Artistic devices in literature and poetry are called tropes. They are present in any work of a poet or prose writer. Without them, the text could not be called artistic. In art, words are an essential element.
Artistic techniques in literature, why are tropes needed?
Fiction is a reflection of reality, filtered through inner world author. A poet or prose writer does not simply describe what he sees around him, in himself, in people. He conveys his individual perception. Each writer will describe the same phenomenon, for example, a thunderstorm or tree blossoms in spring, love or grief, in his own way. They help him with this artistic techniques.
Tropes are usually understood as words or phrases that are used figuratively. With their help, the author creates a special atmosphere in his work, vivid images, achieves expressiveness. They highlight important details in the text, helping the reader pay attention to them. Without this, it is impossible to convey the ideological meaning of the work.
Tropes are seemingly ordinary words consisting of letters used in scientific article or just colloquial speech. However, in a work of art they become magical. For example, the word “wooden” becomes not an adjective characterizing the material, but an epithet revealing the image of the character. Otherwise - impenetrable, indifferent, indifferent.
Such a change becomes possible thanks to the author’s ability to select meaningful associations, to find the exact words to convey his thoughts, emotions, and sensations. It takes a special talent to cope with such a task and create a work of art. Just cramming the text with tropes is not enough. It is necessary to be able to use them so that each carries a special meaning and plays a unique and inimitable role in the test.
Artistic techniques in the poem
The use of artistic techniques in poems is especially relevant. After all, a poet, unlike a prose writer, does not have the opportunity to devote, say, entire pages to describing the image of a hero.
Its “spread” is often limited to a few stanzas. At the same time, it is necessary to convey the immensity. In the poem, literally every word is worth its weight in gold. It shouldn't be redundant. The most common poetic devices:
1. Epithets - they can be parts of speech such as adjectives, participles, and sometimes phrases consisting of nouns used figuratively. Examples of such artistic techniques are “golden autumn”, “extinguished feelings”, “king without retinue”, etc. Epithets do not express an objective, but rather an author’s characteristic of something: an object, a character, an action or a phenomenon. Some of them become persistent over time. They are most often found in folklore works. For example, “clear sun”, “red spring”, “good fellow”.
2. A metaphor is a word or phrase whose figurative meaning allows two objects to be compared to each other based on a common feature. Reception is considered a complex trope. Examples include the following constructions: “a mop of hair” (a hidden comparison of a hairstyle with a mop of hay), “a lake of the soul” (a comparison of a person’s soul with a lake based on a common characteristic - depth).
3. Personification is an artistic technique that allows you to “revive” inanimate objects. In poetry it is used mainly in relation to nature. For example, “the wind speaks with a cloud,” “the sun gives its warmth,” “winter looked at me harshly with its white eyes.”
4. Comparison has much in common with metaphor, but is not stable and hidden. The phrase usually contains the words “as”, “as if”, “like”. For example - “And like the Lord God, I love everyone in the world,” “Her hair is like a cloud.”
5. Hyperbole – artistic exaggeration. Allows you to draw attention to certain features that the author wants to highlight and considers them characteristic of something. And therefore he deliberately exaggerates. For example, “a man of giant stature”, “she cried an ocean of tears.”
6. Litotes is the antonym of hyperbole. Its purpose is to downplay, soften something. For example, “an elephant is the size of a dog,” “our life is just a moment.”
7. Metonymy is a trope that is used to create an image based on one of its characteristics or elements. For example, “hundreds of legs ran along the pavement, and hooves hurried nearby,” “the city smokes under the autumn sky.” Metonymy is considered one of the varieties of metaphor, and, in turn, has its own subtype - synecdoche.
When we talk about art, literary creativity, we are focused on the impressions that are created when reading. They are largely determined by the imagery of the work. In fiction and poetry, there are special techniques for enhancing expressiveness. A competent presentation, public speaking - they also need ways to construct expressive speech.
For the first time, the concept of rhetorical figures, figures of speech, appeared among the orators of ancient Greece. In particular, Aristotle and his followers were involved in their study and classification. Delving into the details, scientists have identified up to 200 varieties that enrich the language.
Means of expressive speech are divided according to language level into:
- phonetic;
- lexical;
- syntactic.
The use of phonetics is traditional for poetry. Musical sounds often predominate in a poem, giving poetic speech a special melodiousness. In the drawing of a verse, stress, rhythm and rhyme, and combinations of sounds are used for emphasis.
Anaphora– repetition of sounds, words or phrases at the beginning of sentences, poetic lines or stanzas. “The golden stars dozed off...” - repetition of the initial sounds, Yesenin used phonetic anaphora.
And here is an example of lexical anaphora in Pushkin’s poems:
Alone you rush across the clear azure,
You alone cast a dull shadow,
You alone sadden the jubilant day.
Epiphora- a similar technique, but much less common, in which words or phrases are repeated at the end of lines or sentences.
The use of lexical devices associated with a word, lexeme, as well as phrases and sentences, syntax, is considered as a tradition of literary creativity, although it is also widely found in poetry.
Conventionally, all means of expressiveness of the Russian language can be divided into tropes and stylistic figures.
Trails
Tropes are the use of words and phrases in a figurative sense. Paths make speech more figurative, enliven and enrich it. Some tropes and their examples in literary work are listed below.
Epithet – artistic definition. Using it, the author gives the word additional emotional overtones and his own assessment. To understand how an epithet differs from an ordinary definition, you need to understand when reading whether the definition gives a new connotation to the word? Here's a simple test. Compare: late autumn - golden autumn, early spring- young spring, quiet breeze - gentle breeze.
Personification- transferring the signs of living beings to inanimate objects, nature: “The gloomy rocks looked sternly...”.
Comparison– direct comparison of one object or phenomenon with another. “The night is gloomy, like a beast...” (Tyutchev).
Metaphor– transferring the meaning of one word, object, phenomenon to another. Identifying similarities, implicit comparison.
“There is a red rowan fire burning in the garden...” (Yesenin). The rowan brushes remind the poet of the flame of a fire.
Metonymy– renaming. Transferring a property or meaning from one object to another according to the principle of contiguity. “The one in felt, let’s argue” (Vysotsky). In felt (material) - in a felt hat.
Synecdoche- a type of metonymy. Transferring the meaning of one word to another based on a quantitative connection: singular - plural, part - whole. “We all look at Napoleons” (Pushkin).
Irony- the use of a word or expression in an inverted, mocking sense. For example, the appeal to the Donkey in Krylov’s fable: “Are you crazy, smart one?”
Hyperbola- a figurative expression containing exorbitant exaggeration. It may relate to size, meaning, strength, and other qualities. Litota is, on the contrary, an exorbitant understatement. Hyperbole is often used by writers and journalists, and litotes is much less common. Examples. Hyperbole: “The sunset burned with one hundred and forty suns” (V.V. Mayakovsky). Litota: “a little man with a fingernail.”
Allegory- a specific image, scene, image, object that visually represents an abstract idea. The role of allegory is to suggest subtext, to force one to look for hidden meaning when reading. Widely used in fable.
Alogism– deliberate violation of logical connections for the purpose of irony. “That landowner was stupid, he read the newspaper “Vest” and his body was soft, white and crumbly.” (Saltykov-Shchedrin). The author deliberately mixes logically heterogeneous concepts in the enumeration.
Grotesque – special welcome, a combination of hyperbole and metaphor, a fantastic surreal description. An outstanding master of Russian grotesque was N. Gogol. His story “The Nose” is based on the use of this technique. A special impression when reading this work is made by the combination of the absurd with the ordinary.
Figures of speech
Stylistic figures are also used in literature. Their main types are shown in the table:
| Repeat | At the beginning, end, at the junction of sentences | This cry and strings, These flocks, these birds |
| Antithesis | Opposition. Antonyms are often used. | Long hair, short mind |
| Gradation | Arrangement of synonyms in increasing or decreasing order | Smolder, burn, glow, explode |
| Oxymoron | Connecting contradictions | A living corpse, an honest thief. |
| Inversion | Word order changes | He came late (He came late). |
| Parallelism | Comparison in the form of juxtaposition | The wind stirred the dark branches. Fear stirred in him again. |
| Ellipsis | Omitting an implied word | By the hat and out the door (he grabbed it and went out). |
| Parcellation | Dividing a single sentence into separate ones | And I think again. About you. |
| Multi-Union | Connecting through repeating conjunctions | And me, and you, and all of us together |
| Asyndeton | Elimination of unions | You, me, he, she – together the whole country. |
| Rhetorical exclamation, question, appeal. | Used to enhance feelings | What a summer! Who if not us? Listen, country! |
| Default | Interruption of speech based on a guess, to reproduce strong excitement | My poor brother...execution...Tomorrow at dawn! |
| Emotional-evaluative vocabulary | Words expressing attitude, as well as direct assessment of the author | Henchman, dove, dunce, sycophant. |
Test "Means of Artistic Expression"
To test your understanding of the material, take a short test.
Read the following passage:
“There the war smelled of gasoline and soot, burnt iron and gunpowder, it scraped with caterpillar tracks, screeched from machine guns and fell into the snow, and rose again under fire...”
What means artistic expression used in an excerpt from the novel by K. Simonov?
Swede, Russian - stabs, chops, cuts.
Drumming, clicks, grinding,
The thunder of guns, stomping, neighing, groaning,
And death and hell on all sides.
A. Pushkin
The answer to the test is given at the end of the article.
Expressive language is, first of all, internal image, which occurs when reading a book, listening to an oral presentation, presentation. To manipulate images, visual techniques are needed. There are enough of them in the great and mighty Russian. Use them, and the listener or reader will find their own image in your speech pattern.
Study expressive language and its laws. Determine for yourself what is missing in your performances, in your drawing. Think, write, experiment, and your language will become an obedient tool and your weapon.
Answer to the test
K. Simonov. The personification of war in the passage. Metonymy: howling soldiers, equipment, battlefield - the author ideologically connects them into a generalized image of war. Techniques used expressive language– polyunion, syntactic repetition, parallelism. Through this combination of stylistic techniques when reading, a revived, rich image of war is created.
A. Pushkin. The poem lacks conjunctions in the first lines. In this way the tension and richness of the battle are conveyed. In the phonetic drawing of the scene special role plays the sound “r” in different combinations. When reading, a rumbling, growling background appears, ideologically conveying the noise of battle.
If you were unable to give the correct answers while answering the test, do not be upset. Just re-read the article.
Genres (types) of literature
Ballad
A lyric-epic poetic work with a clearly expressed plot of a historical or everyday nature.
Comedy
Type of dramatic work. Displays everything ugly and absurd, funny and absurd, ridicules the vices of society.
Lyric poem
A type of fiction that emotionally and poetically expresses the author's feelings.
Peculiarities: poetic form, rhythm, lack of plot, small size.
Melodrama
A type of drama in which the characters are sharply divided into positive and negative.
Novella
Narrative prose genre, which is characterized by brevity, a sharp plot, a neutral style of presentation, lack of psychologism, and an unexpected denouement. Sometimes used as a synonym for story, sometimes called a type of story.
A poetic or musical-poetic work characterized by solemnity and sublimity. Famous odes:
Lomonosov: “Ode on the capture of Khotin, “Ode on the day of accession to the All-Russian throne of Her Majesty Empress Elizabeth Petrovna.”
Derzhavin: “Felitsa”, “To Rulers and Judges”, “Nobleman”, “God”, “Vision of Murza”, “On the Death of Prince Meshchersky”, “Waterfall”.
Feature article
The most authentic type of narrative, epic literature, depicting facts from real life.
Song or chant
The most ancient type of lyric poetry. A poem consisting of several verses and a chorus. Songs are divided into folk, heroic, historical, lyrical, etc.
Tale
An epic genre between a short story and a novel, which presents a number of episodes from the life of the hero (heroes). The story is larger in scope than a short story and depicts reality more broadly, depicting a chain of episodes that make up a certain period in the life of the main character. It contains more events and characters than a short story. But unlike a novel, a story usually has one storyline.
Poem
A type of lyric epic work, a poetic plot narration.
Play
Common name dramatic works (tragedy, comedy, drama, vaudeville). Written by the author for performance on stage.
Story
Small epic genre: a short prose work, which, as a rule, depicts one or more events in the hero’s life. The circle of characters in the story is limited, the action described is short in time. Sometimes a work of this genre may have a narrator. The masters of the story were A.P. Chekhov, V.V. Nabokov, A.P. Platonov, K.G. Paustovsky, O.P. Kazakov, V.M. Shukshin.
Novel
Big epic work, which comprehensively depicts the lives of people during a specific period of time or over the course of an entire human life.
Characteristic properties novel:
Multilinearity of the plot, covering the fates of a number of characters;
The presence of a system of equivalent characters;
Coverage great circle life phenomena, staging social significant problems;
Significant duration of action.
Examples of novels: “The Idiot” by F.M. Dostoevsky, “Fathers and Sons” by I.S. Turgenev.
Tragedy
A type of dramatic work telling about the unfortunate fate of the main character, often doomed to death.
Epic
The largest genre of epic literature, an extensive narrative in verse or prose about outstanding national historical events.
There are:
1. ancient folklore epics different nations- works on mythological or historical subjects, telling about the heroic struggle of the people against the forces of nature, foreign invaders, witchcraft, etc.
2. a novel (or a series of novels) depicting a large period of historical time or a significant, fateful event in the life of a nation (war, revolution, etc.).
The epic is characterized by:
- wide geographical coverage,
- a reflection of the life and everyday life of all layers of society,
- nationality of content.
Examples of epics: “War and Peace” by L.N. Tolstoy, “Quiet Don” by M.A. Sholokhov, “The Living and the Dead” by K.M. Simonov, “Doctor Zhivago” by B.L. Pasternak.
| Literary movements Classicism Artistic style and movement in European literature and art of the 17th - early 19th centuries. The name is derived from the Latin "classicus" - exemplary. Features: 1. Appeal to images and forms ancient literature and art as an ideal aesthetic standard. 2. Rationalism. A work of art, from the point of view of classicism, should be built on the basis of strict canons, thereby revealing the harmony and logic of the universe itself. 3. Classicism is interested only in the eternal, the unchangeable. He discards individual characteristics and traits. 4. The aesthetics of classicism attaches great importance to the social and educational function of art. 5. A strict hierarchy of genres has been established, which are divided into “high” and “low” (comedy, satire, fable). Each genre has strict boundaries and clear formal characteristics. The leading genre is tragedy. 6. Classical dramaturgy approved the so-called principle of “unity of place, time and action,” which meant: the action of the play should take place in one place, the duration of the action should be limited to the duration of the performance, the play should reflect one central intrigue, not interrupted by side actions . Classicism originated and received its name in France (P. Corneille, J. Racine, J. Lafontaine, etc.). After the Great French Revolution, with the collapse of rationalist ideas, classicism went into decline, and romanticism became the dominant style of European art. Romanticism One of the largest movements in European and American literature late 18th - first half of the 19th century. In the 18th century, everything factual, unusual, strange, found only in books and not in reality, was called romantic. Main features: 1. Romanticism is the most striking form of protest against the vulgarity, routine and prosaicness of bourgeois life. The social and ideological prerequisites are disappointment in the results of the Great French Revolution and the fruits of civilization in general. 2. General pessimistic orientation - ideas of “cosmic pessimism”, “world sorrow”. 3. Absolutization of the personal principle, the philosophy of individualism. In the center romantic work There is always a strong, exceptional personality opposing society, its laws and moral standards. 4. “Dual world”, that is, the division of the world into real and ideal, which are opposed to each other. To the romantic hero subject to spiritual insight and inspiration, thanks to which he penetrates into this ideal world. 5. "Local color." A person who opposes society feels a spiritual closeness with nature, its elements. This is why romantics so often use exotic countries and their nature as a setting. Sentimentalism A movement in European and American literature and art of the second half of the 18th – early 19th centuries. Starting from Enlightenment rationalism, he declared that the dominant of “human nature” is not reason, but feeling. He sought the path to an ideal-normative personality in the release and improvement of “natural” feelings. Hence the great democracy of sentimentalism and its discovery of the rich spiritual world of ordinary people. Close to pre-romanticism. Main features: 1. True to the ideal of a normative personality. 2. In contrast to classicism with its educational pathos, he declared feeling, not reason, to be the main thing in human nature. 3. The condition for the formation of an ideal personality was considered not by the “reasonable reorganization of the world,” but by the release and improvement of “natural feelings.” 4. Sentimentalism was discovered by the rich spiritual world commoner. This is one of his conquests. 5. Unlike romanticism, the “irrational” is alien to sentimentalism: he perceived the inconsistency of moods, the impulsiveness of mental impulses as accessible to rationalistic interpretation. Characteristic features of Russian sentimentalism: a) Rationalistic tendencies are quite clearly expressed; b) Strong moralizing attitude; c) Educational trends; d) Improving literary language, Russian sentimentalists turned to colloquial norms and introduced colloquialisms. The favorite genres of sentimentalists are elegy, epistle, epistolary novel (novel in letters), travel notes, diaries and other types of prose in which confessional motifs predominate. Naturalism Literary direction, which developed in the last third of the 19th century in Europe and the USA. Characteristics: 1. Striving for an objective, accurate and dispassionate portrayal of reality and human character. The main task of naturalists was to study society with the same completeness with which a scientist studies nature. Artistic knowledge was likened to science. 2. A work of art was considered as a “human document”, and the main aesthetic criterion was the completeness of the act of cognition carried out in it. 3. Naturalists refused to moralize, believing that reality depicted with scientific impartiality was in itself quite expressive. They believed that there were no unsuitable subjects or unworthy topics for a writer. Hence, plotlessness and social indifference often arose in the works of naturalists. Realism A truthful depiction of reality. A literary movement that developed in Europe at the beginning of the 19th century and remains one of the main directions of modern world literature. The main features of realism: 1. The artist depicts life in images that correspond to the essence of the phenomena of life itself. 2. Literature in realism is a means of a person’s knowledge of himself and the world around him. 3. Cognition of reality occurs with the help of images created by typing the facts of reality. Character typification in realism is carried out through the “truthfulness of details” of the specific conditions of the characters’ existence. 4. Realistic art is life-affirming art, even with a tragic resolution to the conflict. Unlike romanticism, the philosophical basis of realism is Gnosticism, the belief in the knowability of the surrounding world. 5. Realistic art is characterized by the desire to consider reality in development. It is capable of detecting and capturing the emergence and development of new social phenomena and relationships, new psychological and social types. Symbolism Literary and artistic movement of the late 19th - early 20th centuries. The foundations of the aesthetics of symbolism were formed in the late 70s. gg. 19th century in the works of French poets P. Verlaine, A. Rimbaud, S. Mallarmé and others. Symbolism arose at the junction of eras as an expression of the general crisis of Western-type civilization. He had a great influence on all subsequent development of literature and art. Main features: 1. Continuity with romanticism. The theoretical roots of symbolism go back to the philosophy of A. Schopenhauer and E. Hartmann, to the work of R. Wagner and some ideas of F. Nietzsche. 2. Symbolism was primarily aimed at the artistic symbolization of “things in themselves” and ideas that are beyond sensory perceptions. A poetic symbol was considered as a more effective artistic tool than an image. The symbolists proclaimed an intuitive comprehension of world unity through symbols and the symbolic discovery of correspondences and analogies. 3. The musical element was declared by the Symbolists to be the basis of life and art. Hence the dominance of the lyrical-poetic principle, the belief in the suprareal or irrational-magical power of poetic speech. 4. Symbolists turn to ancient and medieval art in search of genealogical relationships. Acmeism A movement in Russian poetry of the 20th century, which was formed as the antithesis of symbolism. The Acmeists contrasted the mystical aspirations of symbolism towards the “unknowable” with the “element of nature”, declared a concrete sensory perception of the “material world”, and returned the word to its original, non-symbolic meaning. This literary movement established in the theoretical works and artistic practice of N.S. Gumilyov, S.M. Gorodetsky, O.E. Mandelstam, A.A. Akhmatova, M.A. Zenkevich, G.V. Ivanov and other writers and poets. All of them united into the group "Workshop of Poets" (operated from 1911 - 1914, resumed in 1920 - 22). In 1912 - 13 published the magazine "Hyperborea" (editor M.L. Lozinsky). Futurism (Derived from the Latin futurum - future). One of the main avant-garde movements in European art beginning of the 20th century. Greatest development received in Italy and Russia. The general basis of the movement is a spontaneous feeling of the “inevitability of the collapse of old things” (Mayakovsky) and the desire to anticipate and realize through art the coming “world revolution” and the birth of a “new humanity.” Main features: 1. Break with traditional culture, affirmation of the aesthetics of modern urban civilization with its dynamics, impersonality and immorality. 2. The desire to convey the chaotic pulse of a technicalized “intensive life”, an instantaneous change of events and experiences, recorded by the consciousness of the “man of the crowd”. 3. Italian futurists were characterized not only by aesthetic aggression and shocking conservative taste, but also by a general cult of power, an apology for war as “hygiene of the world,” which later led some of them to Mussolini’s camp. Russian Futurism arose independently of Italian and, as an original artistic phenomenon, had little in common with him. The history of Russian futurism consisted of a complex interaction and struggle of four main groups: a) “Gilea” (cubo-futurists) - V.V. Khlebnikov, D.D. and N.D. Burlyuki, V.V. Kamensky, V.V. Mayakovsky, B.K. Lifshits; b) “Association of Ego-Futurists” - I. Severyanin, I. V. Ignatiev, K. K. Olimpov, V. I. Gnedov and others; c) “Mezzanine of Poetry” - Khrisanf, V.G. Shershenevich, R. Ivnev and others; d) “Centrifuge” - S.P. Bobrov, B.L. Pasternak, N.N. Aseev, K.A. Bolshakov and others. Imagism A literary movement in Russian poetry of the 20th century, whose representatives stated that the goal of creativity is creating an image. The main expressive means of imagists is metaphor, often metaphorical chains that compare various elements of two images - direct and figurative. The creative practice of Imagists is characterized by shocking and anarchic motives. The style and general behavior of Imagism was influenced by Russian Futurism. Imagism as a poetic movement arose in 1918, when the “Order of Imagists” was founded in Moscow. The creators of the “Order” were Anatoly Mariengof, who came from Penza, former futurist Vadim Shershenevich, and Sergei Yesenin, who was previously part of the group of new peasant poets. Imagism virtually collapsed in 1925. In 1924, Sergei Yesenin and Ivan Gruzinov announced the dissolution of the “Order”; other imagists were forced to move away from poetry, turning to prose, drama, and cinema, largely for the sake of making money. Imagism was criticized in the Soviet press. Yesenin, according to the generally accepted version, committed suicide, Nikolai Erdman was repressed |
Literary and poetic devices
Allegory
Allegory is the expression of abstract concepts through concrete artistic images.
Examples of allegory:
The stupid and stubborn are often called the Donkey, the coward - the Hare, the cunning - the Fox.
Alliteration (sound writing)
Alliteration (sound writing) is the repetition of identical or homogeneous consonants in a verse, giving it a special sound expressiveness (in versification). In this case, the high frequency of these sounds in a relatively small speech area is of great importance.
However, if whole words or word forms are repeated, as a rule, we are not talking about alliteration. Alliteration is characterized by irregular repetition of sounds, and this is precisely the main feature of this literary device.
Alliteration differs from rhyme primarily in that the repeating sounds are not concentrated at the beginning and end of the line, but are absolutely derivative, albeit with high frequency. The second difference is the fact that, as a rule, consonant sounds are alliterated. The main functions of the literary device of alliteration include onomatopoeia and the subordination of the semantics of words to associations that evoke sounds in humans.
Examples of alliteration:
"Where the grove neighs, guns neigh."
"About a hundred years
grow
we don't need old age.
Year to year
grow
our vigor.
Praise,
hammer and verse,
land of youth."
(V.V. Mayakovsky)
Anaphora
Repeating words, phrases, or combinations of sounds at the beginning of a sentence, line, or paragraph.
For example:
« Not intentionally the winds were blowing,
Not intentionally there was a thunderstorm"
(S. Yesenin).
Black ogling the girl
Black maned horse!
(M. Lermontov)
Quite often, anaphora, as a literary device, forms a symbiosis with such a literary device as gradation, that is, increasing the emotional character of words in the text.
For example:
“Cattle die, a friend dies, a man himself dies.”
Antithesis (opposition)
Antithesis (or opposition) is a comparison of words or phrases that are sharply different or opposite in meaning.
Antithesis makes it possible to make a particularly strong impression on the reader, to convey to him the strong excitement of the author due to the rapid change of concepts of opposite meanings used in the text of the poem. Also, opposing emotions, feelings and experiences of the author or his hero can be used as an object of opposition.
Examples of antithesis:
I swear first on the day of creation, I swear by it last in the afternoon (M. Lermontov).
Who was nothing, he will become everyone.
Antonomasia
Antonomasia is an expressive means, when used, the author uses a proper name instead of a common noun to figuratively reveal the character’s character.
Examples of antonomasia:
He is Othello (instead of "He is very jealous")
A stingy person is often called Plyushkin, an empty dreamer - Manilov, a person with excessive ambitions - Napoleon, etc.
Apostrophe, address
Assonance
Assonance is a special literary device that consists of repeating vowel sounds in a particular statement. This is the main difference between assonance and alliteration, where consonant sounds are repeated. There are two slightly different uses of assonance.
1) Assonance is used as an original tool that gives an artistic text, especially poetic text, a special flavor. For example:
Our ears are on top of our heads,
A little morning the guns lit up
And the forests are blue tops -
The French are right there.
(M.Yu. Lermontov)
2) Assonance is widely used to create imprecise rhyme. For example, “hammer city”, “incomparable princess”.
One of the textbook examples of the use of both rhyme and assonance in one quatrain is an excerpt from poetic work V. Mayakovsky:
I won’t turn into Tolstoy, I’ll turn into a thick one -
I eat, I write, I’m a fool from the heat.
Who hasn't philosophized over the sea?
Water.
Exclamation
An exclamation can appear anywhere in a work of poetry, but, as a rule, authors use it to intonationally highlight particularly emotional moments in the verse. At the same time, the author focuses the reader’s attention on the moment that particularly excited him, telling him his experiences and feelings.
Hyperbola
Hyperbole is a figurative expression containing an exorbitant exaggeration of the size, strength, or significance of an object or phenomenon.
Example of a hyperbole:
Some houses are as long as the stars, others as long as the moon; baobabs to the skies (Mayakovsky).
Inversion
From lat. inversio - permutation.
Changing the traditional word order of a sentence to make the phrase more expressive shade, intonation highlighting of a word.
Inversion examples:
The lonely sail is white
In the blue sea fog... (M.Yu. Lermontov)
The traditional order requires a different structure: A lonely sail is white in the blue fog of the sea. But this will no longer be Lermontov or his great creation.
Another great Russian poet, Pushkin, considered inversion one of the main figures of poetic speech, and often the poet used not only contact, but also remote inversion, when, when rearranging words, other words are wedged between them: “An old man obedient to Perun alone...”.
Inversion in poetic texts performs an accent or semantic function, a rhythm-forming function for building poetic text, as well as the function of creating a verbal-figurative picture. IN prose works inversion serves to place logical stresses, to express the author’s attitude towards the characters and to convey their emotional state.
Irony
Irony is a powerful means of expression that has a hint of mockery, sometimes slight mockery. When using irony, the author uses words with opposite meanings so that the reader himself guesses about the true properties of the described object, object or action.
Pun
A play on words. A witty expression or joke based on the use of words that sound similar but have different meanings or different meanings of one word.
Examples of puns in literature:
A year for three clicks for you on the forehead,
Give me some boiled food spelt.
(A.S. Pushkin)
And previously served me poem,
Broken string poem.
(D.D.Minaev)
Spring will drive anyone crazy. Ice - and that got under way.
(E. Meek)
Litotes
The opposite of hyperbole, a figurative expression containing an exorbitant understatement of the size, strength, or significance of any object or phenomenon.
Example of litotes:
The horse is led by the bridle by a peasant in big boots, a short sheepskin coat, and large mittens... and he himself from marigold! (Nekrasov)
Metaphor
Metaphor is the use of words and expressions in a figurative sense based on some kind of analogy, similarity, comparison. Metaphor is based on similarity or resemblance.
Transferring the properties of one object or phenomenon to another based on their similarity.
Examples of metaphors:
Sea problems.
Eyes are burning.
Boiling desire.
Noon was burning.
Metonymy
Examples of metonymy:
All flags will be visiting us.
(here flags replace countries).
I'm three dishes ate.
(here the plate replaces the food).
Address, apostrophe
Oxymoron
A deliberate combination of contradictory concepts.
Look, she it's fun to be sad
Such elegantly naked
(A. Akhmatova)
Personification
Personification is the transference of human feelings, thoughts and speech to inanimate objects and phenomena, as well as to animals.
These signs are selected according to the same principle as when using metaphor. Ultimately, the reader has a special perception of the described object, in which the inanimate object has the image of a certain living being or is endowed with qualities inherent in living beings.
Impersonation examples:
What, a dense forest,
Got thoughtful,
Sadness dark
Foggy?
(A.V. Koltsov)
Be careful of the wind
From the gate came out,
Knocked through the window,
Ran on the roof...
(M.V.Isakovsky)
Parcellation
Parcellation is a syntactic technique in which a sentence is intonationally divided into independent segments and highlighted in writing as independent sentences.
Parcelation example:
“He went too. To the store. Buy cigarettes” (Shukshin).
Periphrase
A paraphrase is an expression that conveys the meaning of another expression or word in a descriptive form.
Examples of paraphrase:
King of beasts(instead of a lion)
Mother of Russian rivers(instead of Volga)
Pleonasm
Verbosity, the use of logically unnecessary words.
Examples of pleonasm in everyday life:
In May month(suffice it to say: in May).
Local aborigine (suffice it to say: aborigine).
White albino (suffice it to say: albino).
I was there personally(suffice it to say: I was there).
In the literature, pleonasm is often used as stylistic device, a means of expression.
For example:
Sadness and melancholy.
Sea ocean.
Psychologism
An in-depth depiction of the hero’s mental and emotional experiences.
Refrain
A repeated verse or group of verses at the end of a song verse. When a refrain extends to an entire stanza, it is usually called a chorus.
A rhetorical question
A sentence in the form of a question to which no answer is expected.
Example:
Or is it new for us to argue with Europe?
Or is the Russian unaccustomed to victories?
(A.S. Pushkin)
Rhetorical appeal
An appeal addressed to an abstract concept, an inanimate object, an absent person. A way to enhance the expressiveness of speech, to express an attitude towards a particular person or object.
Example:
Rus! where are you going?
(N.V.Gogol)
Comparisons
Comparison is one of the expressive techniques, when used, certain properties that are most characteristic of an object or process are revealed through similar qualities of another object or process. In this case, such an analogy is drawn so that the object whose properties are used in comparison is better known than the object described by the author. Also, inanimate objects, as a rule, are compared with animate ones, and the abstract or spiritual with the material.
Comparison example:
then my life sang - howled -
Buzzed - like the autumn surf –
And she cried to herself.
(M. Tsvetaeva)
Symbol
Symbol- an object or word that conventionally expresses the essence of a phenomenon.
The symbol contains a figurative meaning, and in this way it is close to a metaphor. However, this closeness is relative. Symbol contains a certain secret, a hint that allows one to only guess what is meant, what the poet wanted to say. The interpretation of a symbol is possible not so much by reason as by intuition and feeling. The images created by symbolist writers have their own characteristics; they have a two-dimensional structure. In the foreground - a certain phenomenon and real details, in the second (hidden) plane - the inner world lyrical hero, his visions, memories, pictures born of his imagination.
Examples of symbols:
dawn, morning - symbols of youth, the beginning of life;
night is a symbol of death, the end of life;
snow is a symbol of cold, cold feeling, alienation.
Synecdoche
Replacing the name of an object or phenomenon with the name of a part of this object or phenomenon. In short, replacing the name of a whole with the name of a part of that whole.
Examples of synecdoche:
Native hearth (instead of “home”).
Floats sail (instead of “a sailboat is sailing”).
“...and it was heard until dawn,
how he rejoiced Frenchman..." (Lermontov)
(here “French” instead of “French soldiers”).
Tautology
Repetition in other words of what has already been said, which means it does not contain new information.
Examples:
Car tires are tires for a car.
We have united as one.
Trope
A trope is an expression or word used by the author in a figurative, allegorical sense. Thanks to the use of tropes, the author gives the described object or process a vivid characteristic that evokes certain associations in the reader and, as a result, a more acute emotional reaction.
Types of trails:
metaphor, allegory, personification, metonymy, synecdoche, hyperbole, irony.
Default
Silence is a stylistic device in which the expression of a thought remains unfinished, is limited to a hint, and the speech that has begun is interrupted in anticipation of the reader’s guess; the speaker seems to announce that he will not talk about things that do not require detailed or additional explanation. Often the stylistic effect of silence is that unexpectedly interrupted speech is complemented by an expressive gesture.
Default examples:
This fable could be explained more -
Yes, so as not to irritate the geese...
Gain (gradation)
Gradation (or amplification) is a series of homogeneous words or expressions (images, comparisons, metaphors, etc.) that consistently intensify, increase or, conversely, reduce the semantic or emotional significance of the conveyed feelings, expressed thoughts or described events.
Example of ascending gradation:
Not I'm sorry Not I'm calling Not I'm crying...
(S. Yesenin)
In sweetly misty care
Not an hour, not a day, not a year will leave.
(E. Baratynsky)
Example of descending gradation:
He promises him half the world, and France only for himself.
Euphemism
A neutral word or expression that is used in conversation to replace other expressions that are considered indecent or inappropriate in a given case.
Examples:
I'm going to powder my nose (instead of going to the toilet).
He was asked to leave the restaurant (instead, He was kicked out).
Epithet
A figurative definition of an object, action, process, event. An epithet is a comparison. Grammatically, an epithet is most often an adjective. However, other parts of speech can also be used, for example, numerals, nouns or verbs.
Examples of epithets:
velvet leather, crystal ringing
Epiphora
Repeating the same word at the end of adjacent segments of speech. The opposite of anaphora, in which words are repeated at the beginning of a sentence, line, or paragraph.
Example:
“Scallops, all scallops: a cape from scallops, on the sleeves scallops, Epaulettes from scallops..." (N.V.Gogol).
| Poetic meter Poetic meter is a certain order in which stressed and unstressed syllables are placed in a foot. A foot is a unit of verse length; repeated combination of stressed and unstressed syllables; a group of syllables, one of which is stressed. Example: A storm covers the sky with darkness 1) Here, after a stressed syllable, there is one unstressed syllable - a total of two syllables. That is, it is a two-syllable meter. A stressed syllable can be followed by two unstressed syllables - then this is a three-syllable meter. 2) There are four groups of stressed-unstressed syllables in the line. That is, it has four feet. MONOSYLLABLE METER Brachycolon is a monocotyledonous poetic meter. In other words, a verse consisting of only stressed syllables. Example of brachycolon: Forehead – Chalk. Bel Coffin. Pop sang. Sheaf of Arrows – Holy Day! Crypt Blind. Shadow - To hell! (V. Khodasevich) BISYLLABLE MEASURES Trochaic A two-syllable poetic foot with stress on the first syllable. That is, the first, third, fifth, etc. syllables are stressed in a line. Main sizes: - 4-foot - 6-foot - 5-foot An example of a trochaic tetrameter: A storm covers the sky with darkness ∩́ __ / ∩́ __ /∩́ __ / ∩́ __ Whirling snow whirlwinds; ∩́ __ / ∩́ __ / ∩ __ / ∩́ (A.S. Pushkin) Iambic A two-syllable poetic foot with stress on the second syllable. That is, the second, fourth, sixth, etc. syllables are stressed in a line. A stressed syllable can be replaced by a pseudo-stressed one (with secondary stress in the word). Then the stressed syllables are separated not by one, but by three unstressed syllables. Main sizes: - 4-foot (lyrics, epic), - 6-foot (poems and dramas of the 18th century), - 5-foot (lyrics and dramas of the 19-20th centuries), - free multi-foot (fable of the 18th-19th centuries ., comedy 19th century) Example of iambic tetrameter: My uncle of the most honest rules, __ ∩́ / __ ∩́ / __ ∩́ / __ ∩́ / __ When he was seriously ill, __ ∩́ / __ ∩́ / __ ∩ / __ ∩́ / He Respect forced myself __ ∩ / __ ∩́ / __ ∩́ / __ ∩́ / __ And I couldn’t think of anything better. __ ∩́ / __ ∩́ / __ ∩ / __ ∩́ / (A.S. Pushkin) An example of iambic pentameter (with pseudo-stressed syllables, they are highlighted in capital letters): We are dressed up to lead the city together, __ ∩́ / __ ∩ / __ ∩́ / __ ∩́ / __ ∩́ / __ But, it seems, we have no one to look after... __ ∩́ / __ ∩ / __ ∩́ / __ ∩ / __ ∩́ (A.S. Pushkin) THREE-SYLLABLE METERS Dactyl Three-syllable poetic foot with stress on the first syllable. Main sizes: - 2-foot (in the 18th century) - 4-foot (from the 19th century) - 3-foot (from the 19th century) Example: Heavenly clouds, eternal wanderers! ∩́ __ __ /∩́ __ __ / ∩́ __ __ / ∩́ __ __ / The azure steppe, the pearl chain... ∩́ __ __ /∩́ __ __ / ∩́ __ __ / ∩́ __ __ / (M.Yu .Lermontov) Amphibrachium A three-syllable poetic foot with stress on the second syllable. Main dimensions: - 4-foot ( early XIX c.) - 3-foot (with mid-19th century V.) Example: It is not the wind that rages over the forest, __ ∩́ __ / __ ∩́ __ / __ ∩́ __ / It is not the streams that run from the mountains - __ ∩́ __ / __ ∩́ __ / __ ∩́ / Frost-voivode on patrol __ ∩́__ / __ ∩́ __ / __ ∩́ __ / Walks around his possessions. __ ∩́ __ / __ ∩́ __ / __ ∩́ / (N.A. Nekrasov) Anapest A three-syllable poetic foot with stress on the last syllable. Main sizes: - 4-foot (from the middle of the 19th century) - 3-foot (from the middle of the 19th century) Example of a 3-foot anapest: Oh, spring without end and without edge - __ __ ∩́ / __ __ ∩́ / __ __ ∩́ / __ Without end and without edge dream! __ __ ∩́ / __ __ ∩́ / __ __ ∩́ / I recognize you, life! I accept! __ __ ∩́ / __ __ ∩́ / __ __ ∩́ / __ And I greet you with the ringing of the shield! __ __ ∩́ / __ __ ∩́ / __ __ ∩́ / (A. Blok) How to remember the features of two- and three-syllable meters? You can remember using this phrase: Dombai is walking! Lady, lock the gate in the evening! (Dombay is not only a mountain; translated from some Caucasian languages it means “lion”). Now let's move on to three-syllable feet. The word LADY is formed from the first letters of the names of three-syllable feet: D– dactyl AM– amphibrachium A– anapest And in the same order these letters are treated the following words offers: You can also imagine it this way: |
Plot. Plot elements
Plot literary work- This is a logical sequence of actions of the heroes.
Plot elements:
exposition, beginning, climax, resolution.
Exposition- introductory, initial part of the plot, preceding the plot. Unlike the plot, it does not affect the course of subsequent events in the work, but outlines the initial situation (time and place of action, composition, relationships of characters) and prepares the reader’s perception.
The beginning- the event from which the development of action in the work begins. Most often, conflict is outlined in the beginning.
Climax- the moment of the highest tension of the plot action, in which the conflict reaches a critical point in its development. The culmination can be a decisive clash between the heroes, a turning point in their fate, or a situation that reveals their characters as fully as possible and especially clearly reveals a conflict situation.
Denouement– final scene; the position of the characters that has developed in the work as a result of the development of the events depicted in it.
Elements of Drama
Remarque
The explanation given by the author in dramatic work, describing how he imagines the appearance, age, behavior, feelings, gestures, intonations of the characters, and the situation on stage. Directions are instructions for the performers and the director staging the play, an explanation for readers.
Replica
An utterance is a phrase a character says in response to the words of another character.
Dialogue
Communication, conversation, statements of two or more characters, whose remarks follow in turn and have the meaning of actions.
Monologue
The speech of the character addressed to himself or to others, but, unlike dialogue, does not depend on their remarks. Way to reveal state of mind character, to show his character, to acquaint the viewer with the circumstances of the action that were not embodied on stage.
Related information.
What makes fiction different from other types of texts? If you think that this is a plot, then you are mistaken, because lyric poetry is a fundamentally “plotless” area of literature, and prose is often plotless (for example, a prose poem). Initial “entertainment” is also not a criterion, since in different eras Fiction performed functions that were very far from entertainment (and even the opposite of it).
“Artistic techniques in literature are, perhaps, the main attribute that characterizes fiction.”
Why are artistic techniques needed?
Techniques in literature are intended to give the text
- various expressive qualities,
- originality,
- identify the author’s attitude to what is written,
- and also to convey some hidden meanings and connections between parts of the text.
At the same time, outwardly no new information seems to be introduced into the text, because main role play different ways of combining words and parts of phrases.
Artistic techniques in literature are usually divided into two categories:
- trails,
- figures.
A trope is the use of a word in an allegorical, figurative sense. The most common trails:
- metaphor,
- metonymy,
- synecdoche.
Figures are ways of syntactically organizing sentences that differ from the standard arrangement of words and give the text one or another additional meaning. Examples of figures include
- antithesis (opposition),
- internal rhyme,
- isocolon (rhythmic and syntactic similarity of parts of the text).
But there is no clear boundary between figures and paths. Techniques such as
- comparison,
- hyperbola,
- litotes, etc.
Literary devices and the emergence of literature
Most artistic techniques generally originate from primitive
- religious ideas,
- will accept
- superstitions
The same can be said about literary devices. And here the distinction between tropes and figures takes on a new meaning.
The trails are directly related to ancient magical beliefs and rituals. First of all, this is the imposition of a taboo on
- name of the item,
- animal,
- pronouncing a person's name.
It was believed that when designating a bear by its direct name, one could bring it upon the one who pronounces this word. This is how they appeared
- metonymy,
- synecdoche
(bear – “brown”, “muzzle”, wolf – “gray”, etc.). These are euphemisms (“decent” replacement for an obscene concept) and dysphemisms (“obscene” designation of a neutral concept). The first is also associated with a system of taboos on certain concepts (for example, the designation of genital organs), and the prototypes of the second were originally used to avoid the evil eye (according to the ideas of the ancients) or to etiquettely humiliate the named object (for example, oneself before a deity or a representative of a higher class). Over time, religious and social ideas were “debunked” and subjected to a kind of profanation (that is, the removal of sacred status), and paths began to play an exclusively aesthetic role.
The figures appear to have a more “mundane” origin. They could serve the purpose of memorizing complex speech formulas:
- rules
- laws,
- scientific definitions.
Similar techniques are still used in children's educational literature, as well as in advertising. And their most important function is rhetorical: to draw increased public attention to the content of the text by deliberately “violating” strict speech norms. These are
- rhetorical questions
- rhetorical exclamations
- rhetorical appeals.
“The prototype of fiction in the modern sense of the word were prayers and spells, ritual chants, as well as speeches of ancient orators.”
Many centuries have passed, “magic” formulas have lost their power, but on a subconscious and emotional level they continue to influence a person, using our inner understanding of harmony and orderliness.
Video: Visual and expressive means in literature
As you know, the word is the basic unit of any language, as well as its most important component. The correct use of vocabulary largely determines the expressiveness of speech.
In context, a word is a special world, a mirror of the author’s perception and attitude to reality. It has its own metaphorical precision, its own special truths, called artistic revelations; the functions of vocabulary depend on the context.
Individual perception of the world around us is reflected in such a text with the help of metaphorical statements. After all, art is, first of all, the self-expression of an individual. The literary fabric is woven from metaphors that create an exciting and emotionally affecting image of this or that. Additional meanings appear in words, a special stylistic coloring, creating a unique world that we discover for ourselves while reading the text.
Not only in literary, but also in oral and colloquial speech, we use, without thinking, various techniques of artistic expression in order to give it emotionality, persuasiveness, and imagery. Let's figure out what artistic techniques there are in the Russian language.
The use of metaphors especially contributes to the creation of expressiveness, so let's start with them.
Metaphor
It is impossible to imagine artistic techniques in literature without mentioning the most important of them - the way of creating a linguistic picture of the world based on meanings already existing in the language itself.
The types of metaphors can be distinguished as follows:
- Fossilized, worn out, dry or historical (boat bow, eye of a needle).
- Phraseologisms are stable figurative combinations of words that are emotional, metaphorical, reproducible in the memory of many native speakers, expressive (death grip, vicious circle, etc.).
- Single metaphor (eg homeless heart).
- Unfolded (heart - “porcelain bell in yellow China” - Nikolay Gumilyov).
- Traditionally poetic (morning of life, fire of love).
- Individually-authored (sidewalk hump).
In addition, a metaphor can simultaneously be an allegory, personification, hyperbole, periphrasis, meiosis, litotes and other tropes.
The word “metaphor” itself means “transfer” in translation from Greek. In this case, we are dealing with the transfer of a name from one object to another. For it to become possible, they must certainly have some similarity, they must be adjacent in some way. A metaphor is a word or expression used in a figurative meaning due to the similarity of two phenomena or objects in some way.
As a result of this transfer, an image is created. Therefore, metaphor is one of the most striking artistic and poetic speech. However, the absence of this trope does not mean the lack of expressiveness of the work.
A metaphor can be either simple or extensive. In the twentieth century, the use of expanded ones in poetry is revived, and the nature of simple ones changes significantly.
Metonymy
Metonymy is a type of metaphor. Translated from Greek, this word means “renaming,” that is, it is the transfer of the name of one object to another. Metonymy is the replacement of a certain word with another based on the existing contiguity of two concepts, objects, etc. This is the imposition of a figurative word on the direct meaning. For example: “I ate two plates.” Mixing of meanings and their transfer are possible because objects are adjacent, and the contiguity can be in time, space, etc.
Synecdoche
Synecdoche is a type of metonymy. Translated from Greek, this word means “correlation.” This transfer of meaning occurs when the smaller is called instead of the larger, or vice versa - instead of the part - the whole, and vice versa. For example: “According to Moscow reports.”
Epithet
It is impossible to imagine the artistic techniques in literature, the list of which we are now compiling, without an epithet. This is a figure, trope, figurative definition, phrase or word denoting a person, phenomenon, object or action from the subjective author’s position.
Translated from Greek, this term means “attached, application,” that is, in our case, one word is attached to some other.
The epithet differs from a simple definition in its artistic expressiveness.
Constant epithets are used in folklore as a means of typification, and also as one of the most important means of artistic expression. In the strict sense of the term, only those whose function is words in a figurative meaning, in contrast to the so-called exact epithets, which are expressed in words in a literal meaning (red berries, beautiful flowers), belong to tropes. Figurative ones are created when words are used in a figurative meaning. Such epithets are usually called metaphorical. Metonymic transfer of name may also underlie this trope.
An oxymoron is a type of epithet, the so-called contrasting epithets, forming combinations with defined nouns of words that are opposite in meaning (hateful love, joyful sadness).
Comparison
Simile is a trope in which one object is characterized through comparison with another. That is, this is a comparison of different objects by similarity, which can be both obvious and unexpected, distant. It is usually expressed using certain words: “exactly”, “as if”, “similar”, “as if”. Comparisons can also take the form of the instrumental case.
Personification
When describing artistic techniques in literature, it is necessary to mention personification. This is a type of metaphor that represents the assignment of properties of living beings to objects of inanimate nature. It is often created by referring to such natural phenomena as conscious living beings. Personification is also the transference of human properties to animals.
Hyperbole and litotes
Let us note such techniques of artistic expression in literature as hyperbole and litotes.
Hyperbole (translated as “exaggeration”) is one of the expressive means of speech, which is a figure with the meaning of exaggerating what is being discussed.
Litota (translated as “simplicity”) is the opposite of hyperbole - an excessive understatement of what is being discussed (a boy the size of a finger, a man the size of a fingernail).
Sarcasm, irony and humor
We continue to describe artistic techniques in literature. Our list will be complemented by sarcasm, irony and humor.
- Sarcasm means "tearing meat" in Greek. This is evil irony, caustic mockery, caustic remark. When using sarcasm, it creates comic effect, however, there is a clear ideological and emotional assessment.
- Irony in translation means “pretense”, “mockery”. It occurs when one thing is said in words, but something completely different, the opposite, is meant.
- Humor is one of the lexical means of expressiveness, translated meaning “mood”, “disposition”. Sometimes entire works can be written in a comic, allegorical vein, in which one can feel a mocking, good-natured attitude towards something. For example, the story “Chameleon” by A.P. Chekhov, as well as many fables by I.A. Krylov.
The types of artistic techniques in literature do not end there. We present to your attention the following.
Grotesque
The most important artistic techniques in literature include the grotesque. The word "grotesque" means "intricate", "bizarre". This artistic technique represents a violation of the proportions of phenomena, objects, events depicted in the work. It is widely used in the works of, for example, M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin (“The Golovlevs,” “The History of a City,” fairy tales). This is an artistic technique based on exaggeration. However, its degree is much greater than that of a hyperbole.
Sarcasm, irony, humor and grotesque are popular artistic techniques in literature. Examples of the first three - and N.N. Gogol. The work of J. Swift is grotesque (for example, Gulliver's Travels).
What artistic technique does the author (Saltykov-Shchedrin) use to create the image of Judas in the novel “Lord Golovlevs”? Of course it's grotesque. Irony and sarcasm are present in the poems of V. Mayakovsky. The works of Zoshchenko, Shukshin, and Kozma Prutkov are filled with humor. These artistic techniques in literature, examples of which we have just given, as you can see, are very often used by Russian writers.
Pun
A pun is a figure of speech that represents an involuntary or deliberate ambiguity that arises when used in the context of two or more meanings of a word or when their sound is similar. Its varieties are paronomasia, false etymologization, zeugma and concretization.
In puns, the play on words is based on homonymy and polysemy. Anecdotes arise from them. These artistic techniques in literature can be found in the works of V. Mayakovsky, Omar Khayyam, Kozma Prutkov, A. P. Chekhov.
Figure of speech - what is it?
The word "figure" itself is translated from Latin as " appearance, outline, image." This word is polysemantic. What does this term mean in relation to artistic speech? Syntactic means of expressiveness related to figures: rhetorical exclamations, questions, appeals.
What is a "trope"?
“What is the name of an artistic technique that uses a word in a figurative sense?” - you ask. The term “trope” combines various techniques: epithet, metaphor, metonymy, comparison, synecdoche, litotes, hyperbole, personification and others. Translated, the word "trope" means "turnover". Literary speech differs from ordinary speech in that it uses special expressions that embellish the speech and make it more expressive. Different styles use different means of expression. The most important thing in the concept of “expressiveness” for artistic speech is the ability of a text or a work of art to have an aesthetic, emotional impact on the reader, to create poetic pictures and vivid images.
We all live in a world of sounds. Some of them cause us positive emotions, others, on the contrary, excite, alarm, cause anxiety, calm or induce sleep. Different sounds evoke different images. Using their combination, you can emotionally influence a person. Reading works of art literature and Russian folk art, we are especially sensitive to their sound.
Basic techniques for creating sound expressiveness
- Alliteration is the repetition of similar or identical consonants.
- Assonance is the deliberate harmonious repetition of vowels.
Alliteration and assonance are often used simultaneously in works. These techniques are aimed at evoking various associations in the reader.
Technique of sound recording in fiction
Sound recording is an artistic technique that is the use of certain sounds in a specific order to create a certain image, that is, the selection of words that imitate sounds real world. This technique in fiction is used both in poetry and prose.
Types of sound recording:
- Assonance means “consonance” in French. Assonance is the repetition of the same or similar vowel sounds in a text to create a specific sound image. It promotes the expressiveness of speech, it is used by poets in the rhythm and rhyme of poems.
- Alliteration - from This technique is the repetition of consonants in literary text to create some sound image, in order to make poetic speech more expressive.
- Onomatopoeia is the transmission of auditory impressions in special words reminiscent of the sounds of phenomena in the surrounding world.
These artistic techniques in poetry are very common; without them, poetic speech would not be so melodic.
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