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Nominative case of a noun. What questions do cases answer? Instrumental case questions. Prepositional case questions

Some linguists believe that the Russian language is rich in cases. This means that there are not six of them, as schoolchildren study, but more. And, as it turns out, they have every reason to hold this opinion. So, how many cases are there in Russian? Let's try to figure this issue out.

Case system

The term “case” translated from Greek means “fall”, and from Latin it means “to fall”.

Case (declension) - grammatical category, intended to show the syntactic role of nouns and their interaction with other words of the sentence. In addition to the noun, adjectives, participles, numerals, and pronouns also change by case. It is worth noting that the case of these adjectival words depends on the declension of the noun being defined. It is expressed by changing the ending.

How many cases are there in Russian?

Considering the morphology of the Russian language, as a rule, six main cases are called:

  • Nominative (original declension form).
  • Genitive.
  • Dative.
  • Accusative.
  • Instrumental.
  • Prepositional.

The listed cases are called basic due to their widespread use. In addition, it is worth noting that their prevalence is due to the fact that the parts of speech that were mentioned earlier have grammatical forms for the listed cases.

To correctly declension words, you need to know that all cases answer questions. In addition, each of them expresses several meanings. Let's take a closer look at each.

Nominative

The corresponding questions are “who?”, “what?” To recognize this case, you need to add the word “is” to the noun. For example: there is (what?) a light bulb. Used without prepositions. The singular number has the following endings:

  • 1st declension: -a, -i.
  • 2nd declination: -o, -e or zero.

And in the plural: -ы, -и, -а, -я.

Since the nominative case is the original case form of the word, its responsibilities include:

  • give a name to the subject of an action or state ( Mother is cleaning, the children are tired);
  • define, characterize an object, person or action (n your daughter is a doctor; war is a disaster);
  • name the subject of the message, subject, action, property (used in sentences of this type: Morning. Sun.);
  • Express an appeal to the interlocutor ( Baby, how old are you??).

Genitive

The corresponding questions are “who?”, “what?” To recognize this case, you need to substitute the word “no” with the noun. For example: there is no (what?) snow. Used with prepositions near, at, after, without, about, from, for, around, to, from, with. The singular number is determined by the following endings:

  • 1st declension: -ы, -и.
  • 2nd declension: -a, -i.
  • 3rd declension: -i.

Has the ending: zero, -ov, -ev, -ey.

The genitive case may indicate:

  • Item affiliation ( son's car).
  • Carrier properties ( blue sky).
  • The object to which the action is directed ( watching TV).
  • The subject performing the action ( mom's arrival).
  • Parts of the whole ( piece of cake).

Dative

Words in the dative case answer the questions “to whom?”, “what?”. To recognize this case, you need to substitute the word “dam” to the noun. For example: I'll give it to (who?) my sister. Used with prepositions to, by. In the singular, words in the dative case end in:

  • 1st declension: -e, -i.
  • 2nd declension: -у, -у.
  • 3rd declension: -i.

Plural declension is characterized by endings: -am, -yam.

Words in the dative case are intended to indicate:

  • Action recipient ( gave the magazine to a friend, wrote a letter to my mother);
  • Subject of an action or state ( the guys couldn't sleep).

Accusative

The corresponding questions are “who?”, “what?”. To recognize this case, you need to substitute the word “see” with the noun. For example: I see (who?) my mother. Used with prepositions in, for, on, about, through. The singular number corresponds to the endings:

  • 1st declension: -у, -у.
  • 2nd declension: -o, -e.
  • 3rd declension: zero ending.

Plural: -ы, -и, -а, -я, -еy.

The accusative case, in turn:

  • Denotes an action object ( clean the room, sew a dress).
  • Expresses quantity, space, distance, measure of time (drive a kilometer, weigh a ton, wait a year, cost a penny).

Instrumental case

The questions correspond to “by whom?”, “with what?”. To recognize this case, you need to add the word “proud” to the noun. For example: I’m proud of (who?) my son. Used with prepositions for, above, under, before, with

  • 1st declension: -oh (-oh), -ey (-ey).
  • 2nd declension: -om, -em.
  • 3rd declension: -ju.

Plural: -ami, -yami.

Intended to indicate:

  • Permanent or temporary employment in any activity ( serves as a soldier, worked as a plumber).
  • Subject of action - for passive constructions ( the house was demolished by workers).
  • Action object ( breathe oxygen).
  • Instrument or means of action ( treat with peroxide).
  • Locations ( follow the path).
  • Method, mode of action ( sing in a bass voice).
  • Measures of time or quantity of something ( carry buckets).
  • Item parameters ( the size of a fist).
  • Compatibility of persons and objects ( brother and sister).

Prepositional

The corresponding questions are “about whom?”, “about what?”. To recognize this case, you need to add the word “think” to the noun. For example: I think (about whom?) about my beloved. Used with prepositions in, on, about, about, about, at. The singular number has endings:

  • 1st declension: -e, -i.
  • 2nd declension: -e. -And.
  • 3rd declension: -i.

Plural cases end in: -akh, -yah.

Prepositions used with nouns in the prepositional case help determine what it means. Namely:

  • Action object ( think about a girl).
  • Place of action, states ( sit on the chair).
  • Time after performing some action ( upon arrival).

Additional cases

In the Russian language, in addition to the six main cases, there are several forms that have a controversial status and are close to the case. They are also called cases of nouns, since they are intended exclusively for their declension. These include: the second genitive (partitive or quantitative-disjunctive), the second prepositional (local, locative), the second accusative (invertive, inclusive, collective), vocative form (vocative), counting, expectative, and partitive cases. The peculiarity of these forms is that each of them occurs in a limited range of words. Moreover, they can exist in certain contextual conditions. Let's study these cases a little. Examples will help us understand them better.

The second one is for declension of some words male in the singular, referring to the second declension: a cup of tea, a spoonful of sugar. The ending of this case, namely “-у”, is more often used in colloquial speech and is not mandatory (you can say bag of sugar or bag of sugar). Exceptions are certain cases: let's drink some tea. Quite a lot of masculine nouns are not used in the partitive form: ice cube, piece of bread.

The second prepositional declension has special endings for a group of nouns that are singularly masculine. Case is used, for example, in the following words: on the shore, in the closet, in battle. Also, the locative is characterized by a shift of stress to the ending in certain nouns of the 3rd declension that are feminine and singular: in silence, aground, in the oven.

The second occurs with some verbs ( sign up, ask, choose, go, prepare, get out, mark etc.) after the preposition “in”. In addition, its endings are the same as in the plural: ( sign up to become a pilot).

The expectative case practically coincides with the genitive case, but it can be distinguished due to the declension of some words with the same grammatical form in the form of the accusative case: wait for (who? what?) telegram And wait for (who? what?) brother.

The counting case is slightly different from the genitive case and is used when counting: two steps, three dining rooms.

The vocative case is almost identical to the nominative form, but differs in the formation of an independent figure of speech, similar to an interjection: Van, Mash, Sing, Tan. That is, it is more often used in colloquial speech to address the interlocutor.

The negation case is a type of the accusative case, but is used only with negation of the verb: have no right, do not know the truth.

How many cases of an additional nature are there in the Russian language? According to our calculations, there were seven of them. But the most interesting thing is that some linguists consider only two full-fledged cases: locative (second prepositional) and inflective (second accusative). Others argue that the expectative case also has some meaning. But since the deprivative and second genitive cases can very often be replaced by the genitive, they can only be called variants of the genitive form of declension. Vocative and counting are also often not considered cases. In the first case, it is simply a noun in the nominative case, and in the second, it is a noun formed from an adjective.

Let's sum it up

After reviewing the information described above, you can answer the question of how many cases there are in the Russian language. So, at school we study the six main cases. They are used daily in any type of communication: conversation, correspondence, etc. But, besides them, there are seven more forms of declension, which are found mainly in colloquial speech. How many cases are there in total? We can safely say that there are thirteen of them. Considering that additional forms of declension are variants of the main ones, they are not offered for study at school to simplify the educational process. But you can offer familiarization with them outside of class for general development.

It is difficult to imagine the Russian language without cases. They are the ones who help us speak, write and read correctly. Total in Russian modern language There are six cases, each case has its own question and its own ending. To make it more clear, we will look at each case separately, and also analyze what questions the cases answer.

Cases in Russian

  1. Nominative - answers the questions “who?”, “what?”. Example: dog, book;
  2. Genitive – answers the questions “who?”, “what?”. Example: dog, book;
  3. Dative - answers the questions “to whom?”, “what?”. Example: dog, book;
  4. Accusative - answers the questions “who?”, “what?”. Example: dog, book;
  5. Creative - answers the questions “by whom?”, “with what?” Example: dog, book;
  6. Prepositional - answers the questions “about whom?”, “about what?”. Example: about a dog, about a book.

The nominative case is the only case in the Russian language whose question is answered by the subject. The genitive case determines affiliation, kinship and some other relationships. The dative case determines the exact end point of the action, the addressee of the message. The accusative case denotes the direct object of the action. Creative defines an instrument, some types of temporary accessory. The prepositional one can be presented in the form of a question: “Are you thinking about who, what?”

Now you know what questions the cases answer.

Students are often faced with the need to determine case nouns. This needs to be done, say, when you need to check the spelling of an unstressed vowel at the end. Difficulty arises when distinguishing between nominative and accusative case to her, because auxiliary questions for words used in the data case ah, actually identical.

Instructions

1. In order to determine case nouns, it is necessary, before each one, to pose a question to the word. Words related to nominative case y, answer the questions WHO? WHAT? If you asked questions WHO? or WHAT?, then you have a noun used in the accusative form case A.

2. Determine which part of the sentence the noun is. If the word is the subject, i.e. the main member of the sentence, then it is used in the nominative form case a.Accusative case om denotes a word that is a minor member in a sentence, a direct object. Let’s say, ask the guys to define case nouns in this sentence. The girl writes a letter. Ask them to pose questions to the words, determine which part of the sentence they are. They are obliged to come to a further conclusion. The word “girl” answers the question WHO?, is the subject, which means it is used in the nominative case e. And the word “letter” is a minor member of the sentence, a direct object. It answers the question WHAT? and, therefore, is used in the accusative case e.

3. Draw the attention of schoolchildren to the fact that a noun is used with or without a preposition. Words in the nominative case They are not used without prepositions. In the accusative - they have prepositions ON, FOR, THROUGH, IN, etc.

4. It is also worthwhile when determining case and compare endings in words. So, nouns of the first declension will have endings A, Z, if they are in the nominative form case A. Accordingly, in the accusative case e - U, Yu. Let's say, in the first declension noun “wall” the ending is A. It is used in the nominative case e. The word “wall” has the ending U. This means it has an accusative case .

5. Case indicates the role of a word in a sentence. It is allowed to use the assistant phrase WHO DOES WHAT to distinguish between nominative and accusative case to her.

“Ivan Gave Birth to a Girl and Ordered to Drag the Diaper” - the first letters of this literary nonsense orderly read out the list of cases. There are six types of cases: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental, prepositional. All of them speak about the temporary state of one or another noun, which can change in case form. It is not difficult to determine the type of case of a noun; you just need to figure out which question is answered by all of the cases.

Instructions

1. Case nominative– initial, determining the real sound of the word. Answers the questions “who?” or “what?” If the noun is inanimate, say: window, house, book, bus, then it answers the question “what?”, and if it is animate, for example, girl, elephant, mother, Rita, then, accordingly, it answers the question “who?” . This division according to the liveliness of the subject will concern all cases, and consequently each case has two questions. Example 1. Man (who?) is an animate noun in the nominative case, machine (what?) is an inanimate noun in the nominative case.

2. Genitive case, from the word “to give birth to whom?” or “what?” No matter how comical it may sound, this is exactly how the question should be asked. A number of questions in cases coincide, and therefore some words will sound identical, the main thing is to put the case question correctly. Example 2. Person (who?) is an animate noun in genitive case, car (what?) – an inanimate noun in the genitive case.

3. The dative case is determined by the phrase “give to whom?” or “what?” Example 3. To a person (to whom?) is an animate noun in the dative case, to a car (to what?) is an inanimate noun in the dative case.

4. The accusative case answers the question: “whom to blame?” or “what?” In the above example, an inanimate noun coincides, and therefore the case is determined logically, according to meaning. Example 4. A person (who?) is an animate noun in the accusative case, a car (what?) is an inanimate noun in the accusative case. But if it makes sense: I bought a car (genitive case), but crashed the car (accusative case).

5. The instrumental case sounds like: “to create by whom?” or “what?” Example 5. By a person (by whom?) is an animate noun in the instrumental case, by a machine (by what?) is an inanimate noun in the instrumental case.

6. The prepositional case is exceptional, posing a question that is not consonant with its name: “to talk about whom?” or “about what?” It is easy to determine a word in this case, because a noun in this case invariably has a preposition. Example 6. About a person (about whom?) is an animate noun in the prepositional case, about a car (about what?) is an inanimate noun in the prepositional case.

Video on the topic

Helpful advice
Even if a case question does not match the meaning in a given sentence, it should still be asked to determine the case of a noun.

Tip 3: How to distinguish the genitive case of a noun from the accusative case

Cases of the Russian language is a category of a word that shows its syntactic role in a sentence. Schoolchildren memorize the names of cases and their signs, that is, questions, but sometimes difficulties arise. For example, when it is necessary to distinguish the genitive case from the accusative case.

You will need

  • Knowledge of Russian language by school curriculum, nouns in accusative and genitive cases,

Instructions

1. In the Russian language there are six cases: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental, prepositional. To determine the case of a noun, auxiliary words and questions are used. The spelling of the ending of the word depends on this. The genitive (no: whom? what?) and accusative (blame: whom? what?) cases are often confused, because questions to animate objects are asked identically: “who?”

2. Ask a question. If in doubt, ask the noun a qualifying question: “no what?” (for genitive) and “I see what?” (for accusative). If a word takes the form of the nominative case, it means in this case It's accusative. Let's say: a small fish (accusative case: I see what? a fish, it is impossible to say: there is nothing? a fish).

3. If you need to determine the case in order to arrange the endings, replace the noun with the word “cat” or any other word, but certainly of the first declension. Depending on the ending, determine the case. Let's say: pride for the teacher is the accusative case, since, substituting the word “cat” in place of the noun, we get: glory for the cat. The ending "u" indicates the accusative case. The ending “and” is in the genitive.

4. Analyze the connection of words in a phrase. The genitive case, as usual, denotes the relationship between a part and the whole (a glass of milk), belonging to something (a sister’s jacket), it is used when comparing (more beautiful than a queen). The accusative is used to convey spatial-temporal relations (work for a week), the transition from an action to an object (drive a car).

5. Use the same methods for indeclinable nouns. Let's say: put on a coat (put on a cat - accusative case), do without coffee (do without a cat - genitive).

Note!
The accusative case denotes the complete coverage of the object by the action, certain number(drink milk), and the genitive case is the extension of the action to part of the object (drink milk).

Helpful advice
An inanimate noun in the accusative case does not change to differ from the same noun in the genitive case: I saw a house (accusative), there were no houses in the area (genitive)

Unlike the Finnish and Hungarian languages, in which there are one and a half to two dozen cases, in Russian grammar there are six of them. The endings of words in different cases may coincide, therefore, to determine the case, you need to ask the correct question for the word being checked.

Instructions

1. To determine the case of a noun, carefully read the phrase in which it is included. Find the word that the noun you are checking refers to - this is why words you will ask a question. Let's say you're given the phrase “I love dogs,” and you need to determine the case of the noun “dogs.” The word “dogs” in this sentence is subordinate to the word “love”. Consequently, you will ask the case question in the following way: “I love whom?”

2. Each of the six cases has its own special question. So, nouns in the nominative case answer the question “who?” or “what?” The auxiliary word “is” can be added to this case. Let's say there is (who?) a dog. The question of the genitive case is “who?” or “what?” The auxiliary word “no” can be added to the noun in this case. The dative case answers the question “to whom?/what?” and harmonizes with the auxiliary word “give”. The question of the accusative case is “who?” or “what?”, and its auxiliary word is “blame.” Nouns in the instrumental case answer the question “by whom?/what?” and are in harmony with the words “created” and “pleased.” Finally, the prepositional case is characterized by the following questions: “about whom?/about what?”, “in whom?/in what?”. One of the auxiliary words of this case is the word “I think”.

3. In order to determine the case of an adjective, you first need to find the noun or pronoun to which it refers. Having determined the case of this basic word, you will also know the case of the adjective, because adjectives invariably agree in gender, number and case with the nouns (pronouns) on which they depend. For example, in the sentence “Kolya ate a large pear,” the noun “pear” is used in the accusative case, and therefore the case of the adjective “large” related to it is also accusative.

A noun is a part of speech that denotes a person or object and answers the questions “who?” So what?". Nouns change according to cases, of which there are six in the Russian language. So that the cases do not get confused with each other, there is a strict system of rules and differences between them. In order to be able to correctly and quickly determine the accusative case, you need to know its questions and what it is used for.

Instructions

1. In order to never make a mistake with the case of a noun, remember that each of them has unique questions specific to it, by asking which you will receive the corresponding case of the noun. Accusative case questions are the question “I see who?” for the animate and “I see what?” for inanimate nouns.

2. In addition, learn the definitions of the accusative case of the Russian language, or rather, the cases when it is used. It turns out that the accusative case denotes the transfer of temporal and spatial relations (rest for a week, walk a kilometer); transition of the action entirely to the object (driving a car, leafing through a book). It is very rare that the accusative case is formed as a dependence on an adverb (annoyed for a friend).

3. However, even according to the rules or endings, it is sometimes very difficult to determine the case, so always use special questions. In terms of its questions, the accusative case partly coincides with the genitive and nominative. In order not to confuse them, do the following: if you have an animate noun in front of you, and it answers the question “who?”, the one that coincides with the genitive case, substitute an inanimate noun in its place and ask a question to it. If the word answers the question “I see what?”, then you have the accusative case.

4. Remember also that in the Russian language there are some nouns that look identical in all cases: metro, cinema, coat, cafe, etc. To determine their case, ask a question to keyword. For example, in the sentence “Yesterday they bought me an expensive coat,” the word “coat” is in the accusative case, because in response to the question “I see what?” You are allowed to answer “beautiful coat.” In addition, replace the word “coat” here with a variable, say, “decoration”. Then belonging to the accusative case immediately becomes more clear.

Video on the topic

Helpful advice
When determining the case of any noun, invariably apply all the rules and methods that you know, then it will be much easier for you to verify that a word belongs to one or another case.

The nominative case is the original dictionary form of nouns, contrasted with every other form of indirect case: genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental, prepositional. A word in the nominative case is never used with a preposition and in a sentence traditionally performs the syntactic function of the subject or the nominal part of a compound predicate.

Instructions

1. Define nominative case noun on grammatical questions “who?” or “what?” For example, in the sentence “His mother was kindness itself,” the word “mother” answers the question “who?”, and the word “kindness”? to the question “what?”

2. For nominative case and the main ones are the subjective and attributive meanings. In the first case, this form denotes the figure performing the action, or the object towards which it is directed. Compare: “A mother loves her son.” The word “mother” denotes a doer. “The son is loved by the mother.” The word “son” denotes an animate object, the one on which the action is directed.

3. Determine the subjective meaning of the nominative form case and by the syntactic role of the subject in a two-part sentence (“The son is a student, but at the same time he works”) or the subject in a one-part noun (“Whisper, cowardly breathing, trills of a nightingale...”).

4. Determinative meaning of the nominative form case and is expressed in a compound nominal predicate or in the syntactic structure of the application. “The new building is a factory.” The word “factory” is a nominal part of the predicate, which answers the question “what is the new building?” “The female doctor invited me into the office.” The word "doctor" answering the question "who?" is ? is an application that performs the syntactic function of defining. Note that the nominative case, used in a definitive meaning, gives a different name to an object by property, quality, sign, and adverbial meanings are not characteristic of it.

5. Additional meanings of the nominative case and the noun are: - the evaluative meaning expressed in the nominal part of the predicate (“He was a good-natured person”); - the expression of a temporary sign related to the past (“At that time there was still a groom, her husband”); - the meaning of the informatively filling form used both with a proper name (“They called her Olya”) and a common noun (“He is listed as a watchman”). More often than not, nominative case used in this meaning with geographical names (“Then the city began to be called Petrograd”).

Note!
In addition to nouns, the case category has inflected parts of speech: adjective, numeral, participle and pronoun. Determine the nominative case of adjectives and participles using the questions “which one?” which? which? what?”, given from the noun being defined, “how many?” ? for cardinal numbers, “which one?” ? for ordinal ones. Pronouns, depending on their rank, can answer the questions “who?” in the nominative case. What?" (I, that), “which one? whose?" (certain, own), “how much?” (so many).

Study of cases and their differences.

The Russian language is considered one of the most difficult languages ​​in the world. Of course, it’s hard for anyone to learn a non-native vocabulary. But precisely because of the transformation of words into cases, the Slavic dialect becomes too difficult to understand. And many speakers of their native dialect are often confused this issue, so next we will try to figure it out.

Changing nouns by case: what is it called?

Changing nouns by case - called declination.

Declension- this is our transformation of words at the end. And it is necessary so that the words are properly fastened together. This is how statements in the Russian lexicon are obtained.

Noun- this is the component of the phrase that implies the subject. Both living and non-living. Therefore, it gives answers to the questions posed: who? And what?

Covers very broad concepts:

  • name of items(chair, knife, book)
  • designation of persons(woman, baby, vegetarian)
  • naming living things(dolphin, cat, amoeba)
  • name of substances(coffee, gelatin, starch)
  • terms various factors and cases(fire, intermission, correspondence)
  • designation of all stays, actions and properties(tearfulness, optimism, running)

There are six different cases:

  • nominative
  • genitive
  • dative
  • accusative
  • instrumental
  • prepositional

Cases of nouns in Russian: table with questions, prepositions and auxiliary words in the singular

To perceive and quickly assimilate information, tables are often used. They do a great job of showing what questions are used.

  • First declension- feminine and masculine nouns whose ending is a, i
  • Second declension- masculine nouns without an ending and ending with a soft sign, neuter nouns with the ending - o, e
  • Third declension- these are feminine words that end with a soft sign


In the plural, for better understanding, a table is used, which differs, however, only in the ending.


Incorrect use of cases: what type of error?

It seems that you look at the tables and examples, and everything becomes clear. And you think, what’s so complicated about that? But in reality it turns out that many people make mistakes. Despite the fact that they know the material. And, as a rule, these are very common mistakes that require special attention.

Highlight 2 main mistakes, which are connected:

  • with incorrect definition of noun declension
  • with inappropriate use of prepositions

Prepositions require special attention:

  • thanks to
  • according to
  • contrary to
  • like
  • contrary to
  • across

IMPORTANT: These prepositions are used in the dative case.

For example, maneuver according to (what?) law. Or, thanks to (what?) friendship with the Fedorov family.

It is also worth highlighting a number of other statements that often used in the erroneous case:

  • In view. The current preposition is used only in the genitive case. For example, due to excess (what?) money.
  • A statement like "together with" requires instrumental case, because it has the weight of joint action. For example, playing with (who?) my nephew.
  • Also, a pretext "along with" also asks for the instrumental case. For example, along with other (what?) things.
  • But after the expression "By" the adverb requests the prepositional case. If there is a meaning "after something". For example, upon completion of the contract.

How to distinguish the nominative case from the accusative case?


Every student faces these questions. And adults often face similar choices. And it is not surprising that these aspects are often confused. After all, the questions are of the same type and endings of inanimate words the same ones, but here endings of animate nouns totally different.

How the nominative case differs from the accusative case: instructions.

  • Of course, the question is raised.
    There was already a reminder in the table above that the nominative is guided by questions Who? What?(How main member offers). And the accusative - (I see) whom? What?(minor part of the sentence).
  • And there is a little trick. Because the word in the nominative case will always be main member in a sentence, then we determine the main members of the sentence - the subject and the predicate.
  • If our word is not the main member of the sentence, therefore, it is in the accusative case and will be a minor member of the sentence.
  • Another technique: pose a question to the word being tested in an animated form. For example: Who? parrot (subject in the nominative case) pecks What?(whom?) grain (minor part of the sentence, accusative case).
  • Also, a significant role is played by the preposition with which the independent part of speech is associated (or not). In the first variant (nominative case), the noun is always used without pretext. But in the second (accusative case), on the contrary, more often with it ( in, on, for, through and others).
  • It will also help to identify the case ending. The table above has already mentioned what endings each case has.

How to distinguish the accusative case from the genitive case?


  • The most important help is the question you need to ask yourself in your mind. The genitive case, as we know, responds to questions whom or what No? But the accusative case is - see who? I hear what? Question whom? the same in both cases.

Read the instructions below.

  1. Mentally replace the animate object with an inanimate one.
  2. The question approaches the inanimate in the genitive case: what isn't there? But in the accusative, an inanimate object reacts to the question What do I see and hear?
  3. Example: I caught ( whom?) butterfly. We pose an inanimate question. I caught ( What?) butterfly. Question what? doesn't fit. So this is the accusative case.
  • By the way, in genitive case will mean attachment to someone or something. We bought a suitcase for ( what?) travel (genitive). The bedside table is made ( Of what?) made of wood (genitive). Also point to a particle of something. A flower is a part of (what?) a plant (genitive). Or is it going comparison of objects. Smartphone is better ( what?) push-button telephone(genitive).
  • It is also important that in the genitive case the verb will be with negative particle. In the shop Not was ( what?) sour cream (genitive).
  • But in accusative case has spacious place or intermediate touching. Define ( What?) weather for tomorrow (accusative). And also, the effect transfers entirely to the object. For example, I closed ( What?) door (accusative). Drank (what?) milk (accusative). Or it will express desire and intention. I want to eat ( What?) apple.

Indeclinable nouns: list

It seems that all the nuances were considered, and a little clarification began. But it was not there! The Russian language has come up with some more traps - these are nouns that are not declined. And this is where foreigners get shocked.

To put it very briefly, this is foreign words(practically). But to make it a little clearer, below is the list.

  • Nouns of foreign origin (proper and common nouns), the endings of which are -о, -е, -у, -у, -и, -а:
    • highway
    • interview
    • flamingo
  • Again words of foreign origin. But! Female and with a consonant ending:
    • madam
    • Carmen
  • Surnames. Russian and Ukrainian, the ending of which ends in –о and –ы, theirs:
    • Ivanchenko
    • Korolenko
    • Sedykh, etc.
  • Well, of course abbreviations and shortened words:

Declension of nouns by case: example

Rules are rules, but with an example it is much easier to understand. To make it easier visually, we will also resort to using a table.


How to quickly learn cases and their questions?

In principle, there is nothing complicated. If you carefully understand and understand. And it’s hard not only for visitors from other countries, but also for our children. Therefore, in order for information to be absorbed faster, they have come up with a lot of things. And here we are school years taught, put a book under the pillow. And, most importantly, it worked! I read it before going to bed, slept all night on the book and already remembered everything.

  • Of course, many teachers resort to rhymes or games. But parents should also help their children in this matter.
  • First of all, you need to remember how many cases there are. There are only 6 of them.
  • And then, using the most common and everyday examples, explain to the child what questions the noun answers. This means that cases are easier to determine.
  • The most important thing is practice! They took the child from educational institution and go on the bus. Forward! Practice the words you observe. At least by bus.
  • By the way, a small example of a light poem. The kids will like it and it will help educational information rather learn it.








A poem about cases: Ivan gave birth to a girl, ordered her to drag a diaper

All parents can repeat this poem in chorus. After all, he was remembered as “twice two.” And most importantly, it is easy for children to understand.

  • Ivan (I - nominative)
    Gave birth (P - genitive)
    Girl, (D - dative)
    Velel (B - accusative)
    Drag (T - instrumental)
    Diaper (P - prepositional)

Video: How easy is it to learn cases? Simple memorization technique

As you know, our language is one of the most diverse and richest languages ​​in the world. There is such a thing in it as "". If the concept of “case” did not exist in colloquial speech, then it would be extremely difficult for us to understand each other. There are several cases in total, specifically six (prepositional, dative nominative, accusative, genitive, instrumental).

What questions does the nominative case answer?

Let's look at the nominative case in more detail. It answers the question “Who?” - for an animate object and “What?” for the inanimate. For example, "Who?" - we answer “Ivan” - a common noun, or “guy” - an animated person. Ivan went out into the yard or the guy was waiting at the bus stop. The words “Ivan” and “guy” in this sentence are in the nominative case. When answering the question “What?” inanimate objects appear, for example, a table. The table was located in the middle of the room. In the example given, the table is in the nominative case.

Nominative case: singular and plural. Examples.

Cases can be used for a part of speech such as a noun. And as we know, nouns are plural and singular. In the nominative case, whether in the plural or in the singular, nouns will answer the questions “ Who?», « What?» Here are some examples:

Our cat recently gave birth to kittens - the noun “cat” in this sentence answers the question “who?”, and accordingly is in the nominative case. Since there is only one cat, she is therefore singular.

Our cat’s kittens were born quite recently - the noun “kittens” in the sentence also answers the question “who?”, but only kittens in in this example are in the plural.