into the sentence (come on, come on, let them)
- exclamation point the sentence expresses the emotions of the speaker, which is conveyed by a special exclamatory intonation. Declarative, interrogative, and incentive sentences can also be exclamatory.
If a sentence contains only a subject and a predicate, then it is called undistributed, otherwise - widespread.
The offer is considered simple if it contains one predicative unit, if more - complex.
If a sentence contains both a subject and a predicate, then it is called two-part, otherwise - one-piece.
If a sentence contains all the necessary parts of speech, then it is considered complete, otherwise - incomplete. Both two-part and one-part sentences can be complete or incomplete. In incomplete sentences, some parts of speech are omitted to suit the context or setting.
see also
Literature
- “Modern Russian language” Valgina N. S. Rosenthal D. E. Fomina M. I.
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Characterized by incomplete grammatical structure or incomplete composition, due to the fact that it lacks one or more members (major or secondary) that are clear from the context or from the situation.
Contextually incomplete sentence.
An incomplete sentence that lacks a member named in the preceding text;
This is usually observed in the second part of a complex sentence and in the connecting construction. The truth remains the truth, and rumor remains rumor (Tvardovsky) (there is no verb connective in the second part of the compound sentence).
The three of us began to talk as if we had known each other for centuries (Pushkin) (there is no subject in the postpositive subordinate clause). Patients were lying on the balconies, some of them were no longer in bags, but under blankets (Fedin) (the predicate is missing in the second part of the non-union complex sentence). You probably know about our work? And about me? (B. Polevoy) (subject and predicate are missing in the connecting construction).
Situationally incomplete sentence.
An incomplete sentence in which a member that is clear from the situation is not named. I will wear this blue one (Fedin) (the setting shows that we are talking about a dress). Wed. also the sentence Here comes, uttered by someone waiting at the station at the sight of an approaching train.
Elliptical sentence.
An incomplete sentence in which the absence of a predicate verb is the norm. To understand such a sentence, there is no need for either context or situation, since the completeness of the content is sufficiently expressed by the sentence’s own lexical and grammatical means. On the table there is a stack of books and even some kind of flower in a half-bottle of cream (A.N. Tolstoy). In the corner there is an old leather sofa (Simonov). Terkin goes further, the author follows (Tvardovsky). To the barrier! (Chekhov), Happy sailing! Happy New Year!
Dialogical incomplete sentences.
Sentences-replicas (sentences-questions, sentences-answers, sentences-statements), closely related to each other contextually and situationally, serving in their structure as a continuation of one another, supplemented by extra-verbal means (gestures, facial expressions, plastic movements), which makes them a special type incomplete sentences. They may contain no sentence members at all, and the response may be represented by some particle or interjection. - You have changed a lot. - Really? Or: - Well, how? - Brrr! The norm for question-and-answer sentences in dialogical speech is their incomplete composition. [Neschastlivtsev:] Where and from where? [Schastlivtsev:] From Vologda to Kerch, sir... And you, sir? [Neschastlivtsev:] From Kerch to Vologda (A. Ostrovsky).
When classifying simple sentence, in addition to dividing into one and two-part, great importance have distinctions between complete and incomplete. In the works of linguists this issue is resolved in different ways. So, for example, representatives of the logical school took the scheme of a logical judgment as a model of a Russian sentence. The subject is a predicate, i.e. the subject of thought and what is said about the subject of thought. Any Russian sentence fit this scheme; in addition, the presence of a connective was assumed; some scientists considered it an independent member. The absence of a connective in the present tense form indicated the incompleteness of the sentence, and any sentence deviating from the subject - connective - subject scheme indicated incompleteness. This approach is criticized by V.V. Vinogradova. Under the term "incomplete" Shakhmatov combined various structurally sentences, in some of which any members are missing, and this omission is confirmed by the action of the context, in other sentences the meaning contained in them was fully expressed and they did not need to restore any members. A.M. Peshkovsky based the definition of incomplete sentences on comparison with complete sentences and the mandatory restoration of missing members. Criteria for incomplete proposals:
- omission of any member;
Violation of syntactic connections and syntactic relations;
The presence of dependent word forms in a sentence;
Restoration of the missing member;
Incomplete sentence - a sentence in which any member or group of members is missing, and their omission is confirmed by the presence of dependent words in the composition of this sentence, as well as data from the context or situation of speech.
Full offer - a sentence where all syntactic positions are replaced, and incomplete, where at least one syntactic position is not replaced, but based on the context or situation we can easily restore it.
The classification of incomplete sentences is based precisely on the principle of restoration.
If the position is restored from the context, then it is contextually incomplete sentences, if from the speech situation - situationally incomplete. Contextually incomplete sentences are inherent writing, where the missing member is always in the context. For example, Commanders do not answer anything, stand and remain silent. Both two-part and one-part ones can be contextually incomplete. For example, But is it can be forced(predicate) shut up the song?(addition). Complex three-part predicate, impersonal, one-part, complete. The singer (object) is possible (predicate), but the song (object) is never (adverbial). One-piece, incomplete.
Depending on the type of speech, incomplete dialogical and monological sentences are distinguished. Dialogical incomplete (incomplete replicas of dialogue) are interconnected replicas (so-called dialogic unity). For example,
-They are lying!
- Who? Incomplete, because predicate omitted.
- Writers! Incomplete, because predicate omitted.
IN situationally incomplete in sentences, the missing members are suggested by the situation, setting, gesture, and facial expressions.
If it is possible/impossible to restore the missing members, another type of sentence is identified in which some member is also omitted. Most often it is a verb or the exact specific word “we”. For example, I am behind a candle - a candle in the stove.
Such proposals are called elliptical - these are sentences that have one sign of incompleteness - structural. In terms of meaning, they are complete and no restoration of the predicate is necessary to understand them. They are of the following types:
A) sentences correlative with complete ones, having a predicate expressed by verbs of movement or movement in space. For example, Tatyana goes into the forest, the bear follows her.
B) sentences correlative with complete ones, having a predicate verb with the meaning of energetic action: grab, push, hit, throw, etc. For example, I (grabbed the book), she ran (rushed).
IN) sentences correlative with complete ones, containing a predicate expressed by a verb of speech. For example, He talks about the weather (talks), and I talk about business.
Elliptical constructions with an absent predicate, an expressed existential verb, should be considered transitional and quite complex. For example, They (have) children. My son is a student.
A.M. Peshkovsky called such proposals “sentences with zero predicate.”
According to scientists, they are closer to complete ones (complete, one-part, nominative).
Thus, incomplete sentences are a very unique type of Russian sentence. They should not be confused, on the one hand, with monocomponents, and on the other, with indivisible ones. Indivisible sentences cannot be considered from the point of view of completeness/incompleteness; neither main nor HF are distinguished in them. Only syntactically articulated two-part or one-part sentences can be incomplete. If a sentence is one-part, this does not mean that it is incomplete.
The difference between an incomplete sentence and one-part sentences is described in detail. A definition of elliptic sentences is given. The conditions for placing a dash in an incomplete sentence are listed. Exercise on the topic followed by testing.
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OK Incomplete sentences are sentences in which a member of the sentence is missing that is necessary for the completeness of the structure and meaning of the given sentence, which is easy to restore from the previous context or from the situation
Missed sentence members can be restored by communication participants from knowledge of the situation discussed in the sentence. For example, if at a bus stop one of the passengers, looking at the road, says: “It’s coming!” ", the rest of the passengers will easily restore the missing subject: The bus is coming.
Missing sentence members can be restored from the previous context. Such contextually incomplete sentences are very common in dialogues. For example: – Is your company assigned to the forest tomorrow? – asked Prince Poltoratsky. - My. (L. Tolstoy). Poltoratsky's response is an incomplete sentence in which the subject, predicate, adverbial place and adverbial time are missing (cf.: My company is assigned to the forest tomorrow).
OK From the situation. On bus stop: -Coming? (Is the bus coming?) From the previous context. -What is your name? -Sasha. (My name is Sasha.)
Incomplete constructions are common in complex sentences: Everything obeys me, but I obey nothing (Pushkin). The second part of a complex non-union sentence (I am nothing) is an incomplete sentence in which the predicate is missing (cf.: I am not obedient to anything).
Note! Incomplete sentences and one-part sentences are different phenomena. In one-part sentences, one of the main members of the sentence is missing; the meaning of the sentence is clear to us even without this member. Moreover, the structure of the sentence itself (the absence of a subject or predicate, the form of a single main member) has a certain meaning. For example, the plural form of the predicate verb in an indefinite-personal sentence conveys the following content: the subject of the action is unknown (There was a knock on the door), unimportant (He was wounded near Kursk) or hiding (They told me a lot about you yesterday). In an incomplete sentence, any member of the sentence (one or more) may be omitted. If we consider such a sentence out of context or situation, then its meaning will remain incomprehensible to us (cf. out of context: Mine; I am nothing).
OK incomplete one-part 1. One of the main emergency situations is missing 1. Any emergency situation may be absent 2. The meaning of the sentence is clear even without the missing emergency situation 2. Outside the context and situation, the meaning of such a sentence is not clear.
In the Russian language there is one type of incomplete sentences in which the missing member is not restored and is not prompted by the situation or the previous context. Moreover, the “missing” members are not required to reveal the meaning of the sentence. Such sentences are understandable even without context or situation: There is a forest behind you. To the right and left are swamps (Peskov). These are the so-called "elliptical sentences". They usually contain a subject and a secondary member - a circumstance or an addition. The predicate is missing, and we often cannot say which predicate is missing. Wed: There is/is/is a forest behind. And yet, most scientists consider such sentences to be structurally incomplete, since the secondary member of the sentence (adverbial or complement) refers to the predicate, and the predicate is not represented in the sentence.
OK Elliptic sentences This is a type of incomplete sentence in which the missing member is not restored and is not prompted by the situation or previous context. Moreover, the “missing” members are not required to reveal the meaning of the sentence. Such sentences are understandable even without context or situation: There is a forest behind you. To the right and left are swamps
OK Pay attention! Elliptic incomplete sentences should be distinguished: a) from one-component nominal sentences (Forest) and b) from two-component ones - with a compound nominal predicate, expressed indirect case of a noun or adverb with a zero connective (All the trees are in silver). To distinguish between these constructions, it is necessary to take into account the following: 1) one-part denominative sentences cannot contain circumstances, since the circumstance is always associated with the predicate. Among the minor members in denominative sentences, the most typical are coordinated and inconsistent definitions. Spring forest; Entrance to the hall; 2) The nominal part of a compound nominal predicate - a noun or adverb in a two-part complete sentence indicates a sign-state. Wed: All the trees are in silver. - All trees are silver.
OK Punctuation marks in an incomplete sentence The omission of a member within a sentence in oral speech can be marked by a pause, in place of which a dash is placed in the letter: Behind the back is a forest. To the right and left are swamps (Peskov); Everything obeys me, but I obey nothing (Pushkin).
OK Most regularly, a dash is placed in the following cases: in an elliptical sentence containing a subject and an adverbial adverbial object, an object - only if there is a pause in oral speech: There is fog outside the night window (Block); in an elliptical sentence - with parallelism (sameness of sentence members, word order, forms of expression, etc.) of structures or their parts: Here are ravines, further are steppes, even further is a desert (Fedin);
in incomplete sentences constructed according to the scheme: nouns in the accusative and dative cases (with the omission of the subject and predicate) with a clear intonation division of the sentence into parts: For skiers - a good ski track; Youth – jobs; Young families - benefits; in an incomplete sentence, forming part of a complex sentence, when the missing member (usually the predicate) is restored from the previous part of the phrase - only if there is a pause: The nights have become blacker, the days have become cloudier (in the second part a bunch of steel is restored).
Place the missing dashes in the sentences. Justify the placement of punctuation marks. Yermolai shot, as always, victoriously; I'm pretty bad. Our job is to obey, not to criticize. The land below seemed like a sea, and the mountains looked like huge petrified waves. The artist’s job is to resist suffering with all his might, with all his talent. I love the sky, grass, horses, and most of all the sea.
Let's check 1. Ermolai shot, as always, victoriously; I – pretty bad (incomplete sentence, predicate omitted; parallelism of constructions). 2. Our job is to obey, not to criticize (the subject is a noun in I. p., the predicate is an infinitive, the connective is zero). 3. The earth below seemed like a sea, and the mountains looked like huge petrified waves (incomplete sentence, missing connective SIS; parallelism of constructions). 4. The artist’s job is to resist suffering with all his might, with all his talent (the subject is the noun in the I. p., the predicate is the infinitive, the connective is zero). 5. I love the sky, grass, horses, and most of all, the sea (the second part of a complex non-union sentence is an incomplete sentence with the predicate omitted, I love).
6. When I was walking to the tram, on the way I tried to remember the girl’s face. 7. Through the huge black branches of larches there are silver stars. 8. He won’t get to his feet soon, and will he even get up at all? 9. The river turned blue and the sky turned blue. 10. And the color of these fields changes endlessly throughout the day: one in the morning, another in the evening, a third at noon.
Let's check 6. When I was walking to the tram, on the way I tried to remember the girl's face (the main part of a complex sentence is an incomplete sentence with the subject I omitted). 7. Through the black huge branches of larches - silver stars (an incomplete sentence with an omitted predicate is visible). 8. He won’t get to his feet soon, and will he even get up at all? (the second part of a complex sentence is an incomplete sentence with the subject he omitted; there is no pause, so there is no dash). 9. The river became blue, and the sky became blue (in the second sentence the connective became was omitted; parallelism in the constructions of complete and incomplete sentences). 10. And the color of these fields changes endlessly throughout the day: in the morning - one, in the evening - another, at noon - a third (in a complex sentence, the second, third and fourth parts are incomplete, elliptical (subject and adverbial tense); part of the subject is also omitted - color; parallelism of constructions of incomplete sentences).
11. Whoever is looking for something, but the mother is always affectionate. 12. A tree is precious in its fruits, but a man is precious in its deeds. 13. B big people I love modesty, and in small ones my own dignity. 14. The bakery’s business was going very well, but mine personally was getting worse. 15. Terkin further. The author follows.
Let's check 11. Who is looking for what, and the mother is always affectionate (in the second part of the complex sentence the predicate is omitted). 12. A tree is dear for its fruits, and a person is dear for its deeds (the second part of a complex sentence is incomplete, the predicate of roads is omitted; parallelism of constructions of complete and incomplete sentences). 13. I love modesty in big people, and my own dignity in small people (the second part of a complex sentence is incomplete; the predicate and complement in people are omitted; parallelism of constructions of complete and incomplete sentences). 14. The bakery’s business was going very well, but mine personally was getting worse (the second part of a complex sentence is incomplete; the subject of the case and the predicate were omitted; parallelism in the constructions of complete and incomplete sentences). 15. Terkin - further. Author - following (incomplete elliptical sentences consisting of subjects and adverbials; in oral speech there is a pause between the adverbial and the subject, in writing there is a dash).