Belarus is a country with a developed education system. Education system in Belarus

30.09.2019

The education system in the Republic of Belarus is a subject of justifiable national pride. The government of the country has chosen an effective strategy for developing the education system. This is evidenced by the following indicators:

almost 100 percent adult literacy rate.
98% of the working population has basic, secondary or vocational education.

According to the number of students with higher education Belarus is on an equal footing with the most developed countries of the world.

The education system in the Republic of Belarus is financed from the state budget. Over the past ten years, over 300 buildings for universities, schools, and kindergartens have been built in the Republic of Belarus. A huge contribution has been made to the production of modern textbooks and methodological manuals, and technological innovations in educational institutions have become commonplace, and not a curiosity.

At the same time, the education system in Belarus is still in the process of reform. Reorganization goals:

ensuring equal access to education for all citizens;
improving the quality of education;
advanced training of teachers;
integration of the national education system into the global one;
increasing funding for the education sector.

Preschool

Thanks to state policy, the system before school education operates successfully in Belarus and is constantly being improved. Level preparatory education the highest in the CIS. The country has public and private preschool institutions. New technologies are being actively introduced in education, taking into account individual characteristics and the needs of each child.

In kindergartens, children develop observation and curiosity, learn to speak and express their thoughts correctly, introduce them to the culture of communication, and develop the ability to establish contact with peers and adults. Teachers help to master orientation in time and space, lay the foundations for a positive attitude towards the surrounding world, order, work and instill love for the homeland.

Kindergartens in the Republic of Belarus employ competent psychologists and qualified doctors who closely monitor the mental and physical health of each child.

Private kindergartens offer additional music and foreign language lessons.

School

The school education system in Belarus is divided into three stages:

primary: grades 1-4;
basic: grades 5-9;
secondary: grades 9-11.

The first two steps are required. primary goal primary education– instilling an undying interest in acquiring new knowledge. Training takes place in two languages - Russian and Belarusian, but there are also schools where teaching is conducted exclusively in the native language. From third grade to school curriculum a foreign language is introduced - English, French or German.

The main load begins in the fifth grade. New disciplines are being added - physics, geometry, chemistry, algebra. The study of foreign languages takes place at an advanced level. Teachers help students discover their abilities and show areas of their possible application.

Much attention in the Belarusian education system is paid to the physical training of children. School stadiums comply with international safety and sanitation standards.

In high school, students are prepared for admission to universities; programs are built depending on the chosen field of study.

In some cities of Belarus, high school students in educational and production plants can obtain a working specialty (cook, hairdresser, landscaper, etc.) without interrupting their school studies.

Higher

The higher education system in Belarus is represented by the following types of institutions:

Classical university- prepares highly qualified scientific workers. The program includes fundamental theoretical research various directions.
Profile university- graduates specialists in one or two areas. In such institutions you can obtain a diploma as an architect, designer, agronomist, marketer or financier.
Institute- conducts specialized training and prepares translators, political scientists, psychologists, and programmers.
Higher College- here you can only get a bachelor's degree.

At some universities, for example Brest, you can master two specialties at the same time.

The form of education at universities is full-time and part-time, and the practice of remote education is also developing. The duration of study is five years. Lectures are given in Russian and Belarusian. In addition to public higher educational institutions, there are also private ones, the quality of education in which is strictly controlled by the government.

On this moment Higher education institutions issue diplomas with bachelor's and master's degrees. Doctoral degrees are not available.

Studying in Belarus may be of interest to those Russians who, for some reason, do not want or cannot study in their homeland, but do not have the means to study in Europe or America. Education in Belarus is not so prestigious, but it is of high quality and free.

According to the Ministry of Education of Belarus, today more than 2 thousand Russians are studying in 55 Belarusian universities. Basically, these are, of course, universities in Minsk: there are many universities in the capital offering a full range of specialties. At the same time, living in Minsk will cost a Russian much less than living in Moscow or St. Petersburg - this is another factor in favor of Belarusian education.

Again, as BusinessTimes already noted in previous materials about Belarus, our Union State still exists in practice: under an agreement between the Republic of Belarus and Russian Federation dated December 25, 1998, citizens of both countries have equal rights to higher education. In other words, Russians have the right to enter Belarusian universities in a budget department on a general basis, receive a scholarship and apply for a dormitory, or, if you did not pass the competition, study in a paid department. The cost of paid education at the Belarusian State University - the country's leading university - is 1000 - 1300 dollars per semester for full-time study, depending on the chosen faculty. Evening and correspondence courses, as well as studying at other universities, will cost you much less. A Belarusian diploma is recognized in Russia without the need for any certification.

However, there are some nuances in Belarusian education that it is better to know about in advance. For example, since 2003, both secondary and higher education in Belarus are assessed on a 10-point scale. The “10” rating is not the traditional “5”, but “5+”, and it is practically not used. “9” is a “5”, “6” is a classic four, below the Belarusian “5” points is an unsatisfactory mark, below the Russian three. It will take you some time to get used to the 10-point scale - and most importantly, when applying to Belarusian universities, you will need to transfer your school certificate to this system using a special translation scale: the average score of the certificate is added to the results of the entrance exams.

The entrance exams themselves - centralized testing (CT) - are analogous to the Russian Unified State Exam, but not quite. For example, in the CT for the Russian language there is more theory, but there is no essay, and in the CT for mathematics you just need to enter the results in the answer form and check the boxes, without a solution. The main difficulty for Russians when taking the DT is the need to register on time and come to the exams, which are usually held in the second half of June. Registration usually takes place a month before exact dates change from year to year and it is better for applicants to monitor this information on the websites of the universities themselves.

The first step when entering any country in the world is choosing a university. In Belarus, the higher education system is represented by the following types of educational institutions:

Classical University;
- specialized university or academy;
- institute;
- higher college.

Studying at most universities lasts 4-5 years. The following universities in the country are considered leading:

— Belarusian State University, opened in 1921;

— Belarusian State University of Informatics and Radioelectronics"

Belarusian National Technical University
— Belarusian State Economic University

— Belarusian State Pedagogical University named after. M. Tanka
— Belarusian State Medical University
— Belarusian State Agrarian Technical University
— Belarusian State University of Culture and Arts
— Belarusian State University of Physical Culture

— Belarusian State Academy of Arts
— Belarusian State Academy of Music
— Academy of Management under the President of the Republic of Belarus

To enter one of these universities, in addition to the CT results, you need to submit the following documents:

— application form, filled out when submitting documents;

— originals of documents on secondary education;

— original medical certificate of health confirming the ability to study;

— a copy of the birth certificate and a copy of the passport;

— 6 or 8 photographs 4x6 cm.

After you decide on a university, pass the CT test and submit documents, and finally find out about your admission, the question will arise of where to live. There are dormitories in Belarusian universities, but it’s better not to rely on them - there is a catastrophic lack of places even in the BSU dormitory. The solution is to rent a room or apartment, which is quite cheap in Belarus. Even in Minsk, you can rent a one-room apartment from $200, a room for $80. In regional cities, prices will be even lower.

Placement upon graduation - a remnant of the Soviet education system that still exists in Belarus - is voluntary for Russians.

In the Republic of Belarus there is a developed network of educational institutions in the system of vocational and technical education. Currently, it includes vocational schools, vocational lyceums, and vocational colleges. They provide vocational and technical and general secondary education with the assignment of worker qualifications in mass professions and the issuance of a diploma of vocational education.

Secondary special education

Educational institutions where you can receive specialized secondary education include technical schools (schools), colleges, schools-colleges of the arts, gymnasiums-colleges of the arts, vocational colleges, linguistic gymnasiums-colleges, and higher colleges.

Secondary specialized education is provided on the basis of general basic, general secondary and vocational education. Training is conducted in full-time, part-time and evening forms and lasts from 2 to 4 years.

National High School

The higher education system of the Republic of Belarus includes 43 state higher educational institutions (31 universities, 6 academies, 2 institutes, 4 higher colleges), as well as 12 privately owned universities.

Licensing carried out in Belarus educational activities all universities regardless of their form of ownership. The Belarusian State University and the Belarusian National Technical University are leading higher education institutions in the national education system, 9 universities are leading industry universities.

The National Higher School trains specialists in 360 specialties and more than 2 thousand specializations, which makes it possible to almost completely satisfy the needs of the national economy of the republic for specialists with higher education.

In 2002, in accordance with the Decree of the President of the Republic of Belarus “On the accession of the Republic of Belarus to the Convention on the Recognition of Qualifications Relating to Higher Education in the European Region,” Belarus became a full party to the 1997 Lisbon Convention, prepared jointly with UNESCO and the Council of Europe. This makes it possible to more effectively solve the problem of recognizing diplomas from Belarusian universities, contributes to the development of international cooperation, and attracting people to study in Belarus foreign students, the number of which is planned to increase in the future to 5% of total number students.

The training of scientific and scientific-pedagogical personnel in the Republic of Belarus is carried out in postgraduate and doctoral studies at universities and scientific organizations of the Ministry of Education (www.minedu.unibel.by).

The country has a network of educational institutions for advanced training and retraining of personnel. The management of the education system in Belarus is carried out by republican government bodies, as well as local executive and administrative bodies. The Ministry of Education is responsible for the state and development of the education system in the state.

People also actively come to Belarus foreign students. Activities in the field of providing paid educational services foreign citizens carried out by 51 educational institutions. Training is carried out in Belarusian or Russian. Its cost, according to international practice, is set by the educational institution itself for each specialty.

Every year about 130 graduate students from foreign countries study at universities and scientific institutions Belarus.

5) Basic principles of the education system of the Republic of Belarus

Article.14 The basic principles of state policy in the field of education of the Republic of Belarus are formulated in the Law of the Republic of Belarus “On Education” dated March 19, 2002 and are aimed at improving the quality of education that meets the needs of the individual, society and the state, ensuring social justice in obtaining education at all levels.
The national system of education and upbringing guarantees every citizen the right to receive education, which is ensured by:

· development of a network of educational institutions of all forms of ownership, various forms organizing training and education, creating conditions for obtaining general and vocational education, taking into account national traditions, individual needs and abilities of students

· accessibility and free education in state educational institutions of general and primary vocational (vocational) education

· free, on a competitive basis, secondary vocational (secondary specialized), higher, postgraduate education in government institutions, regardless of the form of education when receiving a given level of education for the first time within the framework of state education standards

· continuity of education and continuity of its various stages

· partial or full coverage of the costs of maintaining citizens in need of social assistance during their education

In accordance with Art. 14 of the Law “On Education in the Republic of Belarus” all state and non-state educational institutions on the territory of the republic belong to the national education system of the Republic of Belarus, which includes:

1. Preschool education

2. General secondary education

3. Extracurricular forms of education

4. Vocational education

5. Secondary specialized education

6. Higher education

7. Training of scientific and scientific-pedagogical personnel

8. Advanced training and retraining of personnel

9. Independent education of citizens

Self-test questions

1) What does the education system of the Republic of Belarus include?

2)Explain the components of the education system?

3) Give brief description structure of the education system of the Republic of Belarus?

4) What are the forms of education?

5) List the principles of state policy in the field of education?

Education in the Republic of Belarus(belor. Education in Belarus) - training and education in the interests of the individual, society, state, aimed at mastering knowledge, skills, abilities, formation of a harmonious, versatile, developed personality [ ] .

General information

The structure of the national education system is based on the Constitution of the Republic of Belarus and other legal acts. The equality of all citizens in receiving education, the unity of educational systems and the continuity of all forms of education are guaranteed.

Main stages of education:

preschool (nurseries, kindergartens)
general basic (based on 9 grades of secondary school). Starts at age 6.
general secondary (based on 11 classes), primary vocational (vocational schools, lyceums), specialized secondary (technical schools, colleges)
higher professional (higher colleges, institutes, universities, academies).

After successful completion of basic school, there is the opportunity to continue studying in:

vocational schools, where they simultaneously receive general secondary education and vocational training

Those who wish can obtain a general secondary education by continuing their studies at school. The main document giving the right to enter a higher educational institution is a certificate or diploma confirming receipt of vocational or secondary specialized education. There are 45 state and 10 non-state universities in Belarus. Basic general education (secondary school grades 1-9) is compulsory. Education in secondary school is free. Graduates of vocational and technical educational institutions, who received education at the expense of the budget, are required to work according to the distribution for one year, graduates of secondary specialized and higher educational institutions - two years. The price of paid higher education in certain specialties reached 12 million rubles per year in 2012, and continued to grow.

It was planned to transfer secondary education to 12 years of education with compulsory 10 years of study, but in 2008 a decision was made to return to 11 years of secondary school. At the same time, the decision to return to the 11-year education system was made not by the Ministry of Education, but by the Presidential Administration. Alexander Lukashenko justified his decision as follows: “Based on the opinion of parents and teachers, at least most of them, we decided to stop costly experiments and return to the school that we all knew well.”

In the general secondary education system, 130,639 students (13.7%) are taught in the Belarusian language, 822,970 students (86.2%) - in Russian, 834 students - in Polish and 64 students - in Lithuanian.

The legal, economic, social and organizational foundations of special education (the process of training and education of persons with special needs of psychophysical development, including special conditions for obtaining appropriate education, provision of correctional assistance, social adaptation and integration of these persons into society) are determined by the law of the Republic of Belarus “On the education of persons with characteristics of psychophysical development (special education)".

Basic indicators

In 2012, there were 4,064 preschool education institutions in the Republic of Belarus with 398 thousand children and 54.1 thousand teaching staff. In 2012/13 academic year There were 3,579 institutions of general secondary education with 928.2 thousand students and 128.1 thousand teachers, 226 institutions of vocational education with 79.9 thousand students, 225 institutions of secondary specialized education with 152.2 thousand students. Most students in secondary specialized education institutions studied in technical and technological profiles (50 thousand), as well as economic, legal and managerial (34.3 thousand), agricultural (21.3 thousand), architectural and construction (14, 3 thousand) and medical profiles (11.5 thousand)

In the 2012/13 academic year, there were 54 higher educational institutions in the country (45 public and 9 private), where 428.4 thousand students studied, including 209.3 thousand full-time students, 0.9 thousand evening students and 218.3 thousand in absentia. More than half (30) of universities are located in Minsk; More than half of the students (223.9 thousand) study in the capital.

History of education in Belarus

In the Middle Ages, secondary and higher education was received at colleges (Vilno, Polotsk, Pinsk, Grodno, Yurovichi). The first higher educational institution on the territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was Vilna University.

Grand Duchy of Lithuania

At the first stages of establishing the school system, the education commission was faced with the problem of a lack of trained teaching staff. As a result, initially, secular schools established by the Educational Commission were taught almost exclusively by clergy. To solve this problem, special teacher institutes were established at the main schools in Vilna and Krakow to train teachers in district and subdistrict schools. To train teachers in parish schools, teacher seminaries were established in Kielce and Łowicz.

All Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in curriculum was divided into 9 districts ( Wydzialy), of which 4 were in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, namely: Lithuanian, Novogrudok, Zhmud and Podlassky. Regardless of the main school or the Vilna Academy, one higher school was established in each district ( Szkoly wydzialowe) with a gymnasium course and several sub-district schools ( Szkoly podwydzialowe). Higher schools were established in Grodno, Novogrudok, Brest-Litovsk and Krozhi; lower schools in Vilna, Volkovysk, Bialystok, Vishnyov, Postavy, Lida, Merech, Shchuchin-Litovsky, Minsk, Kholopenichy, Nesvizh, Slutsk, Bobruisk, Berezvech, Luzhki, Pinsk, Belaya, Dombrovitsa, Lyubeshov, Zhirovitsy, Kovne, Kretinga , Ponevezhe , Rossienakh and Vilkomir.

Having established the schools, the education commission began to draw up a common charter for Polish and Lithuanian schools ( Ustawy kommisari edukacji narodowej dla stanu akademiekiego i na szkoly w krajuch Rzeczy pospolitej przepianene). The draft of this charter, in the drafting of which Kolontai and Piramovich took the greatest part, was written in 1781, sent to all schools and, based on the comments received from them, corrected, finally approved and put into effect in May 1873. This Charter was breakthrough in its time. Many provisions of this charter of the educational commission were transferred to the Charter of the Imperial Vilna University and the schools of its district, published on May 18, 1803, and from there entered the charters of universities and schools Russian Empire 1804.

To provide textbooks and manuals, at the suggestion of commission member Ignatius Pototsky, a society of elementary books was established ( Towarzystwo elementary). The members of the society included the best Polish scientists of that time: Piramowicz, Wybicki, Hugo Kolontai, Jan Sniadecki, Onufry Kopczynski and others. The society immediately announced competitions for the compilation of manuals and textbooks and promised very substantial monetary rewards for the best. Many essays were submitted to the competition good quality especially in mathematics, physics and natural history.

It took a long time to implement all the initiatives of the educational commission, but the subsequent sections of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth put an end not only to the educational commission but also to the entire state.

Russian empire

At the end of the 18th century Belarusian lands became part of the Russian Empire as a result of the division of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

1990s

2008 reform

Returned the Belarusian school to 11-year education.

2010

In the secondary education system of Belarus, from grades 1 to 11, in 2010, the curriculum of elective classes “Fundamentals” was introduced Orthodox culture. Orthodox shrines Eastern Slavs» On December 2, 2010, at the session of the House of Representatives of the National Assembly, the draft Code of the Republic of Belarus on Education was adopted. In 2010, it was created. Almost six thousand fewer applications were submitted to universities for a budget-funded form of education than in 2009 (among them, 60% of students at Belarusian universities are correspondence students). 71.5% (approximately 10 thousand Minsk applicants) became university students; of those admitted, 82% chose state universities

2011

IN regulations regulating admission to higher and secondary specialized educational establishments Belarus, changes and additions will be made. It is planned to sign a special decree of the President of the Republic of Belarus. In 2011, admission will be carried out by 55 higher educational institutions (45 state form property, 10 - private). On June 6, 2011, the Ministry of Education closed the Envil Women's Institute. As of September 2011: general secondary education institutions - 3.4 thousand (920 thousand schoolchildren, in the first grades - about 87 thousand people), vocational schools - 217 (students - 106 thousand people), secondary schools (secondary specialized education level ) - 213 (according to plan - 56 thousand people), universities (higher education level) - 45 state universities (subordinate to 12 ministries and departments) and 10 private (according to plan - 89.7 thousand people).

2013

Starting from the 2013/14 academic year, it is planned to transfer students from more than 230 university specialties to a four-year training program.

2015

On May 14, 2015 in Yerevan, at the Conference of Ministers of Education of the EHEA countries and the Bologna Policy Forum, it was announced that Belarus would join the Bologna process and join the European Higher Education Area.

A roadmap for reforming the higher education system, designed for 3 years, has been adopted. The Republic of Belarus must gradually move closer to the EHEA: move from two-stage to three-stage education (bachelor's - master's - doctoral), introduce a system of transferable credits to measure the teaching load and begin issuing a free European Diploma Supplement. All these innovations should make it easier for students to transfer to other universities and ensure recognition of learning results at Belarusian universities abroad.

Education levels

Preschool education

The number of preschool education institutions in Belarus decreased from 4,064 in the 2012/13 academic year to 3,812 in the 2017/18 academic year. In rural settlements, the number of preschool education institutions is decreasing (from 2036 to 1729 over the same period), in cities and towns it is growing slightly (from 2028 to 2083). IN rural areas educational and pedagogical complexes of nursery-kindergarten and school are also very popular (817, or almost half of all preschool education institutions in rural areas).

Secondary education

In the 2017/2018 academic year, there were 3,067 general secondary education institutions in the Republic of Belarus, including 1,580 secondary schools, 208 gymnasiums and boarding schools, 29 lyceums (including specialized ones), 885 educational and pedagogical complexes and 190 special education institutions. Almost all schools are public; In the 2012/2013 academic year, there were 8 private secondary schools and 2 primary schools in the republic, with 638 students; the last private gymnasium closed in the 2011/2012 academic year.

Languages of instruction Foreign languages

In the 2012/2013 academic year, 724.7 thousand students in grades 3-11 studied foreign languages. Of these, the following were studied as a first foreign language: English - 569.5 thousand (78.1%), German - 124.7 thousand (17.1%), French - 25.4 thousand (3.5%) , Spanish - 4.9 thousand (0.7%).

Teachers

In the 2017/2018 academic year, 114.9 thousand teachers taught in schools of all types in the Republic of Belarus. There were 70,825 teachers teaching in secondary schools (excluding managers and part-time teachers), 94.7% of whom had higher education and 5% had secondary specialized education. By main specialty they are distributed as follows:

foreign languages - 14,336 people;
mathematics - 7280;
Belarusian language and literature - 6876;
Russian language and literature - 6835;
physical education - 6470;
history and other social disciplines - 4486;
labor training - 3940;
physicists - 3159;
music and singing - 2785;
chemistry - 2779;
biology - 2655;
computer science - 2532;
fine arts - 978;
pre-conscription and medical training - 491;
other items - 2763.

Special education

In the 2017/2018 academic year, 7,788 students studied in 190 special education institutions, including 25 special secondary schools(boarding schools) - 2549 children:

6 schools for children with visual impairments, in which 537 children studied (Minsk school No. 188, Vasilevichi, Grodno, Zhabinka, Molodechno, Shklov);
10 schools for children with hearing impairments, 867 students (Bobruisk, Vitebsk, Gomel, Grodno, Kobrin, Pinsk, Rechitsa, two schools in Minsk and one in Zhdanovichi, Minsk region);
1 school for children with musculoskeletal disorders, 50 students (Osipovichi);
5 schools for children with severe speech impairments, 699 students (Vileika, Minsk, Mstislavl, Novogrudok, Petrikov);
3 schools for children with mental development disorders (learning difficulties), 396 students (Mogilev, Radun, Voronovo district, Telekhany, Ivatsevichi district).

In addition to these schools, the republic has 139 centers for correctional and developmental education and rehabilitation, which educate 2,289 children, and 26 auxiliary schools (boarding schools), which educate 2,950 children.

Vocational Education

In the 2017/2018 academic year, there were 182 vocational education institutions in the Republic of Belarus, where 66.9 thousand people studied and 7.6 thousand management and teaching staff worked. 29.7 thousand students were admitted, 30.5 thousand specialists graduated (including 28.5 thousand full-time). On average, 65-68% of students in vocational education institutions are boys, 32-35% are girls.

In the 2016/2017 academic year, vocational education institutions graduated 28,506 qualified specialists in the following education profiles:

Art and design - 432 people (1.5%);
Communications. Right. Economy. Management - 2724 people (9.6%);
Equipment and technology - 13,819 people (48.5%);
Architecture and construction - 4928 people (17.3%);
Agriculture and forestry. Landscape construction - 3204 people (11.2%);
Catering. Household services - 3186 people (11.2%);
Security services - 213 people (0.7%).

In addition, until the 2014/2015 academic year, specialists were trained in the profiles “Social protection” and “ Physical Culture. Tourism and hospitality".

Number of students in VET institutions, thousand:	Number of students by region, thousand (2017/18):

Secondary special education

In the 2017/2018 academic year, 114.1 thousand students studied in 226 secondary specialized educational institutions (91.5 thousand full-time students, 100 evening students, 22.4 thousand part-time students). 38.3 thousand graduates of secondary educational institutions were accepted, 36.4 thousand specialists graduated. The educational process was provided by 9.7 thousand full-time teachers. Slightly more than half (50.2-55%) of students in SSE institutions are women. 0.9% of students receive secondary specialized education in the Belarusian language, 14.6% in the Belarusian and Russian languages, 84.5% in the Russian language.

Number of students in SSO institutions, thousand:	Number of students by region, thousand (2017/18):

The most popular specialty profiles are engineering and technology (in the 2016/17 academic year, 10.7 thousand specialists graduated, or 29.3%), “Communications. Right. Economy. Management" (8.2 thousand, or 22.4%), healthcare (5.5 thousand, or 15.2%). 4.4 thousand specialists in the field of agriculture and forestry (12.1%) and 2.7 thousand in the field of architecture and construction (7.4%) were graduated. The fewest specialists were trained in the specialties “Humanities” (less than 100 people graduated in the 2016/17 academic year), “Security Services” (about 100 people), “Physical education. Tourism and Hospitality" (about 600 graduates), "Art and Design" (1,400 graduates), "Pedagogy" (1,700 graduates).

In the 2012/2013 academic year, women made up 95.8% of students in educational institutions in the humanities, 91.7% in health care, 90.5% in teaching, 81.4% in economics and law, 78.2% in public affairs. nutrition, 75.2% in art and design, 61.8% in physical education and tourism, 27.2% in agriculture and forestry, 25.6% in engineering and technology, 23% in architecture and construction, 5.4% for security services.

Higher education

Number of students, thousand:	Number of students by region, thousand (2017/18):

Current state

In the 2017/18 academic year, 284.3 thousand students study at 51 universities of the Republic of Belarus (159.8 thousand full-time students, 1.3 thousand evening students, 123.2 thousand part-time students). The higher education system employed 20,871 core (regular) personnel, of whom 1,338 had a doctorate of science, 8,368 a candidate of science. 1175 people had the academic title of professor, 7220 - associate professor. At the same time, in the 2012/13 academic year, 428.4 thousand students studied in 54 universities of the Republic of Belarus. The number of teaching staff was 24,612 people, including 1,346 doctors of science, 9,043 candidates of science, 1,260 professors, 7,509 associate professors.

In Belarus, there are two leading universities in the national education system: the Belarusian State University, founded on October 30, 1921, and the Academy of Management under the President of the Republic of Belarus, founded on January 29, 1991. The status of a leading university in the republic is enshrined in law and has two varieties: a leading university in the national education system and a leading university in the industry. Several universities have the status of a leading university in the industry (in particular, the Belarusian National Technical University, the Belarusian State University of Informatics and Radioelectronics, the Belarusian State Medical University, the Belarusian State Agrarian Technical University, the Belarusian State Technological University, the Belarusian State University of Culture and Arts and others).

In Belarus, university students can receive academic specialist (bachelor's) and master's degrees.

University graduates can continue their studies and receive postgraduate education by entering graduate school and then doctoral studies. In addition, it is possible to take retraining courses and obtain a second higher education.

On average, 57-60% of university students in Belarus are women. In the 2012/13 academic year, most women studied in specialties related to social protection (94,1 %), catering and consumer services (88.9%), ecology (78.4%), humanities (77.7%), pedagogy (77.1%), healthcare (73.7%), communications, law, economics and management (72.6%). The fewest women are trained in technical specialties (26.9%) and security-related specialties (14.7%).

In the 2012/13 academic year, 0.2% of students (683 people) received education in the Belarusian language, 37.4% in Belarusian and Russian, 62.4% in Russian.

For 2010-2018, the share of students studying at the expense of budget funds, increased from 33.8% to 42.6%, on a paid basis - decreased from 66.2% to 57.4%:

Specialties

In the 2012/13 academic year, the majority of students studied in the “Communications” profile. Right. Economy. Management" - 167.3 thousand people. 83.2 thousand students studied in technical and technological specialties, 42.4 thousand in pedagogical, 28.1 thousand in agricultural, 21.7 thousand in medical, 16.6 thousand in humanities, 13 in natural sciences, 8 thousand, physical education and tourism - 9 thousand, art history and design - 7.1 thousand.

By the 2017/18 academic year, the share of students studying in economics, law and management specialties decreased to 31.8% (in the 2010/11 academic year - 40.8%). The distribution of the number of students by specialty profile began to look like this (thousand students):

Training for foreign citizens

In the 2012/13 academic year, 12,002 students were citizens of other states, including 6,514 were citizens of Turkmenistan, 1,658 of Russia, 1,146 of China, 265 of Azerbaijan, 244 of Sri Lanka, 242 of Nigeria, 208 of Iran, 168 Ukraine, 154 - Lebanon, 124 - Syria, 118 - Kazakhstan, 115 - Turkey, 110 - Lithuania. By the 2017/18 academic year, the number of foreign students increased to 14,635 people, including 7,108 citizens of Turkmenistan, 1,499 of Russia, 943 of Iran, 875 of China, 455 of Tajikistan, 445 of Nigeria, 391 of Sri Lanka, 389 Azerbaijan, 340 - India, 339 - Lebanon.

Education for citizens of other countries is usually paid. The cost of which depends on the chosen specialty, form of study and educational institution.

To receive an invitation to study, you must contact the university. For this purpose, everyone is sent to the educational institution Required documents.

Most foreign students, before starting their studies, need to take a one-year language course in Belarus at the pre-university preparation department of the educational institution.

All higher education institutions in Belarus have housing departments that provide assistance in obtaining a temporary residence permit and help find a place of residence. Most students live in student dormitories. It's convenient and quite cheap.

As of 2010, about 2 thousand Chinese students are studying in Belarus. As of 2013, 7,400 students are citizens of Turkmenistan, this is the largest contingent of foreign students in Belarus. .

Master's degree

The number of master's students tripled in 2010-2018:

Number of master's students:	Graduated Masters:

The distribution of master's students by specialty in the 2017/18 academic year is as follows:

Postgraduate education

In 2011-2016, the number of postgraduate (postgraduate) students decreased from 5,779 to 5,090 people. Of the 828 people who graduated from graduate school in 2016, 59 graduated with a thesis defense.

Number of postgraduate students in 2016:

Awarding academic degrees

The number of awarded scientific degrees of Candidate of Sciences in the 2010s fluctuates at the level of 450-520 people per year, Doctor of Sciences - 40-50 people:

Candidates of Science:	Doctors of Science:

Education Code

Project

2010 - during the preparation of the project, the parliamentary commission received about 1.5 thousand oral and written comments. The project was formed for the first time.

It was adopted in the second reading at a session of the House of Representatives of the National Assembly. On January 13, 2011, it was signed by the head of state A. Lukashenko.

A number of provisions of the project:

Issues of disciplinary liability in the educational process have been resolved (introduction of disciplinary liability for students)
Private universities will be required to have a dormitory
Students will be given leave to serve in the army
A new educational document has been provided - a research diploma, which will be issued to persons who have successfully completed their postgraduate studies (postgraduate studies)

Forms of education

Educational programs are mastered in the following forms (depending on the needs and capabilities of the individual):

In an educational institution:
- Full-time
- Part-time (evening)
- Correspondence
- Remote, continuous
In the form of family education
Self-education
Externship
With a tutor

Boarding institutions

2011 - 52 boarding schools for orphans (30% less than in 2005), about 70% of orphans are raised in families (state social policy focuses on this form of adoption).

Statistics

In 2008, 1,627 school graduates received gold medals and 282 received silver medals. In 2009, about 2 thousand school graduates became gold and silver medalists, and the number of silver medalists has increased significantly. Receiving a medal (since 1994 they have been produced by the Heat Transfer Equipment and Powder Metallurgy Unitary Enterprise) gives the applicant the opportunity, all other things being equal, to have an advantage when entering universities. On one side of the medal there is the coat of arms of Belarus, on the other there is the inscription “For the outstanding Vedas” and there is an imprint of an open book framed by sun rays and ears of corn. Applicants for gold must have a certificate of general basic education with honors and exemplary behavior, and in high school graduates have annual and exam marks of “nine” and “ten.” The silver medal is awarded to boys and girls who competed for gold, but fell slightly short of the highest step of the academic podium.

Reflections on the place of Belarusian universities in the world, whether assessments can be seen as an outdated approach to education and why our country was denied entry into the Bologna process

Webometrics , California Institute of Technology, Oxford and Stanford are leading the way in education this year. To find at least one on this list Belarusian university- you have to try: BSU is in 639th place, GrSU is in 1861st place, and BSPU is in 2327th place . In Belarus, higher education can be obtained at 43 state universities and 10 private ones - and there is something wrong with all of them.

What does it mean to be part of the Bologna Process? These are the autonomy of universities, increased mobility of students, a two-level system of “bachelor’s + master’s degrees,” student participation in the management of higher education, comparability educational programs(which means a well-thought-out structure, a credit system and mutual recognition of diplomas by universities different countries) - all together creates that same single space. Apart from cosmetic changes towards reducing the university program to 4 years (including by lengthening the school year to 12), our country is moving towards the necessary reforms very, very slowly.

“We declare that we don’t care about these European values, then why are we rushing there? If you don’t want to be like them, don’t go to them. If you don’t want to be like others in the Bologna process, don’t apply there. Remain the only country unlike any other. Perhaps still North Korea will keep us company", - Professor Dunaev, former vice-rector of the European Humanities University, member of the public Bologna Committee, ironically.

“The Substitute Teacher” is a talented drama starring Adrien Brody about a teacher who specializes in temporary assignments, a forgotten school and a number of wonderful employees and students who have gone crazy.

4. Big price for a small salary: teachers

Lack of respect from society and low salaries, the need to conform educational plans and extensive standardizations that leave no room for creative solutions, the need to write tons of reports - this is an incomplete list of joys awaiting teachers. Although at the January press conference Minister of Education Maskevich stated that teachers do not write any 25 reports: “These are not reports, this is simply information that they send to various organizations. There could be much more information like this.” One less problem, right?

Due to the unpopularity of the profession, often anyone who meets the minimum criteria for the position is hired as a teacher. Famous Belarusian artist Zoya Lutsevich, worried about her son, told KU about what she thought main problem namely the personnel selection process. She suggests doing a kindness test before hiring someone to work with children. Which? The same Milgram experiment, for example.

It is assumed that some of the problems of teachers can be solved by increasing salaries, which will bring more interested and professional people, and those who devote a lot of time to outside work will be distracted from it. “Unfortunately, things happen differently. When the teacher in English their salary is doubled, he does not stop doing part-time work and does not begin to be more attentive to the needs of the school. On the contrary, any additional workload becomes a problem for him, since it costs surprisingly little compared to the rest of his salary,”- argues Mikhail Mokrinsky, director of the lyceum.

The series “School” by Valeria Gai Germanika is criticized for its blackness and thanked for its frenzy in exposing social diseases, and the magazine “Afisha” devotes an entire online section to it “Germanika-Daily” - about close-ups, epileptic seizures and analogies with Trier.

5. High cost

Often the opportunity to obtain a quality education is associated with high tuition fees. The poorly developed student loan system doesn't help either.

According to the Ministry of Education, the cost of paid full-time education at universities ranges from 800$ to 1600$, which even the president rated as quite high. Interestingly, the report Rector of BSU Sergei Ablameiko At a meeting of the University Professorial Assembly, it was stated that the university receives its main income for providing paid services. Budget funding is approximately 45%. The situation is probably similar in other universities. Despite this, according to the Minister of Education, there are no resources to reduce prices in Belarus; on the contrary, another increase is planned for this year.

In Belarus, indeed, there has been no completely free education for a long time - after all, the third that studies at the expense of budgetary funds is obliged to work for 2 years as assigned after graduating from a university. And if you refuse, you have to pay the full price, and even recalculated at the new rate.

“The cat has four legs and a long tail behind it.” The freedom-loving street children from the film of the same name named their school named after Dostoevsky the Republic of SHKID.

6. Subjective rating systems and limited methodology

One of the main problems is the methodology of teaching and assessing student performance. A simplified system with an extremely generalized approach leads to standardization: but these are mass institutions, and the most students study there. different people with a variety of abilities. And it is not at all clear what exactly to evaluate: effort in work, ability to think, amount of knowledge, potential?

“The stupid arguments that “if you don’t study well, you’ll work as a janitor” didn’t really work in the 90s, and now, I think, too. Judging by my class, the poor students turned out to be guys with a strong entrepreneurial spirit, while many excellent students are still waiting for awards for honors in life. However, not all of them receive these same incentives,” -