Among complex sentences with several subordinate clauses, complex sentences are distinguished by structure
- with consistent subordination,
- with uniform subordination
- with parallel subordination.
Subordination is when two or more subordinate clauses are subordinate to one main clause.
- With homogeneous subordination subordinate clauses not only explain the main part, but are also subordinate clauses of the same type.
With homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses, commas are placed in the same way as with homogeneous members of the sentence. If homogeneous subordinate clauses are connected by repeating conjunctions, then a comma is placed between them, and not if the conjunctions are non-repeating.
- When in complex sentences different subordinate clauses belong to one member of the main part or in which the same subordinate clauses explain different words in the main part, they represent sentences with parallel subordination.
Example: When a person is overly tired, it seems that he will sleep for who knows how long.
- Consistent submission - this is a sequence of subordinate parts in which each subsequent subordinate clause is connected with the previous part, and only the first subordinate clause is connected with the main part.
With the sequential subordination of subordinate clauses, conjunctions may appear next to each other: what and if, what and when, etc. A comma is placed between the conjunctions, if there is no further part of the conjunction - then or so, for example: He warned that if the fire is not extinguished now, the flame will spread to roof. It is acceptable for there to be no subordinating conjunction before the second subordinate clause.
Combined submission- This various combinations subordinating connection in one complex sentence.
Types of subordinate clauses in complex sentences
- Definitive
Refers to a noun or to a noun phrase with demonstrative words that, such. Answers the question which?
- Pronominal attributive
Refers to the pronouns that, each, everyone; everything, such, such. Answers the questions; Who? Which? what?
- Explanatory
Refers to a verb of thought, speech, perception, or a noun combined with the demonstrative word that. Answers case questions.
- Connection
Applies to the entire main part.
- Concessive
Relates to the entire main part
Punctuation rules
If in an incomplete subordinate clause there is one conjunctive word, then it is not separated from the main one by a comma, for example: I want to help you, but I don't know how.
If the subordinate clause at the end of a complex sentence is an indirect question, question mark is not put (unless, of course, the main thing is interrogative), for example: Indicate which of the definitions are separated.
A comma is not placed if homogeneous subordinate clauses are connected by connecting or dividing conjunctions, for example: Like someone sentenced to death and confident of the impossibility of pardon.
Only in the third quarter do ninth-graders become familiar with the topic “Types of subordination of subordinate clauses in complex sentences,” but they prepare for the exam from the beginning of the school year.
Let's try to figure out task 13 in the test part of the OGE. To observe, let us turn to the story of A.P. Chekhov's "Dear Lessons".
Let us recall the wording of this task: “Among the sentences___, find a complex sentence chomogeneous subordination. Write the number of this offer." Instead of words highlighted in bold style, there may be the following words: “ with heterogeneous (parallel) subordination" or " with sequential subordination».
Let's define the conventions that will help us in analyzing the structure of a complex sentence (abbreviated SPP). To highlight the main part we use square brackets, for the subordinate part - round brackets (). We will begin to draw up both linear and vertical proposal diagrams.
First, let's practice drawing up IPS diagrams with one subordinate clause. Please note that the position of the subordinate clause can be different: preposition, interposition and postposition. The prefixes in the word "position" already contain an indication of the place of the subordinate clause in the sentence.
Let's look at examples.
1. Preposition of the adverbial clause of the goal: (To make it easier to breathe) 1, [he always works in a nightgown] 2.
2. Interposition of the adverbial subordinate tense: [The next day in the evening, (when the clock showed five minutes to seven) 2, Alisa Osipovna came] 1.
3. Postposition of the adverbial subordinate tense: [Vorotov felt this strongly] 1, (when, having left the university with a candidate’s degree, he took up small scientific work) 2.
In the first example, we found the subordinate clause at the beginning of the sentence, in the second - in the middle, in the third - at the end of the sentence.
Let us explain that complex sentences in the text can have various cases of complications, and if you do not recognize them, you may get confused, so we will explain these complications in each example. Thus, in the third sentence the subordinate clause is complicated by a separate circumstance expressed participial phrase(abbreviated to DO).
Determine whether there are any types of complications in the following three examples. What position does the subordinate clause occupy in them?
2) Her facial expression was cold, businesslike, like that of a person who came to talk about money.
3) If this strange proposal had been made to a minor, she would probably have gotten angry and shouted.
You should have noticed that in the first two sentences the subordinate clause is in postposition, and in the last example it is in preposition.
So, let's test our powers of observation.
2. [The expression on her face was cold, businesslike, like a person] 1, (who came to talk about money) 2.
3. (If this strange proposal had been made to a minor) 1, [then, probably, she I'd be angry And shouted] 2 .
Linear diagrams are very convenient.
Now let's find out what types of complications we encountered here. In the first sentence there is standalone application, expressed by a proper name, and homogeneous predicates. In the second, there is a separate circumstance expressed by a comparative phrase, and homogeneous definitions are in the main part. And finally, the third sentence has an introductory word and homogeneous predicates in the main part.
We will not introduce all of these complications into the diagrams, since only homogeneous predicates play the main role in the structure of the IPP, but we will still keep them in mind.
Now let's get acquainted with the types of subordination in NGN, which have several subordinate clauses.
It is difficult to say exactly which type is more common; most likely, various combinations and mixed cases are possible, when several types of subordination can be in one SPP. But you won’t see such examples on the exam.
Let's analyze the proposal:
And he also asked her if she wanted tea or coffee, if the weather was good outside.
In this sentence, from the main part to two explanatory subordinate clauses we ask the same question “about what?”, these subordinate clauses can easily be swapped with each other, they are very similar to homogeneous members sentences and are connected to the main one using the conjunction LI.
[And he also asked her] 1, (would she like tea or coffee) 2 , (is the weather good outside) 3 .
To compare the two types of schemes, we offer both: linear and vertical.
SPP SCHEME with homogeneous subordination:
This method of subordination is usually called homogeneous. If there were more than two subordinate clauses with a similar structure, then one of the LI conjunctions would be omitted to avoid repetition. But it is very easy to restore it.
Let's consider another proposal:
Now we find the main and subordinate parts and draw up diagrams.
[One winter afternoon, (when Vorotov sat in my office and have worked) 2, the footman reported] 1, (that some young lady was asking him) 3.
SPP SCHEME with heterogeneous (parallel) subordination:
Here, from the main part, we ask two different questions: the footman reported “when?” and “about what?” The subordinate parts are no longer homogeneous, they have different meaning: one of them is adverbial tense, the other is explanatory. This method is called parallel.
Now let's look at the last example.
Only once did bewilderment flash across her face when she learned that she had been invited to teach not children, but an adult, fat man.
We come to the conclusion that subordinate clauses also answer different questions: there was a flash of bewilderment “when?”, she found out “about what?”. We ask these questions not from the main part, but sequentially: from the first subordinate clause to the second subordinate clause.
[Only once did bewilderment flash across her face] 1, (when she found out) 2, (that she was invited to teach not children, A adult, fat man) 3 .
NGN SCHEME with sequential subordination:
This method of submission is called sequential.
For self-examination, we offer five suggestions. Please note that you may encounter a mixed type of subordination if there are more than two subordinate parts.
Self-test
1) Alisa Osipovna, with a cold, business-like expression, answered him that she had completed a course at a private boarding school and had the rights of a home teacher, that her father had recently died of scarlet fever, her mother was alive and making flowers...
2) She apologized and said that she could only study for half an hour, since she would go straight from class to the ball.
3) And Vorotov, looking at her embarrassment, realized how dear the ruble was to her and how hard it would be for her to lose this income.
4) She, apparently, did not want her gentlemen to know that she had students and that she gave lessons out of necessity.
Clue!
Here the conjunctions are highlighted in color, and all complications are in italics:
1. [Alice Osipovna with cold, businesslike she answered him with an expression] 1, (that she completed a course in a private boarding school) 2 and (has the rights of a home teacher) 3, (that her father recently died of scarlet fever) 4, (her mother is alive ) 5 and (makes flowers) 6...
2. [She apologized And said] 1, (that he can only study for half an hour) 2, (since he will go straight from class to the ball) 3.
3. [And Vorotov, looking at her embarrassment, understood] 1, (how dear the ruble was to her) 2 and (how hard it would be for her to lose this income) 3.
4. [Hey, apparently, didn’t want] 1, (for her gentlemen to know) 2, (that she has students) 3 and (that she gives lessons out of necessity) 4.
Now let's re-read the entire story.
A.P. Chekhov
Dear Lessons
For an educated person, ignorance of languages is a great inconvenience. Vorotov felt this strongly when, having left the university with a candidate’s degree, he began doing small scientific work.
It's horrible! - he said breathlessly (despite his twenty-six years, he is plump, heavy and suffers from shortness of breath). - It's horrible! Without tongues I am like a bird without wings. Just quit your job.
And he decided at all costs to overcome his innate laziness and study French and German languages and began to look for teachers.
One winter afternoon, when Vorotov was sitting in his office and working, the footman reported that some young lady was asking him.
Ask,” said Vorotov.
And a young lady, exquisitely dressed in the latest fashion, entered the office. She introduced herself as a teacher French, Alisa Osipovna Anket, and said that she was sent to Vorotov by one of his friends.
Very nice! Sit down! - said Vorotov, gasping and covering the collar of his nightgown with his palm. (To make it easier to breathe, he always works in a nightgown.) - Pyotr Sergeich sent you to me? Yes, yes... I asked him... I'm very glad!
While negotiating with mlle Anket, he looked at her shyly and curiously. She was a real, very graceful Frenchwoman, still very young. Judging by her pale and languid face, short curly hair and unnaturally thin waist, she could be given no more than 18 years old; looking at her broad, well-developed shoulders, beautiful back and stern eyes, Vorotov thought that she was probably at least 23 years old, perhaps even 25; but then again it began to seem that she was only 18. The expression on her face was cold, businesslike, like that of a person who had come to talk about money. She never smiled, did not frown, and only once did bewilderment flash across her face, when she learned that she had been invited to teach not children, but an adult, fat man.
So, Alisa Osipovna,” Vorotov told her, “we will study every day from seven to eight in the evening. As for your desire to receive a ruble per lesson, I have nothing to object to. According to the ruble - so according to the ruble...
And he also asked her if she wanted tea or coffee, whether the weather was good outside, and, smiling good-naturedly, stroking the cloth on the table with his palm, he friendly inquired who she was, where she graduated from her course and how she lived.
Alisa Osipovna, with a cold, businesslike expression, answered him that she had completed a course in a private boarding school and had the rights of a home teacher, that her father had recently died of scarlet fever, her mother was alive and making flowers, that she, Mlle Anket, was studying in a private school until lunchtime. boarding house, and after lunch, until the evening, walks around good houses and gives lessons.
She left, leaving behind a light, very delicate smell of a woman's dress. Vorotov did not work for a long time afterwards, but sat at the table, stroking the green cloth with his palms and thinking.
“It’s very nice to see girls earning a piece of bread for themselves,” he thought. - On the other hand, it is very unpleasant to see that poverty does not spare even such graceful and pretty girls as this Alisa Osipovna, and she also has to fight for existence. Trouble!..”
He, who had never seen virtuous French women, also thought that this elegantly dressed Alisa Osipovna, with well-developed shoulders and an exaggerated expression thin waist, in all likelihood, besides lessons, he is doing something else.
The next day in the evening, when the clock showed five minutes to seven, Alisa Osipovna came, pink from the cold; She opened the Margot, which she had brought with her, and began without any preamble:
French grammar has twenty-six letters. The first letter is called A, the second B...
“I’m sorry,” Vorotov interrupted her, smiling. - I must warn you, mademoiselle, that for me personally you will have to slightly change your method. The fact is that I know Russian, Latin and Greek languages... studied comparative linguistics, and it seems to me that we can, bypassing Margot, directly start reading some author.
And he explained to the French woman how adults learn languages.
“One of my acquaintances,” he said, “wanting to learn new languages, put the French, German and Latin gospels in front of him, read them in parallel, and painstakingly parsed every word, and so what? He achieved his goal in less than one year. We will do the same. Let's take some author and read.
The Frenchwoman looked at him in bewilderment. Apparently, Vorotov’s proposal seemed very naive and absurd to her. If this strange proposal had been made to a minor, then she would probably have gotten angry and shouted, but since there was an adult and very fat man here, who could not be shouted at, she just shrugged her shoulders barely noticeably and said:
As you wish.
Vorotov rummaged in his bookcase and pulled out a tattered French book.
Is this any good? - he asked.
Doesn't matter.
In that case, let's get started. God bless. Let's start with the title... Memoires.
Memories,” mlle Anket translated.
Memories... - Vorotov repeated. Smiling good-naturedly and breathing heavily, he fiddled with the word memoires for a quarter of an hour and the same amount with the word de, and this tired Alisa Osipovna. She answered questions sluggishly, was confused and, apparently, did not understand her student well and did not try to understand. Vorotov asked her questions, and meanwhile he looked at her blond head and thought: “Her hair is not naturally curly, it curls. Marvelous! He works from morning to night and still manages to curl his hair.”
Exactly at eight o'clock she got up and, saying the dry, cold “au revoir, monsieur” (goodbye, sir - French), left the office, and that gentle, subtle, exciting smell was left behind. The student again did nothing for a long time, sat at the table and thought.
In the days that followed, he became convinced that his teacher was a sweet, serious and neat young lady, but that she was very uneducated and did not know how to teach adults; and he decided not to waste time, part with her and invite another teacher. When she came for the seventh time, he took an envelope with seven rubles from his pocket and, holding it in his hands, became very embarrassed and began like this:
Sorry, Alisa Osipovna, but I have to tell you... I’ve been put in a difficult situation...
Looking at the envelope, the Frenchwoman guessed what was the matter, and for the first time during all the lessons, her face trembled, and the cold, businesslike expression disappeared. She blushed slightly and, lowering her eyes, began nervously fingering her thin gold chain. And Vorotov, looking at her embarrassment, realized how dear the ruble was to her and how hard it would be for her to lose this income.
“I have to tell you...” he muttered, becoming even more embarrassed, and something sank in his chest; he hastily put the envelope in his pocket and continued:
Sorry, I... I'll leave you for ten minutes...
And pretending that he did not want to refuse her at all, but only asked permission to leave her for a while, he went into another room and sat there for ten minutes. And then he returned even more embarrassed; he realized that this departure of his a short time she could explain it in her own way, and he felt awkward.
Lessons started again.
Vorotov worked without any desire. Knowing that no good would come of the lessons, he gave the Frenchwoman complete freedom, without asking her anything or interrupting her. She translated, as she wanted, ten pages into one lesson, but he did not listen, breathed heavily, and with nothing to do, looked at her curly head, then at her neck, then at her delicate white hands, inhaling the smell of her dress...
He caught himself thinking bad thoughts, and he felt ashamed, or he was touched, and then he felt sadness and annoyance because she behaved with him so coldly, matter-of-factly, as with a student, without smiling and as if afraid that he might touch to her by accident. He kept thinking: how could he instill confidence in her, get to know her briefly, then help her, let her understand how badly she teaches, poor thing.
Alisa Osipovna once came to class in an elegant pink dress with a small neckline, and such a scent came from her that it seemed as if she was shrouded in a cloud, as if you only had to blow on her and she would fly or dissipate like smoke. She apologized and said that she could only study for half an hour, since she would go straight from class to the ball.
He looked at her neck and her back, bare near the neck, and it seemed to him that he understood why French women have a reputation for being frivolous and easily falling creatures; he was drowning in this cloud of aromas, beauty, nudity, and she, not knowing his thoughts and probably not at all interested in them, quickly turned over the pages and translated at full speed:
“He was walking on the street and met a gentleman of his acquaintance and said: “Where are you rushing, seeing your face so pale, it hurts me.”
Memoires had long been finished, and now Alice was translating some other book. Once she came to class an hour earlier, excusing herself by saying that she had to go to the Maly Theater at seven o’clock. After seeing her off after class, Vorotov got dressed and also went to the theater. He went, as it seemed to him, only to relax and have fun, and he had no thoughts about Alice. He could not allow a serious person, preparing for an academic career, difficult to climb, to give up his job and go to the theater only to meet there with an unfamiliar, not smart, little intelligent girl...
But for some reason, during intermissions, his heart began to beat; without noticing it, the boy ran around the foyer and along the corridors, impatiently looking for someone; and he became bored when the intermission ended; and when he saw something familiar pink dress and beautiful shoulders under the tulle, his heart sank, as if from a premonition of happiness, he smiled joyfully and for the first time in his life experienced a jealous feeling.
Alice was walking with some two ugly students and an officer. She laughed, spoke loudly, apparently flirted; Vorotov had never seen her like this. Obviously, she was happy, content, sincere, warm. From what? Why? Because, perhaps, these people were close to her, from the same circle as her... And Vorotov felt a terrible gap between himself and this circle. He bowed to his teacher, but she nodded coldly to him and quickly walked past; she, apparently, did not want her gentlemen to know that she had students and that she gave lessons out of necessity.
After meeting at the theater, Vorotov realized that he was in love... During the next lessons, devouring his graceful teacher with his eyes, he no longer fought with himself, but gave full speed your pure and impure thoughts. Alisa Osipovna’s face never ceased to be cold, at exactly eight o’clock every evening she calmly said “au revoir, monsieur,” and he felt that she was indifferent to him and would remain indifferent and his situation was hopeless.
Sometimes in the middle of a lesson he began to dream, hope, make plans, mentally composed a love declaration, remembered that French women are frivolous and pliable, but it was enough for him to look at the teacher’s face for his thoughts to instantly go out, like a candle goes out when there is a wind in the countryside. you take it out to the terrace. Once he, drunk, lost in delirium, could not stand it and, blocking her path when she was leaving the office after class in the hallway, choking and stuttering, began to declare his love:
You are dear to me! I... I love you! Let me speak!
And Alice turned pale - probably from fear, realizing that after this explanation she would no longer be able to come here and receive a ruble for a lesson; she did frightened eyes and whispered loudly:
Oh, this is impossible! Don't talk, please! It is forbidden!
And then Vorotov did not sleep all night, tormented by shame, scolding himself, thinking intensely. It seemed to him that with his explanation he had insulted the girl, that she would no longer come to him.
He decided to find out her address in the address table in the morning and write her a letter of apology. But Alice came without a letter. At first she felt awkward, but then she opened the book and began to translate quickly and smartly, as always:
- “Oh, young master, don’t tear up these flowers in my garden that I want to give to my sick daughter...”
She still walks today. Four books have already been translated, but Vorotov knows nothing except the word “memoires,” and when he is asked about his scientific work, he waves his hand and, without answering the question, starts talking about the weather.
Having subordinate elements, they are divided into several groups. There are three of them in total. In speech, there may be a complex expression with a homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses, heterogeneous (parallel) and sequential. Further in the article we will consider the features of one of these categories. What is a complex sentence with homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses?
General information
Homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses (examples of such constructions will be given below) is an expression in which each part refers to the main element or to a specific word in it. Last option occurs if the additional component distributes only a certain part of the main one. Sentences with homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses have a number of features. Thus, the spreading elements are of the same type, that is, they answer the same question. They are usually connected to each other by coordinating conjunctions. If they have an enumeration value, then the connection is non-union, just like with homogeneous members. This, in general, is what homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses means.
Communication in context
1. The quiet boys looked after the car /1 until it drove away beyond the intersection /2, until the dust it raised dissipated /3, until it itself turned into a ball of dust /4.
Once in the hospital, he recalled how they were suddenly attacked by the Nazis, and how everyone was surrounded, and how the detachment managed to get to their own.
3. If the conjunctions “whether... or” are used as repeating constructions (in the example it can be changed to whether), the homogeneous clauses associated with them are separated by a comma.
It was impossible to tell whether it was a fire or whether the moon was beginning to rise. - It was impossible to understand whether it was a fire, whether the moon was beginning to rise.
Structures with combined connection
A sentence with numerous homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses is found in several variants. So, maybe together, for example. For this reason, when carrying out analysis, there is no need to immediately draw up a general outline or rush to place punctuation marks.
Context Analysis
Homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses is analyzed according to a certain scheme.
1. Highlighting grammar basics, count the number of simple elements included in the structure.
2. They designate all and allied words and, based on this, establish subordinate clauses and the main clause.
3. The main element is defined for all additional ones. As a result, pairs are formed: main-subordinate.
4. Based on the construction of a vertical diagram, the nature of the subordination of subordinate structures is determined. It can be parallel, sequential, homogeneous, or combined.
5. A horizontal diagram is constructed, based on which punctuation marks are placed.
Analysis of the proposal
Example: The dispute is that if your king is here for three days, then you are unconditionally obliged to carry out what I tell you, and if he does not stay, then I will carry out any order that you give me.
1. This complex sentence contains seven simple ones: The dispute is /1 that /2 if your king will be here for three days /3 then you are unconditionally obliged to carry out what /2 what I tell you /4 and / if he does not stay /5 then I will carry out any order /6 that you give me /7.
1) the dispute is;
2) if your king will be here for three days;
3) something... you are unconditionally obliged to do that;
4) what will I tell you;
5) if he doesn’t stay;
6) then any order will be carried out by me;
7) which you will give me.
2. The main clause is the first (the dispute is that), the rest are subordinate clauses. Only the sixth sentence raises the question (then I will carry out any order).
3. This complex sentence is divided into the following pairs:
1->2: the dispute is that... then you are unconditionally obliged to do this;
2->3: you are unconditionally obliged to do this if your king is here for three days;
2->4: you are unconditionally obliged to do what I tell you;
6->5: I will carry out any order if it does not remain;
6->7: I will carry out any order you give me.
Possible difficulties
In the example given, it is somewhat difficult to understand what type of sixth sentence it is. In this situation, you need to look at the coordinating conjunction “a”. In a complex sentence, it, unlike the subordinating connective element, may not be located next to the sentence related to it. Based on this, it is necessary to understand what simple elements this union connects. For this purpose, only sentences containing oppositions are left, and the rest are removed. Such parts are 2 and 6. But since sentence 2 refers to subordinate clauses, then 6 must also be like that, since it is connected with 2 by a coordinating conjunction. It's easy to check. It is enough to insert a conjunction that has a sentence of 2 and connect it with 6 with the main one related to 2. Example: The dispute is that any order will be carried out by me. Based on this, we can say that in both cases there is a homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses, only in 6 the conjunction “what” is omitted.
Conclusion
It turns out that this sentence is complex with homogeneously related subordinate clauses (2 and 6 sentences), in parallel (3-4, 5-7) and sequentially (2-3, 2-4, 6-5, 6-7). To place punctuation marks, you need to determine the boundaries of simple elements. In this case, the possible combination of several unions at the border of proposals is taken into account.
There does not have to be one subordinate clause in an IPP. There may be several of them. Then it’s worth considering all the options for what kind of relationships develop between subordinate clauses and most importantly.
It is also worth clarifying that the scheme of a complex sentence can be not only linear ( horizontal), as in the examples above. Flowcharts ( vertical).
So, for several subordinate clauses the following cases are possible:
Homogeneous submission. All subordinate clauses refer to the main clause (or to some word in its composition). In addition, they answer one question. And subordinate clauses are connected to each other according to the same principle as homogeneous members of a sentence.
The children stamped their feet with impatience and couldn’t wait until it was time to set off, when they would finally see the sea, when everyone could run around along the shore to their heart’s content.
Parallel subordination. All subordinate clauses relate to the main clause. But they answer different questions.
When it was her turn to choose, Olya took the box that came to her hand first.
Consistent submission. One subordinate clause is attached to the main clause (it is called a subordinate clause of the first degree). Another subordinate clause, of the second degree, is added to the subordinate clause of the first degree. By the way, with this type of subordination one subordinate clause can be included in another.
The guys decided that they would all cope with it themselves. challenging task, which Misha courageously decided to put on his shoulders.
Scheme for parsing a complex sentence
A reasonable question may arise as to why all these NGN schemes are needed. They have at least one practical purpose - an obligatory part of the syntactic parsing of a complex sentence is the compilation of its diagram.
In addition, the diagram of a complex sentence will help to correctly analyze it for parsing.
SPP parsing diagram includes the following task items:
Determine whether the sentence is based on the purpose of the statement: narrative, interrogative or motivating.
In what way? emotional coloring: exclamatory or non-exclamatory.
To prove that a sentence is complex, you need to define and indicate the grammatical basics.
Indicate what type of connection between parts of a complex sentence is present: allied connection, intonation.
Indicate the type of complex sentence: complex sentence.
Indicate how many simple sentences are included in a complex one, and by what means subordinate clauses are attached to the main one.
Label the main and subordinate parts. In the case of a complex sentence with several subordinate clauses, they should be designated by numbers (degrees of subordination).
Indicate which word in the main sentence (or the entire sentence) the subordinate clause is associated with.
Note the way of connecting the predicative parts of a complex sentence: a conjunction or a conjunctive word.
If there are any, indicate indicative words in the main part.
Indicate the type of subordinate clause: explanatory, attributive, connecting, adverbial.
And finally, draw up a diagram of a complex sentence.
The section of the science of our language devoted to the structure of sentences is fraught with a lot of interesting things, and syntactic analysis can be a fascinating activity for those who are well versed in the rules of the Russian language. Today we will touch on the syntax and punctuation of a complex sentence, in particular the case when there is not one subordinate clause, but several. What types of subordination are there and why is a sentence with parallel subordination of subordinate clauses interesting? First things first.
Complex sentence and its parts
This is called a complex subordinate (S/P) difficult sentence, in which you can distinguish the main part (it carries the main semantic load) and the subordinate part (it is dependent on the main part, you can ask a question about it). There can be two or more subordinate parts, and they can be attached to the main, main part in different ways. There are sequential, homogeneous, heterogeneous, parallel subordination of subordinate clauses. To find out the type of subordination, you need to pay attention to whether the dependent parts answer the same question or to different ones, whether they refer to the same word in the main part or to different ones. We will consider the material in more detail in the next section.
Types of subordination of subordinate clauses
So, there are four types of subordination.
- Sequential subordination - subordinate parts depend sequentially on each other, and one of them depends on the main one. I know (about what?), what to do (for what?) to get to (where?) where I need to go.
- Homogeneous - subordinate clauses answer the same question and refer to the same word. I asked (about what?) what time it was, where we were and how to get to the airport. This sentence has three subordinate (dependent) parts, all of them relate to the word “asked” and answer the question “about what?”
- Heterogeneous subordination - subordinate clauses also refer to the same word, but different questions are asked to them. I have to go to this city (why should I?) to accomplish everything I have planned, (why should I?) because there are a lot of things to do.
- Parallel subordination of subordinate clauses - dependent parts refer to different words of the main sentence and answer completely different questions. (For what?) To catch the train, I have to leave home early for the train station (which one?), which is located in another part of the city.
Parallel subordination of subordinate clauses
What's the difference between various types subordination, we found out. By the way, in some sources, heterogeneous parallel subordination of subordinate clauses is distinguished as one type. This occurs because in both cases the questions to the dependent parts are posed differently.
If the sentence is complex with parallel subordination of subordinate clauses, then most often one dependent part is located before the main one, and the second - after.
You need to highlight the main, main part of the sentence, determine the number of subordinate clauses and ask questions about them. Only in this way will we be convinced that we really have parallel subordination of subordinate clauses. If the questions are different, and we will ask them from different words, which means that the subordination is truly parallel. When I went outside, I suddenly remembered that a long time ago I was going to visit my friend. In this sentence from the predicate of the main part "remembered" we ask a question "When?" to the first subordinate clause, and from the complement "About" ask a question "about what?"to the second. So, in in this case a parallel method of subordination is used.
It is necessary to be able to determine the boundaries of parts of a sentence and correctly ask questions from the main part in order not to make mistakes when placing punctuation marks. We remember that subordinate clauses are separated from the main clause by commas, which are placed before the conjunction or allied word connecting the parts of a complex sentence.
Let's sum it up
Parallel subordination of subordinate clauses is one of four types of subordination in the Russian language. To determine the type of subordination, you need to highlight simple sentences as part of a complex, identify the main part and ask questions from it to the dependent ones. If the question is the same, then this is a homogeneous subordination, if different from the same word - heterogeneous, if unequal questions from different words - parallel, and if the question can be asked only to one subordinate clause, and from it to another, and so on, then What we have before us is consistent subordination.
Be literate!
In a complex sentence, hereinafter referred to as SPP, all subordinate parts can relate directly to the entire main sentence or to one of its members. In this case, they indicate the homogeneous subordination of dependent clauses. With homogeneous subordination, we indicate its main features:
- all subordinate clauses refer to the main clause or to the same word in the main clause;
- the clauses have the same meaning and answer the same question, that is, they are clauses of the same type;
- connected by coordinating conjunctions or non-unionally;
- pronounced with enumerative intonation,
for example:
It is unknown where she lived (1), who she was (2), why her portrait was made by a Roman artist (3) and what she thought so sadly about (4).
Unknown (what?). To all subordinate clauses, regardless of the fact that they are attached by different allied words ( where, who, why, what about), let's ask the same question: What? In this SPP there is a cascade of explanatory clauses, which depend on one word in the main part - a predicate impersonal sentence expressed by a predicative adverb. Consequently, this is an SPP with homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses.
, (where...), (who...), (why...) and (about what...).
Between subordinate sentences with listing, as in the example given, commas are placed, except for the last two subordinate sentences. If a non-repeating connecting or disjunctive conjunction is used between homogeneous subordinate clauses ( and, or, either), then the comma is not placed, for example:
We understood that it was already late and that we had to hurry home.
Linear proposal diagram:
, (what...) and (what...).
Examples of sentences with homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses
I understood that I was lying in bed, that I was sick, that I had just been delirious (A. Kuprin).
In the spring, the oriole appears late, when the groves are already covered with leaves and all the songbirds have long arrived (I. Sokolov-Mikitov).
The aunt interestingly told that her first husband was the Persian consul and that she lived with him for some time in Tehran (F. Iskander).
Since the birch trees were dressed up and various grasses with spikelets and cones and necks of different colors grew under them, a lot, a lot of water has flowed from the stream (M. Prishvin).
In the morning, the grandmother complained that all the apples in the garden had been knocked down at night and one old plum had broken (A. Chekhov).
Subordinate clauses that relate to the entire main sentence (time, assignment, reason, conditions, etc.) or to one of its members (definitive, explanatory, measures and degrees, place, manner of action) can be heterogeneous, that is, different in value and belong to different types, for example:
When the fishermen gathered (1), Ivan Ivanovich, in his own way, somehow deduced that by the evening the wind would drive the ice away at noon (2) (M. Prishvin).
Two subordinate clauses depend on the main clause:
- one - subordinate tense ( when the fishermen gathered);
- the second is an explanatory clause ( that by the evening the wind will drive the ice at noon).
Linear proposal diagram:
(When that…).
Examples of sentences with parallel subordinate clauses
But although they were neighbors all their lives, Ulya never saw Anatoly outside of school and Komsomol meetings, where he often gave presentations (A. Fadeev).
As soon as the heat subsided, the forest began to get cold and dark so quickly that I didn’t want to stay in it (I. Turgenev).
When I have a new book in my hands, I feel that something new, speaking, wonderful has entered my life (M. Gorky).
The river along which we walked kept turning sharply, so that its glittering mirror rested in the distance either on thickets of willow trees or on a sandy cliff (V. Soloukhin).
When I look closely, it even seems to me that I am beginning to see hundreds, thousands of kilometers around (M. Bubennov).
In early spring, as soon as the snow melts, the field where winter rye was sown is covered with lush greenery (L. Leonov).
Sentences with sequential subordination
Complex sentences with sequential subordination are discussed in detail with examples in this article.
Let us give more examples of sentences with sequential subordination of subordinate clauses.
The time for our journey has expired, although we managed to cover only half of what we had planned (V. Soloukhin).
Everything is available to a person in this life, if only he desires it passionately, so passionately that he doesn’t feel sorry for life itself (L. Leonov).
There is a known knot on the trunk on which you place your foot when you want to climb an apple tree (V. Soloukhin).
If every person on a piece of his land did everything he could, how beautiful our land would be (A. Chekhov).