Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation
Universal Institute of Innovative Technologies
Faculty: Jurisprudence
Coursework
Types of political regimes
Completed by a student
2nd year, full-time
Faculty of Law
Scientific supervisor:
Moscow, 2008
P L A N:
1. Introduction,
2. Typology of political regimes ,
1. Despotic regime
2. Tyrannical regime
3. Totalitarian regime
4. Fascist (racist) regime
6. Liberal regime
7. Democratic regime
8.Feudalism
9.Plutocracy
10.Dictatorship
11.Corporatocracy
12.Meritocracy
13.Oligarchy
14. Ochlocracy
15. Anarchism
3. Conclusion
4. List of references.
INTRODUCTION
Humanity has been searching for the most perfect forms for thousands of years.
state organization of society. These forms change with the development of the
society. The form of government, the structure of the state, the political regime are
a method of power that characterizes the relationship between the ruling elite and the population and is a set of methods of practical implementation state power.
Political regime determines the level of political freedom in society, legal status individuals, gives answers to questions about how state power is exercised, to what extent the population is allowed to manage the affairs of society, including law-making.
The term “political regime” appears in scientific circulation in the 60s. XX century, category, “political regime”, according to some scientists; due to its synthetic nature, it should have been considered as a synonym for the form of the state. According to others, the political regime should be excluded altogether from the form of the state, since the functioning of the state is characterized not by the political, but by the state regime.
The discussions of that period gave rise to broad and narrow approaches to understanding the political (state) regime.
The broad approach refers to the political regime as phenomena political life and to the political system of society as a whole. Narrow - makes it accessible only state life and the state, since it specifies other elements of the form of the state: the form of government and the form of government, as well as the forms and methods for the state to carry out its functions. Thus, to characterize the form of the state, the political regime is important both in the narrow sense of the word (the set of techniques and methods of state leadership) and in the broad sense (the level of guarantee of democratic rights and political freedoms of the individual, the degree of compliance of official constitutional and legal forms with political realities , the nature of the attitude of power structures to the legal foundations of state and public life).
Over the centuries-old history of the existence of the state as a social phenomenon, many types of political regimes have been used.
1. Despotic regime (from Greek - unlimited power). This regime is characteristic of an absolute monarchy. In despotism, power is exercised exclusively by one person. But since in fact a despot cannot govern alone, he is forced to entrust some managerial affairs to another person who enjoys special trust in him (in Russia these were Malyuta Skuratov, Menshikov, Arakcheev). In the East, this person was called a vizier. The despot certainly left punitive and tax functions behind him. The will of the despot is arbitrary and sometimes manifests itself not only as autocracy, but also as tyranny. The main thing in a despotic state is obedience, fulfillment of the will of the ruler. But there is a force that can resist the will of a despot, this is religion, it is also obligatory for the sovereign.
Despotism is characterized by the brutal suppression of any independence, discontent, indignation and even disagreement of the ruled. The sanctions applied in this case are shocking in their severity, and they, as a rule, do not correspond to the crime, but are determined arbitrarily. The main sanction most often used is death penalty. At the same time, the authorities strive for its visibility in order to sow fear among the people and ensure their obedience.
A despotic regime is characterized by complete lack of rights for its subjects. The lack of basic rights and freedoms reduces them to the status of cattle. We can only talk about satisfying physiological needs, and even then not to the fullest extent.
Despotism is basically a thing of the historical past. Modern world does not accept her.
2. Tyrannical regime (from Greek - tormentor) is established, as a rule, in territory that has undergone military conquest. It is based on individual rule, but is characterized by the presence of the institution of a governor, and not the institution of a trusted person (vizier). The power of a tyrant is cruel. In an effort to suppress resistance, he executes not only for expressed disobedience, but also for discovered intent in this regard, that is, preventively, in order to sow fear among the population.
Taking possession of the territory and population of another country is associated, as a rule, with physical and moral violence not only against people, but also against the customs of the people. When new rulers introduce orders that are contrary to the way of life and thoughts of people, especially if they impose other religious norms, the people experience tyrannical power very hard ( Ottoman Empire). Laws do not work because tyrannical authorities, as a rule, do not have time to create them.
Tyrannical rule is perceived by the people as oppression, and the tyrant as an oppressor. This regime also existed in the early stages of human development ( ancient world, early Middle Ages). Compared to despotism, tyranny seems to be a slightly less harsh regime. The “mitigating circumstance” here is the fact of oppression of not one’s own people, but someone else’s.
Types of tyrannies
There are several historical types of tyranny:
· early Greek (or older) tyranny;
· pro-Persian tyranny in the conquered Persians greek cities Asia Minor and the islands of the Aegean Sea;
· late Greek (or younger) tyranny.
Early Greek tyranny arose during the formation of the city policies (VII-VI centuries BC) in the process of a fierce struggle between the clan nobility and the demos, led by the trade and craft elite of the city; became widespread in economically developed areas of Greece. Coming to power with the help armed forces and relying on the support of the demos, the tyrants carried out important reforms to improve the situation of artisans, peasants, the poorest urban and rural strata, promoted the development of crafts, trade and the process of colonization (for example, Cypselus and Periander in Corinth; Theagenes in Megara; Thrasybulus in Miletus; Peisistratus in Athens; Gelon, Hiero I, Thrasybulus in Syracuse). Typically, reforms were directed against the clan aristocracy and contributed to the consolidation of elements of class society and the state.
Generated by the peculiarities of the transition from a tribal system to a class one, relying mainly on military force, tyranny was not a stable regime and by the middle of the 5th century BC. e. historically outlived its usefulness, giving way to a polis republic.
Pro-Persian tyranny existed during the period of the Persian conquest of the Greek cities of Asia Minor and the islands (late 6th century BC); The Greeks called tyrants the governors appointed over them by the Persians from representatives of oligarchic circles (for example, Silosontos on Samos, Coy in Mytilene, etc.).
Late Greek tyranny arose at the end of the 5th century. BC e. in the conditions of an acute social struggle between the wealthy and noble elite of the polis and the ruined layers of the demos, and existed until the 2nd century. BC e. It was carried out by the leaders of mercenary detachments and led to the liquidation of the polis republics (for example, Dionysius I the Elder, Agathocles and others in Syracuse; Lycophron and Jason in Thessaly; Machanidas and Nabis in Sparta, etc.
3. Totalitarian regime (from Late Lat. - complete, whole, all-encompassing) can otherwise be called all-encompassing power. The economic basis of totalitarianism is large property: feudal, monopolistic, state. A totalitarian state is characterized by the presence of one official ideology. A set of ideas about social life set by the ruling elite. Among such ideas, the main “historical” idea stands out: religious (in Iraq, Iran), communist (in former USSR: the current generation will live under communism), economic (in China: to catch up and overtake the West through a great leap), patriotic or sovereign, etc. Moreover, the idea is formulated so popularly, simply, that it can be understood and accepted for leadership by all layers of society, even the most uneducated. The state's monopoly on the media contributes to the sincere support of the government by the population. There is one ruling party that declares itself the leading force in society. Since this party gives “the most correct guidelines,” the reins of government are given into its hands: the party and state apparatus are merging.
Totalitarianism is characterized by extreme centrism. The center of a totalitarian system is the leader. His position is akin to divine. He is declared to be the wisest, infallible, fair, tirelessly thinking about the good of the people. Any critical attitude towards him is brutally persecuted. Against this background, there is an increase in power executive bodies. Among government agencies the “power fist” stands out (police, state security agencies, prosecutor’s office, etc.). Punitive agencies are constantly growing, since they are the ones who have to use violence that is in the nature of terror - physical and mental. Control is established over all spheres of social life: political, economic, personal, etc., and therefore life in such a state becomes like behind a glass partition. The individual is limited in rights and freedoms, although formally they can even be proclaimed.
Political regime- a set of methods, techniques and forms of implementing political relations in society, that is, the way it functions political system. Characterized by implementation methods political power, the measure of citizen participation in governance, the attitude of state institutions to the legal foundations of their own activities, the degree of political freedom in society, the openness or closedness of political elites in terms of social mobility, the actual state of the legal status of the individual.
Aristotle divided political regimes into two types - right and wrong. They differ from each other in their purposefulness: in the right regime, power is used for the common good, and in the wrong – for the sake of the interests of a certain ruling group or personality.
Aristotle refers to the first type of political regime: monarchy (rule of one); aristocracy (rule by a few); republic (rule by many). In the latter case, some authors retain the Greek term “politea”; the thinker also names as many incorrect forms of government: tyranny (the use of power in the interests of one person); oligarchy (power is used in the interests of the few); democracy (dominance of the poor majority over the rich minority).
In the 16th century French thinker J. Badin, relying on the ideas of Aristotle, in his multi-volume work “The Republic” develops theories about state sovereignty and royal absolutism. At the center of these theories is the idea of an indivisible, strong and effective state power, standing above the law. The thinker endowed the monarch with the right to exercise absolute, unlimited power. Baden proposed his qualifications of political regimes, which he divided into three types: monarchy (supreme power belongs to one person); an aristocracy (a minority of the population is in power) and a people's state or republic (the entire people take part in the exercise of power).
Usually there are two basic type political regimes:
1. Undemocratic political regimes. Totalitarian and authoritarian.
2. Democratic political regime.
Totalitarianism. Translated from Latin, “totalitarian” means “relating to the whole.” The term was introduced by the ideologist of Italian fascism G. Gentile, who called for the total subordination of man to the state and the dissolution of the individual in political history.
The model proposed by American political scientists K. Friedrich and Z. Brzezinski, which includes six basic characteristics:
Centralized management and management of the economy;
General control over an individual's behavior social sphere;
Recognition of the leadership role of one party in political sphere and its implementation of its dictatorship (state and party structures merge and the “party-state” phenomenon is formed);
The dominance of official ideology;
Concentration in the hands of the state and the party of all means of mass communications;
Concentration in the hands of the party and the state of all means of armed violence.
Thus, the state exercises total control over all spheres of life of society as a whole and the individual as well.
Totalitarian regimes are traditionally divided into “left” and “right” forms. They differ in the nature of their ideologies, goals and objectives that the hegemonic parties set before the masses.
Authoritarianism(from the Latin auctor - initiator, founder, creator and auctoritas - opinion, decision, right) is defined as a regime in which the meaning of government is the concentration of power in the hands of one or several leaders who do not pay attention to achieving public consensus regarding the legitimacy of their power, however, there are certain restrictions on power. Sometimes seen as an extreme form of authoritarian regime. Modern authoritarian regimes have a number of features of a transitional regime, occupying an intermediate position between democracy and totalitarianism. An authoritarian regime can act in the form of a dictatorship and be more liberal. The latest forms of authoritarianism are a kind of symbiosis of autocratic and democratic tendencies.
Traditionally, supporters of authoritarian power have advocated active government intervention in issues of ideology and behavior of citizens and, accordingly, the destruction of individual opinions. Authoritarian regimes, compared to totalitarian ones, have greater chances of transition to democracy, because here economic interests independent of the state already appear, on the basis of which political interests can be formed, and therefore, there is potential for political self-organization of civil society. The transition from totalitarianism to democracy requires not only political reforms, but also comprehensive economic reform.
Democratic regime. Translated from Greek, “democracy” means “power of the people” (demos - people, cratos - power). A form of political organization of society based on the recognition of the people as the source of power, on their right to participate in public affairs and endowing citizens with a fairly wide range of rights and freedoms. American President A. Lincoln: “government of the people, chosen by the people and for the people.”
The first idea of democracy as a form of government arose in ancient Greece. Aristotle defined democracy as "the rule of all." But when considering the history of the formation of democracy, it is discovered that of all the examples that existed in the past, the most democratic was “primitive democracy,” where decisions were made by all adult members of the clan or tribe. Only by the middle of the twentieth century, having gone through the process of removing class property and other restrictions, equal civil and political rights for all layers of society became a reality, incl. general elections to legislative bodies. Modern democracy differs from previous historical models in other significant features, primarily liberalism, i.e. respect and protection of human rights, incl. rights of the opposition (those who are in at the moment remained in the minority) to defend their opinions and criticize the government.
Modern democracy includes a set of democratic institutions, procedures and values that ensure the stability of the political system.
Main features democracy:
1. Sovereignty of the people - the people are the source of power, they are the ones who choose their government representatives and periodically replace them.
2. Periodic election of the main government bodies makes it possible to ensure a clear, legitimate mechanism for the succession of power.
3. Universal, equal and secret suffrage. One citizen - one vote.
4. A Constitution that establishes the priority of individual rights over the state and provides a citizen-approved mechanism for resolving disputes between the individual and the state.
5. The principle of separation of powers (legislative, executive and judicial) in building the state apparatus.
6. Availability developed system representation (parliamentarism).
7. Guarantee of fundamental human rights.
8. Political pluralism, allowing legal action not only political and social movements supporting government policies, but also opposition parties and organizations.
9. Freedom of expression of political opinions and freedom to form associations and movements is complemented by a variety of different sources of information, independent media.
10. Democratic decision-making procedure: elections, referendums, parliamentary voting. Decisions are made by the majority while respecting the right of the minority to dissent.
11. Resolving conflicts peacefully.
Basic forms of democracy:
Depending on the forms of people’s participation in the exercise of power, they distinguish direct, plebiscitary and representative democracy.
In direct democracy, there are no mediating links between the will of the people and its implementation in decisions - the people themselves participate in the discussion and decision-making. Today it is used in organizations and small communities (cities, communities) as self-government.
Plebiscitary democracy is another channel for expressing the will of the people. A number of researchers consider it as a type of direct democracy and do not classify it as a separate group. This form of democracy is the vote of the people on major government issues, on draft laws and other decisions through a referendum, sometimes called a plebiscite, which literally means a popular decision.
The political regime is the totality of all the norms of the political life of the country, as well as methods and forms of exercising power in it. In today's social sciences, this term is quite vague and does not have a clearly defined
delineated boundaries. Thus, according to some approaches to definition, a political regime can closely coincide with the concept of a political system, and sometimes even mean the same thing. Some researchers see the state regime as a practical way to implement the declared political system. This means that under the same system, the political regime can change. For example, the institutional basis of power may not correspond to the practical participation of the people, as well as compliance with civil rights in the country. Other scientists actually identify these two concepts. The classification of political regimes, as well as systems, today involves three main and a number of secondary categories.
Democracy
The people are recognized as the supreme bearer of power in the state. All legislative and executive government bodies are elected by direct or indirect voting on the basis of popular sympathies and aspirations. Subsequently, after election, the government becomes an exponent of the will of voters in its domestic and international activities. Modern political regimes, as a rule, presuppose just such an organizational principle. The characteristic features of democracy are: popular election of government structures, separation of branches of power, rights and obligations - civil and universal - secured by law, political pluralism, the existence of many parties representing different categories of the population.
Such a political regime is a consequence of the seizure of complete power in the state by one person or group of individuals. And by subjugating them to the will of all branches of government. In such a situation of failure of basic legal mechanisms, violation of civil and human rights, persecution of dissidents and individuals simply dangerous to the authorities become a frequent occurrence. At the same time, authoritarian power often arises during periods of crisis for the state. This regime makes it possible to discard the routine and bureaucracy inherent in democracy and take urgent measures necessary for
saving the state. Often such power rests on the charisma of one leader and ceases to exist with his death.
Totalitarianism
It assumes government control over all aspects of social and economic life in the country. Such a government usually seeks to control all interests and spheres of life of its citizens: state-controlled television, radio and the press, the creation of mandatory public organizations- children and adults. On the one hand, this determines the total dominance of a single state philosophy, on the other hand, it solves many problems with the upbringing of children and citizens.
For a person in the post-Soviet space, the expression “political regime” has long become familiar and does not come as a surprise at all. This phrase is in the mind modern man has a rather negative connotation, since it evokes associations with a rather difficult period in history - a period of clashes and struggle for a change of power.
Nevertheless, the concept of political regimes as such does not actually have a negative connotation. Speaking in general view, regime is a way of organizing government.
The essence of the concept
Before we look at certain types, let us define more specifically the meaning of the concept of political regime. By and large, it represents a set of methods and means of governing the country and regulating the processes taking place in it. This is a system of power reproduced by a number of bodies and structures.
Power and the political regime are practically inseparable concepts, and for the average person they are often completely identical. It should be noted that bringing these phenomena together is not entirely correct - they rather enter into one another, forming a complex system of relationships.
Types of modes
Today, there are 196 countries on the globe, if you do not take into account various unrecognized areas and entities. It is quite obvious that they were formed, developed, existed and exist in different conditions. IN in this case this means not so much geographical location or climate, but social environment their existence. It is precisely because of this diversity that a single state political regime is simply impossible for everyone.
The specifics of the country determine the diversity of management. Political regimes and their types throughout the world represent a complex system in which there are certain features and patterns.
Let us define the main types of organization of state governance that exist today. In general, three types of political regimes can be distinguished: authoritarian, democratic and, finally, totalitarian. They differ from each other in the overriding principle of distribution of power and control.
The above classification is general - in fact, political regimes and their types are more diverse, since in different countries they may have certain nuances that are not typical of their analogues. It depends mainly on the social, political situation and historical heritage of one country or another.
Power of the people
As mentioned earlier, the concept of regime more often evokes negative associations than positive ones, and there are reasons for this. However, this control system causes almost the opposite reaction.
If we consider all forms of political regimes, democracy can be called the most loyal. The guiding principle of this method of organizing government can be called the transfer of regulatory powers to the people themselves.
In this case, it is meant that it is the population of the country, its citizens, who are the dominant link in the governance structure.
This principle of organization has survived to this day since the times ancient Greece and gained particular popularity in the twentieth century. In one form or another, democracy existed almost everywhere, but in some countries it was eventually replaced by totalitarianism and authoritarianism, which will be discussed a little later.
Today, the basic principles and features of a democratic regime are based on the philosophy of the New Age, represented by the works of J. Locke, I. Kant, C. de Montesquieu and others.
Different understandings of democracy
Like any other social phenomenon, this political regime has several forms and varieties. Almost from the very beginning, they existed in it, and in the twentieth century, two equal directions were concretized and formed. In this case we mean such forms of political regimes as liberal and radical democracy.
Despite the fact that both types involve entrusting absolute power directly to the people, there are differences between the options significant difference. It lies in the definition of the person himself as a representative of society.
The division of democracy into radical and liberal is based on the so-called “Hobbes problem”. In the first case, a person as an individual is considered an integral part of society, and accordingly, must follow its norms, rules and ideas. As a result, a certain almost organic unity must be created within the people themselves, which determines political activity, government.
Liberal democracy was based on the interests of the individual as an independent unit of the system. The private life of each person in this case is brought to the fore and placed above society as a unity. Such a state political regime would sooner or later lead to a conflict of interests and confrontation various organizations within the people themselves.
Basic principles
Let us now define the signs of a democratic regime. First of all, this system of governance is evidenced by the presence of universal suffrage, which guarantees the influence of the people on the political and economic situation in the country. At the same time, we can talk about a democratic regime only if the majority agrees with the chosen scheme of activity.
Also, for full-fledged democracy, it is necessary to control the activities of politicians by specially created popular institutions, one of which can be called trade unions. Any conflicts that arise in this case must be resolved exclusively peacefully and in accordance with the decision of the people.
It should be noted that there are a number of factors without which a democratic system is simply impossible. First of all, the country must have enough high level economic development.
Secondly, in order for the state to develop, the people must be sufficiently developed in themselves. In this case, what is meant is not so much the aspect of education (although this, undoubtedly, too), as the level of tolerance and readiness to consider the situation with different points vision. The people must be ready to recognize the rights of every person and his freedom of choice. Only in this case will society as a whole be healthy and capable of making decisions.
Finally, the people should be interested, first of all, in the prosperity of the country and improving the situation in it.
Totalitarianism
Political regimes and their types are a particularly interesting topic if we consider it from the perspective of comparative studies. This is how the difference between views and systems is most clearly visible. So, if democracy is the desire for absolute power of the people, the same cannot be said about totalitarianism.
The name itself this mode speaks of its peculiarity, because its root – totalis – means “whole, whole”. From this alone it can be understood that there can be no talk of any freedom of expression of the people's will.
A totalitarian political regime presupposes complete control over the lives of not only the entire people, but also each individual. This is a global imposition of rules and norms of behavior, a requirement to support certain views, regardless of personal preferences. Any pluralism, be it political or ideological, is simply impossible in this case. In this case, acts that are objectionable to the government are eliminated using violent and cruel methods.
A totalitarian political regime is most easily defined by the presence of a certain leading person, who is practically deified, and not always voluntarily. So, for fascist Germany it was Adolf Hitler, this is how the Stalinist USSR existed in its time.
This principle of government is based on complete disregard for the rights and freedoms of citizens and the inculcation of certain ideals, norms of behavior, views and actions.
Our difficult past
As mentioned earlier, the political regime of the USSR in the 30s fully fit into the concept of totalitarianism. The absolute domination of power over the people, the leveling of personality, the existence of prohibitions on certain topics and even their discussion.
The desire for a totalitarian regime is also indicated by the existing at that time huge amount punitive structures and organizations. During this period, there was an absolute suppression of any dissent (most of the prisoners were sent to Kolyma precisely under Article 58).
There was very strict censorship in the media and literature, the main criterion of which was compliance with the ideals of the current government. The totalitarian regime operated on the territory of the USSR in in full until the 50s of the last century, and its rudiments were discovered until the 80s.
Totalitarianism and modern states
Types of political regimes could almost never exist in a pure, absolute form. This is especially true in modern times.
However, not only the world community, but also leading political scientists argue that signs of the same totalitarianism can be found in quite large quantities countries For example, certain of its features are found in China and Korea, Iran and even Russia. Most researchers believe that at this stage of human development, the features of a totalitarian regime are simply hidden, not so cruel and obvious. Formation consensus, for example, are carried out by the media, which, in turn, are subject to strict censorship.
It is worth noting that the signs totalitarian state there is also in the United States, a country so proud of its democratic aspirations.
Authoritarianism
Under this political regime, the levers of power are also completely concentrated in the hands of the governing structures, and the opinion of the people themselves does not in any way influence the political situation in the country.
Main features
Like any other regime, authoritarianism has a whole series characteristic signs. First of all, this is, of course, the lack of control over power among the people of the country. In this case, the head of the state may be a specific person (monarch, tyrant) or a whole group of people (military junta).
Secondly, the board's orientation towards forceful influence. In this case, we are not talking so much about full-scale repression, as is the case with totalitarianism, but rather harsh measures can be used to force the people to obey.
Politics and power under an authoritarian regime are completely monopolized and the existence of a full-fledged opposition is impossible. There may be disagreement with the management system among the people, but it does not turn into full-scale political resistance.
Finally, these types of political regimes are characterized by non-interference in all areas except for direct politics (external and internal) and security issues. Thus, culture, economics and other components remain outside the influence of power structures.
Classification
However, there is another classification of regimes, according to which authoritarianism is divided into populist and national-patriotic. In the first case political system the state relies entirely on the egalitarian-oriented masses.
Typical examples
Regimes of this type primarily include both absolute monarchies and monarchies of the dualistic type, a typical example of which is Great Britain. Also, in an authoritarian regime, the state exists under military rule and dictatorship. We should not forget about cases of personal tyranny and theocracy, which also belong to this type of regime.
Big difference
To summarize, we can say that the concept of political regimes has been relevant since the very dawn of humanity, the formation of a certain system. Now it has been fully comprehended and studied. All political regimes and their types have their pros and cons, nuances and pitfalls. However, power always remains power, no matter who it is represented by.
This article will discuss what the main types of political regimes are. Majority ordinary people don't think about various features forms of government, ideology of the political regime. So, let's start to figure it out.
Concept and types of political regimes
A political regime is a set of methods and techniques for exercising power in a state. This term is distinguished by its diversity, because every political scientist or other scientist, as well as ordinary person have their own views on understanding political reality.
Studying the main types of political regime is very important and relevant due to various processes in society. For example, Stalin and Hitler allowed the country to have a rather sweet and romantic constitution with completely democratic provisions. But was it compared with reality? The treatment of people was terrible, they could simply be killed, burned in an oven, put in prison, or sent to a concentration camp. Therefore, it is real activities and actions that characterize the political regime. Types of political regimes are divided into democratic and non-democratic.
Non-democratic also has its own subtypes: authoritarianism and totalitarianism. In this regard, when you open the textbook at the paragraph “What are the main types of political regimes?”, you will find the following classification: democracy and totalitarianism.
In principle, the features of democracy are more or less clear, but what about the difference between the other two terms? The main difference lies in the scope of penetration. affects all areas of society - from how to speak, think, dress, read, and even how to have sex. Authoritarianism penetrates into the political sphere of society, that is, you can calmly dress as you wish, go to your favorite cafes, but if you have a desire for fair elections, criticism of the actions of the authorities, or shout about the oppression of rights and freedoms, the state will quickly silence you.
Below we will provide a comparison according to some criteria so that we can form knowledge of what the main types of political regimes are.
On whom is the regime based, its basis
Democracy is based on the will of the majority of the population. In other words, it is the power of the majority. In such states, people support democratic initiatives.
Totalitarianism is based on the marginalized, the poor and poor layers of urban residents and semi-criminal elements. Let's take for example October Revolution, because the perpetrators were sailors and soldiers who believed in the Bolshevik ideology and clear propaganda actions.
Civil servants, police, officials, the army, and the church become defenders of the authoritarian regime. Look at the news stories: if in your country the role of the security forces is significant, and civil servants have great power, using it for their own purposes, you live in authoritarianism.
The main types of political regime have this basis.
What about the rights and freedoms of citizens?
Democracy is precisely built on the fact that the rights and freedoms of citizens flourish and become sacred. If someone somewhere violates the rights of minorities, women or any other communities, the screams will be many and loud. Democrats believe that a free individual can bring a lot of benefit to the state, living and developing in a full-fledged society.
Totalitarian countries love to declare and legislate rights and freedoms, but this is just paper and empty words. Try it, make a joke about power. Expulsion from school, party, dismissal from work - this is the best thing that can happen to you. The worst-case scenario for the joker is his family being shot and sent to a concentration camp.
An authoritarian regime has a constitution in which everything is very beautifully spelled out, but legislation only works for the state and the officials associated with it. If you hit a person at a crossing, you will sit down; if a deputy did it, there will be plenty of ways to hush up the matter.
After such an analysis, your understanding of what the main types of political regimes are should expand, but let's move on.
Regime and party system
Democratic countries allow many parties to exist. It doesn’t matter how many there are, even thousands. Of course, all these organizations cannot come to power, but please register.
A totalitarian regime provides for only one party, the only one and officially permitted. It's state-owned. It is strictly forbidden to create others, but if you want to try, then get ready to become a convict in a concentration camp, because the leader will not forgive you for this.
Economic features in different modes
In a democracy, private property is very important and inviolable. Naturally, there is both state and mixed property, but market relations run the show.
Under a totalitarian regime, the entire economic area is subordinated to the state, and you will not find any private cafes or shops. The economy is in the interests of the country.
Features of ideology
Will not hold you criminally liable for having different views. Nothing and no one should prevent you from expressing your personal opinion. If this happens, go to court and prove that you are right.
In totalitarianism there is only one - a single and correct - ideology with the help of which everything can be explained. All dissenters are declared enemies of the people.
Shows cunning in this regard. Other ideologies are, as it were, allowed, but only one is approved and imposed everywhere and everywhere.
After reading the article, you should have a good idea of what types of political regimes are and their features.