The State Security Committee undoubtedly rightfully belonged to the strongest and most powerful intelligence services in the world.
Creation of the KGB of the USSR
The political decision to separate the structures of state security bodies from the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs into an autonomous department was made in February 1954 on the basis of a note by the Minister of Internal Affairs S.N. Kruglova to the Presidium of the CPSU Central Committee.
This note stated, in part:
“The existing organizational structure of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR and its bodies is cumbersome and is not able to provide the proper level of intelligence and operational work in the light of the tasks assigned to Soviet intelligence by the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Soviet Government.
In order to create the necessary conditions for improving intelligence and counterintelligence work, we consider it advisable to separate operational security departments and departments from the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs and on their basis to create a Committee for State Security Affairs under the Council of Ministers of the USSR.” 3
Thus, the KGB, having become a committee under the Council of Ministers of the USSR, was, with the rights of a Union-Republican ministry, the central body of government in the field of ensuring state security Soviet Union. Such a significant decrease in the state-legal status compared to the Ministry of State Security that existed since 1946 was mainly due to the distrust and suspicion of Khrushchev and other then-leaders of the country regarding the state security agencies and their leaders. Recent circumstances affected both the situation within the KGB of the USSR and the fate of the USSR as a whole.
Tasks of the KGB of the USSR
According to the decision of the Presidium of the CPSU Central Committee, the State Security Committee under the USSR Council of Ministers was assigned the following tasks:
a) conducting intelligence work in capitalist countries;
b) the fight against espionage, sabotage, terrorism and other subversive activities of foreign intelligence services within the USSR;
c) the fight against enemy activities of various kinds of anti-Soviet elements within the USSR;
d) counterintelligence work in Soviet Army and the Navy;
e) organization of encryption and decryption business in the country;
f) protection of party and government leaders.
The tasks of one of the most important areas of the KGB’s activities, foreign intelligence, were specified in the decision of the CPSU Central Committee of June 30, 1954 “On measures to strengthen the intelligence work of state security agencies abroad.”
It demanded that all efforts be directed towards organizing work in the leading Western countries of the USA and
Great Britain, which was Russia's old geopolitical rival, as well as "the countries they used to fight against the Soviet Union - primarily West Germany, France, Austria, Turkey, Iran, Pakistan and Japan." 3
Leadership of the KGB of the USSR
By the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of March 13, 1954, Colonel General Ivan Aleksandrovich Serov, who had previously been Deputy Minister of Internal Affairs, was appointed the first chairman of the KGB.
His deputies were K.F. Lunev (first deputy), I.T. Savchenko, P.I. Grigoriev, V.A. Lukshin, P.I.Ivashutin.
It was during Serov’s tenure as chairman of the KGB under the Council of Ministers of the USSR that the review of previously opened criminal cases for “counter-revolutionary crimes” began, as well as the purge and reduction in the number of members of state security bodies, as well as the announcement of N.S. On February 25, 1956, Khrushchev gave a special report to the delegates of the 20th Congress of the CPSU on the cult of personality of I.V. Stalin and his consequences, and many others important events in the history of the USSR.
Subsequently, the Chairmen of the KGB of the USSR were:
 |
Shelepin, Alexander Nikolaevich (1958 - 1961); |
 |
Semichastny, Vladimir Efimovich (1961 - 1967); |
 |
Andropov, Yuri Vladimirovich (1967 - 1982); |
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Fedorchuk, Vitaly Vasilievich (May - December 1982); |
 |
Chebrikov, Viktor Mikhailovich (1982 - 1988); |
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Kryuchkov, Vladimir Alexandrovich (1988 - August 1991); |
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Bakatin, Vadim Viktorovich (August - December 1991). |
Structure of the KGB of the USSR
By order of the Chairman of the KGB under the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated March 18, 1954, the structure of the Committee was determined, in which, in addition to auxiliary and support units, the following were formed:
- First Main Directorate (PGU, intelligence abroad - chief A.S. Panyushkin);
- Second Main Directorate (VSU, counterintelligence - P.V. Fedotov);
- Third Main Directorate (military counterintelligence - D.S. Leonov);
- Fourth Directorate (fight against the anti-Soviet underground, nationalist formations and hostile elements - F.P. Kharitonov);
- Fifth Directorate (counterintelligence work at particularly important facilities - P.I. Ivashutin);
- Sixth Directorate (counterintelligence work in transport - M.I. Egorov);
- Seventh Directorate (external surveillance - G.P. Dobrynin);
- Eighth Main Directorate (encryption and decryption - V.A. Lukshin);
- Ninth Directorate (protection of party and government leaders - V.I. Ustinov);
- Tenth Directorate (Office of the Commandant of the Moscow Kremlin - A.Ya. Vedenin);
— Investigation Department.
On September 27, 1954, the Department of Government “HF” Communications Troops was organized in the KGB.
On April 2, 1957, the Main Directorate of Border Troops was formed in the KGB.
Educational institutions of the KGB of the USSR
— Higher School of the KGB of the USSR named after F.E. Dzerzhinsky
Higher School of the KGB of the USSR as a special higher educational institution with a three-year term of study
students in the program of law universities in the country was formed in accordance with the resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR of July 15, 1952, and in April 1954, the first 189 graduates received diplomas from the new university, and 37 of them graduated with honors.
In 1954, the number of variable students at the Higher School was set at 600 staff units. Applicants who had at least three years of service in state security agencies and met the requirements for admission to universities in the country were sent to study.
On August 2, 1962, the Higher School of the KGB of the USSR was named after F.E. Dzerzhinsky.
— Red Banner Institute named after Yu. V. Andropov of the KGB of the USSR. Was subordinate to the First Main Directorate (foreign intelligence) until October 1991.
— Leningradskaya graduate School KGB named after S. M. Kirov (1946-1994).
— In the KGB system there were 4 Higher Border Schools (in Babushkino in Moscow, in Golitsino in the Moscow region, in Tashkent and in Alma-Ata).
— Leningrad Higher Naval Border School (1957 – 1960).
— Kaliningrad Higher Border Command School (1957 – 1960)
— Institute of Foreign Languages of the KGB of the USSR.
Abolition of the KGB of the USSR
On August 26, 1991, at a session of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, M.S. Gorbachev states:
“We need to reorganize the KGB. In my decree on the appointment of Comrade Bakatin as chairman of this Committee, there is an unpublished paragraph 2 with instructions to him to immediately submit proposals for the reorganization of the entire state security system.” 3
By decree of the President of the USSR M.S. Gorbachev on August 28, 1991, a State Commission was formed to investigate the activities of state security agencies, headed by deputy of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR S.V. Stepashin. And on November 28, 1991, it was reorganized into the State Commission for the Reorganization of State Security Bodies.
Based on information from the Chairman of the KGB, Bakatin, the State Council makes a decision on the formation of three independent departments on the basis of the USSR State Security Committee:
— Central Intelligence Service (CSR);
— Inter-Republican Security Service (ISB);
- Committee for the Protection of the State Border of the USSR.
By a resolution of the USSR State Council of October 22, 1991, the KGB of the USSR was abolished.
Sources of information:
1. Shevyakin "KGB against the USSR. 17 moments of betrayal"
2. Atamanenko "KGB - CIA. Who is stronger?"
3. Khlobustov "KGB of the USSR 1954 - 1991. Secrets of the death of the Great Power"
The FSB, or Russian Federal Security Service, is one of the successors to the USSR Committee (KGB), an organization known for its terror and intelligence activities that operated in the Soviet Union in the 20th century.
Security - Cheka - OGPU - KGB - FSB
The history of the FSB includes a number of name changes and reorganizations after the Russian Revolution of 1917. Officially, it bore the name KGB for 46 years, from 1954 to 1991. Repressive organizations have long been part of political structure Russia. The functions of these organizations were significantly expanded compared to the role of the political police played by the secret police during the reign of Tsar Nicholas II.
In 1917, Vladimir Lenin created the Cheka from the remnants. This new organization, which eventually became the KGB, was involved in a wide range of tasks, including espionage, counterintelligence, and isolating the Soviet Union from Western goods, news, and ideas. Which led to the fragmentation of the Committee into many organizations, the largest of which is the FSB.
History of the creation of the FSB of Russia
In 1880, Tsar Alexander II formed the Department for the Protection of Public Safety and Order, known as the "Okhranka". This organization at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries. dealt with various radical groups inside Russia - spying on their members, infiltrating them and neutralizing them. With members of the secret police in the leadership of various revolutionary groups, the Tsar was constantly aware of events and could easily prevent any potential attack. For example, between 1908 and 1909, 4 out of 5 members of the St. Petersburg Bolshevik Party Committee were members of the Okhrana Branch. Nicholas II was so confident in his power over these groups that in November 1916 he ignored warnings of an imminent revolution.
After the February Democratic Revolution, Lenin and his Bolshevik Party secretly organized forces and carried out a coup on the second attempt. Lenin was a staunch supporter of terror and admired the Jacobins, the most radical French revolutionaries of 1790. He appointed Felix Dzerzhinsky as chairman of the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs (NKVD), whose main purpose was to fight the enemies of the regime and prevent sabotage throughout the country. The history of the Cheka (FSB) began with its creation on December 20, 1917 to increase the efficiency of the NKVD. The Extraordinary Commission became the basis for the later KGB. Lenin appointed its chairman Dzerzhinsky, a Polish nobleman who spent 11 years in prison for terrorist activities against the Tsar.
Red Terror
Soon Iron Felix began making changes to the Cheka. The history of the FSB in December 1920 was marked by the transfer of the organization's headquarters from St. Petersburg to the former office of the All-Russian Insurance Company, where it remains to this day. The Cheka itself conducted the investigation, made arrests, tried itself, kept them in concentration camps and executed them.
The history of the FSB-Cheka includes the murder of more than 500,000 people between its creation in 1917 and its renaming in 1922. “Red terror” became common practice. From each village, the security officers took 20-30 hostages and held them until the peasants gave up all their food supplies. If this did not happen, the hostages were shot. Although this system proved effective in maintaining Lenin's ideology, in order to improve economic relations with the West, the Cheka was dissolved and replaced by an equally brutal organization, the State Political Directorate (GPU).
Initially, the GPU was under the jurisdiction of the NKVD and had less powers than the Cheka. With Lenin's support, Dzerzhinsky remained chairman and eventually regained his former power. With the adoption of the USSR Constitution in July 1923, the GPU was renamed OGPU, or United State Political Administration.
Holodomor
In 1924, Lenin died and was succeeded by Joseph Stalin. Dzerzhinsky, who supported him in the battle for power, retained his position. After the death of Iron Felix in 1926, Menzhinsky became the head of the OGPU. One of the main tasks of the organization at that time was to maintain order among Soviet citizens when Stalin turned 14 million peasant farms into collective farms. The bloody history of the FSB includes the following fact. To meet the need for foreign currency, the OGPU forcibly seized bread and grain to sell for export, creating a famine that killed more than five million people.
From Yagoda to Yezhov
In 1934, Menzhinsky died under mysterious circumstances and was replaced by Genrikh Yagoda, a pharmacist by training. Under his leadership, the OGPU began to conduct research in the field of biological and chemical weapons. Yagoda liked to conduct experiments on prisoners personally. He was shot under Stalin after confessing to the murder of Menzhinsky in order to lead the OGPU.
The KGB had an umbrella structure, which consisted of similar committees in each of the 14 republics of the USSR. In the RSFSR, however regional organization there wasn't. State security committees throughout Russia reported directly to the central authority in Moscow.
The leadership of the KGB was carried out by a chairman, approved by the Supreme Council on the proposal of the Politburo. He had 1-2 first and 4-6 just deputies. They, along with the heads of some departments, formed a collegium - a body that made important decisions regarding the actions of the organization.
The main tasks of the KGB covered 4 areas: protecting the state from foreign spies and agents, identifying and investigating political and economic crimes, protecting state borders and state secrets. To carry out these tasks, from 390 to 700 thousand people served in the six main departments.
Organizational structure
The 1st Main Directorate was responsible for all foreign operations and intelligence gathering. It consisted of several units, divided both by the operations performed (intelligence preparation, collection and analysis) and by geographical regions of the world. The specifics of the work required the selection of the most qualified personnel from all departments; the recruits had good academic performance, knew one or more languages, and also firmly believed in communist ideology.
The 2nd State Administration exercised internal political control over Soviet citizens and foreigners living in the USSR. This department prevented contacts between foreign diplomats and residents of the country; investigated political and economic crimes and maintained a network of informants; kept an eye on tourists and foreign students.
The 3rd Main Directorate was responsible for military counterintelligence and political supervision of the armed forces. It consisted of 12 departments that oversaw various military and paramilitary formations.
The 5th Main Directorate, together with the 2nd, dealt with internal security. Created in 1969 to combat political dissent, it was responsible for identifying and neutralizing opposition among religious organizations, national minorities and the intellectual elite (including the literary and artistic community).
The 8th Main Directorate was responsible for government communications. In particular, it monitored foreign communications, created codes used by KGB units, transmitted messages to agents abroad, and developed secure communications equipment.
The GU was responsible for protecting borders on land and at sea. It was divided into 9 border regions, which covered 67 thousand km of the USSR borders. The main duties of the troops were to repel a potential attack; suppression of illegal cross-border movement of people, weapons, explosives, contraband and subversive literature; monitoring of Soviet and foreign ships.
In addition to these six GIs, there were at least several other directorates, smaller in size and scope:
- The 7th engaged in surveillance and provided personnel and technical equipment to monitor the activities of foreigners and suspicious Soviet citizens.
- The 9th provided security for key party leaders and their families at the Kremlin and other government facilities throughout the country.
- The 16th ensured the operation of telephone and radio communication lines used by government agencies.
As a vast and complex organization, the KGB, in addition to these departments, had an extensive apparatus that ensured the daily functioning of the organization. This is the personnel department, secretariat, service personnel technical support, financial department, archive, administration department, as well as the party organization.
Decline of the KGB
On August 18, 1991, Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev was visited at his government dacha on the Black Sea coast in Crimea by several conspirators, including Lieutenant General Yuri Plekhanov, head of the presidential security service, and Valery Boldin, Gorbachev's chief of staff, who felt that the party is under threat. They suggested that he either resign or renounce presidential powers in favor of Vice President Gennady Yanaev. Following Gorbachev's refusal, guards surrounded his home, preventing him from leaving or communicating with the outside world.
At the same time, in Moscow, the Alpha group of the 7th Directorate of the KGB received orders to attack the Russian parliament building and seize control of it. The unit was to conduct covert reconnaissance of the building on August 19th, and then infiltrate and capture it on August 20th and 21st. Contrary to the expectations of the members of the State Emergency Committee, the group led by Mikhail Golovatov decided not to carry out the operation. They delayed it until opposition forces led by Boris Yeltsin gathered to defend the building.
After the conspirators realized that the coup was poorly planned and would be unsuccessful, they tried to negotiate with Gorbachev, who was in their captivity. The President refused to meet with members of the State Emergency Committee. Some of the putschists were arrested and the coup was crushed.
The Gang of Eight included the vice president, the chairman of the KGB, a member of the Defense Council, a member of the Supreme Council, the chairman of the Association of State-Owned Enterprises and the Minister of Internal Affairs. Seven of them were arrested and convicted. The eighth shot himself in the head before his arrest.
After the coup attempt, Vladimir Kryuchkov, who had been chairman of the KGB for three years, was replaced by Vadim Bakatin, who had previously served as interior minister from 1988 to 1990, who then called for the dismantling of the State Security Committee. This position then became the reason for his removal and the appointment in his place of Boris Pugo, who subsequently supported the putsch.
Renaissance
Although the KGB formally ceased to exist, in 1991 it was divided into parts, which together performed the same functions as the Committee.
The Foreign Intelligence Service, created in October 1991, took over the tasks of the 1st Main Directorate for conducting foreign operations, collecting and analyzing intelligence.
The Federal Agency for Government Communications and Information was formed on the basis of the 8th Main Directorate and the 16th Directorate and is responsible for communications security and the transfer of intelligence data.
The 8-9 thousand military personnel who once made up the 9th Directorate were added to the Federal Security Service and the Presidential Security Service. These organizations are responsible for protecting the Kremlin and all important departments of the Russian Federation.
The history of the Russian FSB under its current name began after the Ministry of Security was disbanded in 1993. It included 75,000 people from the second, third and fifth GU. Responsible for internal security in the Russian Federation.
Forward to the past...
After years of terror among Soviet citizens, who constantly feared brutal interrogations by KGB officers or being sentenced to work in harsh labor camp conditions, the Committee for State Security ceased to exist under its former name. However, many still live in fear of this cruel and repressive organization. The history of the Russian FSB is full of glaring facts. Writers whose works were considered anti-Soviet and who had never seen their books in print became victims of the 5th Main Directorate of the KGB. Families were torn apart as Committee agents arrested, tried, and sentenced millions of people to Siberian labor camps or death. Most of those convicted did not commit any crimes - they became victims of circumstances, being in the wrong place at the wrong time, or because of a careless remark made at home. Some of them were killed simply because KGB agents had to fulfill quotas, and if there weren't enough spies within their jurisdiction, they would simply take innocent people and torture them until they confessed to crimes they didn't commit.
It seemed that this nightmare was gone forever. But the story of the Cheka-KGB-FSB does not end there. The recently announced plans to create the Ministry of State Security on the basis of the SVR and the FSB bring to mind the Stalinist structure of the same name, which was designed to protect the interests of the ruling party.
Description
The calendar consists of a top “header” with an image and three calendar blocks.
The approximate size of the calendar when unfolded is 80 cm long and 33 cm wide.
Cheka(7) December 20, 1917 by resolution of the Council People's Commissars To combat counter-revolution and sabotage in Soviet Russia, the All-Russian Extraordinary Commission (VChK) was formed. F.E. Dzerzhinsky was appointed its first chairman. He held this post until February 6, 1922. From July to August 1918 The duties of the chairman of the Cheka were temporarily performed by Y.Kh. Peters
GPUFebruary 6, 1922 The All-Russian Central Executive Committee adopted a resolution on the abolition of the Cheka and the formation of the State Political Administration (GPU) under the NKVD of the RSFSR.
OGPUNovember 2, 1923 The Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR created the United State Political Administration (OGPU) under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. F.E. Dzerzhinsky remained the chairman of the GPU and OGPU until the end of his life (July 20, 1926), who was replaced by V.R. Menzhinsky, who headed the OGPU until 1934.
NKVDJuly 10, 1934 In accordance with the resolution of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR, state security bodies became part of the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs (NKVD) of the USSR. After the death of Menzhinsky, the work of the OGPU, and later the NKVD from 1934 to 1936. directed by G.G. Yagoda. From 1936 to 1938 The NKVD was headed by N.I. Ezhov. From November 1938 to 1945 The head of the NKVD was L.P. Beria.
NKGBFebruary 3, 1941 The NKVD of the USSR was divided into two independent bodies: the NKVD of the USSR and the People's Commissariat of State Security (NKGB) of the USSR. People's Commissar of Internal Affairs - L.P. Beria. People's Commissar of State Security - V.N. Merkulov. In July 1941 The NKGB of the USSR and the NKVD of the USSR were again united into a single People's Commissariat - the NKVD of the USSR. In April 1943 The People's Commissariat of State Security of the USSR was re-formed, headed by V.N. Merkulov.
MGBMarch 15, 1946 The NKGB was transformed into the Ministry of State Security. Minister - V.S.Abakumov. In 1951 - 1953 The post of Minister of State Security was held by S.D. Ignatiev. In March 1953 a decision was made to merge the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the Ministry of State Security into a single Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR, headed by S.N. Kruglov.
Ministry of Internal Affairs March 7, 1953 a decision was made to merge the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the Ministry of State Security into a single Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR, headed by S.N. Kruglov.
KGBMarch 13, 1954 The State Security Committee was created under the Council of Ministers of the USSR.
From 1954 to 1958 The leadership of the KGB was carried out by I.A. Serov,
from 1958 to 1961 - A.N. Shelepin,
from 1961 to 1967 - V.E. Semichastny,
from 1967 to 1982 - Yu.V.Andropov,
from May to December 1982 - V.V. Fedorchuk,
from 1982 to 1988 - V.M. Chebrikov,
from 1988 to August 1991 - V.A. Kryuchkov,
from August to November 1991 - V.V. Bakatin.
December 3, 1991 USSR President M.S. Gorbachev signed the Law “On the reorganization of state security bodies.” On the basis of the Law, the KGB of the USSR was abolished and, for the transition period, the Inter-Republican Security Service and the Central Intelligence Service of the USSR (currently the Foreign Intelligence Service of the Russian Federation) were created on its basis.
SMENovember 28, 1991 USSR President M.S. Gorbachev signed the Decree “On approval of the Temporary Regulations on the Inter-Republican Security Service.”
Head - V.V. Bakatin (from November 1991 to December 1991).
KGBMay 6, 1991 Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR B.N. Yeltsin and Chairman of the KGB of the USSR V.A. Kryuchkov signed a protocol on the formation in accordance with the decision of the Congress of People's Deputies of Russia of the State Security Committee of the RSFSR, which has the status of a union-republican state committee. V.V. Ivanenko was appointed its head.
MBJanuary 24, 1992 President of the Russian Federation B.N. Yeltsin signed a Decree on the formation of the Ministry of Security of the Russian Federation on the basis of the abolished Agencies Federal Security RSFSR and the Interrepublican Security Service.
Minister - V.P.Barannikov since January 1992 to July 1993,
N.M.Golushko since July 1993 to December 1993
FSKDecember 21, 1993 Russian President B.N. Yeltsin signed a Decree on the abolition of the Ministry of Security and on the creation Federal service counterintelligence.
Director - N.M. Golushko since December 1993. to March 1994,
S.V. Stepashin since March 1994 to June 1995
FSBApril 3, 1995 Russian President B.N. Yeltsin signed the Law “On Bodies of the Federal Security Service in the Russian Federation”, on the basis of which the FSB is the legal successor of the FSK.
Director - M.I. Barsukov since July 1995. to June 1996,
N.D. Kovalev since July 1996 to July 1998,
V.V. Putin since July 1998 to August 1999,
N.P. Patrushev since August 1999 to May 2008
A.V. Bortnikov since May 2008
A brief history of the special services Zayakin Boris Nikolaevich
Chapter 48. Cheka-GPU-OGPU-NKVD-NKGB-MGB-MVD-KGB-MGB-FSK-FSB of Russia
The original name of the Cheka appeared on December 20, 1917. After graduation civil war in 1922 the new abbreviation was GPU. Following the formation of the USSR, the OGPU of the USSR arose on its basis.
In 1934, the OGPU was merged with the internal affairs bodies - the police - and a single Union-Republican People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs was formed. Genrikh Yagoda became People's Commissar. He was executed in 1938, as was the subsequent People's Commissar of State Security Nikolai Yezhov.
Lavrenty Pavlovich Beria was appointed People's Commissar of Internal Affairs in 1938. In February 1941, the People's Commissariat of State Security - NKGB - was separated from this united structure as an independent one.
In July 1941, he was again returned to the NKVD, and in 1943 he was again separated for many years into an independent structure - the NKGB, renamed in 1946 the Ministry of State Security. Since 1943, it was headed by Merkulov, who was executed in 1953.
After Stalin's death, Beria once again united the internal affairs bodies and state security bodies into a single ministry - the Ministry of Internal Affairs and headed it himself. On June 26, 1953, Beria was arrested and soon executed. Kruglov became Minister of Internal Affairs.
In March 1954, the State Security Committee under the Council of Ministers of the USSR was created, separated from the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Serov was appointed its chairman.
After him, this post was successively occupied by: Shelepin, Semichastny, Andropov, Fedorchuk, Chebrikov, Kryuchkov, Shebarshin, Bakatin, Glushko, Barsukov, Kovalev, Putin, Patrushev, Bortnikov.
Any state can only be called a state when it is able to ensure its security by methods and means available to it.
A universal tool that has been used in all eras, on all continents and in various conditions is the intelligence services. Despite all the differences, intelligence services have common features. Any party, even the ruling one, must be controlled by the intelligence services.
First of all, this is secrecy, the use of unconventional and, often, secret methods of working with agents and special technical means.
The significance and effectiveness of the work of special services naturally varies depending on historical conditions and, accordingly, the tasks that are set for them by the political leadership.
After the crisis of the 1990s, Russian intelligence services regained their former importance. Thanks to the fact that the former head of the FSB from 1998 to 1999, Vladimir Putin, became the country's president, the prestige of the security services structures increased.
The head of the Kremlin has never hidden his sympathy for this organization. He formulated his credo in the following phrase: “Chekists are never former.”
This phrase allows us to draw a conclusion about the continuity of the organization and state that its history will never be revised: the predecessor of the FSB was the loyal Soviet KGB, which, in turn, descended from the Cheka - the Extraordinary All-Russian Commission for Combating Counter-Revolution, founded by the Bolsheviks on December 20, 1917, speculation and sabotage.
Until the collapse of the Soviet Union, a monument to its founder Felix Dzerzhinsky adorned the Lubyanka, the square in front of the organization's headquarters near the Kremlin. There has been talk of its restoration several times in recent years.
Putin again raised the prestige of the KGB-FSB, he not only gave many of his former colleagues leading positions in politics and economics, but also returned to the FSB almost all the power of the KGB.
Putin's predecessor and anti-patriot of Russia, Boris Yeltsin, at the behest of America, deliberately destroyed the omnipotence of the KGB, dividing its functions between several organizations, deliberately making them competing.
Today, the FSB is again responsible for state security, counterintelligence and border protection - only foreign intelligence remains independent.
Currently, together with the army, the FSB is the largest recipient budget funds and is not subject to any serious control.
From the book Double Conspiracy. Secrets of Stalin's repressions authorOGPU - NKVD: cover group “Vyshinsky. What was your relationship with Yagoda in 1928–1929? Rykov. Everything in relations with Yagoda was illegal. Already during this period, along with the legal part... there were personnel who were specially conspiratorial for the purpose of
From the book Forgotten Genocide. "Volyn massacre" 1943–1944 author Yakovlev Alexey17. From the report of the NKGB of the Ukrainian SSR and the NKGB of the USSR on the situation in the liberated areas of the Rivne region dated February 5, 1944. In the summer and autumn of 1943, Bandera carried out mass terror against the Poles, slaughtering entire families, property was robbed, huts were burned, as a result
From the book The Rise and Fall of “Red Bonaparte”. Tragic fate Marshal Tukhachevsky author Prudnikova Elena AnatolyevnaOGPU - NKVD: cover group “Vyshinsky: What kind of relationship did you have in 1928–1929 with Yagoda? Rykov: In relations with Yagoda everything was illegal. Already during this period, along with the legal part... there were personnel who were specially conspiratorial for the purpose of
author Sever AlexanderThe fight of the OGPU-NKVD against corrupt officials in their ranks But the security officers fought against corrupt officials not only in economic and Soviet organizations - when corruption penetrated into the state security organs themselves, they fought it mercilessly here too. No one could stay
From the book The Great Mission of the NKVD author Sever AlexanderThe birth of the fourth departments of the NKVD-NKGB By order of the NKVD of the USSR of January 18, 1942, in connection with the expansion of activities in organizing partisan detachments and sabotage groups behind enemy lines, the Second Department of the NKVD of the USSR was transformed into the Fourth Directorate of the NKVD of the USSR. His
From the book Jews in the KGB author Abramov VadimJews in the OGPU-NKVD, or with whom was People's Commissar Yagoda friends? When Yagoda was People's Commissar in the NKVD there were a significant number of Jews (among those under investigation and prisoners as well). But a careful study of sources (memoirs, service records, investigative materials, etc.) shows that
From the book Counterintelligence. Shield and sword against the Abwehr and the CIA author Abramov VadimP.V. FEDOTOV AND THE 2nd DIRECTORATE OF THE NKVD-NKGB (1941–1946) Before the war, during the reorganization of the NKVD and the formation of the People's Commissariat of State Security, counterintelligence became part of the latter as its 2nd directorate. State Security Commissioner 3rd Rank P.V. was appointed as the head. Fedotov,
From the book Stalin's Saboteurs: NKVD behind enemy lines author Popov Alexey YurievichBiographies of security officers - intelligence officers of the 4th Directorate of the NKVD-NKGB Vaupshasov Stanislav Alekseevich 15 (27).07.1899–19.11.1976. Colonel. Lithuanian. Real name Vaupshas. Born in the village. Gruzdziai, Siauliai district, Kovno province, in a working-class family. Started his career
authorGovernment communications in the structure of the AHO All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the OGPU-NKVD of the USSR from 1917 to 1941 It is very surprising, but the Communications Department, which was responsible for providing all types of communications (sorry for the tautology) to government agencies in the period from 1917 to 1928, was part of
From the book Stalin's Special Objects. Excursion classified as “secret” author Artamonov Andrey EvgenievichA special-purpose garage in the structure of the OGPU-NKVD of the USSR. Special vehicles designed to transport persons protected by state security agencies have become an almost integral part and symbol of those in power in the USSR. At the dawn of Soviet power, everyone
From the book The Right to Repression: Extrajudicial Powers of State Security Bodies (1918-1953) author Mozokhin Oleg BorisovichStatistical information on the activities of the Cheka-OGPU-NKVD-MGB bodies. Poor scanned material. Many errors in the tables 1921 Movement of the accused brought in investigative cases Note: The Bureau of Statistics managed to collect up to 80% of all material Information on
author Artyukhov EvgeniyFROM THE OGPU ORDER DECLARING GRATITUDE TO THE PERSONNEL OF THE UNITS OF THE OGPU TROOPS who participated in the elimination of banditry in the North Caucasus and Transcaucasia No. 270, Moscow August 20, 1930... Led by foreign White Guards, supported by foreign gangs,
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From the book Rehabilitation: how it was March 1953 - February 1956 author Artizov A NNo. 15 CERTIFICATES OF THE SPECIAL DEPARTMENT OF THE USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs ABOUT THE NUMBER OF ARRESTED AND CONVICTED BY THE BODIES OF THE CHKE - OGPU - NKVD - MGB OF THE USSR IN 1921-1953 December 11, 1953 Acting. Head of the 1st Special Department of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs, Colonel PavlovGA of the Russian Federation. F. 9401. Op. 1. D. 4157. L. 201–205. Script. Manuscript. Published: GULAG
From the book of the State Administration of Crimea. The history of the creation of government residences and holiday homes in Crimea. Truth and fiction author Artamonov Andrey EvgenievichCanine service in the OGPU/NKVD and its role in protecting state dachas. Have you read or heard a lot about the use of service detection dogs in the OGPU/NKVD/MGB? Usually older people, straining their memory, remember the exploits of border guard N.F. Karatsupy, who with his
From the book The Great Patriotic War - known and unknown: historical memory and modernity author Team of authorsD. V. Vedeneev. The role of the Soviet special services in the defeat of Nazism (based on materials from the reconnaissance and sabotage activities of the NKVD-NKGB of the Ukrainian SSR) Reconnaissance, sabotage and operational combat activities behind the front line (“behind the front activities”) from the first days
The main purpose of the State Security Committee is to preserve and expand the power of the Soviet party oligarchy. This oligarchy seeks to extend its power throughout the world and, as a rule, uses secret means.
For last decade The KGB underwent organizational changes. The goals of a number of operations have changed. Soviet state security is striving to act more efficiently, and the KGB is learning from the past. These transformations will continue to occur in the future. But it is important to consider the current structure of the KGB, if only because it will allow us to better understand the current and future tasks of the Soviet secret police.
The KGB headquarters is divided into five main directorates, which in turn are divided into services and departments. The First Main Directorate deals with operations abroad, the Second is responsible for counterintelligence and controls the civilian population within the Soviet Union, the Border Guard Directorate is in charge of border troops and forms selected military units. The Fifth Main Directorate is responsible for the suppression of ideological dissent, the Eighth Main Directorate deals with foreign communication lines, intercepts and tries to decipher the information passing through them.
In addition, the KGB includes smaller independent management performing their specific tasks.
First Main Directorate
The First Main Directorate includes three independent divisions.
The largest of them is Directorate “S”, which is in charge of illegal KGB agents scattered throughout the world. One of the divisions of this department is engaged in recruiting such agents from among Soviet citizens and preparing them for activities abroad, Another prepares them legends and supplies false documents. The third manages the already established agents, the fourth is subordinate to employees of foreign stations dealing with illegal agents.
The KGB prefers to send married couples abroad to work illegally. Often this department itself arranges marriages.
The future agent undergoes a three-year individual training course in Moscow and its environs. In the future, he may be sent abroad for several years to adapt to local conditions and strengthen his legend. And after that they are sent to the country for which he was intended to work from the very beginning.
To develop plausible legends and forge documents, the KGB accumulates a lot of information and authentic samples from all countries. Tourist guides, city plans, telephone directories, train and bus schedules, passports, metrics, handwriting samples of officials, etc. are used. If, for example, an employee of the Taiwanese consulate in a particular country is fired or retires, the KGB must inform know this: the signature of his successor placed on the visa will be different.
Employees of foreign stations dealing with illegal agents actively participate in the collection of this information (these employees belong to the so-called “Line L”), but their main task is to ensure communication between the Illegal Agents and the “center”. To do this, they look for hiding places and use them as the most important communication channels. Usually these employees are in one country or another under the guise of employees of Soviet consulates, where, due to the nature of their service, they constantly deal with foreign passports and documents.
In the 70s, Directorate “C” included into its composition the previously independent Directorate “B”, which was engaged in sabotage and organizing assassination attempts.
After the flight to the West (1971) of Oleg Lyalin, who turned out to be a British agent, the KGB shook up the entire Directorate “B”, to which Lyalin belonged, dismissing or demoting the leading employees of this Directorate and recalling all its representatives from foreign stations.
Over time, Directorate “B” was restored as the Eighth Department of Directorate “C”. By 1982, the Eighth Department could already be considered prosperous, and, given the scale of training of terrorists and saboteurs carried out in Balashikha educational complex, belonging to this department, one can hardly doubt its brilliant future.
Directorate "T", the second largest in the First General Directorate, is responsible for the collection of scientific and technical information, including the theft of advanced technology of all kinds. Its employees own foreign languages, secret operations techniques, As a rule, these are qualified scientists or engineers, many of whom have an academic degree. Employees and agents of Directorate "T" can be found in all Soviet departments dealing with foreign countries through science, technology or commerce. They are part of Soviet delegations sent to scientific symposia, conferences, etc.
In residencies operating on the territory of industrialized countries, employees of Directorate “T” are less visible than others. They belong abroad to the so-called “X line” and are disguised as members of trade missions, Aeroflot employees, and so on.
Directorate K (operational designation KP Line) is responsible for infiltrating foreign intelligence and security services. It also monitors Soviet citizens working abroad. This department helps the Ministry of Foreign Affairs ensure the physical security of Soviet embassy personnel.
Directorate K is subdivided along geographic and functional lines: some of its departments attempt to recruit foreign intelligence officers and other secret services in certain geographic areas of the world.
One of the departments is responsible for the introduction of Soviet agents into terrorist and generally subversive organizations. Another follows the sailors of the Soviet merchant fleet, the crews of Aeroflot aircraft and Soviet tourists stranded abroad. The most secret department, subordinate directly to the deputy head of the First Main Directorate, is entrusted with the delicate task of monitoring the employees of the Directorate itself.
A significant part of the personnel of Directorate “K” came here from the Second Main Directorate, where they adopted the way of thinking characteristic of those who fight dissidents. Their knowledge of languages, degree of intelligence and general level of training are lower than that of the employees of the First Main Directorate as a whole.
Finding themselves in difficult working conditions abroad, they stand aloof from risky operations and try to focus on spying on Soviet citizens caught abroad, as well as ensuring the security of Soviet colonies in foreign countries. Of course, there are exceptions. Thus, Levchenko knew several brilliant workers in the Tokyo station belonging to the “KP line”.
Three important divisions called “services” were created in the First Main Directorate.
Service 1 analyzes intelligence information secretly collected by all departments of the Directorate. She also compiles a daily summary of current events for the Politburo and regularly provides forecasts for developments in the world situation.
Twice a month, Service 1 transmits to foreign stations a review of all reports and reports received over the past two weeks, and also makes an annual assessment of the activities of each station.
Service 1 tries to be cautious in its long-term forecasts to avoid claims if they do not materialize. True, she also has success in this sense. Thus, in the mid-70s, she ventured to predict the revival of political conservatism in the United States and Western Europe, which will come from the beginning of the 80s - and she turned out to be right.
Service “A” (“Active Measures Service”) was spun off from the former Department “A”, known for a long time as the “Disinformation Department”. This service has grown into one of the most important divisions of the KGB, reflecting the importance that the KGB attaches to "active measures" for the dissemination of Soviet influence.
The service works in close contact with the departments of the CPSU Central Committee - International, Propaganda, as well as with the Department of Socialist Countries. Let us note in parentheses that within the KGB itself, propagandists and disinformers from this unit acquired a strong reputation as chronic alcoholics. Doesn't the very nature of their work lead to this?
Foreigners who voluntarily or by force moved to the USSR advise Service “A” on the intricacies of a particular language and details of the way of life of their countries. The service fabricates all kinds of forgeries, forgeries and literature, the origin of which is hidden.
The idea of any new “active measure” can be born within Service “A” itself, in any of the foreign stations, in the International Department of the Central Committee and even in the Politburo. After approval by the Politburo, the idea acquires plans, schedules, and implementers.
Currently, Service “A” does not keep its own employees abroad, and the implementation of “active measures” is entrusted to the “PR Line” (Political Intelligence) in residencies, to foreign communist parties and to all kinds of organizations connected in one way or another with the USSR.
Service “A” periodically compiles a strictly secret bulletin intended for the Politburo and characterizing the progress and results of the most important “active measures”. The Soviet leadership, as is known, itself takes part in the largest propaganda events, as well as campaigns to disinformation public opinion.
Service "R" constantly carries out detailed analysis KGB operations abroad "for better organization affairs". By the end of the 60s, the network of Soviet agents around the world had grown so large that centralized management, control, planning and coordination of its actions became impractical.
Following the example of the CIA, the KGB established its own Department of Operational Analysis and Planning, which in the 70s was transformed into Service “R”. By now, this Service has become quite capable, in particular, due to the fact that it was staffed with first-class employees (many of them were residents in the past or heads of groups of foreign residencies). It has come to the point that Service “R” is already trying to record any noticed contact between a Soviet citizen and a foreigner that took place abroad. Residents around the world treat this service with caution and respect: the assessment of the activities of foreign employees and agents ultimately depends on it.
No matter how important the individual services are, the operational core of the First Main Directorate is eleven departments, formed on a geographical basis. Each of them is responsible for work in a narrow range of countries:
First: United States and Canada;
Second: Latin America;
Third: UK, Australia, New Zealand, Scandinavia;
Fourth: Germany and Austria;
Fifth: France, Italy, Spain, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Ireland;
Sixth: China, Vietnam, Korea, Cambodia;
Seventh: Japan, Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand, Singapore;
Eighth: Arab countries, Türkiye, Greece, Iran, Afghanistan, Albania;
Ninth: African countries with a predominance of French;
Tenth: African countries with a predominance of English;
Seventeenth: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka (these countries previously fell under the purview of the Seventh Department, but in order to intensify operations directed against both Japan and India, the KGB divided responsibility for them between the two departments).
Along with departments formed on a geographical basis, the First Main Directorate includes departments created on a functional basis.
Thus, the Eleventh Department communicates with the intelligence services of the USSR satellite states and introduces its agents into these services. Their foreign operations are invariably controlled by the KGB. The KGB has the greatest confidence in the services of Bulgaria, the GDR and Cuba. The Bulgarians have performed well in the field of terrorism, drug smuggling, weapons, and in general in the field of “power” illegal operations. The East Germans specialized in espionage against West Germany and subversion in Africa, where their actions were more successful than the Soviet ones. The Cubans proved themselves to be effective agents of Soviet influence in the United States and the Third World.
The Twelfth Department represents an interesting innovation in the KGB system. It was formed, apparently, based on Andropov’s conviction that “all areas” of human activity should become an arena for the battle of two political systems. The department is staffed mainly by KGB veterans who have worked abroad for many years and are therefore familiar with the languages and way of thinking of foreigners. They are considered employees of the USSR Academy of Sciences, the Institute of the USA and Canada and other reputable institutions and therefore, as scientific workers of the relevant profile, communicate widely with foreigners. These people travel abroad for scientific exchange, to various international conferences and congresses, and thus can penetrate almost everywhere. The twelfth department has proven itself so effective that it will probably be deployed into independent management.
The thirteenth department appears to have been temporarily abolished. For many years he was involved in sabotage and assassination attempts. Then it was transformed into Department “B” and, finally, into the Eighth Department of Directorate “C”. If the Thirteenth Department was resurrected, then from the sources to which the author of this book had access, its functions could not be established.
The Fourteenth Department develops technical means of secret operations, including communications equipment, weapons, special-purpose cameras, accessories for secret writing, etc. Its laboratories produce special poisons and other means with which the Eighth Department of Directorate “C” carries out assassinations. The same department is responsible for providing stations with devices that paralyze the action of third-party eavesdropping systems.
The fifteenth department is the archival service of the First Main Directorate.
The sixteenth department, one of the most classified, manages operations that target cryptographers and communications personnel of all foreign countries. According to Levchenko, during the 70s this department grew significantly.
Finally, the First Main Directorate has its own personnel department, party committee and secretariat, that is, an office, which includes an expedition responsible, in particular, for special mail.
Second Main Directorate
This main department manages the vast apparatus of suppression on the territory of the USSR. Its divisions are called “directions”: one of them deals with so-called economic crimes, the other is responsible for the protection of industrial facilities, the third determines which of the Soviet citizens can be departure allowed abroad, etc. Some units are responsible for spying on foreign journalists, students and tourists on the territory of the USSR.
Border Guard Directorate
Subordinate to this department are special armed forces, equipped with artillery, armored cars, patrol vessels, etc. and located along the state border of the USSR. Their number is 300–400 thousand people.
Third Directorate
Employees and agents of the Third Directorate exist in all divisions of the Soviet armed forces, down to the company level. They even spy on employees of the General Staff and the Main intelligence agency(GRU). Along with political workers, they are responsible for eliminating any dissent from the military environment and for its complete subordination to the regime.
Fifth Main Directorate
“Dissident”, or “ideological”, Formed under Andropov to identify and radically “eradicate” dissidents. Personnel from other departments treat the Fifth Main Directorate with a certain contempt, because they resort to such methods as beating dissidents, imprisoning them in psychiatric hospitals, and sending them letters containing various kinds of threats. However, the KGB leadership considers the work of this department to be effective.
Seventh Directorate
In the 70s, the Seventh Directorate, which monitors the personnel of foreign embassies and missions in Moscow, received a certain autonomy, in particular the right to own initiative start surveillance and create your own analytical groups.
The department has more than three thousand employees, most of whom are graduates of a two-year special school in Leningrad. They are armed with infrared binoculars, photographic equipment with powerful telephoto lenses, miniature radio equipment and have endless possibilities for masquerading as workers of innocent city services. Their cars look like ordinary Volgas, but are equipped with a powerful Chaika engine and are capable of catching up with any other car available in Moscow.
The Seventh Directorate is one of the few in the KGB in which many women are employed in operational work. Due to the frequent occurrence of work-related accidents, work in this department is considered dangerous. When calculating pension experience, each year of work here is counted as two.
Foreign embassies located in Moscow, and primarily the American one, are under continuous surveillance by disguised agents. Employees of this department can, in a matter of minutes, gather a large group of employees around a suspected person, forming an invisible mobile cordon.
Eighth Main Directorate
This department has two main functions: firstly, the development of ciphers and cryptography systems for the KGB and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs; secondly, ensuring the reliability and security of government communication lines on the territory of the USSR. In addition, its personnel intercept and try to decipher radio communications between foreign government agencies using artificial Earth satellites, special ships and equipment located in the buildings of Soviet embassies.
Ninth Directorate
The Ninth Directorate ensures the personal security of the top party and state leadership, as well as the protection of vital centers of the state apparatus, including the KGB.
Sixteenth Directorate
The existence and purpose of this control could not be confirmed using sources available to the author of this book. However, in 1974, while on vacation, Levchenko met a KGB officer, who once admitted to him that he worked in the Sixteenth Directorate. When Levchenko said that he had no idea what it was doing, he replied: “We work underground, like moles, Literally, we dig tunnels.”
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