Conditional mood in Russian. Verb mood: imperative, indicative, conditional

In the Russian language, there are three types of verb mood: indicative, imperative and conditional. The latter is also called the subjunctive. This is a very important classification because each form listed helps determine how what is mentioned in the sentence relates to reality. The chosen mood of the verb may imply a request or order that the action has happened, is happening or will happen in reality, and also that it is only desired or will take place if some necessary conditions are met.

The first type is indicative, which is also called “indicative”. This form means that the action has happened, is happening, or will actually happen. Verbs in the indicative mood change tenses. Moreover, for imperfective verbs, all three tenses take place: past, present and complex future (for example: thought - I think - I will think, I did - I do - I will do, I looked for - I look for - I will look for), and for the perfective form there are only two: past and simple future (for example: came up with - I'll come up with done - I'll do it, found it - I'll find it). In the future and present tenses, the vowel at the end of the infinitive stem disappears in some cases (for example: hear - hear, see - see).

Second type - conditional or subjunctive mood, which is also called “subjunctive”. This form means that the action did not actually happen, but is only desired, planned for the future, unrealizable, or will be realized when some necessary conditions are met. (For example: I would fly into space to study distant stars. In a year I would like to go to the sea. I would read other people's thoughts. I would go for a walk if the rain stops.) Verbs in the present and future tense are not used to form the conditional mood. It is composed exclusively with the help of a past tense verb (that is, the base of the infinitive, adding the suffix “-l-”), as well as the particle “would” or “b”. These particles can be found both before and after the verb, and can also be separated from it by other words. (For example: I would go to the museum. I would love to go to the museum). Verbs in the conditional mood change by number, and in the singular also by gender, but they never change by person and, as already stated, by tense. (For example: I would look, I would look, I would look).

Third type - imperative mood, which is also called “imperative”. This form means a request, advice, order, or encouragement to action. Verbs in the imperative mood are most often used in the 2nd person. In this case, they have a zero ending in the singular and a “-te” ending in the plural. They also do not change over time. The imperative mood is formed using a verb stem in the present or simple future tense, to which is added the suffix “-and-” or in some cases a zero suffix. (For example: Remember, you must do this! Stop doing nonsense! Watch this movie!)

It is also possible to use the 1st person plural form. It is used to encourage joint action in which the speaker will also participate. Then the imperative mood is formed using the infinitive of an imperfect verb or a perfect verb in the future tense, preceded by the following words: come on, let's go. (For example: Let's go to the cinema. Let's cook breakfast. Let's try this dish.)

The 3rd person singular and plural forms are used to form the imperative mood when it is necessary to express an impulse to action of people not participating in the dialogue. In this case, it is formed using a verb in the form of the present or simple future tense and the following particles: yes, let, let. (For example: Let him buy bread. Let them come to me. Long live the king!)

From time to time, to soften the order, the particle “-ka” is added to imperative verbs (for example: Go to the store. Show me the diary. Bring me a book.)

In some cases, there are exceptions when mood forms are used in a figurative sense, namely in a meaning that is usually characteristic of another mood.

Thus, a verb in the form of the imperative mood can take on the meaning of the conditional mood (for example: Without his will, nothing would have happened. If he had not noticed the loss in time, disaster would have happened.) or indicative mood (for example: And she suddenly said that she had already seen this man. And he can do it his way!)

A verb in the indicative mood can take on an imperative meaning. (For example: Get up quickly, you'll be late! Let's go dig potatoes.)

A verb in the conditional mood can also take on an imperative meaning. (For example: I would tell it like it is. Would you help your friend in need?.)

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We continue to study English grammar, and today we want to introduce you to a curious grammatical phenomenon in English language. Is it a conditional mood or Conditional Mood . We will look at the types of this mood, examples of sentences with it, etc. How is the conditional mood constructed in English?

The conditional mood in English is a very interesting thing. As in Russian, the conditional mood in English indicates that an action can or should be performed under some condition. But still there is significant differences from Russian.

Sentences in the conditional mood are complex sentences, usually consisting of two simple ones, of which one is main and the second is dependent. The main clause expresses the condition of the action in the dependent clause.

The catch is that English has three cases or types of conditional, while Russian has only two. But if you look carefully, you will understand that everything is not so complicated.

In Russian: the first type expresses a real condition in the present tense; the second type expresses an unreal condition in the past tense.

• If I go home, I'll have lunch.
• If I went home, I would have lunch. (And since I didn’t go home, I didn’t have lunch, that is, the action is unrealistic under this condition)

In English: the first type expresses a real condition in the present tense; the second type expresses a real condition in the past tense; the third type indicates an unreal condition in the past tense. Let's follow the same sentence, but in English:

• If I go home, I will have lunch
• If I went home, I would have lunch
• If I had gone home, I would have had lunch.

Now let’s look at each type of Conditional Mood in the language we are studying separately.

The easiest one is the first type!

It really couldn't be easier. Here we are dealing with a real condition in the present tense.

Pay attention to the phrase If I have money, I buy a car (If I have money, I'll buy a car). The main part of this sentence can also be in the future tense: If I have money, I will buy a car.

For example:

• If you drink a lot of coffee, you have problems with your heart. Or: If you drink a lot of coffee, you will have problems with your heart. — If you drink a lot of coffee, you will have heart problems.

But a subordinate clause in English can never be in the future tense. After the word If the verb must be in the present tense Present Simple. That is, the subordinate clause is in the present tense, and most importantly - in the future.

Example sentences:

• If you eat a lot of sweets, you will have problems with your teeth. — If you eat a lot of sweets, you will have problems with your teeth
• I will speak with Tom, if I find him. — I'll talk to Tom if I find him.
• If we go home, we will have a rest. - If we go home, we will rest.

As we see, in each sentence there is a real action under a real condition.
Three types of English conditional

Second type of conditional

The second type expresses a real condition in the past tense. And here, as in the first case, we are dealing with a real action under a real condition. IN in this case the subordinate clause must be in Past Simple, and most importantly - in Future in the Past.

Pay attention to the example sentences:

• If I had money, I would buy a flat. — If I had money, I would buy an apartment
• If you did your homework, you would get a good mark. - If you did homework, you would get a good grade.

Instead of would in the main clause there may be should, could, might. For example:

• If you met Jim, you should speak with him. — If you met Jim, you would talk to him
• You could read the whole book, if you wanted. -You could read the whole book if you wanted.
• You might take my notebook, if I brought it. “You could have taken my laptop if I had brought it.”

Don't be afraid of the third type!

The third case of the conditional mood does not occur in Russian. But if you familiarize yourself with the scheme according to which it is built, then there is nothing complicated.

Please note: in subordinate clause the verb is in Past Perfect, and in the main scheme would + have + verb + ending -ed (or third form of the verb).

This type expresses an unreal, impossible condition in the past tense. Note:

• If you had won the competition, you would have gone to France. — If you won the competition, you would go to France. (But you didn’t win, so you won’t go, that is, action under this condition is impossible)
• If we had come on time, we would have met Ann. - If we had arrived on time, we would have found Anna. (But we didn’t arrive on time, so we didn’t find her; the action is unrealistic under this condition).

Here, as in the second type, the main clause can also contain verbs should, could, might. Eg:

• If she had spoken with her brother, he could have given his car. — If she had talked to her brother, he could have given him his car.
• You should have been more polite with mr Anders, if you had wanted. — You could be more polite to Mr. Anders if you wanted.
• If I had found Tom, I might have spoken with him about that case. - If I had found Tom, I would have talked to him about that incident.

The third type, Conditional, expresses an unreal action under an unreal condition.

Well, as we have seen, the conditional mood in English plays a very important role, and is an important part of English speech. Use it to express a condition in an action. You will definitely make friends with him. We wish you success!

Verbs of the Russian language are characterized by a category of mood, which serves to correlate the action expressed by a given part of speech with reality. Thus, there are indicative, imperative and conditional (subjunctive) moods of the verb. Moreover, the first two are contrasted with the third on the basis of the reality/unreality of the action. Each of the moods has its own semantic and grammatical characteristics.

Indicative mood of the verb

Verbs in the form of this mood express an action that actually occurs in one of three tenses: I slept, I sleep, I will sleep (sleep). Consequently, verbs in this mood have the category of tense, person and number (in the present and future tenses), as well as gender (in the past tense). The formal indicator of this mood of a verb is personal endings.

Imperative verb

This mood is a linguistic way of expressing an impulse to action, an order or a request. Unlike the indicative, verbs in the imperative mood are characterized only by the categories of person and number, and they do not have tense. This mood has several forms with their own formal indicators and semantic features:

The 2nd person form of both numbers is produced using the suffix -i- / suffixless and using the postfix -te. It denotes an incentive to action addressed directly to the interlocutor: run, do, touch, jump;

The 3rd person form is a call to action by third parties and even inanimate objects. The imperative mood of the verb in this case is formed in an analytical way, that is, it consists of several words: let, let, yes, plus the 3rd person form of the indicative mood, for example, long live, let them do it, yes the sun will rise etc.;

the 1st person form is also formed analytically (by adding the words come on, let's go to the initial form of the imperfective form or to the 1st person form of the future perfective tense) and denotes an incentive to action, in which the speaker himself wants to become a participant: let's run away, let's sing, let's dance, etc.

Verbs in the form of this mood denote an unreal action - desirable or possible under certain conditions. The formal indicator is the particle would (b), which can be located either immediately before or after the verb, or distantly, separated from the verb by other members of the sentence: I would do, I would do, I would certainly do. Verbs in the form of the conditional mood are characterized by changes in gender and number.

Using one mood as another

There are often speech situations when, in order to achieve maximum effect one mood of a verb in Russian is used to mean another, for example:

indicative in the role of imperative: You're going to bed now!

imperative in the meaning of conditional: If I were a little more perspicacious...

conditional in the role of imperative: You should listen to the opinion of experts.

That's why it's so important. This part of speech is necessary in order to correctly name and describe the action. Like other parts of speech, it has its own morphological features, which can be constant or inconsistent. So, to the constants morphological characteristics include person, gender, tense, number. Let's look at the concept of verb mood in Russian. How to determine it? All these questions can be answered in this article.

What is inclination?

This is a grammatical feature of a verb that helps modify the word. This category necessary in order to express process relation, which just calls this word, to reality.

Important! Verb forms are indicative, imperative and conditional moods

Depending on how the words express the attitude towards the processes that occur in reality, there are moods for verbs:

• direct;
• indirect.

By direct we mean the indicative mood, which allows you to objectively convey the action. For example: Yesterday we watched a movie.

Indirect is an imperative or imperative mood. It serves to express those processes that do not coincide with reality. For example: I would read this novel tomorrow, but I will go on a visit.

Thinking about the definition of a verb

Kinds

The classification is based on the features and peculiarities of the lexical meaning of verbs.

In modern times there are three types:

1. Indicative.
2. Conditional.
3. Imperative.

The first type usually denotes the action that is actually happening and could happen in the past, can happen in the present and can happen in the future. For example: I will do my homework on Thursday.

The second type denotes an act that will be performed in the future, but under a certain condition. For example: I would do my homework on Thursday, but I'm going to the theater.

The third type is either an order to do something or a request. For example: Be sure to learn your homework tomorrow.

Three types of verb mood

How to determine the mood of a verb

In order to determine this, it is necessary to understand how the action occurs and what grammatical characteristics it has. So, verbs in the indicative show a real action, so this word will change over time.

If the verb is in the imperative form, then it is the action will be performed by some other person. Such words usually encourage some kind of activity.

Therefore, the action will not be actually performed, but required. Most often, to obtain the imperative verb form, they use a specific tense, for example, the future or the present, to which the suffix -i must be added. But it’s possible without it. For example, catch, scream, die. If it is used in the plural, then the ending te is added respectfully to the ending of such a word. For example, catch, scream, die.

The conditional refers to those actions that would occur if all the necessary conditions were present. By the way, the conditional is also called the subjunctive. This form is easy to identify in the text, since it usually always contains a particle would or b. For example, I would jump into the river if I had a swimsuit.

Important! Any verbal word form can be used in oral and writing not only in the literal sense, but also figuratively. Usually a figurative meaning completely changes the meaning of a word, so this category also changes.

Indicative

The most common verbal word form in the Russian language is considered to be indicative, since it allows us to talk about what happens in reality to a person, object or any person. Only the indicative can determine time, and how this action is performed will depend on what it is: in reality or in the future.

Another feature of this form is the change in persons and numbers. If the verb is perfective, then it can change tenses:

1. The present.
2. Future.
3. Past.

Each time is formed here in its own way. Thus, the future tense is formed using the word “to be”, which is added to the verb in the indefinite form. But this is a complex form of the future tense, and the simple form is . For example: I clean my apartment all day long. (present time). I cleaned the apartment all day long. (past tense). I will clean the apartment all day long. (bud. time).

The indicative mood can be found in various types of speech, and therefore in many speech situations These are the most commonly used verb forms.

Conditional

Words that are used in conditional form indicate actions that can occur, but some conditions are necessary for this to happen. For example: I would pass this test if I had help. To form such forms, you simply need to put the verb in the past tense and attach the particle would or b. The particle can appear anywhere in a sentence. It is necessary in order to highlight the word you need, which can be any part of speech.

The subjunctive, or conditional, also has its own peculiarities of use. It allows not only to express some action that could occur if special capabilities were created for this, but also helps express desires and dreams, doubts and fears.

The subjunctive mood in Russian helps to express the nuances of the conditions of action. Examples: I would like to go to the sea if my work didn’t keep me. There wouldn't be any trouble!

Imperative

Imperative verbs encourage the person listening to the speech to take some action. Such words, varied in emotional and grammatical design, can be either polite when they contain some kind of request, or an order. For example: please bring a book. Bring a book!

This article talks about how the conditional mood is formed and used in Russian speech. To make it more interesting for children to get acquainted with a complex topic, you can use a fairy tale. Interesting story about the conditional mood will probably be remembered by students rather than a dry presentation of the material. So, we read the fairy tale and find in it a hint that since ancient times there was good fellows good lesson.

The first chapter of the fairy tale about how the conditional mood was formed

Once upon a time in the Verb State there lived the most different words. Of course, the bulk of the population were verbs. But next to them lived both particles and short adjectives. Only the verbs considered themselves to be members of the upper class, and did not care for the rest. Particles especially suffered from them. They were too small and could not fight back.

The ones that were most proud of were the imperative verbs. They were just pretending to be gentlemen.

Everyone must obey us. Come on, quickly carry out our orders! Step by step to the kitchen! Cook dinner, wash the dishes - that's it!

They didn't even care about other verb forms. The rest of the residents of the state were very offended by them, but they could not do anything. And little by little we stopped communicating with them. Only the verbs of the imperative mood did not pay any attention to this - they continued to command.

And then take the verb in the past tense and make friends with the particle Would! Yes, they liked being together so much that they became inseparable - where one is, there is another. They climb somewhere far away from everyone and dream...

“If only there had been a good rain, a lot of mushrooms would have grown in the forest!” - says one. “And then we would go and pick up a whole basket!” - echoes his interlocutor. Only there is no rain. The earth is already cracked from the heat, and the trees have lost their leaves, what kind of mushrooms are there? After all, if there are no conditions for performing an action, there is no action itself.

The friends will sit and sit and start dreaming again. Only all the time the particle Be sets some condition: it would be possible to go to the cinema, if classes at school ended early, then it would be nice to eat ice cream, but my throat hurts. This is how the conditional mood was formed.

Chapter two: about how friends were getting ready for a space flight

Sometimes comrades were simply carried away into unreality. For example, they began to think about what would happen if a ship with aliens landed on the city. And they got such sentences with a conditional mood that at least write down a fantastic book! “We would make friends with aliens from outer space and ask to stay on their planet for a while!” No, well, has anyone heard this? Laughter, and that's all! And this is an example of using the actual conditional mood in its literal meaning!

Why literally? Yes, this is simply impossible in reality, but in fantasy or parallel worlds- easily. That is why this option is classified as a counterfactual meaning of the conditional mood.

It is worth saying that sometimes the direct meaning of their dreams was hypothetical, that is, quite acceptable in real world. Friends could even give good advice to neighbors. Clear recommendations more than once helped to avoid troubles, although they used the conditional mood. Do you need examples? Please!

So their neighbor began to build a new house for himself. Yes, he lays bricks right on the sand - he builds a wall. So his comrades could not stand it, they came up and told him bluntly: “You, my friend, should have poured the foundation first, and then done the brickwork!” They hinted this modestly, carefully, and the unlucky builder listened to them - and avoided huge troubles!

Chapter four: about how friends of neighbors organized to help, or the direct meaning of the actual conditional mood in positive and negative connotations

Friends were able not only to express their desires but to aimlessly dream about the impossible. Sometimes they could put others to shame, so to speak, so that they had to hide their red cheeks for a long time. Here, for example, is how, using the conditional form, they forced neighbors to help build a house: “At least someone would help! At least one person’s conscience has awakened!” And, expressing their negative connotation, they themselves were the first to take up a shovel - to dig a hole for the foundation.

If necessary, they could put the presumptuous neighbor in his place. It was even possible to drive someone away using the subjunctive mood. “Couldn’t you, good sir, choose further back streets for your walks?” - after such a phrase, it is unlikely that anyone will have the desire to be near those for whom this presence is undesirable.

Fifth chapter: about how Little Red Riding Hood’s friends saved her from the Wolf, or the figurative meaning of the conditional mood

So it was only at first glance that the friends might seem spineless and characterless. In fact, they knew how to both give good advice and scold. But they did it gently, carefully. This action is also called the pragmatic function of inclination.

That is, friends say real things, but not in a categorical form, which is why they say that in the sentence the conditional mood is used in a figurative meaning, because no conditions are needed to perform an action.

“We would advise you, dear girl, not to talk to this animal,” friends once intervened in Little Red Riding Hood’s conversation with Gray Wolf. They said so strictly, with pressure. And, although the particle By, as always, stood next to the verb, it became clear to the Wolf that it was present here only to soften the address, so as not to frighten the girl. “You, bully, should have gone your way, otherwise you wouldn’t get hit between your ears with this club!” - they threatened the evil and cunning predator. And the phrase sounded as if friends were using the imperative mood.

Chapter six: how the conditional mood was elected to the government of the state

The election campaign has begun in the country. The imperative, of course, immediately began to run for president. “Vote for us! Everyone go to the polls quickly! Choose the imperative mood!” - it screamed at all intersections. And only the conditional mood modestly declared: “We should choose a different government, comrades. If everyone pulled together, we could create a truly happy society.” And the residents of the country thought: “Could you help us build a kindergarten and the hospital? And it would be great if we built a sanatorium on the seashore for everyone who wants to relax, and absolutely free of charge!” And the Glagolians agreed.

So, with the help of a request, friends were able to organize the beginning of the construction of an entire social complex in the country. And it seemed like there was no order here, but no one could refuse. This is how the conditional mood turned into an imperative mood.

The citizens of the Verb State thought, and elected friends as president. But they still took representatives of other inclinations as assistants. So that everything is fair. So the indicative, conditional, and imperative moods began to rule the country together. One head, as they say, is good, but when there are many minds, it is even better.

Briefly about the main thing

The form of the conditional (subjunctive) mood in writing coincides with the past tense verb in combination with the particle “would”. With verbs, the particle is always written separately. It can appear anywhere in a sentence.

The verb is formed in the same way as the past tense form, that is, from the stem indeterminate form with the suffix -l-. It varies by gender and number. The verb is also conjugated according to the past tense pattern.