Open Library - an open library of educational information. Literary directions and trends. Literary schools

21.04.2019

Literary direction is artistic method, forming general ideological and aesthetic principles in the work of many writers at a certain stage in the development of literature. The grounds necessary to classify the work of various authors as one literary movement:

Following the same cultural and aesthetic traditions.

Common worldviews (i.e. uniform worldview).

General or similar principles of creativity.

The conditioning of creativity by the unity of the social and cultural-historical situation.

The literary movements that are most significant for literature include: classicism, sentimentalism, romanticism, realism, symbolism, acmeism, futurism.

TREND (ARTISTIC-LITERARY) - a poetic grouping marked by greater or lesser unity of artistic design techniques among its writers. A characteristic feature of an artistic and literary movement is its chronological limitation.

School in literature- this is a certain established community of writers that has realized itself, theoretically outlined its boundaries and stood out from the literary process into an independent entity that has its own theoretical platform, principles, program, and printed organs. Schools can be formed and named after the leader - Gogol’s school, Nekrasov’s school, and so on.

41. Stages of literary development. The emergence of artistic methods and literary movements: Renaissance realism, classicism, sentimentalism, romanticism, realism, symbolism, impressionism, modernism and postmodernism.

The idea of the presence of moments of commonality (repetition) in the development of literature is rooted in literary criticism and no one disputes it. different countries and peoples, about its single “forward” movement in great historical time. The stages of the literary process are usually thought of as corresponding to those stages of human history that manifested themselves most clearly and completely in Western European countries and especially clearly in the Romanesque countries. In this regard, ancient, medieval and modern literatures with their own stages are distinguished (following the Renaissance - baroque, classicism, the Enlightenment with its sentimentalist branch, romanticism, and finally, realism, with which modernism coexists and successfully competes in the 20th century) . Scientists have understood to the greatest extent the stage differences between the literatures of modern times and the writing that preceded them. method is, first of all, a worldview concept. Therefore, the above-mentioned artistic movements (Baroque, classicism, romanticism) are at the same time methods of art

Realism of the Renaissance (XIV-XVI centuries)

originated in Italy. A return on a new, higher basis to the most important features of ancient art. The realism of the Renaissance discovered the individual person and established his power and beauty, liberated the individual, and freed man from the shackles of medieval asceticism. In emancipation, which implemented the principle of “do what you want,” there was not only the strength, but also the weakness of the realism of the Renaissance, since it opened up space for the active self-realization of any personality inclinations: both good and evil.

Realistic way of thinking.

Humanistic position.

Affirmation of personal origin.

Optimistic.

The desire for the ideal is combined with the affirmation of everything earthly and carnal.

Widespread use of fairy-tale and fantasy elements.

Hyperbolization.

Classicism Classicism is based on the ideas of rationalism, which found vivid expression in the philosophy of Descartes. A work of art, from the point of view of classicism, should be built on the basis of strict canons, thereby revealing the harmony and logic of the universe itself. Of interest to classicism is only the eternal, the unchangeable - in each phenomenon it strives to recognize only essential, typological features, discarding random individual characteristics. The aesthetics of classicism attaches great importance to the social and educational function of art. Classicism establishes a strict hierarchy of genres, which are divided into high (ode, tragedy, epic) and low (comedy, satire, fable). Each genre has strictly defined characteristics, the mixing of which is not allowed.

How a certain direction was formed in France in the 17th century. French classicism affirmed the personality of man as the highest value of existence, freeing him from religious and church influence. Productive creative method, it was based on the principle of “imitation of nature,” which the classicists represented as rationalistically harmonious and perfect (as the ideal creation of God).

This method affirmed the idea of the original rationality and kindness of a person, whose development depends only on good or bad upbringing.

The artistic world created on the basis of this method appears harmonious, clear and didactic. The aesthetic system of classicism was a series of rules according to which works of art should be created:

- “purity of genre” and style(i.e., a strict division of genres into “high” - ode, poem, tragedy, and “low” - satire, fable, comedy);

- observance of the "three unities"(place, time and action) in drama, etc.;

- poetry should be distinguished by rigor and clarity thoughts, harmony of composition, purity of speech.

Sentimentalism(French feeling) - an artistic method that arose in England in the mid-18th century and became widespread ch. arr. V European literature Shzh Richardson, L. Stern - in England; Rousseau, L. S. Mercier - in France; Herder, Jean Paul - in Germany; N. M. Karamzin and early V. A. Zhukovsky - in Russia). Being the last stage In the development of the Enlightenment, S., in its ideological content and artistic features, opposed classicism. In S. the social aspirations and sentiments of the democratic part of the “third estate” found their expression, its protest against feudal remnants, against increasing social inequality and leveling of the individual in the emerging bourgeois society.. But these progressive tendencies of S. were significantly limited by his aesthetic credo: idealization of natural life in the bosom of nature, as free from any coercion and oppression, devoid of the vices of civilization; anti-rationalism; cult of intimate feelings.

Romanticism is an artistic method that developed at the beginning of the 19th century. and has become widespread as a trend in literature and art in most countries of Europe, Russia, and the USA. In Western Europe, it appeared after the French bourgeois revolution of 1789. Romantic writers, denying reality, dreamed of a better future and called on readers to fight for the reconstruction of society; the heroes of their works were rebels, fighters for justice. Romantics often turned to the past, looking for unusual people in it who accomplished feats in the name of freedom. But the surrounding reality was a contrast to romantic ideas, so often defenseless heroes, confused in front of the world around them, appeared on the pages of writers of this movement, and we see the tragedy of their destinies.

Unlike representatives of classicism, the romantics demanded complete freedom of creativity, stood for the use of various genres, changed old genres and created new ones. The lyrical, personal beginning prevailed. The plot was based on extraordinary events, often fantastic. The author placed the characters in acute situations, where their characteristic features were revealed with particular vividness. The action was sometimes transferred to distant countries, taking place in unusual, outlandish conditions. Russian romanticism, which appeared after 1812 and 1825, is unique and inseparable from the influence of Western romanticism.

The heroes of romanticism are passionate, restless, indomitable natures. In Europe these are the characters of Hugo, Byron, Heine, Scott, Dumas; in Russia - Zhukovsky, Lermontov, Pushkin and others.

Aesthetic theory defines realism as an artistic method, a truthful, historically specific reflection of reality from the standpoint of a certain aesthetic ideal. This is an artistic method that is characterized by a system of principles that allows the historically specific embodiment of an artistic concept in a work as an artistic whole. When it comes to realism as a principle of approach to the comprehension and reflection of phenomena, then it is characterized by truthfulness, historical specificity, reflection of typical characters in typical circumstances. The aesthetic ideal in realism as an artistic method is a consequence of the creative efforts of the artist, and not the initial position of creativity, as is typical for methods based on the principle of idealization of reality (classicism, romanticism) Finally, as a historically developed community artistic means it is defined through the concept of art direction as a kind of structural unity figurative system and artistic means of display, realism is a style.

Symbolism- one of the largest movements in art (in literature, music and painting), which arose in France in the 1870-80s. and reached its greatest development at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, primarily in France itself, Belgium and Russia. The Symbolists radically changed not only different kinds art, but also the very attitude towards it. Their experimental nature, desire for innovation, cosmopolitanism and wide range of influences have become a model for most modern art movements. Symbolists used symbolism, understatement, hints, mystery, enigma. The main mood captured by the Symbolists was pessimism, reaching the point of despair. Everything “natural” was represented only as an “appearance” that had no independent artistic significance.

Impressionism(from impression - impression) is an art movement that originated in France in the late 1860s. Its representatives sought to most naturally and impartially capture the real world in its mobility and variability, to convey their fleeting impressions, psychological nuances, mobility and variability of the atmosphere of the surrounding world.

As an artistic method, modernism(emerged at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries) Became a kind of negation of traditional norms of creativity, it was the principle “on the contrary” of realism. Modernism “decomposed” the traditional artistic image, its absolute individual elements: the content of the image (naturalism), its expressiveness (abstractionism), emotional richness (expressionism), polysemy, supernaturalism (surrealism) and others. In general terms, we can say that in the interwar period, a culture oriented “to the depths of individual psychology was established. This approach received its initial form primarily in the theory of culture of the founder of psychoanalysis, the Austrian Z. Freud.

Postmodernism represents rather a state of mind, an intellectual style. As a type of mentality, postmodernism is a hyper-reflection that arose in conditions of a religious and philosophical vacuum, discrediting of ideological concepts, total relativism, and overproduction of items of immediate consumption. As a creative attitude, postmodernism is a maximum of intellectual-playful, heuristic, reflexive, destructive and a minimum of meaning-forming, ethical, aesthetic, constructive. postmodernism does not belong to the field of philosophy or history, is not associated with ideology, does not seek or affirm any truths. Postmodernism is regarded as a reaction to the modernist cult of the new, as well as an elite reaction to mass culture, as a polycentric state of the ethical-aesthetic paradigm. Postmodernism is also seen as a reaction to the total commercialization of culture, as opposition to official culture. The essence of postmodernism is coquetry.

The 19th century began with the heyday of sentimentalism and the emergence of romanticism. These literary trends found expression, first of all, in the poetry of E. A. Baratynsky, K. N. Batyushkov, V. A. Zhukovsky, A. A. Fet, D. V. Davydov, N. M. Yazykov. With the work of F. I. Tyutchev, the “Golden Age” of Russian poetry was completed. However, the central figure of this time was Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin.
Along with poetry, prose began to develop.
A. S. Pushkin and N. V. Gogol outlined the main artistic types that would be developed by writers throughout the 19th century. This artistic type « extra person", an example of which is Eugene Onegin in the novel by A. S. Pushkin, and the so-called type " little man", which is shown by N.V. Gogol in his story "The Overcoat", as well as by A.S. Pushkin in the story " Stationmaster» .
Literature inherited its journalistic and satirical character from the 18th century.
The tendency to depict vices and shortcomings Russian society – characteristic all Russian classical literature. It can be traced in the works of almost all writers of the 19th century.
Since the middle of the 19th century, the formation of Russian realistic literature, which is created against the backdrop of the tense socio-political situation that developed in Russia during the reign of Nicholas I. A crisis of the serfdom system is brewing, there are strong contradictions between the authorities and common people. There is an urgent need to create realistic literature that is acutely responsive to the socio-political situation in the country. Literary critic V. G. Belinsky denotes a new realistic direction in literature. His position is developed by N. A. Dobrolyubov and N. G. Chernyshevsky. A dispute arises between Westerners and Slavophiles about the paths of historical development of Russia.

Writers turn to socio-political problems of Russian reality. The genre of the realistic novel is developing. I. S. Turgenev, F. M. Dostoevsky, L. N. Tolstoy, I. A. Goncharov created their works. The socio-political, philosophical issues. Literature is distinguished by a special psychologism.

The development of poetry subsides somewhat. It is worth noting poetic works Nekrasov, who was the first to introduce poetry social issues. His poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'?” is famous. , as well as many poems that reflect on the difficult and hopeless life of the people.

The literary process of the late 19th century revealed the names of N. S. Leskov, A. N. Ostrovsky, A. P. Chekhov. The latter proved himself to be a master of small things literary genre- a storyteller, as well as an excellent playwright. Maxim Gorky was A.P. Chekhov's competitor.

The end of the 19th century was marked by the emergence of pre-revolutionary sentiments. The realistic tradition began to fade away. It was replaced by so-called decadent literature, distinctive features which included mysticism, religiosity, as well as a premonition of changes in the socio-political life of the country. Subsequently, decadence developed into symbolism. This opens new page in the history of Russian literature. Is that something like this?

Literature lesson in 9th grade No. 1. Introduction. Literary trends, schools, movements.

introduce students to the textbook, program and objectives of the literature course in 9th grade;

generalize knowledge, expand ideas about the stages of development Russian literature;

begin to review literary types and genres, generalize and systematize what was learned in 8th grade.

Lesson type: Lecture with elements of conversation.

Teaching methods: Frontal survey, work with a textbook, thesis notes.

Theoretical and literary concepts: literary situation, historical and literary process, literary direction.

Repetition: literary genera and genres.

During the classes:

Repetition of what has been covered:

What is literature?

Define the concept of “literature” (the art of words).

What's happened classic literature? Give examples of classics of the 18th -19th centuries.

To which literary family and genre include the works of A.S. Pushkin: “ Winter morning", "Song of prophetic Oleg", "The Tale of Tsar Saltan", "Dubrovsky", "The Station Agent"?

Work with the textbook (part 1, pp. 3-5); write down theses.

A word from the teacher about the features of S.A. Zimin’s educational complex.

What's new in the content of the textbook?

On what principle is it located? educational material? (chronology)

What writers and genres of works are of interest?

Lecture. Recording theses and definitions.

4.1.Historical and literary process

***Historical and literary process - a set of generally significant changes in the literature. Literature is constantly evolving. Each era enriches art with some new artistic discoveries.

The development of the literary process is determined by the following artistic systems: creative method, style, genre, literary directions and movements.

The continuous change of literature is an obvious fact, but significant changes They don’t happen every year, or even every decade. As a rule, they are associated with serious historical shifts (change historical eras and periods, wars, revolutions associated with the entry of new social forces into the historical arena, etc.).

*** Can be selected main stages development of European art, which determined the specifics of the historical and literary process: antiquity, the Middle Ages, the Renaissance, the Enlightenment, the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.

***The development of the historical and literary process is determined by a number of factors, Among which, first of all, it should be noted historical situation (socio-political system, ideology, etc.), influence of previous literary traditions and artistic experience of other peoples . For example, Pushkin’s work was seriously influenced by the work of his predecessors not only in Russian literature (Derzhavin, Batyushkov, Zhukovsky and others), but also in European literature (Voltaire, Rousseau, Byron and others).

Literary process - it's a complex system literary interactions. It represents the formation, functioning and change of various literary trends and movements.

***Literary direction - a stable and repeating circle of the main features of creativity in a particular period of historical development of literature, expressed in the nature of the selection of phenomena of reality and in the corresponding principles for the choice of means artistic image from a number of writers.

4.2. Literary movements: classicism, sentimentalism, romanticism, realism, modernism (symbolism, acmeism, futurism), postmodernism

Classicism (from Latin classicus - exemplary) - artistic direction V European art turn XVII-XVIII -- early XIX century, formed in France at the end of the 17th century. Classicism asserted the primacy of state interests over personal interests, the predominance of civil, patriotic motives, and the cult of moral duty. The aesthetics of classicism is characterized by rigor artistic forms: compositional unity, normative style and plots. Representatives of Russian classicism: Kantemir, Trediakovsky, Lomonosov, Sumarokov, D.I. Fonvizin and others.

The main conflict of classic works is the hero's struggle between reason and feeling. At the same time, a positive hero must always make a choice in favor of reason (for example, when choosing between love and the need to completely devote himself to serving the state, he must choose the latter), and a negative one - in favor of feeling.

The same can be said about genre system. All genres were divided into high (ode, epic poem, tragedy) and low (comedy, fable, epigram, satire).

There were special rules for dramatic works. They had to observe three “unities” - place, time and action. · purity of the genre (in high genres funny or everyday situations and heroes could not be depicted, and in low genres tragic and sublime ones could not be depicted);

· purity of language (in high genres - high vocabulary, in low genres - colloquial);

· strict division of heroes into positive and negative, while goodies When choosing between feeling and reason, they give preference to the latter;

· compliance with the rule of “three unities”;

· affirmation of positive values and the state ideal.

Sentimentalism (from English sentimental - sensitive, from French sentiment - feeling) - literary direction of the second half of the XVIII century, which replaced classicism. Sentimentalists proclaimed the primacy of feeling, not reason. Unlike classicists, sentimentalists consider the highest value not the state, but the person. The heroes in their works are clearly divided into positive and negative. Positive people are endowed with natural sensitivity (responsive, kind, compassionate, capable of self-sacrifice). Negative - calculating, selfish, arrogant, cruel. In Russia, sentimentalism originated in the 1760s (the best representatives are Radishchev and Karamzin). As a rule, in the works of Russian sentimentalism the conflict develops between the serf peasant and the serf-owner landowner, and the moral superiority of the former is persistently emphasized.

Romanticism - - artistic movement in European and American culture of the late XVIII - first half of the 19th century century. Romanticism arose in the 1790s, first in Germany, and then spread throughout Western Europe.

All romantics reject the world around them, hence their romantic escape from existing life and the search for an ideal outside of it. This gave rise to the emergence of a romantic dual world.

Rejection and denial of reality determined the specifics of the romantic hero. He is in a hostile relationship with the surrounding society and is opposed to it. This is an extraordinary person, restless, most often lonely and with tragic fate. Romantic hero- the embodiment of a romantic rebellion against reality.

Realism (from the Latin realis - material, real) - a literary movement that embodies the principles of a life-truthful attitude towards reality, aimed at artistic knowledge man and the world.

Realist writers showed the direct dependence of the social, moral, religious ideas of heroes on social conditions, great attention paid to the social and everyday aspect. Central problem realism - the relationship between plausibility and artistic truth.

Realist writers create new types of heroes: the type of “little man” (Vyrin, Bashmachkin, Marmeladov, Devushkin), the type of “superfluous man” (Chatsky, Onegin, Pechorin, Oblomov), the type of “new” hero (nihilist Bazarov in Turgenev, “ new people" by Chernyshevsky).

Modernism (from the French modern - the newest, modern) philosophical and aesthetic movement in literature and art that arose in turn of XIX--XX centuries.

The most striking and significant directions of Russian modernism were symbolism, acmeism and futurism.

Symbolism - - a non-realistic movement in art and literature of the 1870s-1920s, focused mainly on artistic expression through the symbol of intuitively comprehended entities and ideas. Symbolism made its presence known in France in the 1860s and 1870s.

Symbolism was the first to put forward the idea of creating art, free from the task of depicting reality. Symbolists argued that the purpose of art is not to represent real world, which they considered secondary, and in the transfer “ supreme reality" They intended to achieve this with the help of a symbol. The symbol is an expression of the poet’s supersensible intuition, to whom in moments of insight the true essence of things. Symbolists developed a new poetic language, which does not directly name the subject, but hints at its content through allegory, musicality, color scheme, and free verse.

The image-symbol is fundamentally polysemantic and contains the prospect of limitless development of meanings

Acmeism (from Greek akme -- highest degree something, blooming power, peak) - a modernist literary movement in Russian poetry of the 1910s. Representatives: S. Gorodetsky, early A. Akhmatova, L. Gumilyov, O. Mandelstam. The term “Acmeism” belongs to Gumilyov.

The Acmeists proclaimed the liberation of poetry from symbolist impulses towards the ideal, from polysemy and fluidity of images, complicated metaphors; talked about the need to return to the material world, the subject, exact value words.

Futurism - one of the main avant-garde movements (avant-garde is an extreme manifestation of modernism) in European art of the early 20th century, which received greatest development in Italy and Russia.

The futurists wrote in the name of the crowd man. At the heart of this movement was the feeling of “the inevitability of the collapse of old things” (Mayakovsky), the awareness of the birth of a “new humanity.” Artistic creativity, according to the futurists, should have become not an imitation, but a continuation of nature, which through the creative will of man creates “ new world, today, iron...” (Malevich). This determines the desire to destroy the “old” form, the desire for contrasts, the attraction to colloquial speech. Relying on living spoken language, futurists were engaged in “word creation” (creating neologisms). Their works were distinguished by complex semantic and compositional shifts - the contrast of the comic and tragic, fantasy and lyricism.

POSTMODERNISM - a literary movement that replaced modernism and differs from it not so much in originality as in the variety of elements, quotation, immersion in culture, reflecting complexity, chaos, modern world; “spirit of literature” of the late 20th century; literature of the era of world wars, scientific and technological revolution and information “explosion”.

5. Lesson summary. What is the power and potential of literature? Why has reading books become a thing today? a rare occurrence? Try to assess this situation.

6.Homework :

1.p.6-9 (write out theses. Specifics of Old Russian literature);

The term literary movement usually denotes a group of writers connected by a common ideological position and artistic principles within the same direction or artistic movement. So, modernism - common name different groups in the art and literature of the 20th century, which distinguishes a departure from classical traditions, the search for new aesthetic principles, a new approach to the depiction of existence, includes such movements as impressionism, expressionism, surrealism, existentialism, acmeism, futurism, imagism, etc.

The fact that artists belong to one direction or current does not exclude their deep differences creative individuals. In turn, in the individual creativity of writers, the features of various literary movements and movements may appear. For example, O. Balzac, being a realist, creates a romantic novel " Shagreen leather", and M. Yu. Lermontov, along with romantic works, writes a realistic novel "A Hero of Our Time".

Flow is a smaller unit of the literary process, often within a direction, characterized by existence in a certain historical period and, as a rule, localization in certain literature. The movement is also based on a commonality of substantive principles, but the similarity of ideological and artistic concepts is more clearly manifested. Often the community of artistic principles in a flow forms an “artistic system.” Thus, within the framework of French classicism, two movements are distinguished. One is based on the tradition of the rationalistic philosophy of R. Descartes (“Cartesian rationalism”), which includes the work of P. Corneille, J. Racine, N. Boileau. Another movement, based primarily on the sensualist philosophy of P. Gassendi, expressed itself in the ideological principles of such writers as J. Lafontaine and J. B. Moliere. In addition, both movements differ in the system of artistic means used. In romanticism, two main movements are often distinguished - “progressive” and “conservative”, but there are other classifications.

The writer’s belonging to one or another direction or current (as well as the desire to remain outside the existing movements of literature) presupposes a free, personal expression of the author’s worldview, his aesthetic and ideological positions. This fact is associated with the rather late emergence of directions and trends in European literature - the period of the New Age, when the personal, authorial principle becomes the leading one in literary creativity. This is the fundamental difference between the modern literary process and the development of literature of the Middle Ages, in which the content and formal features of texts were “predetermined” by tradition and “canon”. The peculiarity of directions and trends is that these communities are based on the deep unity of philosophical, aesthetic and other substantive principles of largely different, individually authored artistic systems.

Directions and currents should be distinguished from literary schools (and literary groups).

Literary school

A literary school is a small association of writers based on common artistic principles, formulated theoretically - in articles, manifestos, scientific and journalistic statements, formalized as “statutes” and “rules”. Often such an association of writers has a leader, the “head of the school” (“Shchedrin school”, poets of the “Nekrasov school”).

As a rule, writers who have created a number of literary phenomena with a high degree of generality – even to the point of common theme, style, and language. This, for example, was the case in the 16th century. group "Pleiad". It grew out of a circle of French humanist poets who united to study ancient literature, and finally took shape by the end of the 1540s. Led it famous poet P. de Ronsard, and the main theorist was Joachin Du Bellay, who in 1549 in the treatise “Defense and Glorification” French" expressed the main principles of the school's activities - the development of national poetry in the national language, the development of ancient and Italian poetic forms. The poetic practice of Ronsard, Jodelle, Baif and Tiyard - the poets of the Pleiades - not only brought glory to the school, but also laid the foundation for the development French drama XVII–XVIII centuries, developed French literary language And various genres lyrics.

Unlike the movement, which is not always formalized by manifestos, declarations and other documents that reflect its basic principles, the school is almost always characterized by such speeches. What is important in it is not only the presence of common artistic principles shared by the writers, but also their theoretical awareness of their belonging to the school. "Pleiad" fits this perfectly.

But many associations of writers, called schools, are named after the place of their existence, although the similarity of the artistic principles of the writers of such associations may not be so obvious. For example, the “Lake School,” named after the place where it arose (northwest England, the Lake District), consisted of romantic poets who did not agree with each other on everything. The “Leucists” include W. Wordsworth, S. Coleridge, who created the collection “Lyrical Ballads,” as well as R. Southey, T. de Quincey and J. Wilson. But the poetic practice of the latter was in many ways different from the ideologist of the school, Wordsworth. De Quincey himself in his memoirs denied the existence of the “Lake School,” and Southey often criticized Wordsworth’s ideas and poems. But due to the fact that the association of leukist poets existed, had similar aesthetic and artistic principles reflected in poetic practice, and set out its “program,” literary historians traditionally call this group of poets the “lake school.”

The concept of "literary school" is primarily historical, not typological. In addition to the criteria of the unity of time and place of existence of the school, the presence of manifestos, declarations and similar artistic practice, literary circles are often groups united by a “leader” who has followers who successively develop or copy him artistic principles. A group of English religious poets of the early 17th century. formed the Spencer School. Influenced by the poetry of their teacher, the Fletcher brothers, W. Brown and J. Wither imitated the imagery, themes, and poetic forms of the creator of The Fairy Queen. The poets of Spenser's school even copied the type of stanza he created for this poem, directly borrowing the allegories and stylistic turns of their teacher. An interesting fact is that the work of the followers of Spencer’s poetic school remained on the periphery of the literary process, but the work of E. Spencer himself influenced the poetry of J. Milton, and later J. Keats.

Traditionally, the origin of Russian realism is associated with the “natural school” that existed in the 1840–1850s, which was successively associated with the work of N.V. Gogol and developed his artistic principles. The “natural school” is characterized by many of the features of the concept “literary school,” and it was precisely as a “literary school” that it was recognized by its contemporaries. The main ideologist of the “natural school” was V. G. Belinsky. It includes early works I. A. Goncharov, N. A. Nekrasov, A. I. Herzen, V. I. Dahl, A. N. Ostrovsky, I. I. Panaev, F. M. Dostoevsky. Representatives of the “natural school” grouped around the leading literary magazines of the time - first Otechestvennye zapiski, and then Sovremennik. The program collections for the school were “Physiology of St. Petersburg” and “Petersburg Collection”, in which the works of these writers and articles by V. G. Belinsky were published. The school had its own system of artistic principles, which was most clearly manifested in special genre– a physiological essay, as well as in the realistic development of the genres of stories and novels. “The content of the novel,” wrote V. G. Belinsky, “ artistic analysis modern society, the revelation of those invisible foundations of it, which are hidden from him by habit and unconsciousness." The features of the "natural school" were also manifested in its poetics: love for details, professional, everyday features, extremely accurate recording of social types, desire for documentation, emphasized use statistical and ethnographic data became integral features of the works of the “natural school” in the novels and stories of Goncharov, Herzen, early work Saltykov-Shchedrin revealed the evolution of the character, which occurs under the influence of the social environment. Of course, the style and language of the authors of the “natural school” were different in many ways, but the common themes, positivist-oriented philosophy, and similarity of poetics can be traced in many of their works. Thus, " natural school"is an example of a combination of many principles of school education - certain temporal and spatial frameworks, unity of aesthetic and philosophical attitudes, commonality of formal features, continuity in relation to the “leader,” the presence of theoretical declarations.

Examples of schools in the modern literary process are the “Lianozov Group of Poets”, the “Order of Courtly Mannerists” and many other literary associations.

However, it should be noted that the literary process is not limited to the coexistence and struggle of literary groups, schools, movements and trends. To consider it in this way means to schematize literary life era, impoverish the history of literature, since with such a “directional” approach the most important individual characteristics the writer's creativity remains outside the field of view of the researcher looking for common, often schematic points. Even leading direction of any period, the aesthetic basis of which has become a platform for the artistic practice of many authors, cannot exhaust the entire variety of literary facts. Many prominent writers deliberately stood aloof from the literary struggle, asserting their ideological, aesthetic and artistic principles outside the framework of schools, movements, and leading directions of a certain era. Directions, trends, schools are, in the words of V. M. Zhirmunsky, “not shelves or boxes”, “on which we “arrange” poets.” “If a poet, for example, is a representative of the era of romanticism, this does not mean that there cannot be realistic tendencies in his work.” The literary process is a complex and diverse phenomenon, therefore one should operate with such categories as “flow” and “direction” with extreme caution. In addition to them, scientists use other terms when studying the literary process, for example style.

Belinsky V. G. Complete collection works: in 13 volumes. T. 10. M., 1956. P. 106.
Zhirmunsky V. M. Introduction to literary criticism. St. Petersburg, 1996. P. 419.

Literature lesson in 9th grade No. 1. Introduction. Literary trends, schools, movements.

Goals :

introduce students to the textbook, program and objectives of the literature course in 9th grade;

generalize knowledge, expand ideas about the stages of development of domestic literature;

begin to review literary types and genres, generalize and systematize what was learned in 8th grade.

Lesson type: Lecture with elements of conversation.

Teaching methods: Frontal survey, work with a textbook, thesis notes.

Theoretical and literary concepts: literary situation, historical and literary process, literary direction.

Repetition: literary types and genres.

During the classes:

Repetition of what has been covered:

What is literature?

Define the concept of “literature” (the art of words).

What is classical literature? Give examples of classics of the 18th -19th centuries.

To what literary genus and genre do the works of A.S. Pushkin belong: “Winter Morning”, “Song of the Prophetic Oleg”, “The Tale of Tsar Saltan”, “Dubrovsky”, “The Station Agent”?

Work with the textbook (part 1, pp. 3-5); write down theses.

A word from the teacher about the features of S.A. Zimin’s educational complex.

What's new in the content of the textbook?

On what basis is the educational material arranged? (chronology)

What writers and genres of works are of interest?

Lecture. Recording theses and definitions.

4.1.Historical and literary process

***Historical and literary process - a set of generally significant changes in the literature. Literature is constantly evolving. Each era enriches art with some new artistic discoveries.

The development of the literary process is determined by the following artistic systems: creative method, style, genre, literary directions and movements.

Continuous change in literature is an obvious fact, but significant changes do not occur every year, or even every decade. As a rule, they are associated with serious historical shifts (changes in historical eras and periods, wars, revolutions associated with the entry of new social forces into the historical arena, etc.).

***The development of the historical and literary process is determined by a number of factors, Among which, first of all, it should be noted historical situation (socio-political system, ideology, etc.), the influence of previous literary traditions and the artistic experience of other peoples . For example, Pushkin’s work was seriously influenced by the work of his predecessors not only in Russian literature (Derzhavin, Batyushkov, Zhukovsky and others), but also in European literature (Voltaire, Rousseau, Byron and others).

Literary process - it is a complex system of literary interactions. It represents the formation, functioning and change of various literary trends and movements.

***Literary direction- a stable and repeating circle of the main features of creativity in one or another period of the historical development of literature, expressed in the nature of the selection of phenomena of reality and in the corresponding principles for the choice of means of artistic depiction among a number of writers.

4.2. Literary movements: classicism, sentimentalism, romanticism, realism, modernism (symbolism, acmeism, futurism), postmodernism

Classicism (from Latin classicus - exemplary) is an artistic movement in European art at the turn of the 17th-18th - early 19th centuries, formed in France at the end of the 17th century. Classicism asserted the primacy of state interests over personal interests, the predominance of civil, patriotic motives, and the cult of moral duty. The aesthetics of classicism is characterized by the rigor of artistic forms: compositional unity, normative style and subjects. Representatives of Russian classicism: Kantemir, Trediakovsky, Lomonosov, Sumarokov, D.I. Fonvizin and others.

The same can be said about the genre system. All genres were divided into high (ode, epic poem, tragedy) and low (comedy, fable, epigram, satire).

Special rules existed for dramatic works. They had to observe three “unities” - place, time and action. · purity of the genre (in high genres funny or everyday situations and heroes could not be depicted, and in low genres tragic and sublime ones could not be depicted);

· purity of language (in high genres - high vocabulary, in low genres - colloquial);

· strict division of heroes into positive and negative, while positive heroes, choosing between feeling and reason, give preference to the latter;

· compliance with the rule of “three unities”;

· affirmation of positive values and the state ideal.

Sentimentalism (from English sentimental - sensitive, from French sentiment - feeling) - a literary movement of the second half of the 18th century, which replaced classicism. Sentimentalists proclaimed the primacy of feeling, not reason. Unlike classicists, sentimentalists consider the highest value not the state, but the person. The heroes in their works are clearly divided into positive and negative. Positive people are endowed with natural sensitivity (responsive, kind, compassionate, capable of self-sacrifice). Negative - calculating, selfish, arrogant, cruel. In Russia, sentimentalism originated in the 1760s (the best representatives are Radishchev and Karamzin). As a rule, in the works of Russian sentimentalism the conflict develops between the serf peasant and the serf-owner landowner, and the moral superiority of the former is persistently emphasized.

Romanticism - - artistic movement in European and American culture of the late 18th - first half of the 19th century. Romanticism arose in the 1790s, first in Germany, and then spread throughout Western Europe.

All romantics reject the world around them, hence their romantic escape from existing life and the search for an ideal outside of it. This gave rise to the emergence of a romantic dual world.

Rejection and denial of reality determined the specifics of the romantic hero. He is in a hostile relationship with the surrounding society and is opposed to it. This is an extraordinary person, restless, most often lonely and with a tragic fate. The romantic hero is the embodiment of romantic rebellion against reality.

Realism (from the Latin realis - material, real) - a literary movement that embodies the principles of a life-truthful attitude to reality, aimed at artistic knowledge of man and the world.

Realist writers showed the direct dependence of the social, moral, and religious ideas of heroes on social conditions, and paid great attention to the social and everyday aspect. The central problem of realism is the relationship between verisimilitude and artistic truth.

Modernism (from the French modern - the newest, modern) philosophical and aesthetic movement in literature and art that arose at the turn of the 19th - 20th centuries.

The most striking and significant directions of Russian modernism were symbolism, acmeism and futurism.

Symbolism was the first to put forward the idea of creating art, free from the task of depicting reality. The symbolists argued that the purpose of art was not to depict the real world, which they considered secondary, but to convey the “highest reality.” They intended to achieve this with the help of a symbol. The symbol is an expression of the poet’s supersensible intuition, to whom in moments of insight the true essence of things is revealed. Symbolists developed a new poetic language that did not directly name the object, but hinted at its content through allegory, musicality, colors, and free verse.

The image-symbol is fundamentally polysemantic and contains the prospect of limitless development of meanings

Acmeism (from the Greek akme - the highest degree of something, blooming power, peak) - a modernist literary movement in Russian poetry of the 1910s. Representatives: S. Gorodetsky, early A. Akhmatova, L. Gumilyov, O. Mandelstam. The term “Acmeism” belongs to Gumilyov.

The Acmeists proclaimed the liberation of poetry from symbolist impulses towards the ideal, from polysemy and fluidity of images, complicated metaphors; they talked about the need to return to the material world, the object, the exact meaning of the word.

Futurism - one of the main avant-garde movements (avant-garde is an extreme manifestation of modernism) in European art of the early 20th century, which received its greatest development in Italy and Russia.

The futurists wrote in the name of the crowd man. At the heart of this movement was the feeling of “the inevitability of the collapse of old things” (Mayakovsky), the awareness of the birth of a “new humanity.” Artistic creativity, according to the futurists, should have become not an imitation, but a continuation of nature, which, through the creative will of man, creates “a new world, today’s, iron...” (Malevich). This determines the desire to destroy the “old” form, the desire for contrasts, and the attraction to colloquial speech. Relying on living spoken language, futurists were engaged in “word creation” (creating neologisms). Their works were distinguished by complex semantic and compositional shifts - the contrast of the comic and tragic, fantasy and lyricism.

POSTMODERNISM - a literary movement that replaced modernism and differs from it not so much in originality as in the variety of elements, quotation, immersion in culture, reflecting the complexity, chaos of the modern world; “spirit of literature” of the late 20th century; literature of the era of world wars, scientific and technological revolution and information “explosion”.

5. Lesson summary. What is the power and potential of literature? Why has reading books become a rare occurrence today? Try to assess this situation.

6.Homework :

1.p.6-9 (write out theses. Specifics of Old Russian literature);