Subordinating connection
Subordination, or subordinating connection- the relationship of syntactic inequality between words in a phrase and a sentence, as well as between the predicative parts of a complex sentence.
In this connection, one of the components (words or sentences) acts as main, the other - like dependent.
The linguistic concept of “subordination” is preceded by a more ancient concept - “hypotaxis”.
Features of subordinating communication
To distinguish between coordinating and subordinating connections, A. M. Peshkovsky proposed a criterion of reversibility. Submission is characterized irreversible relations between the parts of the connection: one part cannot be put in place of another without prejudice to general content. However, this criterion is not considered decisive.
The significant difference between a subordinating connection (according to S. O. Kartsevsky) is that it functionally close to the dialogical unity of the informative (question-answer) type, firstly, and predominantly has pronominal nature of means of expression, Secondly .
Subordination in phrases and simple sentences
Types of subordinating connections in phrases and sentences:
- coordination
- adjacency
Subordination in a complex sentence
Subordinating relationship between simple sentences as part of a complex sentence, it is produced using subordinating conjunctions or allied (relative) words. A complex sentence with such a connection is called a complex sentence. The independent part in it is called main part, and dependent - subordinate clause.
Types of subordinating connections in a complex sentence:
- allied subordination
- subordination of sentences using conjunctions.
I don't want the world to know my mysterious story(Lermontov). - relative subordination
- subordination of sentences using allied (relative) words.
The moment came when I realized the full value of these words(Goncharov). - indirect interrogative submission(interrogative-relative, relative-interrogative)
- subordination with the help of interrogative-relative pronouns and adverbs connecting the subordinate clause with the main one, in which the member of the sentence explained by the subordinate clause is expressed by a verb or a noun with the meaning of a statement, perception, mental activity, feeling, internal state.
At first I couldn’t realize what exactly it was(Korolenko). - sequential submission (inclusion)
- subordination, in which the first subordinate clause refers to the main part, the second subordinate clause - to the first subordinate clause, the third subordinate clause - to, the second subordinate clause, etc.
I hope that this book says quite clearly that I was not shy about writing the truth when I wanted to.(Bitter). - mutual submission
- mutual dependence of the predicative parts of a complex sentence, in which the main and subordinate clauses are not distinguished; relations between parts are expressed by lexical-syntactic means.
Before Chichikov had time to look around, he was already grabbed by the arm by the governor(Gogol). - parallel subordination (subordination)
Notes
Links
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.
See what a “Subordinate relationship” is in other dictionaries:
The connection between two syntactically unequal words in a phrase and a sentence: one of them acts as the main word, the other as the dependent one. New textbook, implementation of the plan, answer correctly. see coordination, control, adjacency; IN… …
A connection that serves to express the relationship between the elements of a phrase and a sentence. Subordinating connection, see subordination. Compositional connection, see essay... Dictionary of linguistic terms
A connection of words that serves to express the interdependence of the elements of a phrase and a sentence. Subordinating connection. Coordination… Dictionary of linguistic terms
The connection that arises between the components of a complex sentence. Contents 1 Description 2 Types of syntactic connection 3 Notes ... Wikipedia
Subordinating relationship, a formally expressed dependence of one syntactic element (word, sentence) on another. Based on P., syntactic units of 2 types of phrases and complex sentences. Word (in... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
This article or section describes a certain linguistic phenomenon in relation only to the Russian language. You can help Wikipedia by adding information about this phenomenon in other languages and typological coverage... Wikipedia
Subordination, or subordinating relationship, is a relationship of syntactic inequality between words in a phrase and a sentence, as well as between the predicative parts of a complex sentence. In this connection, one of the components (words or sentences) ... ... Wikipedia
- (SPP) is a type of complex sentence, which is characterized by division into two main parts: the main part and the subordinate clause. The subordinating relationship in such a sentence is determined by the dependence of one part on the other, that is, the main part presupposes... ... Wikipedia audiobook
COMPLEX SENTENCES WITH DIFFERENT TYPES OF CONNECTION.
The purpose of the lesson: update and generalize the knowledge necessary for the creative development of students, previously obtained on the topic “Complex sentence”, in new conditions, develop the ability to substantiate the characteristics of a complex sentence with different types communications.
Tasks:
- Determine the types of connections between simple sentences as part of a complex sentence.
- To promote the development of students’ speech culture and their creative abilities.
- Develop the ability to work in a team, motivate to overcome intellectual difficulties.
Equipment: computer, projector, screen, presentation, handout didactic material for group and individual work.
Methods: methods and techniques of interactive teaching, research, partial search, reproductive.
Lesson type: combined lesson.
Type of lesson: practical lesson
DURING THE CLASSES
On the slide:
1. Stage of “Comprehension”. Slide 1.
pay attention to monitor . Let's read the statements of famous writers:
We need to wean ourselves off short phrase, it is appropriate only in moments of intense action.
Maksim Gorky
Short thoughts are good because they make you think.
Slide captions:
Thoughts of great writers We must unlearn short phrases; they are appropriate only in moments of intense action. Maxim Gorky L.N. Tolstoy Short thoughts are good because they make you think.
CONJUNCTIVE COMPOUNDS: parts are autonomous and connected by intonation and coordinating conjunctions CONJUNCTIVE COMPOUNDS: parts depend on each other; subordinating conjunctions and allied words COMPLEX UNIONLESS SENTENCE: parts are autonomous; intonation COMPLEX SENTENCES
Complex sentences with different types of communication
Combinations of types of connection composition and subordination composition and non-union connection composition and non-union connection composition, subordination and non-union connection.
ESSAY + SUBMISSION AS, And the damp wind rustled in the forests, and one could hear the streams rustling cheerfully and loudly. The damp wind rustled in the forests. It was audible. The streams roar cheerfully and loudly.
ESSAY + UNIONLESS CONNECTION Nettle burned my hands, my back ached, and my head was spinning. The nettle burned my hands. My back ached. My head was spinning. , AND,
SUBMISSION + NON-UNION CONNECTION WHEN SPRING CAME, THE SUN BEGAN TO SHINE BRIGHTER, LEAVES APPEARED ON THE TREES, FLOWERS BLOOMED IN THE MEADOWS. Spring has come. The sun began to shine brighter. Leaves appeared on the trees. Flowers bloomed in the meadows. , WHEN,
ESSAY + SUBMISSION + UNIONLESS CONNECTION The grass was ripening in the meadows, mowing began on some farms, and it was necessary to watch how the work went. The grasses were ripening in the meadows. Some farms have started mowing. I should have looked. Work was going on. HOW, AND,
Task 1 Write a sentence with different types of communication, using the terminology of your thematic group. Use facial expressions and gestures to depict the proposal.
Creative work Read the humorous instructions and reduce them to one simple sentence.
Compiled by: Elena Valerievna Kuznetsova, State Committee for Educational Institutions for Children and Adolescents with Deviant Behavior “Special comprehensive school closed type"
Compositional,
subordinating and
non-union connection in
complex sentences
The world is illuminated by the sun,
And a person is illuminated by knowledge!
Proverb
– educational:
deepen students' understanding of the structure of complex
offers;
practice the skill of placing punctuation marks in
complex sentence with different types of connection;
repeat spellings Н-НН in words different parts speeches
– developing: develop, compare, contrast,
draw a conclusion, improve self-control skills
educational activities;
– educational: to cultivate the need correctly
evaluate one’s own activities and speech culture. Vocabulary dictation Task I
Vocabulary dictation
Captive born cubs, polished
furniture, clay tablets, butter cream,
pickled cucumber, wounded soldier,
Maslenitsa, desirable, ancient, clever
student, tin, fried potatoes,
roasted in the oven, wounded in the arm,
hotel. Types of complex
proposals
Allied
Compound
Non-Union
Complex subordinates Complex sentence -
This difficult sentence, parts
which are connected
coordinating conjunctions and
grammatically independent friend
from each other, that is, they are in
relations of equality,
equivalence.
THE TRANSPARENT FOREST ONE TURNES BLACK, AND
THE FIR IS GREEN THROUGH THE FROST, AND THE RIVER
IT SHINES UNDER THE ICE. Complex sentence
this is called a complex sentence, parts
which are interconnected by subordinates
conjunctions (or allied words) and are in
relations of formal inequality.
Example: . I don't want the world to recognize my mysterious
story. (M. Lermontov)
The first part is the main part, and the second part is
dependent (called subordinate clause).
The dependence of the second on the first part is formally
is revealed in the very possibility of logical
question from main to dependent. Associated parts with
using the subordinating conjunction so. NON-UNION COMPLEX SENTENCE –
THIS IS A COMPLEX SENTENCE, PARTS
WHICH ARE CONNECTED IN MEANING AND
INTONATIONS.
The grass is turning green
The sun is shining
Swallow with spring
It flies towards us in the canopy.
(A. Pleshcheev) Task 2
Oral group work.
Describe the proposals.
1. Once again I visited that corner of the earth where I
spent two unnoticed years as an exile.
2. It was quiet in the garden, and only from somewhere
The noise of wheels could be heard from afar.
3. I knew: the blow of fate would not bypass me. Task 3.
Determine the types of communication.
1. Children, passersby, and everyone immediately gathered at the monument
they fell silent waiting for the music because it comforts
people, promises them happiness and a glorious life. (A.
Platonov)
2. We heard: a boat sailed along the river, and our hearts felt
easily. (V. Arsenyev)
(To Sukhomlinsky)
changed: we had too little time left. Task 3.
Answers.
1. Children were immediately gathering at the monument,
passers-by, and they all fell silent in anticipation
music because it comforts people
promises them happiness and a glorious life. (A.
Platonov)
- Coordinating and subordinating:
2. We heard: a boat floated along the river, and
my soul felt lighter. (V. Arsenyev)
- Non-union and coordinating: Task 3.
Answers.
3. Place a hundred teachers over you - they will prove
powerless if you can't force yourself.
(To Sukhomlinsky)
- Non-union and subordinate:
- , If()
4.After lunch, when the sun was at its zenith, we
decided to make a stop, but unexpectedly our plans
changed: we had too little time in
in stock
- Coordinating, subordinating, non-union:
[ , (when...), ], but:
To correctly formulate and present their own thoughts, schoolchildren and adults need to learn how to correctly place semantic accents in writing. If in life we often use simple constructions, then in writing we use complex sentences with different types of connections. Therefore, it is important to know the features of their construction.
In contact with
Classification
What are the types of connection between sentences? used in Russian :
- coordinating with and without conjunctions, when the components of the syntactic structure are independent and equal in relation to each other;
- subordinate connection, non-union and allied, when one part of the structure is main and the second is dependent;
- conjunction, coordinating and subordinating, expressed using coordinating or subordinating conjunctions and allied words;
Complex sentences consist of several simple ones, therefore they have more than two grammatical stems. When you meet them, don’t be surprised and remember that there can be not only 2 or 3 parts, but on average up to 10-15. They constantly combine different types communications.
Main types of complex sentences with examples:
- Non-union.
- Complex.
- Complex sentences.
- Designs with different types of connections.
An example of a non-union connection: The wind drives the clouds to the edge of heaven, the broken spruce groans, the winter forest whispers something.
It should be noted main feature designs with coordinating connection. The function of a coordinating connection is to show the equality of parts within a complex sentence, which is done through intonation and the use of coordinating conjunctions. Non-union communication can also be used.
How are compound sentences constructed? examples with diagrams :
The sky cleared of hanging clouds - and the bright sun came out.
The fields are empty autumn forest became dark and transparent.
Sentences of the fourth type usually consist of three or more parts, which are connected to each other different ways. To better understand the meaning of such constructions, how to learn how complex sentences with different types of connections are constructed and grouped. Often sentences are divided into several blocks, connected without a conjunction or using a coordinating connection, with each part representing a simple or complex sentence.
Dependent parts may have different semantic meanings, based on this Complex sentences are divided into several groups.
Definitive
They serve to characterize and reveal the attribute of the noun being defined from the main sentence. They are joined using and: where, where, where, which, what. They are found only inside the main one or after it. You can ask questions about them: which one?, whose?
Examples:
How oppressively hot it is in those hours when the afternoon hangs in silence and heat.
For a long time he admired, smiling, his capricious beloved daughter, who was lost in thought, not noticing anything around her.
Explanatory
Refer to words that have the meaning of thoughts (reflect), feelings (sad), speech (answered, said) in order to reveal in detail the meaning of the main word, clarify, supplement. These also include demonstrative words - that, that, then, to which the dependent clause is attached. They are connected by conjunctions that, in order, as if, as if.
Examples:
The guy quickly realized that his friend’s parents were not particularly smart, and thought through a further strategy.
This could be seen from the fact that he drove his cart around the yard several times until he discovered the hut.
Circumstantial
Relate to or to words that have adverbial meaning. Let's name their varieties and ways of joining the main word:
- time, specify the period of time when the action is performed, subordinating temporary conjunctions are used for communication: when, until what time (When talking about the war, the stranger lowered his head and thought);
- places, talking about the place, are connected to the main word by allied adverb words: where, where, from where (The leaves, wherever you looked, were yellow or golden);
- conditions that reveal under what circumstances this or that action is possible, are joined by subordinate conjunctions: if, if..., then. They can start with particles - so, then (If it rains, then the tent will need to be moved higher);
- degree, specifies the measure or degree of action I, who are in question, can be asked questions: to what extent? to what extent? (The rain stopped so quickly that the ground did not have time to get wet.);
- goals, communicate what purpose the action is pursuing and are connected by goal conjunctions: so that, so that (In order not to be late, he decided to leave early);
- reasons, conjunction is used to join - because(He did not complete the task because he was ill);
- manner of action, indicate exactly how the action was performed, are joined by subordinating conjunctions: as if, as if, exactly (The forest was covered in snow, as if someone had bewitched it);
- consequences serve to clarify the result of an action; you can ask them the question - as a consequence of what? Join the union - So(The snow shone more and more brightly in the sun, so that my eyes hurt);
- concessions, alliances are used to join them: let, although, despite. Conjunctive words (how, how many) can be used with the particle neither (No matter how hard you try, nothing will work without knowledge and skills).
Constructing sentence diagrams
Let's consider what a proposal scheme is. This is a graphical drawing showing the structure proposals in a compact form.
Let's try to create sentence diagrams that contain two or more subordinate clauses. To do this, let's look at examples with different inflected parts of speech.
Complex sentences can consist of several subordinate clauses, which have different relationships with each other.
There are the following types of connection between sentences:
- homogeneous or associative;
- parallel (centralized);
- sequential (chain, linear).
Homogeneous
Characterized by the following signs:
- all subordinate clauses can be attributed to the entire main word or to one of the words;
- subordinate clauses are identical in meaning and answer the same question;
- coordinating conjunctions are connected or a non-union connection is used;
- The intonation during pronunciation is enumerative.
Examples and linear sentence diagrams:
I noticed how the stars began to blur (1), how a light breeze of coolness swept by (2).
, (how how…).
Sometimes subordinate clauses are represented by a cascade of explanatory sentences, depending on one word located in the main part:
It is unknown where she lived (1), who she was (2), why the Roman artist painted her portrait (3) and what she was thinking about in the painting (4).
, (where...), (who...), (why...) and (about what...).
Parallel
Such complex sentences have subordinate clauses different meanings belonging to several types
Here are examples of sentences with diagrams:
When our boat floated from the ship to the shore, we noticed that women and children began to run away from the settlement.
(When that…).
Here two subordinate clauses depend on the main sentence: tense and explanatory.
Constructions can create a chain, which can be depicted in the diagram as follows:
In some places there were crowded houses, the color of which was similar to the surrounding rocks, so that you had to be closer to distinguish them.
, (which...), (that...), (to...).
It is also possible another variant when one sentence is inside another. Sometimes constructions are combined, connecting with one subordinate clause inside another.
At first the blacksmith was terribly frightened when the devil raised him so high that nothing was visible below, and rushed under the moon itself so that he could have caught it with his hat.
, (when..., (what...), and...), (what...).
Used in sentences various punctuation marks:
- comma, example: The final remark of the sister-in-law ended already on the street, where she went to do her urgent business;
- semicolon: Some time later, everyone in the village was fast asleep; only a month hung high in the luxurious Ukrainian sky;
- colon: It happened like this: at night the tank got stuck in a swamp and drowned;
- dash: Dense hazel bushes will block your path; if you get hurt on a thorny thorn bush, walk stubbornly forward.
Sequential
Simple structures are connected to one another along a chain:
There is a known knot on a tree trunk on which you place your foot when you want to climb an apple tree.
, (which...), (when...).
Determination procedure
What plan is used to determine the types of connections between sentences in writing? We offer a step-by-step guide that is suitable for any occasion:
- read the proposal carefully;
- select all grammar basics;
- divide the structure into parts and number them;
- find allied words and conjunctions, if they are absent, take into account the intonation;
- determine the nature of the connection.
If available two independent parts, then this is a sentence with a coordinating connection. When one sentence states the reason for what is being discussed in another, it is a complex sentence with subordination.
Attention! Subordinate constructions can be replaced or participial phrase. Example: Silent lightning appeared here and there across the black sky, dotted with myriads of small stars.
Learning Russian - complex sentences with different types of connections
Types of communication in complex sentences
Conclusion
The types of connections between sentences depend on their classification. They use . The schemes are very diverse, there are many interesting options. Graphic drawing of proposal allows you to quickly determine construction and sequence of all components, highlight the basics, find the main thing and place punctuation marks correctly.
Punctuation marks in a complex sentence
A complex sentence is a sentence that contains two or more grammatical stems. Types of complex sentences can be represented in the following diagram:
Complex sentences:
1.Allied
2.Non-Union. I am sitting in my garden, the lamp is burning.
3.With different types of communication.Thunder struck, lightning flashed, and soon the sound of rain was heard.
Compound. The desert listens to God, and star speaks to star.
Complex subordinates. I know that I don't know anything.
Let's sort it out in order.
Co complex The proposals are quite simple:
A comma is placed between simple sentences that are part of a complex sentence: Morning came and everyone went home.
A comma is not placed if the sentences connected by conjunctions have a common secondary member, introductory word, comparative phrase or common subordinate clause: From the window you can see the Volga and the stars sparkle high(general term – “out of the window”).
Complex sentences
We put a comma:
- between simple sentences that are part of a complex one: We set off as the sun rose. Let me know where you are staying. To prevent the child from getting wet, he was wrapped in a raincoat.
- when using compound conjunctions because, because, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, instead of, while, after, since, in order to, in order to . Depending on the meaning, a comma is placed either before or inside conjunctions: He didn't come to school because he was sick. We only left because it got dark.
- Between homogeneous subordinate clauses, punctuation marks are placed in the same way as between homogeneous members of a sentence: It was obvious that he was right and that I was entirely to blame.
Don't put a comma:
- between adjacent unions what if, what although , if further there is a second part of the union That or So : He said that if the weather did not improve, then we should forget about fishing.
- if there is a negation before the conjunction (conjunctive word) Not : He began to find out not what happened, but who did it.
- if the subordinate part is one conjunctive word: He promised to return, but did not say when.
- before a subordinating conjunction if it is preceded by words in particular, that is, namely, especially : He became better, especially when he learned about what had happened.
- before steady speed as you like, wherever it goes, at any cost, as much as you like, unknown where, as if nothing had happened, etc.
IN non-union complex sentences there is always some punctuation mark. It is important to understand which one. Let's figure it out!
We put a comma
- between simple sentences that are part of a complex one, if they are short and related: Clouds piled up, lightning flashed, and it rained.
We put a colon:
- the second sentence indicates the reason for what is said in the first (in meaning, a conjunction can be inserted between them because ): Love a book: (=because) it will help you sort out the confusion of life.
- the second sentence reveals the content of the first (in terms of meaning, you can insert words between them, namely ): The picture changed: (=namely) the snow had melted, the damp earth was smoking, grass was breaking through.
- the second sentence complements the first (in meaning a subordinating conjunction can be inserted between them What : "I feel that..."): Suddenly I feel (=that) someone is pulling me to the side.
- The second sentence expresses a direct question: Tell me, branch of Palestine: where did you grow, where did you bloom?
We put dashes:
- with a rapid change of events, an unexpected result: I woke up and he was no longer there. The cheese fell out - such was the trick with it.
- when contrasted (in meaning, a subordinating conjunction can be inserted between the parts ah, but ): Sasha is stupid - (=a) Petya is smart.
- if the first sentence expresses the time or condition of the action (in meaning, conjunctions can be placed before the first sentence when, if ): (When) the forest is cut down, the chips fly.
- when comparing (meaningfully, you can insert conjunctions between the parts as if): Says a word - (= as if) a nightingale is singing.
- if the second sentence represents a result or conclusion (in terms of meaning, you can insert the word between the parts That's why ): The smoky sun is rising - (=therefore) it will be a hot day.
Complex sentence with different types of communication is a combination of complex sentences already known to us. Therefore, it is important to determine by what connection the parts of the sentence are coordinated. We put punctuation marks based on this. The most questions arise when coordinating and subordinating conjunctions are next to each other. When should they be separated by a comma? It's simple here:
Compare:
You can call me, but if you don't call today, we'll leave tomorrow.
You can call me, but if you don’t call today, we’ll leave tomorrow.
Let's sum it up
First we need to determine whether the sentence is simple or complex. To do this, we count the number of grammatical stems.
If the sentence is simple, pay attention to the subject and predicate - are they the ones that need to be put with a dash between them?
Is this simple sentence complicated? Does it contain homogeneous members sentences, introductory words or constructions, addresses, conjunction “how”?
If this sentence is complex, we need to determine the type of coordinating connection.
Coordinating conjunctions: and, ah, but, yes
. It’s simple here - if they are there, it means the sentence is complex. If parts of a complex sentence do not have a common member, feel free to put a comma.
If we don’t see coordinating conjunctions, but see some others, most likely the sentence is complex. We check whether we have separated any allied words with an extra comma.
If we don’t see any connecting words, but the sentence is complex, then it is non-conjunctive. Our task is to determine which character separates the parts of a non-union complex sentence: a comma, a dash or a colon.
If in a sentence we see both conjunctions (or allied words), both coordinating and subordinating, and a non-union connection, we focus on each type of connection separately. Special attention pay attention to the presence of conjunctions in the second part then, yes, but
.