FUNCTIONS OF PUNCTION MARKS
Punctuation is an important means of formatting written speech. Punctuation marks indicate semantic , structural and intonation division of speech. It is known that punctuation marks not only organize written text to facilitate its perception by the reader, but also directly convey part of the information contained in the text. In particular, sometimes punctuation, by eliminating ambiguity, serves as the only available means of choosing the correct interpretation of the text.
According to its functions First of all, the signs are different separating (dividing)(period; question mark, exclamation mark, comma, semicolon, colon, dash, ellipsis) and highlighting (two commas, two dashes, parentheses, quotation marks).
ellipses
An ellipsis can be a "pause" in the unfolding of a sentence and can end a sentence.
The ellipsis, along with the general separating function, has a number of specific, varied meanings, which most often reflect emotional coloring speech.
The ellipsis conveys understatement, reticence, interruption of thought, and often its difficulty caused by great emotional stress.
An ellipsis can convey the significance of what was said, indicate subtext, hidden meaning.
With the help of ellipsis, the author, as it were, signals the reader about his feelings, impressions, asks to pay attention to next word or to the previous one, to what was written (to an unexpected or especially important information), conveys the hero’s excitement, etc.
Ellipsis is a punctuation mark in the form of three dots placed next to each other. In most cases it indicates an unfinished thought or pause.
Morphology is a branch of grammar that studies parts of speech (nouns, adjectives, verbs, etc.) and their forms. You can’t do without knowing the parts of speech in the Russian language.
Firstly, a person’s written literacy depends on knowledge of parts of speech, because many spelling rules are based on the ability to determine the part of speech of a specific word. For example, the use of a soft sign at the end of a word after sibilants depends primarily on what part of speech it is given word. If this is a noun of the 3rd declension, then “b” is written at the end (daughter, luxury, etc.), and if it is, let’s say, short adjective, then “b” is not written (mighty, dense). Or the noun “burn” is written with the vowel “o” after the sibilant at the root, and the verb “burn” is written with the vowel “e”.
Secondly, knowledge of parts of speech forms a person’s punctuation literacy. For example, such a part of speech as an interjection (oh, ah, well, etc.) is always highlighted in writing with commas.
Thus, morphology is very important section language sciences.
Each of us at school had to write dictations in our native language. And, probably, the most offensive thing was the reduction in the final grade due to a missing or extra comma. Let's find out why this symbol and others like it are so important in language, and what science specializes in this issue.
What does punctuation study?
At the end of the previous sentence there is a familiar one that signals to every reader that this is a question, not a statement. It is on the study of such signal elements that such a science as punctuation concentrates.
Moreover, she specializes not only in the formation and regulation of norms and rules for setting punctuation marks, but also studies their history.
What is it for?
Having learned what punctuation is studying, it is worth paying attention to its practical value. After all, for example, practical significance spelling is understandable to most of us - if you don’t teach people to write correctly, it will become unclear to others what they want to say: flight or litter, etc. At the same time, many “victims” of school punctuation repressions are still perplexed: what difference does it make where to put a comma? , why it is needed at all, and why it was formed to study it a whole science.
Let's figure it out. So, punctuation is important to make the text easier to understand. With its help, sentences or their parts are separated from each other. This allows the writer to concentrate on the thought he needs.
To more clearly understand the meaning of punctuation marks, it is worth recalling the “bearded” example from the cartoon “In the Land of Unlearned Lessons” - “Execution cannot be pardoned.”
The life of the main character, Vitya Perestukin, depended on where the comma was placed. If he had put it this way: “Execute, you cannot have mercy,” Vita would have faced death. Fortunately, the boy correctly translated the sign: “You cannot execute, but have mercy,” and thus was saved.
In addition to emphasizing certain parts of a sentence, punctuation often helps to understand its meaning.
For example, if you simply put a period at the end of the sentence “Our mother has come,” this will be a statement of the fact of the mother’s arrival.
If you replace it with a question mark, it will no longer be a statement of a fait accompli, but a question: “Has our mother come?”
Etymology of the term
Having considered what punctuation studies and why it is needed, we can pay attention to the origin of this concept.
The term under study was derived from the Latin word punctum, which translates as a point. Based on this, we can assume that the first punctuation mark in history is precisely the period (at least in Russian punctuation this is so).
It is believed that the ancient Greeks were the first to use it as a mark for the end of a sentence or even an entire paragraph.
Punctuation marks
Knowing what punctuation studies, it is worth going into more detail on this. In other words, let's pay attention to punctuation marks. They are also called punctuation and are elements of writing necessary to achieve such goals.
The main ones are:
- Separation/highlighting of words, phrases, semantic segments in a sentence or whole text.
- They indicate grammatical and sometimes logical connections between words.
- They indicate the emotional coloring of the sentence and its communicative type.
- They signal the completion/incompleteness of a statement/thought.
Unlike words, punctuation symbols are not parts of a sentence, although they perform very important functions in it.
The need for such signs is emphasized by the fact that in most text editors, when checking spelling, punctuation errors are highlighted in a separate color - green, while spelling errors are highlighted in red.
Types of punctuation marks that are in the Russian language
To remember exactly which separating symbols are used in Russian, it is worth remembering any lesson about punctuation. It necessarily mentioned most of these elements. All of them are divided into two categories: paired and unpaired.
The first is a much smaller number: quotes "", brackets (), 2 commas and 2 dashes.
They serve to highlight a word, phrase or part of a sentence and are always used together, functioning as a single whole.
In this case, quotation marks are also used to highlight names in Cyrillic and as a designation of direct speech.
By the way, the most common mistakes in punctuation of paired characters is forgetting to put the second one.
There are significantly more unpaired punctuation symbols. They are divided into groups according to their direct functions. Moreover, some of them are capable of performing not one, but two roles at once.
Analyzing the above, you will notice that nothing was said about the apostrophe. However this symbol refers to spelling, not punctuation. Therefore, we cannot talk about him in this context.
History of Russian punctuation
IN Russian Empire Punctuation as such did not exist until the second half of the 15th century. It was only in the 80s that the dot began to be used.
About 40 years later, commas began to be used in grammar.
The combination of these characters into one (semicolon) happened later. Moreover, checking the punctuation of ancient texts showed that it initially served as a question mark. So if, when reading a document dating back to earlier than the 18th century, there is a question mark, we can conclude that the paper is probably a fake.
However, since the 18th century. a special symbol began to be used to indicate a question. By the way, during the same period, the exclamation mark began to be used in the empire, which initially signaled surprise, and not an exclamation. That is why it was called "amazing".
The first paired sign in grammar Russian language parentheses, first noted when checking punctuation in a document of 1619, became
Dashes, quotation marks and ellipsis also appeared only in the 18th century. Moreover, one of their first and main popularizers was Nikolai Karamzin.
Unusual punctuation marks that are not used in modern Russian
In addition to the symbols that are well known to us, there are a number of signs that are not recognized by Russian and many other grammars. If you try to put them in a text editor, you will definitely receive a message about the need to correct the punctuation in the sentence.
- Interrobang is a hybrid of question and exclamation marks.
- A rhetorical question mark that looks like a mirror image of a regular symbol of this kind. It was used in English only for a few decades at the end of the 17th century.
- Ironic sign. Externally similar to the above, but slightly smaller and placed at the beginning of the sentence. Originated in France XIX V.
- A love symbol that is recommended to be used in greeting cards. It looks like a question mark and its reflection, together forming a heart.
- The consonant symbol looks like two exclamation marks written from one point. Symbolizes expression goodwill.
- A sign of confidence. It looks like an exclamation symbol crossed out in the form of a cross.
- Authoritative. Similar to the previous one, but it is crossed out not by the direct line, but by the league. Used in orders or advice.
- Asterism. Looks like three stars arranged in an inverted pyramid. Previously, it served to separate semantic chapters, as well as parts of books, or to indicate minor breaks in a long text.
- Exclamation and question commas. Designed for intonation highlighting of words or phrases within a sentence.
Punctuation(from lat. punctum - point) is a section of the Russian language that studies punctuation, as well as the punctuation system itself. Punctuation in Russian serves in order to convey as accurately as possible in writing what the author wanted to express. Punctuation rules created in order to regulate the intonation structure of speech, as well as syntactic and semantic relationships in the language.
We all remember the greatness and power of our language. This means not only its lexical richness, but also its flexibility. This also applies to punctuation - there are both strict rules and guidelines that depend on the situation, stylistic features and meaning of the text.
Punctuation in Russian speech achieved through punctuation. Punctuation marks- these are graphic symbols necessary to convey the intonation and meaning of a sentence, as well as to place certain accents in speech.
In Russian there are the following punctuation marks:
1) End of sentence marks: period, question mark and exclamation mark;
2) Sentence separation marks: comma, dash, colon and semicolon;
3) Signs highlighting individual parts of a sentence: quotes and parentheses.
I came home late. Why is the bedroom light still on? That's right, she was waiting for me! “Back at work again?” - she asked tiredly. The apartment smelled of medicine (she probably drank valerian tincture so as not to worry), so I tried to calm her down and go to bed as soon as possible. All the events of that day flashed before my eyes: a scandal at work; a reprimand from the boss who unfairly blamed me for what happened; walking through the city at night in thought.
Punctuation marks can be repeated and combined. For example, the use of a question mark and an exclamation mark at the same time indicates that we have rhetorical question(a question that does not require an answer or the answer to which everyone already knows):
Who knew that everything would happen exactly like this?!
How long?!
Can also be combined comma and dash. This combination allows you to connect different values:
A cool wind blew, it became dark in the forest, and a summer village evening was approaching.
This combination of punctuation marks can also be explained by the use of different constructions, for example, referring to a sentence with a dash between the subject and the predicate:
You, brother, are the dearest person left on earth for me.
Despite the fact that in the Russian language there are cases when there are no strict rules for the use of certain punctuation marks, even in such cases there are certain recommendations. For example, are there such cases basic punctuation, that is, one that is given preference. For example, the main punctuation mark when using inserted structures is parentheses:
After yesterday's downpour, all of us (except Anna, who happened to have a raincoat) fell ill with a cold.
In this case, it is possible to select plug-in design using a dash (minor punctuation mark in this case):
He sat down thoughtfully on the bench - it was wet after the rain - and thought about what happened today.
All punctuation rules and punctuation rules we will look in more detail in subsequent articles.
Punctuation marks are symbols used to format text. Why are punctuation marks needed? In a written text they perform the functions of separating and highlighting semantic parts, sentences, phrases and words, and also indicate the relationship between the elements of the text, their completeness, emotional coloring and intonation. Punctuation marks make text clearer and easier to understand when reading.
Without a correct understanding of why punctuation marks are needed, you cannot write an essay, all the thoughts in it will be mixed up, and you will end up with a real incoherent verbal mess. Let's talk about each sign separately. So, why do we need punctuation?
Dot
In writing it is used to complete sentences and separate one sentence from another “On the street it's raining. I decided to stay home today.", and to shorten the words "etc. - and so on".
Ellipsis
Used to indicate a pause or unfinished thought: “Yes, I keep thinking about how things could have turned out, what would have happened to us... Why did you ask me about this right now?” It is also used to indicate pauses, during a sharp transition from one action to another: “He listened silently... Suddenly he jumped up sharply and began to say that he did not agree and would never do what he was told.”
Exclamation mark
It completes the sentence and denotes emotional coloring - excitement, surprise, anger, intense joy and much more, depending on the context of the sentence itself: “Hurry! Otherwise we will be late!” An exclamation point can be placed not only at the end of a sentence, it can be used to highlight addresses: “Gentlemen! We're starting soon" or after the interjection: "Ah! I’m so sorry!”
Question mark
It is usually placed at the end of a sentence and expresses a question or doubt: “Why do we need GIA (state final certification) punctuation marks? Are they an integral attribute of correct written speech or a formality? The answer to this question, of course, is that without the correct use of punctuation marks it is impossible to write correctly.
Comma
It is used inside a sentence to separate its parts from each other (homogeneous members of a sentence, participial and participial phrases, simple sentences as part of complex ones, and much more. “The sun was shining so brightly that even insects were in a hurry to hide from it” - a complex sentence. “Only having reached before work, I remembered that I left all the documents at home” - participial phrase and a complex sentence.
Colon
It is placed inside a sentence and means that the part before it is connected with the part after it. When listing, a colon is placed after the generalizing word “And how many flowers there were: irises, daffodils, chrysanthemums, gerberas, lilies and roses!” A colon separates the author’s words from direct speech: “I thought: “What if something goes wrong?” The colon is also used in complex sentence, if one of the parts complements or explains the second: “He made this decision quickly, without thinking, he had reasons for it: he knew it was right.”
Dash
Used within a sentence and often replaces missing words or conjunctions. " Loving family- real happiness", the subject and predicate are nouns, a dash is used instead of the missing word "this". Also, a dash is used to indicate direct speech: “That’s exactly what I wanted to tell you,” she said and, after a pause, added, “but you never listened to me.”
Semicolon
Placed in a sentence if it has many components and commas, to separate parts: “The sun's glare jumped everywhere, reflecting from the water surface; who would have thought that such weather could exist in the middle of autumn.”
This is why punctuation marks are needed - they help to structure a sentence and highlight its individual parts. Why do we need copyright punctuation? They help to formulate a thought and draw the reader’s attention to precisely the moment that he considers the most important, even if, according to the rules, such an arrangement of signs is impossible.
There are only 10 punctuation marks. But in writing they help to express all the variety of shades of meaning. oral speech. The same sign can be used in different cases. And at the same time play a different role. 20 chapters outline the main patterns of punctuation marks that are studied at school. All rules are illustrated with clear examples. Give them some time special attention. If you remember the example, you will avoid mistakes.
Introduction: What is punctuation?
§1. Meaning of the term punctuation
§2. What punctuation marks are used in written speech in Russian?
§3. What role do punctuation marks play?Chapter 1. Signs of completeness and incompleteness of thought. Period, question mark, exclamation mark. Ellipsis
Period, question and exclamation marks
Ellipsis at the end of a sentenceChapter 2. Signs of incompleteness of a statement. Comma, semicolon
§1. Comma
§2. SemicolonChapter 3. Sign of incompleteness of a statement. Colon
Why do you need a colon?
Colon in a simple sentence
Colon in a complex sentenceChapter 4. Sign of incompleteness of a statement. Dash
§1. Dash
§2. Double dashChapter 5. Double signs. Quotes. Parentheses
§1. Quotes
§2. ParenthesesChapter 6. Punctuation of a simple sentence. Dash between subject and predicate
A dash is placed
There is no dashChapter 7. Punctuation of a simple sentence with a complex structure. Punctuation marks for homogeneous members
§1. Punctuation marks for homogeneous members without a generalizing word
§2. Punctuation marks for homogeneous members with a generalizing wordChapter 8. Punctuation of a simple sentence complicated by a separate definition
§1. Separating agreed definitions
§2. Separating inconsistent definitions
§3. Segregation of applicationsChapter 9. Punctuation of a simple sentence complicated by a separate circumstance
Circumstances are isolated
Circumstances are not isolatedChapter 10. Punctuation of a simple sentence, complicated by clarifying or explanatory members of the sentence.
§1. Clarification
§2. ExplanationChapter 11. Punctuation of a simple sentence complicated by introductory words, introductory sentences and inserted constructions
§1. Sentences with introductory words
§2. Offers with introductory sentences
§3. Offers with plug-in structuresChapter 12. Punctuation when addressing
Addresses and their punctuation in writing
Chapter 13. Punctuation in comparative phrases
§1. Separate comparative turns with commas
§2. Turns with a conjunction: comparative and non-comparativeChapter 14. Punctuation in direct speech
§1. Punctuation of direct speech accompanied by the words of the author
§2. Dialogue punctuation